EBD_7051

Chapter
Morphology of
5 Flowering Plants

y Morphology is the branch of biology which deals with the

study of form, structure and relative position of different
organs.
y Flowering plants (or angiosperms) are seed bearing plants in
which seeds are always enclosed in a ovary inside the fruits
and the sporophylls are organized into flowers.
y These plants have been classified into monocots and
dicots.
y Plant morphology refers to the study of external form and
structure of plants.
y The flowering plants consists of an axis, root system and
shoot system.
Fig. (a) Tap root, (b) Fibrous root,
y Shoot system lies above the ground and the root system lies
(c) Adventitous Root
below the ground.
y Shoot system bears branches, leaves, flowers and fruits.
y The root, leaves and branches constitute the vegetative parts Functions of Root
of the plants. (i) Roots help in absorption of water and minerals from the
y The flowers, fruits and seeds form the reproductive parts of soil.
the plants. (ii) It provides a proper anchorage to the plant parts.
(iii) It helps in storage of reserve food materials.
(iv) It helps in synthesis of plant growth regulators.
THE ROOT
The root is underground part of the plant and develops from Regions of the Root
elongation of radicle of the embryo. A root has the following regions:
There are three types of root system: (i) Root cap: It is a thimble like structure that covers the root at
(i) Tap root system: It originates from radicle. The direct apex. Its main function is to protect the tender apical part.
elongation of the radicle leads to the formation of primary (ii) Region of meristematic activity: It lies above the root cap.
root, which grows into the soil. The cells of this region are very small, thin-walled and with
Primary root bears several lateral roots termed as secondary dense protoplasm. They divide repeatedly.
roots, tertiary roots etc. E.g. all dicot plants like gram, pea, (iii) Region of elongation: It lies above the region of
mango. meristematic activity. Cells in this region undergo rapid
(ii) Fibrous root system: It originates from the base of the elongation and enlargement and are responsible for the
stem. The primary root is short lived and is replaced by a growth of the root in length.
large number of roots. E.g. all monocot plants like wheat, (iv) Region of maturation: It lies above the region of elongation.
paddy, and grass. The cells of the elongation zone gradually differentiate and
(iii) Adventitious root system: The root develops from any mature. Epidermal cells of this region form delicate thread
part of the plant other than radicle. E.g. Grass, banyan tree, like root hair, which helps in the absorption of water and
Monstera etc. minerals from the soil.
 Morphology of Flowering Plants 101

Modification of Roots
Roots in some plants change their shape and structure and become
modified to perform certain functions like support, storage of food
and respiration.
(i) Food storage: The tap roots of turnip (Brassica rape) help
in the storage of food. Similar food-storing roots are found
in radishes, carrots, and sweet potatoes.
(ii) Support: The banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis) has massive
pillar-like adventitious roots arising from the aerial part of
the stem. These roots grow towards the ground and provide
support to the tree. Such roots are called prop roots.
(iii) Respiration: The roots of mangrove plants grow vertically
upwards from the soil for the absorption of oxygen from
the atmosphere as the soil is poorly aerated. These types of
roots are called pneumatophores.
Fig. The regions of the root-tip
Different forms of modified Roots

Underground Roots (Modified for storage of food) Aerial roots

Tap root Adventitous Roots Modified for mechanical support Modified for vital functions
Fusiform root -Swollen in the Tuberous roots – without definite Prop roots- Grows vertically down- Floating roots
middle, tapers towards both ends. shape. wards from branches. E.g. Banyan, E.g. Jussiaea
E.g. Radish E.g. Sweet Potato Rubber plant.
Napiform Root- Swollen at base, Fasciculated roots- Tuberous roots Stilt roots- Grows from basal Epiphytic roots E.g. Vanda,
suddenly tapering towards apex. in clusters. nodes. Orchids.
E.g. Beet root, turnip E.g. Dahlia, Asparagus E.g. Maize, sugarcane, Pandanus
Conical root – Broad at base, Nodulose roots- Swollen at tips. Climbing roots E.g. Betel Assimilatory roots- Green and
gradually tapering towards apex. E.g. Mango, Ginger p h o t o s y n t h e t i c . E . g . Tr a p a ,
E.g. Carrot Tinospora
Moniliform root – Swollen at Parasitic or Haustorial roots. E.g.
regular intervals. Cuscuta
E.g. Momordica, Portulaca
Annulated root- Rings at regulate
intervals. E.g. Ipecacuanha

Fig. Modifications of Roots

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102 BIOLOGY

THE STEM (ii) For support: The stem in some weak plants bear thin,
slender, and spirally-coiled structures called tendrils
yy Stem is the ascending part of the axis growing above the that help the plant get attached to nearby structures for
soil-bearing leaves, fruits, and flowers. support. Tendrils are found in cucumbers, melons, and other
yy It develops from the plumule of the embryo of a germinating members of the family Cucurbitaceae.
seed. (iii) For protection: The stem in Bougainvillea and citrus plants
yy The stem bears nodes and internodes. The regions of (like lemon and orange) bear sharp, pointed structures
the stem where leaves are born arecalled nodes while called thorns, which provide protection to the plant from
internodes are the portions between two nodes. herbivores.
yy The stem bears buds, which may be terminal or axillary. (iv) For vegetative propagation: Underground stems of
grass, strawberry, lateral branches of mint and jasmine are
Functions of Stem propagated vegetatively.
(v) For assimilation of food: The stem in the Opuntia is green.
(i) It conducts water and minerals from the roots and food from
It carries out the process of photosynthesis in the absence
the leaves.
of leaves.
(ii) It helps in spreading out branches bearing leaves, flowers
(vi) Others stem modifications
and fruits.
(a) In some plants, underground stems such as grasses
(iii) Some stems perform the function of storage of food, support,
spread in the soil and help in perennation. These stems
protection and of vegetative propagation.
are called runners.
Modifications of Stem (b) The short lateral stem called the offset in some aquatic
plants (such as Eichhornia) bears leaves and tufts of
Stems are modified to perform different functions. roots at the node and gives rise to new plants.
(i) For food storage: Rhizomes and corms are underground
stems, modified for the storage of food.
Stem Modifications

Underground stem modifications Sub aerial stem modifications Aerial stem modifications
i. Rhizome i. Runner i. Tendril
E.g. Ginger (Zingiber officinale), turmeric E.g. Oxalis E.g. Passiflora, grapevine
ii. Tuber ii. Sucker ii. Thorn
E.g. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) E.g. Mentha, Chrysanthemum E.g. Duranta, Citrus
iii. Corm iii. Stolon iii. Phylloclade
E.g. Colocasia, Alocasia, Amorphophallus E.g. Fragaria, Jasminum E.g. Opuntia
iv. Bulb iv. Offset iv. Cladode
E.g. Onion (Allium cepa), Garlic (Allium sativum) E.g. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia) E.g. Asparagus, Ruscus
v. Bulbil
E.g. Dioscorea, Agave

THE LEAF
yy The leaf is a lateral, flattened photosynthetic structure that
develops from the shoot apical meristems.
yy It develops at the node and bears a bud in its axil. The
axillary bud later develops into a branch.
yy Leaves are arranged in an acropetal order.
yy The main function of the leaves is to carry out the process
of photosynthesis.
yy A typical leaf consists of a leaf base, petiole and lamina.
²² Leaf base: It attaches the leaf with the base of stem. It
may bears two lateral, small leaf-like structure called
stipules.
♦♦ In monocots, leaf base expands to form a sheath
that covers the stem totally or partially.
♦♦ In some leguminous plants, leaf base is swollen
Fig.  Modification of stem and called pulvinus.
 Morphology of Flowering Plants 103

² Petiole: Petiole holds the leaf base to light. It allows

the leaves to flutter and thus, bringing fresh air to the
leaf surface.
² Lamina or leaf blade: It is the green expanded
part of the leaf with midrib and veins. Midrib is the
middle prominent vein. Veins provide rigidity to the
leaf and also help in the transport of water, minerals,
and food.

Fig. Compound leaves (A) Pinnately compund leaf

(B) Palmately compound leaf

Fig. Parts of a leaf Phyllotaxy

y Phyllotaxy is the pattern of arrangement of leaves on the
Venation stem or branch.
y It is divided into three types: Alternate, opposite and
Venation is the arrangement of the veins and the veinlets in a leaf.
whorled phyllotaxy.
It is of two types: (i) Alternate phyllotaxy: In this type, a single leaf arises
VENATION at each node in alternate manner. E.g. China rose,
mustard and sun flower plants.
(ii) Opposite phyllotaxy: Plants with opposite phyllotaxy
Reticulate Venation Parallel Venation have two leaves arising from the node in opposite
The veins are arranged in a The veins are arranged parallel directions. E.g. Calotropis and guava plants.
net like manner, e.g., Dicots. to each other, e.g., Monocots. (iii) Whorled phyllotaxy: Plants with whorled phyllotaxy
have three or more leaves arising from the node, which
form a whorl. E.g. Alstonia.

