States of matter-i

Gas

Course Outline

MCQs = 2

Gases
• Properties of gases
• Gas laws
• Boyle’s law
• Charles’s law
• General gas equation
• Kinetic molecular theory of gases
• Kinetic interpretation of temperature
• Ideal gas equation
Learning Outcomes
• List the postulates of kinetic molecular theory.
• Describe the motion of particles of a gas according to kinetic theory.
• State the values of standard temperature and pressure (STP).
• Describe the effect of change in pressure on the volume of gas.
• Describe the effect of change in temperature on the volume of gas.
• Explain the significance of absolute zero, giving its value in degree Celsius and Kelvin.
• Derive ideal gas equation using Boyle’s, Charles’ and Avogadro’s law.
• Explain the significance and different units of ideal gas constant.
• Distinguish between real and ideal gases.

Properties
• No definite vol & shape
• Weak intermolecular forces
• Temperature  Expansion  Pressure (Lussac Law)
• Can be diffuse
1
• Can be compressed (Intermolecular distances  )
Pressure
• Density (Solid > liquid > Gas)
Pressure
F
• P=
A
• Measuring tool = Barometer (Gas Pressure), Manometer (Atmospheric pressure)
Units
• 1atm = 760 mm of Hg = 76cm of Hg = 760 torr = 101325Nm-2 = 101325 pa = 1.01325 Bar = 14.7psi
• 1 atm  1 bar
Atmospheric pressure is measured by: (Eng-2018)
(a) Hygrometer (b) Barometer (c) Pyrometer (d) Spherometer
What is the value of 760 torr in Pascal?
A) 1.01325 × 105 Pa B) 1.47 psi C) 76 mm of Hg D) All

The size of weather balloons becomes larger and larger as it rises or goes to higher altitude
as the external pressures becomes lower and lower

K.M.T
Gas

Particles

Molecules

K.E Force of attraction & Gravity =  Vmolecule Vgas Motion = Random

 Collison = Elastic
(Gas > Liquid > Solid) Intermolecular distance = 300 times
Average K.E  Absolute temp
Same temp = Same averg. K.E

i) Translation motion:
• Motion in all axis
• K.E Translation
• Mono-atomic have only this
• Ordinary temp
ii) Rotational motion
• Spins like propeller
• K.E Rotational
• Rotation about its axis (Line pass through center of gravity)
• Rotation is of two types
• If molecule is present on x-axis then along its x-axis moment of inertia is zero and it cannot rotate along
its axis
iii) Vibrational motion
• Motion due to oscillation
• Vibration about its equilibrium position
• High Temp
• Bending
• Stretching
• E (Vib) = K.E (Vib) + P.E (Vib)
• Interchange b/w K.E and P.E
Which is the correct statement? (Med-2014)
A) The average kinetic energy of the molecules depends on the volume in which the gas is enclosed
B) The average kinetic energy of the molecules in the gaseous state is proportional to the pressure.
C) The average kinetic energy of the molecules in the gaseous state is proportional to the temperature.
D) All of the above

A container CO and another H2 inn equimolar concentration at the same temperature. What is the
ration of average molar K.E. of the two gases?
A) K.ECO < K.EH2 B) K.ECO > K.EH2 C) K.ECO = K.EH2 D) None
WOF has max total K.E
A) 16 g of H2 B) 16 g of He C) 16 g of CH4 D) All are same

Difference between ideal and non-ideal gas

Ideal Gas Non-Ideal gas

Z=1 Z  1

PV = RT PV  RT

No force of attraction Force of attraction exist

Vmolecule VGas (Neglect) Vmolecule = Not neglect

Obey ideal gas equation Obey van der wall equation

Obey all laws Not obey law

Cannot be liquefy Can be liquefy

Value of a and b is low (Zero) Value of a and b is not zero

Not exist Exist

Independent upon other Dependent(Excluded volume)

Parallel line in graph Non-parallel line

1  1  1
• Ideal behavior  Temp 
Pressure IMF Size of molecule

Laws applicable on ideal gases

Boyles law Charles law AvogAdro’s
law
Definition 1 VT Vn
V
P By increasing Same moles contain same
temperature 1oC vol number of particles
1
increase by
273
 Relation PV = K V V
=K =K
P1V1 = P2 V2 T n
K depends upon T, V1 V V1 V
= 2 = 2
Mass and unit of P and T1 T2 n1 n2
V K depends upon P,
Mass and unit of T
and V
Graph

The temperature at which a real gas obeys the ideal gas laws over a wide range of pressure is
(a) Critical temperature (b) Boyle temperature
(c) Inversion temperature (d) Reduced temperature

Graph

Boyle’s Law:

ChArle’s lAw
Pentane C5H12 at room temperature does not obey;
A) Charle’s Law B) Boyl’s law C) Avogardor’s Law D) All of above
3
For a gas when volume and pressure are 1 dm and 2 atm respectively. What will be its new volume if
the pressure is increased to 6 atm at constant temperature?
1 1 1 2
A) dm 3 B) dm3 C) dm 3 D) dm 3
2 3 4 3
800cm3 of a gas at 400 torr pressure and 60oC was heated unit the volume of gas become 2000cm3. The
final temperature of the gas will be:
A) 832.5 K B) 559.5K C) 1105.2 K D) 726.5 K
3 o o
When temperature of 30.0 cm of nitrogen gas is change from 27 C to 57 C at constant pressure of 760
mm. the volume of gas becomes closest to which one of the following?
A) 11.5 cm3 B) 21.5 cm3 C) 33.0 cm3 D) 60.0 cm3
Equal volume of different gases under same condition of temperature and pressure contain the same
number of particles. The above statement is of:
A) Avogadro‘s law B) Graham‘s Law C) Dalton‘s law D) Hund‘s rule
40.0dm3 of an ideal gas at 250oC and 750 mm Hg is expanded to 50.0 dm3. The pressure of the gas
changed to 765 mm Hg. What is the temperature of the gas
(2912)(750)(50) (298)(750)(40)
A) B)
(40)(765) (50)(765)
(2912)(765)(50) (750)(40)
C) D)
(40)(750) (298)(765)(50)
Which of the following laws is not an ideal gas law?
A) Graham’s law of effusion C) Dalton’s law of partial pressure
B) Charles’ law D) Boyle’s law
For a gas when volume and pressure are 1 dm3 and 2 atm respectively. What will be its new volume if
the pressure is increased to 6 atm at constant temperature?
1 1 3 1 2
dm 3 dm dm 3 dm 3
A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 3
800cm of a gas at 400 torr pressure and 60 C was heated unit the volume of gas become 2000cm3. The
3 o

final temperature of the gas will be:

A) 832.5 K B) 559.5K C) 1105.2 K D) 726.5 K
3 o o
When temperature of 30.0 cm of nitrogen gas is change from 27 C to 57 C at constant pressure of 760
mm. the volume of gas becomes closest to which one of the following?
A) 11.5 cm3 B) 21.5 cm3 C) 33.0 cm3 D) 60.0 cm3
Equal volume of different gases under same condition of temperature and pressure contain the same
number of particles. The above statement is of:
A) Avogadro‘s law B) Graham‘s Law C) Dalton‘s law D) Hund‘s rule
o
Temp = 25 C (Constant) , P1 = 730 mm of Hg, V1 = 380 mL, P2 = 760 mm of Hg, V2 = ?
A) 365 mL B) 2 mL C) 10 mL D) 20 mL
A gaseous mixture contains oxygen and nitrogen in the ratio of 1:8 by mass. The ratio of their
respective number of molecules (NO2 : NN2) is
A) 1 : 8 B) 1 : 1 C) 7 : 64 D) 1 : 2
A certain sample of a gas at room temperature and 1 bar pressure occupies a volume of 25 mL at
what pressure will it occupy volume 6.25 mL without changing the temperature?
A) 5 bar B) 4 bar C) 0.5 bar D) 0.25bar
Hint : P1V1 = P2V2
An ideal gas at 1 bar is heated from 0°C to 373 K. if initial volume is 5.46L. the final volume is
A) 7.46L B) 1.865L C) 5.46L D) 6.0L
Vol at S.T.P is 50 cm3 vol at 60 C is (Vol at 60 C is 50 cm3 vol at is S.T.P)
A) 50 cm3 B) more than 50 cm3
3
C) Less than 50 cm D) Not predicted

Ideal Gas equation

The combined equation of four variables P, T, V, n are called as ideal gas equation
Which is ideal gas equation
PV PV
A) PV = nRT B) PV = RT C) 1 1 = 2 2 D) All of these
T1 T2
Which is one is correct?
A) PV = nRT B) T = PV/nR C) V/T = nR/P D) V/n = RT/P
All are correct
Identify the correct relation for an ideal gas:
A) PV = RT/n B) V = nRT/P C) PV/T = constant D) RT = nPV
40.0dm3 of an ideal gas at 250C and 750 mm Hg is expanded to 50.0 dm3. The pressure of the gas
changed to 765 mm Hg. What is the temperature of the gas
(2912)(750)(50) (298)(750)(40)
A) (40)(765) B) (50)(765)
(2912)(765)(50) (750)(40)
C) (40)(750) D) (298)(765)(50)
If absolute temperature of the gas is doubled and pressure is increased 4 times, then the volume
becomes:
A) Half B) Double C) 4 times D) Unchanged
W.O.F for two identical gases is/are incorrect?
−−−−− −−−−−
(a) Equal p, V, T; m1 > m2  K.E1 = K.E 2 (Only depend upon temp)
(b) Equal p, V, T; m1 > m2  n1 > n2
(c) Equal p, V, T; n1 > n2  T1 < T2
(d) Equal V, N, T; m1 > m2  p1 > p2

The equation used to describe the behaviour of ideal gases under standard conditions is (Med 2018)
A) 𝑃𝑉=𝑛𝑅𝑇 B) 𝑃𝑀=𝑑𝑅𝑇 C) 𝑃𝑉𝑀=𝑚𝑅𝑇 D) All of the above
If absolute temperature of the gas is doubled and pressure is increased 4 times, then the volume
becomes: (Med-2015)
A) Half B) Double C) 4 times D) Unchanged
The van der waals equation of state for no-ideal gases differs from the ideal gas law in that it accounts
for (Med-2014)
I) The mass of each molecule of the gas.
II) The volume of each molecule of the gas.
III) The attractive forces between molecules of the gas
A) I , II and III B) I and II only C) I and III only D) II and III only
 Value of R at S.T.P
Value Unit
0.0821 atm dm3mol-1K-1
62.4 torr dm3mol-1K-1
62400 torr cm3mol-1K-1
8.3134 Nm mol-1K-1
8.3134 J mol-1K-1
1.98722 cal mol-1 K-1
• R is independent of Temperature
• R = work done per degree per mole
• R = Energy K-1mol-1
• 8.3134 Jmol-1K-1  Molar Heat Capacity
• R is depend upon the units of Vol and pressure
Value of R when unit of pressure is torr