Types of the leaves

Fig. Leaf Arrangement
A leaf may be simple or compound depending upon the incision
of lamina.
y Simple leaf : In simple leaf lamina is not divided completely Modification of Leaves
into distinct leaflets. Leaves are often modified to perform functions other than
y Compound leaf : In compound leaf, incision of leaf blade photosynthesis.
goes down to the rachis so the leaf is broken up into number (i) Tendrils: The leaves of a pea plant are modified into tendrils
of segments called leaflets. The compound leaves are of two that help the plant in climbing.
types-pinnate and palmate. (ii) Spines: The leaves in cactus are modified into sharp spines
² Pinnate: These are feather like leaves. The that act as an organ of defense (protection).
segmentation of the leaf-blade is towards the mid- (iii) Phyllode: The leaves of some Australian Acacia are short-
rib, so that the leaflets are borne laterally by midrib lived and soon replaced by flattened, green structures called
or rachis. phyllodes that arise from the petiole of the leaves. The
² Palmate: They are fan-like having leaflets which are petioles in these plants synthesize food.
borne at the tip of the petiole. In palmate compound (iv) Pitcher: The leaves of the pitcher plant are modified into
leaves the segmentation of the leaf extends from the pitcher-like structures, which contain digestive juices and
apical margin to the petiole so that the leaflets are help in trapping and digesting insects.
articulated to the tip of the petiole like fingers on a palm.
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(v) Bulb: The fleshy leaves of onion and garlic store

FLOWER
food.
y A flower is a modified shoot. It is the main reproductive
unit in angiosperms.
THE INFLORESCENCE y Flowers carry out sexual reproduction in angiosperms.
y The arrangement of flowers on floral axis is known as y A typical flower has four different kinds of whorls arranged
inflorescence. successively on the swollen end of the stalk (or pedicel),
y Flower is a modified shoot. Several modifications take called thalamus (receptacle).
place in the shoot to give rise to inflorescence. These are y The different kinds of whorls are: Androecium, Gynoecium,
as follows: Calyx and Corolla.
² Shoot apical meristem changes to floral meristem.
² Internodes do not elongate and axis gets condensed.
² The apex produces different kinds of floral appendages
at nodes in place of leaves.
² When shoot tip is modified into flowers, the flower is
always solitary.
y Based on arrangement on the floral axis, inflorescence is of
two types:Racemose and Cymose.
(i) Racemose inflorescence: In racemose inflorescence, the
main axis continues to grow. The flowers are borne laterally
in an acropetal succession, which means the older flowers
are at the base and younger flowers are near the apex.
E.g. radish, mustard, Amaranthus.
(ii) Cymose inflorescence: In cymose inflorescence, the axis
terminates in a flower, hence, is limited in growth. The
flowers are borne in a basipetal order, which means older
flowers are at the apex and younger flowers are near the
base. E.g. cotton, jasmine, Calotropis.

Fig. Parts of a flower

(i) Calyx: Calyx forms the outermost whorl of a flower, which
contains sepals. They are green, leaf–like structures that
cover and protect the flowers during the bud stage. When
the sepals of a flower are free, they are called polysepalous,
while fused sepals of a flower are called gamosepalous.
(ii) Corolla: Corolla of a flower is a layer that lies inside the
calyx. It contains coloured petals, which help in attracting
insects for pollination. When the petals are free, they
are called polypetalous, while fused petals are called
gamopetalous.
(iii) Androecium or the stamen: It is the male reproductive
Fig. Racemose inflorescence part of a flower. It consists of two parts, the filament and
the bilobed anther. The bilobed anther is the site for meiosis
and the generation of pollen grains.
(iv) Gynoecium: It represents the female reproductive part of
a flower. It consists of an ovary. The ovary is connected by
a long tube (called style) to the stigma. The ovary bears
numerous ovules attached to the placenta.

Fig. Cymose inflorescence

 Morphology of Flowering Plants 105

FLOWER WHORLS

Accessory organs Reproductive organs

Calyx Corolla Androecium (male) Gynoecium (female)
• Members called sepals • Members called petals
• Generally green in color • Brightly coloured
• Protects the plant in bud stage • Attract insects for pollination


Gamosepalous Polysepalous
• Sepals united • Separate Sepals

Gamopetalous Polypetalous
• Petals united • Petals separate

yy A flower that contains all four floral parts is called a (ii) Perigynous flowers (Half inferior ovary): In this, the
complete flower. ovary is situated at the centre and other floral parts are
yy Perianth: If calyx and corolla are not distinguishable, arranged on the rim of the thalamus. The ovary here is said
together they are called perianth. E.g. in lily. to be half inferior. E.g., plum, rose, peach.
yy Based on sexuality, flowers are divided into two types: (iii) Epigynous flowers (Inferior ovary): In this, the thalamus
Unisexual and Bisexual. grows around the ovary fusing with its wall. The other floral
²² Unisexual flowers:Unisexual flowers are those which parts are present above the ovary. Hence, the ovary is said
contain either gynoecium (stamen) or androecium to be inferior. E.g., flowers of guava and cucumber.
(carpels).
²² Bisexual flowers: Bisexual flowers are those which
contain both androecium (carpels) and gynoecium
(stamens).
yy Based on symmetry, flowers are divided into three types:
Actinomorphic, Zygomorphic and Asymmetrical.
(i) Actinomorphic flowers: Actinomorphic flowers can be
divided into two radial halves by any radial plane passing
through its centre. E.g. Chilly, mustard, Datura Etc. Fig.  Position of flower parts on thalamus
(ii) Zygomorphic flowers: Zygomorphic flowers are those
flowers which can be divided into two similar halves by a Aestivation
single vertical plane. E.g. Pea, beans, Gulmohar etc.
yy It is the mode in which sepals or petals are arranged in a
(iii) Asymmetrical flowers: Asymmetrical flowers are those
floral bud with respect to other floral members.
flowers which cannot be divided by any plane equally. E.g.
yy There are four types of aestivation in plants: Valvate,
Canna.
twisted, imbricate, and vexillary.
yy Based on presence or absence of Bracts, flowers are divided
(i) Valvate: When sepals or petals in a whorl just touch one
into two types: Bracteate (with bracts) and Ebracteate
another at the margin, without overlapping it is known as
(without bracts). Bracts are reduced leaf found at the
valvate aestivation. E.g. as in Calotropis.
pedicel base.
(ii) Twisted: If one margin of the appendage overlaps that of
yy A flower may be trimerous, tetramerous or pentamerous,
the next one and so on it is called twisted aestivation.
based on the number of floral appendages. They are
E.g. as in China rose, lady’s finger and cotton.
multiples of 3, 4, and 5 respectively.
(iii) Imbricate: If the margins of sepals or petals overlap one
yy Based on the position of the calyx, corolla, and androecium
another but not in anyparticular direction, the aestivation
(with respect to the ovary on the thalamus), the flowers
is called imbricate. E.g. as in Cassia and gulmohur.
are divided into three types: Hypognous, perigynous, and
(iv) Vexillary: In vexillary aestivation, the largest (standard)
epigynous.
overlaps the two lateral petals (wings) which in turn overlap
(i) Hypogynous flowers (Superior ovary): In this, the ovary
the two smallest anterior petals (keel). E.g. In pea and bean
occupies the highest position on the thalamus while other
flowers, which have five petals.
floral parts are situated below it. In such flowers, the ovary
is superior. E.g., China rose, mustard etc.
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yy After fertilisation, the ovules develop into seeds and the

ovary matures into a fruit.

Placentation
yy The term ‘placentation’ refers to the arrangement of ovules
within the ovary of a flower.
yy It is primarily of five types: Marginal, basal, parietal, axile,
and free central.
(i) Marginal placentation: The ovary in which the placenta
Fig.  Diferent types of aestivation fo calyx and corolla
forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary and the
(A) Valvate, (B) Twisted, (C) Imbricate,
ovules develop on two separate rows is known to have
(D) Quincuncial (E) Vexillary
marginal placentation. E.g. Peas.
(ii) Parietal placentation: When the ovules develop on the
Androecium inner walls of the ovary, the ovary is said to have parietal
yy Androecium is the male reproductive part composed of placentation. E.g., mustard and Argemone.
stamens. (iii) Axile placentation: In axile placentation, the placenta is
yy Each stamen consists of a filament and an anther. axial and ovules are attached to it. E.g. China rose, lemon,
yy Anther is bilobed. Each lobe has 2 chambers called pollen and tomato.
sacs where pollen grains are produced. (iv) Basal placentation: The ovary in which the placenta
yy Sterile stamen is called a staminode. develops from its base and a single ovule is found attached
yy Classification of stamens based on attachment: to the base is said to have basal placentation. E.g. marigold
²² Epipetalous:When stamens are attached to the petals, and sunflower.
they are called epipetalous. E.g.as in brinjal. (v) Free central placentation: In free central placentation,
²² Epiphyllous: When stamens are attached to the the ovules develop on the central axis while the septa are
perianth, they are known as epiphyllous. E.g. as in absent. E.g. Dianthus and primrose.
the flowers of lily.
²² Polyandrous: When stamens in a flower may remain
free, it is known as polyandrous.
²² Monoadelphous: When stamen may be united into one
bunch or one bundle, it is known as monoadelphous.
E.g. as in China rose.
²² Diadelphous: When stamens are united into two
bundles. E.g. as in pea.
²² Polyadelphous: When stamens are united into more
than two bundles. E.g. as in citrus.
yy There may be a variation in the length of filaments within
a flower, as in Salvia and mustard.

Gynoecium
yy Gynoecium is a female reproductive part made up of
carpels.
yy Carpel is made up of three parts: Stigma, style and ovary.
yy The stigma is usually at the tip of the style and is the Fig.  Types of placentation
receptive surface for pollen grains.
yy The style connects the ovary to the stigma.
yy Ovary is the enlarged basal part, on which lies the elongated THE FRUIT
tube, the style. Each ovary bears one or more ovules attached
to a flattened, cushion-like placenta. yy It is the matured or ripened ovary developed after
yy Classification of carpel: fertilization.
²² Apocarpous:When more than one carpel is present, yy Fruits formed without fertilization of ovary are called
they may be free and are called apocarpous. E.g. as parthenocarpic fruits.
in lotus and rose. yy Generally a fruit consists of two parts: Pericarp (walls) and
²² Syncarpous: When carpels are fused. E.g. as in seeds.
mustard and tomato. yy The pericarp may be dry and fleshy.
 Morphology of Flowering Plants 107

yy Fleshy pericarp is further divided into three parts: Outer Structure of Monocot Seed
epicarp, middle mesocarp and inner endocarp.
yy In mango and coconut, the fruit is known as drupe. Drupe yy Generally, monocot seeds are endospermic. Endosperm is
develops from monocarpellary superior ovaries. bulky and stores food. But in some as in orchids are non-
yy In mango, the pericarp is differentiated into an outer thin endospermic.
epicarp, middle fleshy edible mesocarp and an inner stony yy In the seeds of cereals(such as maize) the seed coat is
hard endocarp. In coconut, the mesocarp is represented by membranous and fused with the fruit wall.
the fibrous part. yy The outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by
a proteinous layer called aleurone layer.
yy The embryo is small and situated in a groove at one end of
the endosperm.
yy Embryo consists of
²² One large and shield shaped cotyledon known as
scutellum
²² Embryonal axis with a plumule and a radicle.
yy The plumule is enclosed in a sheath called coleoptile while
radicle in coleorhiza.
Fig.  Parts of a fruit: (a) Mango (b) Coconut

THE SEED
yy Seeds develops from ovule after fertilization.
yy Seed is made up ofseed coat and an embryo.
yy An embryo is made up of an embryonicaxis havingPlumule
and radicle with one or two cotyledons.
yy Based on number of cotyledons, seeds can be divided into:
Monocotyledon and Dicotyledons.
SEEDS

Monocotyledon (Single cotyledon) Dicotyledon (Two cotyledons)

Example - Wheat, rice Example - Gram and peas

Structure of Dicot Seed

Fig.  Structure of monocotyledonous seed
yy The outermost covering of a seed is the bilayered seed
coat. The seed coat has two layers, the testa (outer) and
Difference between dicot seed and monocot seed
the tegmen (inner).
yy The hilum is a scar on the seed coat where the developing Dicot seed Monocot seed
seed was attached to the fruit.
yy Above the hilum is a small pore called the micropyle. The seed possess two cotyledons. The seed possess a single
yy Embryo lies within the seed coat and consists of embryonal cotyledon.
axis and two cotyledons. The cotyledons are often fleshy The food may be stored inside The food may be stored inside
and full of reserve food materials. cotyledon or endosperm. endosperm except for in Orchids.
yy At the two ends of the embryonal axis are present the radicle
Aleurone layer is absent. Aleurone layer of special protein
and the plumule.
rich cells is found on outside of
yy In some seeds, cotyledons are replaced byendosperm formed endosperm.
as a result of double fertilisation. E.g. Castor.
yy Mature seeds without endosperm are known as non­ Coleoptile and Coleorhiza are The embryo tips may bear special
endospermous. E.g. Bean, gram and pea. absent. sheaths, coleoptile over plumule
and coleorhiza over radicle.
Plumule lies in between the two Plumule lies at one end near the
cotyledons. cotyledon.
Embryo occupies one side of the Embryo occupies the whole interior
seed. or only the central part of the
seed.
Fig.  Structure of dicotyledonous seed
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FLORAL DIAGRAMS AND FLORAL FORMULAE

yy The floral formula is represented by some symbols. Some of them are:

Characteristics of flower Symbols Characteristics of flower Symbols

Bracts Calyx K
• Present (Bracteate) Br • Polysepalous K5
• Absent (Ebracteate) EBr • Gamosepalous K(5)
Symmetry of the flower Corolla C
• Actinomorphic ⊕ • Polypetalous C5
• Zygomorphic % • Gamopetalous C(5)
Nature of the flower Essential Whorls
• Bisexual Androecium A

• Unisexual • Stamens-free A10

 Male flower • United
 Female flower • Monadelphous A(10)
Non-essential whorls • Diadelphous A(9) + 1
• Perianth P • Infinite A∞
• Tepals (Free) P3 • Epipetalous
• Tepals (united) P(3) Gynoecium G
Carpels
• Apocarpous (free) G5
• Syncarpous (united) G(5)
Ovary
• Hypogynous (superior) G
• Epigynous (inferior) G

Floral Diagram DESCRIPTION OF SOME IMPORTANT FAMILIES

yy A floral diagram provides information about the number of
1. Family Fabaceae/Papilionaceae (Pea plant)
parts of a flower, their arrangement and the relation they
have with one another. yy Fabaceae/Papilionaceae is a sub-family of the Leguminoseae
yy The position of the mother axis with respect to the flower is family.
represented by a dot on the top of the floral diagram. yy Vegetative features:
yy Calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium are drawn ²² Habit: Pinnately compound, alternately arranged with
in successive whorls, calyx being the outermost and the leaf tendrils with the pulvinus present at the leaf base
gynoecium being in the centre. along folacious stipules.
²² Root: Tap root system with root nodules.
yy Floral features:
²² Inflorescence: Racemose, generally axial than
terminal.
²² Flower: Zygomorphic and bisexual flowers are
found.
²² Calyx: It contains five sepals which are gamosepalous
while aestivation is imbricate.
²² Corolla: It contains five petals (polypetalous) with
vexillary aestivation.
²² Androecium: It consists of ten anthers that are
diadelphous with dithecous anthers.
²² Gynoecium: Monocarpellary superior ovary which is
unilocular with marginal placentation.
²² Fruit: Legume pod with non-endospermic seeds
yy Floral formula: % K(5) C1 + 2 + (2) A(9)+ |G|
Fig.  Floral diagram yy Economic importance: Peas are used as vegetables for
making various culinary preparations.
 Morphology of Flowering Plants 109

3. Family Liliaceae
Commonly called the ‘Lily family’. It is a characteristic
representative of monocotyledonous plants.
y Vegetative features:
² Habit: Perennial herbs
² Leaves: Mostly basal, alternate, linear, exstipulate with
parallel venation.
² Stem: Underground bulb, corm or rhizome
y Floral features:
Fig. Floral diagram of family fabaceae ² Inflorescence: Solitary and cymose
² Flowers: Actinomorphic, bisexual flowers
2. Family Solanaceae ² Perianth: It is composed of six tepals (3 + 3) that are
united into tube. Aestivation is valvate.
y Vegetative features ² Androecium: It consists of six (3 + 3) stamens.
² Habit: Erect, herbaceous plant. ² Gynoecium: It consists of tricarpellary syncarpous
² Leaves: Simple, exstipulate leaves with reticulate superior ovary and trilocular with many ovules. Axile
venation. placentation.
² Stem: Erect stem with numerous branches. ² Fruits: Capsule rarely berry.
y Floral features ² Seeds: Endospermous.
² Inflorescence: Solitary and axillary y Floral formula: Br ⊕ P3+3 A3+3 G(3)
² Flowers: Actinomorphic, bisexual flowers y Economic importance: Many plants are good ornamentals.
² Calyx: Calyx is composed of five sepals that are united E.g. Tulip, Gloriosa, source of medicine (Aloe vera),
and persistent. Aestivation is valvate. vegetables (Asparagus) and colchicine (Colchicum
² Corolla: Corolla consists of five united petals with autumnale).
valvate aestivation.
² Androecium: It consists of five epipetalous stamens.
² Gynoecium: It consists of bicarpellary, syncarpous
superior ovary with axile placentation.
² Fruits: Berry
² Seeds: Numerous, endospermous
² Floral formula: ⊕ K(5) C(5).A5 G(2)
² Economic importance: Used for medicinal
purposes.

Fig. Floral diagram of family liliaceae

Fig. Floral diagram of family Solanaceae

 110
Morphology of flowering plants

Root system Shoot system

It is responsible for It consists of stem,
nutrition and support branches, leaves, etc. and
originate from plumule

Taproot Fibrous root Adventitious roots Leaf Infloresence Flower Fruit Seed
These roots These roots These roots develop These are It is arrangement Reproduction It is matured ovary It is a ripened
develop from develop from base from any part of developed from of flower on floral occurs in flowers formed after ovule
radicle of the stem the plant instead nodes and site of axis fertilization
of radicle photosynthesis
Modification
Modification
Tap roots are
modified for food Modified on the Simple Compound Simple Aggregate Composite
storage and basis of function In this leaf lamina In this incision of It developed It developed It developed
respiration and mechanical is not divided leaf blade goes from mono- from multi- from whole
support upon the incision down to the rachis carpellary carpellary inflorescence
Fiesiform of lamina and further broken ovary apocarpous ex-sorosis
ex-Radish, etc. Tuberous ex-Sweet potato etc. into segments ex-Dry ovary in ananas,
called leaf lets fruits. ex-Berries, etc.
Conical Fasciculated ex-Dahlia, etc. etc.
ex-Carrot, etc. Beaded ex-Grasses, etc.
Tuberous Pinnate Palmate
Annular ex-Psychortia, etc.
ex-Turnip, etc. ex-American elm, Ex-Japanese
Stilt ex-Sugarcane, etc. etc. Maple, etc.
Napiform
ex-pea, etc. Climbing ex-Pothos etc.
Butress ex-Bombax, etc.
Racemose Cymose Asymmetrical Symmetrical
Contractila ex-Chrocus, etc.
ex-Spara, wheat, Ex-Spergula flowers which flowers which can
Parasitic ex-Cascuta, etc. etc. arvensis, Acacia, cannot be divided be divided into
etc. into equal halves. two equal halves
Epiphytic ex-Orchids, etc.
ex-Cassia, etc. Ex-Lilly,
Floating ex-Jussiae, etc. Buttercup, etc.
BIOLOGY

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 Morphology of Flowering Plants 111

1. A bract can be differentiated from bracteole by its : 12. Epipetalous stamens are found in :
(a) Size (b) Position (a) Cruciferae (b) Solanaceae
(c) Function (d) Colour (c) Liliaceae (d) Mimosaceae
13. Regions of roots from base to root tip are
2. Pneumatophores are found in –
(a) Maturation zone — Cell division zone — Elongation
(a) The vegetation which is found in marshy and saline lake zone
(b) The vegetation which found in saline soil (b) Maturation zone — Elongation zone — Cell division
(c) Xerophytic condition zone
(d) Hydrophytic condition (c) Cell division zone — Elongation zone — Maturation
3. Stilt roots occur in – zone
(a) Groundnut (b) Rice (d) Elongation zone — Cell division zone — Maturation
(c) Sugarcane (d) Wheat zone
14. Which of the following groups of plants are propagated
4. Which region of the root-tip is involving in the formation of
through underground root?
root hairs by epidermal cells?
(a) Bryophyllum and Kalanchoe
(a) Region of maturation (b) Ginger, potato, onion and zamikand
(b) Region of meristmatic activity (c) Pistia, Chrysanthemum and pineapple
(c) Region of elongation (d) Sweet potato, Asparagus, tapioca and dahlia
(d) None of the above 15. Which of the following characters can not be expressed by
5. If a primary root continues to grow, the type of root system floral formula?
will be known as (a) Sexuality (b) Symmetry
(a) Secondary (b) Fibrous (c) Adhesion of floral parts (d) Aestivation
(c) Tap (d) Stilt 16. The milk of coconut is obtained from the fleshy and liquid :
(a) Mesocarp and Placenta
6. Outer covering of epiphytic roots is
(b) Endosperm and embryo
(a) Osmophore (b) Rhizophore (c) Endosperm and pericarp
(c) Velamen (d) Pneumatophore (d) Endosperm
7. Plants have supporting roots coming out of the lower nodes 17. Vegetative reproduction occurs by bulbil in
of the stem is known __________ roots. (a) Agave (b) Colocasia
(a) Prop(b) Stilt (c) Zingiber (d) Vallisneria
(c) Tap (d) Adventitious 18. The region of the stem where leaves are born are called
8. Napiform roots are recorded from ____________ while ___________ are the portions between
(a) Radish (b) Carrot two _____________ .
(a) nodes, nodes, internodes respectively
(c) Beet root (d) Sweet potato
(b) nodes, internodes, nodes respectively
9. Fusiform roots are found in (c) internodes, nodes, nodes respectively
(a) Solanum tuberosum (b) Calocasia (d) nodes, internodes, internodes respectively
(c) Daucus carota (d) Raphanus sativus 19. Main function of leaf is –
10. A fibrous root system is better adapted than tap root system (a) Manufacture of food (b) Exchange of gases
for (c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
(a) Storage of food 20. Pulses yielding family of plants is
(b) Anchorage of plant to soil (a) poaceae (Graminae) (b) cucurbitaceae
(c) Absorption of water and minerals (c) liliaceae (d) papilionaceae
21. A modification of bud that can bear leaves, flowers, fruits &
(d) Transport of water and organic food
branches is
11. Which of the following plants is growing in swampy areas, (a) thorn (b) spine
where many roots come out of the ground and grow vertically (c) prickle (b) trichome
upwards? 22. The largest leaf belongs to –
(a) Potato (b) Opuntia (a) Nerium (b) Tobacco
(c) Rhizophora (d) Grass (c) Victoria (d) Rafflesia
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112 BIOLOGY

23. Occurence of different types of leaves on the same plant is 35. Bicarpellary gynoecium and oblique ovary occurs in
(a) Heterophylly (b) Heterotrophy (a) Mustard (b) Banana
(c) Heteronasty (d) All of these (c) Pisum (d) Brinjal
24. Which of the following plants produces edible root ? 36. Eye of potato is
(a) Raphanus sativus (b) Brassica campestris (a) Axillary bud (b) Accessory bud
(c) Brassica oleracea (d) Eruca sativa (c) Adventitious bud (d) Apical bud
25. Which of the following groups of plants have underground 37. Which one of the following sets of characters denote that
stems? plant possess all advanced morphological characters?
(a) Potato, ginger, turmeric, Euphorbia, zaminkand (a) Dioecious condition, gamopetalous corolla and multiple
(b) Potato, ginger, turmeric, zaminkand, colocasia fruit.
(c) Potato, Citrus, Opuntia, zaminand, colocasia (b) Actinomorphic flowers, free stamens and endospermic
(d) Potato, cucumber, watermelon, zaminkand, colocasia seeds.
26. Flower is complete when it has (c) Perennial life span, dichlamydous flower and simple fruit.
(a) calyx, corolla, androecium & gynoecium
(d) Simple leaves, monoecious condition and apocarpous
(b) calyx & corolla pistil.
(c) androecium & gynoecium
38. The mature seeds of plants such as gram and peas, possess no
(d) corolla, androecium & gynoecium
endosperm, because
27. Leaves are changed into spines in xerophytic structures called
(a) these plants are not angiosperms.
(a) Phyllode (b) Stolon
(b) there is no double fertilization in them.
(c) Phylloclade (d) All of these
(c) endosperm is not formed in them.
28. Which part of the coconut produces coir?
(a) Seed coat (b) Mesocarp (d) endosperm gets used up by the developing embryo during
seed development.
(c) Epicarp (d) Pericarp
29. Ginger is a stem which can be differentiated from root because 39. Axis of Inflorescence is –
it (a) Pedicel (b) Peduncle
(a) grows parallel to ground. (c) Petiole (d) All of these
(b) stores food. 40. Pedicellate flowers arising from a single point form –
(c) lacks chlorophyll. (a) umbel (b) cymose head
(d) has nodes and internodes. (c) capitulum (d) verticillaster
30. Most prominent function inflorescence is of 41. Stem tendrils are found in-
(a) dispersal of seeds (i) cucumber (ii) pumpkins
(b) formation of more fruit (iii) watermelon (iv) grapevines
(c) formation of pollen grains (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(d) dispersal of pollens (c) (i), (ii) and (iii) (d) All of these
31. Flowers are sessile in – 42. Thalamus is
(a) Raceme (b) Spike
(a) Base of flower (b) Base of ovary
(c) Corymb (d) Umbel
(c) Modification of pollen (d) Root
32. Cruciform corolla is found in –
43. In monoadelphous condition, stamens have
(a) Pea (b) China rose
(c) Radish (d) Sunflower (a) Filaments of all united in one group but anthers are free
33. Which one of the following statement is not correct? (b) Filaments united in groups but all anthers are free
(a) A plant that bears male, female and bisexual flowers is (c) Anthers are fused but filaments are free
polygamous. (d) Both anthers and filaments are fused
(b) An actinomorphic flower can be dissected into two equal 44. In which of the following plants, a slender lateral branch arises
halves from any plane. from the base of the main axis and after growing aerially arch
(c) Superior ovary is found in hypogynous flowers. downwards to touch the ground?
(d) That portion of the flower towards the bract is called the (a) Mint and Jasmine (b) Banana and pineapple
posterior portion. (c) Grass and strawberry (d) Pista and Eichhornia
34. The fourth whorl of flower is of 45. Aestivation in which members of a whorl lie close but do not
(a) Petals (b) Stamens overlap
(c) Carpels (d) Sepals (a) Vexillary (b) Valvate
(c) Imbricate (d) Twisted
 Morphology of Flowering Plants 113

46. Endosperm, a product of double fertilization in angiosperms is 58. Which of the following statements are correct about leaf?
absent in the seeds of (i) Leaf is a lateral, generally flattened structure borne on
(a) gram (b) orchids the stem.
(c) maize (d) castor (ii) It develops at the node and bears a bud in its axil.
47. The perianth is the term used when (iii) Leaves originate from root apical meristems and arranged
(a) Androecium and gynoecium are similar in an acropetal order.
(b) Androecium and calyx are similar (iv) They are the most important vegetative organs for
(c) Corolla and gynoecium are similar reproduction.
(d) Calyx and corolla are similar (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
48. When stamens are superior the flower is
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii) (d) All of these
(a) Hypogynous (b) Perigynous
59. Edible part of Banana is
(c) Epigynous (d) Hypogenous
49. A branch in which each node bearing a rossette of leaves and (a) Epicarp
a tuft of roots is found in agnatic plants like _________ and (b) Mesocarp and less developed endocarp
____________ . (c) Endocarp and less developed mesocarp
(a) Hydrilla and Pistia (d) Epicarp and mesocarp
(b) Eichhornia and Hydrilla 60. Keel is characteristic of the flowers of [CBSE'10]
(c) Pistia and Eichhornia (a) gulmohur (b) Cassia
(d) Pistia and Vallisneria (c) Calotropis (d) bean
50. The most appropriate definition of a seed is 61. The botanical name of ground nut is :
(a) A seed is an integumented sporangium with a single (a) Cicer arietinum (b) Glycine max
functional spore.
(c) Arachis hypogea (d) Lens esculentus
(b) A seed is an integumented indehiscent megasporangium
62. The fleshy fruits with hard and stony endocarp are called
with a functional megaspore.
(c) A seed is an integumented bud containing an egg. (a) Drupe (b) Berry
(d) None of the above. (c) Pepo (d) Pome
51. Siliqua is the fruit of – 63. Tetradyanamous conditions occur in –
(a) Cruciferae (b) Malvaceae (a) Cruciferae (b) Malvaceae
(c) Liliaceae (d) Solanaceae (c) Solanaceae (d) Liliaceae
52. Which of the following is a modified stem for the protection 64. Floral formula of Malvaceae:
to plants from browsing animals? Z
(a) Tendrils (b) Thorns (a) Br% O
+
Epi3-7 K (5) C
| (5) A( ¥ ) G (2)
(c) Rhizome (d) Tuber
53. A true fruit develops from – Z
(b) Br Å O K C A G(5-¥)
+ (5) 5 (¥ )
(a) Ovary (b) Thalamus |
(c) Petals (d) Receptacle Z
54. A berry fruit is – (c) Br Å O
+
Epi3-7 K (5) C (5) A(¥ ) G(5-¥ )
|
(a) Fleshy and single seeded
(b) Fleshy and multi seeded (d) Br Å K (5) C4 A 2 + 2 G (2)
(c) Dry and multi seeded 65. Which of the following is the green expanded part of leaf
(d) Dehiscent & single seeded with vein and veinlets?
55. Fruit of Ground nut is – (a) Petiole (b) Node
(a) Nut (b) Legume (c) Stipule (d) Lamina
(c) Lomentum (d) Capsule
66. Number of stamens present in malvaceae is –
56. A number of leaflets arranged alternately or in opposite manner
(a) Infinite (¥) (b) Five (5)
is known as
(a) simple leaf (c) Ten (10) (d) Nine + one (9+ 1)
(b) pinnately compound leaf 67. Leaves of dicotyledonous plants possess ________ venation,
(c) palmately compound leaf while ____________ venation is the characteristic of most
(d) none of the above monocotyledons.
57. Water melon is – (a) reticulate and parallel respectively
(a) Pome (b) Sorosis (b) parallel and reticulate respectively
(c) Pepo (d) Drupe (c) reticulate and perpendicular respectively
(d) obliquely and parallel respectively.
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68. The 3-sub-families of Leguminosae are distinguished mainly 72. Sleeping movements commonly occur in plants of family :
on the basis of – (a) Leguminosae (b) Liliaceae
(a) Nature of gynoecium (c) Malvaceae (d) Compositae
(b) Nature of corolla and stamens 73. Flower of Fabaceae is
(c) Nature of habit of the plants (a) Complete, zygomorphic, pentamerous
(d) Nature of fruit
(b) Complete, actinomorphic, trimerous
69. Which of the following is an example of pinnately compound
(c) Incomplete, zygomorphic, trimerous
leaf?
(a) Cucumber (b) Papaya (d) Incomplete, actinomorphic, pentamerous
(c) Cucurbita (d) Neem 74. Alternate type of phyllotaxy is found in __________.
70. In Malvaceae the placentation is – (a) China rose (b) Mustard
(a) Marginal (b) Axile (c) Sunflower (d) All of these
(c) Basal (d) Parietal 75. Tetradynamous conditon is characteristics of
71. The main purpose of phyllotaxy for the leaves is to provide (a) Liliaceae/Allium/Asphodelus
sufficient (b) Cruciferae/Mustard/Iberis
(a) soil (b) air (c) Malvaceae/Althea/Hibiscus
(c) water (d) light (d) Solanaceae/Nicotiana/Petunia

1. In a cereal grain the single cotyledon of embryo is represented 7. Which of the following is a flowering plant with nodules
by containing filamentous nitrogen-fixing micro-organism?
(a) scutellum (b) prophyll (a) Crotalaria juncea (b) Cycas revoluta
(c) coleoptile (d) coleorhiza (c) Cicer arietinum (d) Casuarina equisetifolia
2. Which type of function is performed by the fleshy leaves of 8. Replum is present in the ovary of flower of
onion and garlic? (a) Lemon (b) Mustard
(c) Sunflower (d) Pea
(a) Storage (b) Reproduction
(c) Photosynthesis (d) Protection 9. In unilocular ovary with a single ovule the placentation is :
3. Long filamentous threads protruding at the end of the young (a) Marginal (b) Basal
cob of maize are (c) Free Central (d) Axile
(a) styles (b) ovaries 10. Keel is characteristic of the flowers of:
(c) hairs(d) anthers (a) Gulmohur (b) Cassia
4. Pineapple (ananas) fruit develops from
(c) Calotropis (d) Bean
(a) a multipistillate syncarpous flower
11. The technical term used for the androecium in a flower of
(b) a cluster of compactly borne flowers on a common axis
China rose (Hibiscus rosa sinensis) is:
(c) a multilocular monocarpellary flower
(d) a unilocular polycarpellary flower (a) Monadelphous (b) Diadelphous
5. Pentamerous, actinomorphic flowers, bicarpellate ovary with (c) Polyandrous (d) Polyadelphous
oblique septa and fruit a capsule of berry, are characteristic 12. When a flower can be divided into two equal radial halves in
features of any radial plane passing through the centre, it is known as
(a) Brassicaceae (b) Solanaceae
(c) Liliaceae (d) Asteraceae (a) actinomorphic (b) zygomorphic
6. The flower is the reproductive unit in the ________ meant (c) asymmetric (d) bisymmetric
for ____________ reproduction 13. Which one of the following statements is correct ?
(a) angiosperms and sexual respectively. (a) In tomato, fruit is a capsule
(b) gymnosperms and sexual respectively (b) Seeds of orchids have oil-rich endosperm
(c) algae and asexual respectively (c) Placentation in primose is basal
(d) pteridophytes and asexual respectively. (d) Flower of tulip is a modified shoot
Morphology of Flowering Plants 115

14. What would be the number of chromosomes of the aleurone 26. During the post-fertilisation period the ovules develop into
cells of a plant with 42 chromosomes in its root tip cells ? __________ and the ovary matures into a _________.
(a) 42 (b) 63 (a) A – seeds; B – fruit (b) A – fruit; B – seeds
(c) 84 (d) 21 (c) A – flower; B – seed (d) A – seeds; B – flower
15. The correct floral formula of chilli is : 27. In china rose the flowers are :
(a) Actinomorphic, epigynous with valvate aestivation
(a) (b) (b) Zygomorphic, hypogynous with imbricate aestivation
(c) Zygomorphic, epigynous with twisted aestivation
(d) Actinomorphic, hypogynous with twisted aestivation
(c) (d) 28. Among bitter gourd, mustard, brinjal, pumpkin, china rose,
16. Which one of the following diagrams represents the lupin, cucumber, sunhemp, gram, guava, bean, chilli, plum,
placentation in Dianthus? Petunia, tomato, rose, Withania, potato, onion, Aloe and tulip
how many plants have hypogynous flower ?
(a) Ten (b) Fifteen
(a) (b) (c) Eighteen (d) Six
29. Among flowers of Calotropis, tulip, Sesbania, Asparagus,
Colchicine, Sweet pea, Petunia, Indigofera, Mustard,
Soyabean, Tobacco and groundnut how many plants have
(c) (d) corolla with valvate aestivation?
(a) Five (b) Six
17. Whorled, simple leaves with reticulate venation are present (c) Seven (d) Eight
in 30. How many plants among China rose, Ocimum, sunflower,
(a) Calotropis (b) Neem mustard, Alstonia, guava, Calotropis and Nerium (Oleander)
(c) China rose (d) Alstonia have opposite phyllotaxy?
18. Placentation in tomato and lemon is (a) Two (b) Three
(a) Parietal (b) Free central (c) Four (d) Five
(c) Marginal (d) Axile 31. In a cymose inflorescence the main axis
(a) Terminates in a flower
19. Cymose inflorescence is present in :
(b) Has unlimited growth
(a) Solanum (b) Sesbania
(c) Bears a solitary flower
(c) Trifolium (d) Brassica
(d) Has unlimited growth but lateral branches end in flowers
20. The gynoecium consists of many free pistils in flowers of
32. Inflorescence is racemose in
(a) Aloe (b) Tomato
(a) Soyabean (b) Brinjal
(c) Papaver (d) Michelia
(c) Tulip (d) Aloe
21. A sterile stamen is known as -
33. Choose the correct option for A, B and C.
(a) Staminode (b) anther
(c) pollen grain (d) filament
22. Vexillary aestivation is characteristic of the family
(a) Fabaceae (b) Asteraceae
(c) Solanaceae (d) Brassicaceae
23. Which one of the following structures is not associated with
gynoeium?
(a) Ovary (b) Style
(c) Stigma (d) Filament
24. Which one of the following organisms is correctly matched
with its three characteristics?
(a) Pea: C3 pathway, Endospermic seed, Vexillary aestivation
(b) Tomato: Twisted aestivation, Axile placentation, Berry (a) A - zone of elongation, B - zone of meiosis, C - zone of
(c) Onion: Bulb, Imbricate aestivation, Axile placentation mitosis
(d) Maize: C3 pathway, Closed vascular bundles, Scutellum (b) A - zone of maturation, B - zone of meristematic activity,
25. How many plants in the list given below have marginal C - zone of elongation
placentation? (c) A - zone of mitosis, B - zone of elongation, C - zone of
Mustard, Gram, Tulip, Asparagus, Arhar, Sun hemp, Chilli,
root cap
Colchicine, Onion, Moong, Pea, Tobacco, Lupin
(d) A - region of maturation, B - region of elongation,
(a) Four (b) Five
C - meristematic activity
(c) Six (d) Three
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116 BIOLOGY

34. Choose the correct option for A and B. 38. Which one of the option is correct?

Seed coat C
Raphe D
A E
B
Seed Seed opened
(a) A - Hilum, B - Micropyle, C - Radicle, D - Cotyledon,
(a) A-Cymose, B-Racemose
E - Plumule
(b) A-Racemose, B-Cymose (b) A - Hilum, B - Micropyle, C - Plumule, D - Cotyledon,
(c) A- Racemose, B - Racemose E - Radicle
(d) A- Cymose, B - Cymose (c) A - Micropyle, B - Hilum, C - Plumule, D - Cotyledon,
35. Which option is correctly matched with the diagrams? E - Radicle
(d) A - Hilum, B - Micropyle, C - Plumule, D - Radicle,
E - Cotyledon
39. Match Column - I with Column - II
Column I Column II
(a) A-Valvate, B-Twisted, C-Imbricate, D-Vexillary
A. Wheat (1) False fruit
(b) A-Vexillary, B-Valvate, C-Twisted, D-Imbricate
B. Ground nut (2) Caryopsis
(c) A-Imbricate, B-Vexillary, C-Valvate, D-Twisted C. Grapes (3) Lomentum
(d) A-Twisted, B-Imbricate, C-Vexillary, D-Valvate D. Mango (4) Parthenocarpic fruit
36. Identify the phyllotaxy. E. Apple (5) Drupe
(a) A ® (3); B ® (2); C ® (4); D ® (5); E ® (1)
(b) A ® (2); B ® (3); C ® (4); D ® (1); E ® (5)
(c) A ® (2); B ® (3); C ® (4); D ® (5); E ® (1)
(d) A ® (2); B ® (4); C ® (3); D ® (5); E ® (1)
40. Match Column - I with Column - II
Column I Column II
A. Apple (1) Outer portion of receptacle
B. Coconut (2) Fleshy thalamus
(a) A-Alternate, B - Opposite, C - Whorled
C. Jack fruit (3) Thalamus & pericarp
(b) A- Whorled, B - Opposite, C -Alternate
D. Guava (4) Endosperm
(c) A-Alternate, B - Whorled, C - Opposite E. Pineapple (5) Bract, perianth & seeds
(d) A-Whorled, B -Alternate, C - Opposite (a) A ® (2); B ® (3); C ® (4); D ® (5); E ® (1)
37. Choose the correct option. (b) A ® (5); B ® (3); C ® (1); D ® (4); E ® (2)
(c) A ® (2); B ® (3); C ® (1); D ® (5); E ® (4)
(d) A ® (2); B ® (4); C ® (5), D ® (3); E ® (1)
41. Match the column - I with column - II and choose the correct
option -
Column - I Column - II
(Types of aestivation) (Examples).
A. Valvate (1) Cotton
B. Twisted (2) Calotropis
C. Imbricate (3) Bean
(a) A-Epicarp, B-Mesocarp, C-Seed, D-Endocarp D. Vexillary (4) Gulmohar
(a) A ® (1); B ® (2); C ® (4); D ® (3)
(b) A-Epicarp, B-Mesocarp, C-Ovule, D-Endocarp
(b) A ® (2); B ® (1); C ® (4); D ® (3)
(c) A-Epicarp, B-Mesocarp, C-Ovary, D-Endocarp
(c) A ® (2); B ® (4); C ® (1); D ® (3)
(d) A-Epicarp, B-Mesocarp, C-Embryo, D- Endocarp
(d) A ® (2); B ® (1); C ® (3); D ® (4)
 Morphology of Flowering Plants 117

42. Match the following and choose the correct option (c) (2), (4) and (5) are correct
Column - I Column - II (d) (1) and (3) are correct
(Symbols used in (Parts of the flower) 45. Which of the following statements are correct about calyx?
floral formula) (a) Calyx is the outermost whorl of the flower and are called
A. Å (1) Zygomorphic sepals.
B. K (2) Corolla (b) Sepals are green, leaf like and protect the flower in the
C. C (3) Androecium bud stage.
D. A (4) Actinomorphic (c) The calyx may be gamosepalous (sepals free) or
E. G (5) Calyx polysepalous (sepals united)
F. % (6) Superior ovary (d) Both (a) and (b).
(a) A ® (4); B ® (5); C ® (6); D ® (1); E ® (3); F ® (2) DIRECTIONS for Qs. 46 to 50 : Each questions contain
(b) A ® (4); B ® (5); C ® (3); D ® (2); E ® (1); F ® (6) STATEMENT-1 (Assertion) and STATEMENT-2 (Reason).
(c) A ® (5); B ® (4); C ® (3); D ® (2); E ® (6); F ® (1) Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which
(d) A ® (4); B ® (5); C ® (2); D ® (3); E ® (6); F ® (1) ONLY ONE is correct.
43. Which of the following statements are correct? (a) Statement- 1 is True, Statement-2 is True, Statement-2 is a
(1) When a fruit develops from the inflorescence, it is correct explanation for Statement -1
composite (b) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is True ; Statement-2 is
(2) Mesocarp is the edible part in apple NOT a correct explanation for Statement - 1
(3) Gynobasic style is seen in Ocimum (c) Statement - 1 is True, Statement- 2 is False
(4) Hypanthodium is a special type of inflorescence found (d) Both the Statements are False.
in Euphorbia species 46. Statement 1 : A simple leaf has undivided lamina.
(a) (1) and (4) are correct Statement 2 : Leaves showing pinnate and palmate venations
(b) (1) and (3) are correct have various type of incisions.
(c) (1) and (2) are correct 47. Statement 1 : Leaves of Bryophyllum, Begonia help in
(d) (2), (3) and (4) are correct vegetative multiplication.
44. Select the characters which are not applicable to the family Statement 2 : Leaves of these plants possess adventitious
solanaceae? buds.
(1) Epipetalous and syngenesious anthers 48. Statement 1 : In corymb, all the flowers lie at the same level.
(2) Bicarpellary and syncarpous ovary Statement 2 : Pedicels of all the flowers are of same length.
(3) Oblique overy with axile placentation 49. Statement 1 : A plant having unisexual flowers are called
(4) Statements six, arranged in two whorls. dioecious.
(5) Bicarpellary, syncarpous and inferior ovary Statement 2 : Mango is a polygamous plant.
(a) (2) and (3) are correct 50. Statement 1 : Ginger has a prostrate-growing rhizome.
(b) (1), (4) and (5) are correct Statement 2 : Shoot growth is not effected by gravity.

Exemplar Questions 3. The mature seeds of plants such as gram and peas possess no
1. Rearrange the following zones as seen in the root in vertical endosperm, because
section and choose the correct option. (a) these plants are not angiosperm
A. Root hair zone B. Zone of meristems (b) there is no double fertilisation in them
C. Root cap zone D. Zone of maturation (c) endosperm is not formed in them
E. Zone of elongation (d) endosperm gets used up by the developing embryo during
Codes seed development
(a) C, B, E, A, D (b) A, B, C, D, E 4. Roots developed from parts of the plant other than radicle are
(c) D, E, A, C, B (d) E, D, C, B, A called
2. In an inflorescence where flowers are borne laterally in an (a) tap roots
acropetal succession, the position of the youngest floral bud
(b) fibrous roots
shall be
(c) adventitious roots
(a) proximal (b) distal
(c) intercalary (d) any where (d) nodular roots
 EBD_7051
118 BIOLOGY

5. Venation is a term used to describe the pattern of arrangement of (a) Two (b) Three
(a) floral organs (c) Four (d) Five
(b) flower in infloresence 15. In a cymose inflorescence the main axis
(c) veins and veinlets in a lamina (a) Terminates in a flower [NEET Kar. 2013]
(d) all of them (b) Has unlimited growth
6. Endosperm, a product of double fertilisation in angiosperms is
(c) Bears a solitary flower
absent in the seeds of
(d) Has unlimited growth but lateral branches end in flowers
(a) Coconut (b) Orchids
16. Inflorescence is racemose in [NEET Kar. 2013]
(c) Maize (d) Castor
7. Many pulses of daily use belong to one of the families below. (a) Soyabean (b) Brinjal
(a) Solanaceae (b) Fabaceae (c) Tulip (d) Aloe
(c) Liliaceae (d) Poaceae 17. Placenta and pericarp are both edible portions in: [2014]
8. The placenta is attached to the developing seed near the (a) Apple (b) Banana
(a) testa (b) hilum (c) Tomato (d) Potato
(c) micropyle (d) chalaza 18. When the margins of sepals or petals overlap one another
9. Which of the following plants is used to extract the blue dye? without any particular direction, the condition is termed as:
(a) Trifolium (b) Indigofera [2014]
(c) Lupin (d) Cassia (a) Vexillary (b) Imbricate
10. Match the following columns. (c) Twisted (d) Valvate
Column I Column II
19. Which one of the following statements is correct? [2014]
A. Aleurone layer 1. Nutrition
(a) The seed in grasses is not endospermic.
B. Parthenocarpic fruit 2. Without fertilisation
(b) Mango is a parthenocarpic fruit.
C. Ovule 3. Seed
D. Endosperm 4. Double fertilisation (c) A proteinaceous aleurone layer is present in maize grain.
Codes (d) A sterile pistil is called a staminode.
A B C D 20. An example of edible underground stem is: [2014]
A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 2 1 4 3 (a) Carrot (b) Groundnut
(c) 4 2 1 3 (d) 2 4 1 3 (c) Sweet potato (d) Potato
21. An aggregate fruit is one which develops from: [2014]
NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions
(a) Multicarpellary syncarpous gynoecium
11. In china rose the flowers are : [2013] (b) Multicarpellary apocarpus gynoecium
(a) Actinomorphic, epigynous with valvate aestivation (c) Complete inflorescence
(b) Zygomorphic, hypogynous with imbricate aestivation (d) Multicarpellary superior ovary
(c) Zygomorphic, epigynous with twisted aestivation
22. Leaves become modified into spines in :- [2015 RS]
(d) Actinomorphic, hypogynous with twisted aestivation
(a) Pea (b) Onion
12. Among bitter gourd, mustard, brinjal, pumpkin, china rose,
(c) Silk Cotton (d) Opuntia
lupin, cucumber, sunhemp, gram, guava, bean, chilli, plum,
petunia, tomato, rose, withania, potato, onion, aloe and tulip 23. is the floral formula of [2015 RS]
how many plants have hypogynous flower ? [2013]
(a) Ten (b) Fifteen (a) Sesbania (b) Petunia
(c) Eighteen (d) Six (c) Brassica (d) Allium
13. Among flowers of Calotropis, tulip, Sesbania, Asparagus, 24. Keel is the characteristic feature of flower of: [2015 RS]
Colchicine, Sweet pea, Petunia, Indigofera, Mustard, (a) Indigofera (b) Aloe
Soyabean, Tobacco and groundnut how many plants have (c) Tomato (d) Tulip
corolla with valvate aestivation? [NEET Kar. 2013] 25. Perigynous flowers are found in :- [2015 RS]
(a) Five (b) Six (a) Cucumber (b) China rose
(c) Seven (d) Eight (c) Rose (d) Guava
14. How many plants among China rose, Ocimum, sunflower, mus- 26. In ginger vegetative propagation occurs through: [2015 RS]
tard, Alstonia, guava, Calotropis and Nerium (Oleander) have (a) Offsets (b) Bulbils
opposite phyllotaxy? [NEET Kar. 2013] (c) Runners (d) Rhizome
 Morphology of Flowering Plants 119

27. Among china rose, mustard, brinjal, potato, guava, cucumber, 35. Tricarpellary syncarpous gynoecium is found in flowers of
onion and tulip, how many plants have superior ovary? [2016]
[2015 RS] (a) Liliaceae (b) Solanaceae
(a) Six (b) Three (c) Fabaceae (d) Poaceae
(c) Four (d) Five 36. Proximal end of the filament of stamen is attached to the
28. Coconut water from a tender coconut is [2015 RS] [2016]
(a) Free nuclear endosperm (a) Anther (b) Connective
(b) Innermost layers of the seed coar (c) Placenta (d) Thalamus or petal
(c) Degenerated nucellus 37. Which of the following is not a stem modification? [2016]
(d) Immature emryo (a) Pitcher of Nepenthes
29. Flowers are unisexual in: [2015 RS] (b) Thorns of citrus
(a) Cucumber (b) China rose (c) Tendrils of cucumber
(d) Flattened structures of Opuntia
(c) Onion (d) Pea
38. Cotyledon of maize grain is called [2016]
30. Which one of the following fruits is parthenocarpic?
(a) plumule (b) coleorhiza
[2015 RS]
(c) coleoptile (d) scutellum
(a) Apple (b) Jackfruit
39. Stems modified into flat green organs performing the func-
(c) Banana (d) Brinjal
tions of leaves are known as [2016]
31. The wheat grain has an embryo with one, large, shield-shaped
(a) Cladodes (b) Phyllodes
cotyledon known as: [2015 RS]
(c) Phylloclades (d) Scales
(a) Coleorrhiza (b) Scutellum 40. Coconut fruit is a : [2017]
(c) Coleoptile (d) Epiblast (a) Berry (b) Nut
32. Axile placentation is present in [2015 RS] (c) Capsule (d) Drupe
(a) Lemon (b) Pea 41. In Bougainvillea thorns are the modifications of : [2017]
(c) Argemone (d) Dianthus (a) Adventitious root (b) Stem
33. The coconut water from tender coconut represents [2016] (c) Leaf (d) Stipules
(a) endocarp 42. Plants which produce characteristic pneumatophores and show
(b) fleshy mesocarp vivipary belong to : [2017]
(c) free nuclear proembryo (a) Halophytes (b) Psammophytes
(d) free nuclear endosperm (c) Hydrophytes (d) Mesophytes
34. The standard petal of a papilionaceous corolla is also called 43. The morphological nature of the edible part of coconut is:
[2016] [2017]
(a) Carina (b) Pappus (a) Cotyledon (b) Endosperm
(c) Vexillum (d) Corona (c) Pericarp (d) Perisperm
 EBD_7051
120 BIOLOGY

Hints & Solutions

EXERCISE - 1 59. (c) Edible part of banana are endocarp and less developed
mesocarp.
1. (b) Both bract and bracteole are leafy structure associated
60. (d)
with flowers. Bract develops one peduncle (inflorescence
61. (c) The botanical name of ground nut is Arachis hypogea.
axis) and bracteole develops on pedicle or at the base of
62. (a) The pericarp of drupe consists of a thin epicarp (forms
the thalamus. the skin), a fleshy mesocarp (forms the edile part) and
2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) hard and stony endocarp, e.g., Cocos nucifera.
6. (c) In epiphytic roots the outer covering is made up of spongy 63. (a) 64. (c) 65. (d)
tissue, the velamen which absorbs moisture from air. 66. (a) Number of stamens present in malvaceae is infinite.
7. (b) 67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (d)
8. (c) The root is nearly globular or spherical in shape. The 70. (b) In Malvaceae the placentation is axile.
basal portion of root is much swollen which suddenly 71. (d) 72. (a) 73. (a) 74. (d)
tapers towards the apex giving a top shaped appearance, 75. (b) There are six free stamens, inner four are large and outer
e.g., turnip and beet. two are small, e.g., Mustard, Iberis (Cruciferae family).
9. (d) The storage root is like a spindle, narrow towards both
base and apex. It occurs in Raphanus sativus. The basal EXERCISE - 2
part of it is made of tap root.
1. (a) Single cotyledon of embryo in cereal grain is represented
10. (b) They are thin thread - like adventitious roots which often
by scutellum. Coleoptile represent the covering of stem.
develop in groups. Fibrous roots provide better and firm
Coleorhiza represents the covering of root.
anchorage to the plant, e.g., Grass.
2. (a)
11. (c)
3. (a) Long filamentous threads of maize are the styles of the
12. (b) When the stamens (by their filaments) are united to petals
ovaries. In fact these are the longest styles in plants.
the stamens are called epipetalous. Such condition is
4. (b) Pineapple (Ananas sativus) is a sorosis fruit developed
found in solanaceae, malvaceae, compositae, etc. from a composite inflorescence which is actually a cluster
13. (b) 14. (d) of compactly borne flowers on a common axis.
15. (d) In floral formula, sexuality, symmetry, number of floral 5. (b) 6. (a)
parts and their cohesion and adhesion, and the position 7. (d) It is also known as Australian pine, which is a deciduous
of ovary can be depicted. The characters like placentation, tree with a soft, wispy, pine-like appearance that can grow
aestivation and nature of thalamus can not be given. to 100 feet or more in height.
16. (d) 8. (b) Replum is present in the ovary of flower of mustard. A
17. (a) Bulbils are fleshy vegetative buds which store food and false septum called replum develops between the two
take part in vegetative propagation. Bulbils of Agave parietal placentae in mustard and other members of family
germinate which still on inflorescence and thus show Brassicaceae. The ovary becomes bilocular.
vivipary. 9. (b) In basal type of placentation, the ovary is unilocular with
18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (d) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a) a single ovule. In this the placenta is at the base of the
24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (d) ovary. It is seen in Polygonum.
30. (b) 31. (b) 10. (d) Keel is the characteristic of the flowers of family
32. (c) Cruciform corolla is found in radish. papilionaceae. For example, bean, gram, pea etc. The
33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (d) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (d) flowers of this family have butterfly shaped corolla. The
39. (b) 40. (a) 41. (d) outermost petals of these flowers is the largest and is
42. (a) The broadened base of flower which lies at the tip of called vexillum, the two largest petals are similar and have
pedicel is called torus or thalamus or receptacle. wings and the two anterior petals called keel are fused
43. (a) Filaments of all the stamens are fused to form a tube enclosing stamens and carpels.
around the gynoecium. Anthers are free, e.g., China rose. 11. (a) Hibiscus belongs to Malvaceae family. It posseses
44. (a) 45. (b) 46. (b) numerous stamens that are called monadelphous.
47. (d) Perianth is the collective name of the non-essential floral 12. (a)
organs if there is no distinction between sepals and petals. 13. (d) Tulips are most popular and wildly grown flowers. Tulips
48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (b) 51. (a) 52. (b) are bulbs, possessing modified stems and leaves.
53. (a) A true fruit develops from Ovary. 14. (b) Aleurone cells are the outer cell layer of the endosperm,
54. (b) 55. (c) 56. (b) 57. (c) 58. (a) usually only one cell thick in wheat and the only
 Morphology of Flowering Plants 121

endosperm tissue alive at maturity. The cell layer of this 32. (a) Inflorescence in family fabaceae (e.g., soyabean) is
layer are responsible for the de-novo synthesis of enzyme racemose.
needed during germination. The chromosome number is • Inflorescence in family liliaceae (e.g., tulip, Aloe) is
63 of a plant with 42 chromosome in its root tip cells. solitary/cymose; often umbellate.
15. (b) Floral formula of chilli is • Inflorescence in family solanaceae (e.g., brinjal) is solitary,
axillary or cymose as in Solanum.
33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (a) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (b)
16. (b) Free central placentation occurs in Dianthus and Primula 39. (c) 40. (d) 41. (b) 42. (d) 43. (b) 44. (b)
in which ovules are borne on central axis and septa are 45. (d)
absent. 46. (b) A leaf having a single or undivided lamina is called simple
17. (d) Whorled phyllotaxy is a feature of Nerium and Alstonia. leaf. The lamina can have different types of incisions,
In Alstonia five leaves are present in a whorl while in which may reach upto half (-fid), more than half (-partite)
Nerium three leaves are present in a whorl. or near the base or midrib (-sect). Depending upon the
18. (d) Parietal Ex. - Mustard pinnate or palmate venation, the incisions are known as
Free central Ex - Primula & Dianthus pinnatifid palmatifid, pinnatipartite, palmatipartite,
Marginal Ex. - Pea pinnatisect and palmatisect etc.
Axile Ex. - Tomato, lemon, China rose 47. (a)
19. (a) Cymose infloresence in present in Solanum. Cymose 48. (c) In corymb, the main axis is shortened and lower flowers
inflorescence is the name of determinate or definite have much longer stalks or pedicels than the upper ones
inflorescence in which the tip of the main axis terminates so that all the flowers are brought more or less to the
same level. Corymb inflorescence is found in Cassia sp.
in a flower and further growth continues by one or more
49. (b) When a plant bears only one type of unisexual flowers, it
lateral branches which also behave like the main axis.
is termed as dioecious. Some plants possess three types
20. (d) 21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (d)
of flowers - perfect (intersexual), staminate and female or
24. (c) Onion - Bulb, Underground stems, Imbricate aestivation,
neuter. They are called polygamous. Polygamous plants
Axile placentation, Member of Liliaceae.
as for example, mango and cashewnut bear perfect and
25. (c) Marginal placentation is a placentation with ovules borne
imperfect flowers on the same individual.
on the wall along the ventral suture of a simple ovary. 50. (b) Ginger is horizontal in position and generally branched
Gram, Arhar, Sun hemp, Moong, Pea & Lupin belongs to and producing aerial leaves or shoots aboveground and
fabaceae family that bears marginal placentation. adventitious roots on lower side in favourable season.
26. (a) Thus shoot growth is not effected by gravity.
27. (d) In china rose (Hibiscus rose-sinensis) flowers are
actinomorphic , hypogynous and twisted aestivation in EXERCISE - 3
corolla.
28. (b) Mustard (cruciferae) , brinjal (solanaceae) china rose Exemplar Questions
(malvaceae), lupin (leguminosae), gram (leguminosae), 1. (a) Root Cap Zone provides protective covering at the root
bean (leguminosae), chilli, Petunia, potato, tomato, apex, secretes mucilage to soften the hard soil for the
Withania (solanaceae), onion, Aloe, tulip (liliaceae) are growth of root.
having hypogynous flower while bittergourd, cucumber Zone of Meristem is the region of actively dividing,
(cucurbitaceae), guava (myrtaceae) are having epigynous densely packed cells resulting in root growth.
flower and rose are having perigynous flower.
Zone of Elongation comprises of divided cells growing in
29. (c) Calotropis, tulip, Asparagus, colchicine, Petunia, size and elongating, increasing the length of root. They
mustard, tobacco having valvate aestivation while sweet cannot divide further.
pea, groundnut, soyabean, Indigofera, Sesbania having
Root Hair Zone: root hair arises and grows in this region,
vexillary aestivation.
helps in water and mineral absorption from the soil.
30. (b) Phyllotaxy is the pattern of arrangement of leaves on the
Zone of Maturation: the cells of root at this region are
stem or branch.
fully differentiated and mature, performing different
• Ocimum, Guava, Calotropis have Opposite phyllotaxy
functions of root.
• China rose, Sunflower, mustard have Alternate phyllotaxy
2. (b) In racemose inflorescence, younger flowers are borne, at
• Alstonia, Nerium (Oleander) have whorled phyllotaxy
the apex or distal end while older flowers are at the base,
31. (a) In cymose inflorescence, the growth of the main axis is
this type of succession is acropetal succession. Thus,
definite because the growing point of peduncle is used
the position of youngest floral bud would be distal.
up in the formation of a flower. Further growth of flowering
3. (d) Endosperm is a nourishing tissue of seed which provides
axis is continued by one or more lateral branches which
nourishment to the developing embryo either before or
also end in flower.
 EBD_7051
122 BIOLOGY

after germination. In gram and peas, the endosperm is The ovule contains the female reproductive unit, (embryo
consumed at the time of seed development. So, seed is sac that develops into a seed after it is fertilised.)
non-endospermic, i.e., endosperm is not present in the Endosperm is formed during the process of double
mature seed. fertilisation by the fusion of one male gamete with the
4. (c) Roots developed from parts of plant other than the radicle two polar nuclei at the centre of the embryo sac.
are called adventitious roots. They branch like tap roots
and may be underground or aerial, and may develop from NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions
nodes, internodes or leaves, etc. 11. (d) In china rose (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) flowers are
Tap roots develop from the radicle of embryo and persist actinomorphic , hypogynous with twisted aestivation in
and grow directly into primary root. corolla.
Fibrous roots are thin, thread-like branched roots 12. (b) Mustard (cruciferae) , brinjal (solanaceae) china rose
developing from the base of stem. These are modifications (malvaceae), lupin (leguminosae), gram (leguminosae),
of tap root, found in monocots. bean (leguminosae), chilli, Petunia, potato, tomato,
Nodular roots are modifications of tap roots in which root Withania (solanaceae), onion, Aloe, tulip (liliaceae) have
branches develop small or large swellings called nodules. hypogynous flower while bittergourd, cucumber
They help in nitrogen fixation. (cucurbitaceae), guava (myrtaceae) have epigynous
5. (c) Venation : The veins are the part of leaf which possess flower and rose has perigynous flower.
vascular tissues, i.e., xylem and phloem. They are meant 13. (c) Calotropis, tulip, Asparagus, colchicine, Petunia,
for the conduction of water, minerals and food, to and mustard, tobacco have valvate aestivation while sweet
from in the leaf. The special arrangement of veins in a leaf pea, groundnut, soyabean, Indigofera, Sesbania have
is called as venation. vexillary aestivation.
14. (b) Phyllotaxy is the pattern of arrangement of leaves on the
6. (b) Orchid is a non-endospermic seed, endosperm is absent
stem or branch.
in it. Endosperm is a nourishing tissue present in the
• Ocimum, Guava, Calotropis ? Opposite phyllotaxy
seed which nourishes the developing embryo. In orchid
• China rose, Sunflower, Mustard ? Alternate phyllotaxy
seed endosperm is absent because it is used up during
• Alstonia, Nerium (Oleander) ? Whorled phyllotaxy
seed development. Nourishment for germinating seed is
15. (a) In cymose inflorescence, the growth of the main axis is
provided by the food material present in cotyledons.
definite because the growing point of peduncle is used
7. (b) Fabaceae is the new name of Leguminosae. Plants of this
up in the formation of a flower. Further growth of flowering
family are the source of pulses and edible oils. Pulses are
axis is continued by one or more lateral branches which
rich in protein contents.
also end in flower.
8. (b) The placenta is attached to the developing seed near the 16. (a) • Inflorescence in family fabaceae (e.g., soyabean) is
hilum . It is the scar present near the edge where seed racemose.
breaks from stalk of funiculus, connecting the seed with • Inflorescence in family liliaceae (e.g., tulip, Aloe) is
fruit wall and placenta. solitary/cymose; often umbellate.
Testa is the outer most covering of seed, micropyle is a • Inflorescence in family solanaceae (e.g., brinjal) is solitary,
small opening in the seed coat through which water enters axillary or cymose as in Solanum.
the seed and chalaza is a tissue where nucellus and 17. (c) In tomato the edible part is pericarp and placenta.
integument joins. 18. (b) If the margins of sepals or petals overlap one another but
9. (b) Indigofera tinctoria and I. suffruticosa are the two plants not in any particular direction as in Cassia and gulmohur,
that belong to the family-Fabaceae, that produce blue the aestivation is called imbricate.
indigo dye. 19. (c) Generally, monocotyledonous seeds (e.g., grasses) are
The other options are incorrect because endospermic but some as in orchids are non-endospermic.
Trifolium is used as fodder. Lupin is an ornamental Mango is a drupe fruit the develops from multicarpellary,
plant. Cassia is a shrub usually grown on the roadside as syncarpous, superior ovary having one or many seeds.
an ornamental plant. A sterile stamen is called a staminode. In monocots, outer
10. (a) Aleurone layer surrounds the tissue of monocot seed covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a
and is morphologically and biochemically distinct from proteinous layer called aleurone layer.
the seed. It is a proteinaceous layer (surrounding the 20. (d) Potato is an example of edible underground stem.
endosperm and separating embryo) which provides • It is differentiated into nodes and internodes. The ‘eyes’
nutrition and helps in germination . on potato tuber indicate axillary buds at the nodes.
Parthenocarpic fruits are seedless fruits which develop • It bears scaly leaves. The leaves do not store food.
without the fertilisation of egg cell present in the ovule of • Axillary buds arise at the nodes.
the plants. • Does not bear roots.
 Morphology of Flowering Plants 123

21. (b) Aggregate fruits (etaerio) develop from the 34. (a) The Liliaceae are a huge variety, comprising about 280
multicarpellary apocarpous ovary. They are of following genera and 4000 species of perennial herbs mostly. It
types; Etaerio of follicles, etaerio of achenes, etaerio of includes starchy rhizomes, corms or bulbs, characterized
berries, etaerio of drupes. by alternate leaves which are whorled. The flowers are
22. (c) Papilionaceous flowers are flowers with the characteristic often showy, mostly bisexual and actinomorphic. Also,
irregular and butterfly-like corolla. A single, large upper they exhibit tricarpellary syncarpous gynoecium. Example
petal is known as the banner or vexillum and the name of such a class is the Erythronium montanum, the alpine
has been derived from an ancient military standard.
fawn lily.
23. (b) Floral formula of Petunia (solanaceae) is
35. (d) The proximal end is attached to the thalamus whereas the
. distal end bears anther.
36. (a) Pitcher of Nepenthes or pitcher plant is modification of
24. (a) Indigofera is a member of family fabaceae. It has keel
leaf whereas thorns in citrus tendrils of cucumber and
type of floral structure in which two anterior fused petals
flattened structure of Opuntia are all stem modification.
are present.
37. (d) The cotyledons are known as seed leaves, they are
25. (c) Ovary is partly superior and partly inferior in perigynous
flower. attached to the embryonic axis. Dicotyledons typically
26. (d) Vegetative propagation takes place through rhizome in have two cotyledons and monocotyledons have only
ginger. one cotyledon. The single shield-shaped cotyledon in
27. (a) Superior ovary is found in china rose, mustard brinjal, grains known as scutellum.
potato, onion and tulip. Guava and cucumber have inferior 38. (c) Phylloclade to refer a portion of a flattened leaf-like stem
ovary. or branch with multiple nodes and internodes, and
28. (a) Coconut water is the free nuclear endosperm which is cladode for a single internode of a phylloclade. In some
used. plants, the petioles are flattened and widened, to become
29. (a) The flowers of cucumber are unisexual, it means they phyllodes or phyllodia.
have only male flowers or only female flowers. 39. (d) In Opuntia, leaves become modified into spines to avoid
30. (c) Parthenocarpic fruits (eg - banana) are produced without transpiration so as to save water for desert adaptation.
fertilization of ovule. The stems of this plant appear like-leaf, termed as-
31. (b) Scutellum is large, shield shaped cotyledon that helps in ph yl l oclades which perform the process of
the absorption of nutrients from endosperm during photosynthesis.
germination.
40. (d) Coconut fruit is a drupe. A drupe is a fleshy fruit with thin
32. (a) In a multilocular ovary, when the placenta is axial and
skin and central stone containing the seed.
ovules are attached to it, it is known as axile placentation.
41. (b) Thorns are hard, pointed straight structures for protection
33. (d) Coconut water is the clear liquid inside young green
coconuts (fruits of th e coconut palm). In early against grazing animal. These are modified stem.
development, it serves as a suspension for the endosperm 42. (a) Halophytes growing in saline soils show vivipary for seed
of the coconut during the nuclear phase of development. germination and have pneumatophores for gaseous
As growth continues, the endosperm matures into its exchange.
cellular phase and deposits into the rind of the coconut 43. (b) The edible part of coconut is its endosperm. Coconut
meat. has double endosperm, liquid endosperm and cellular.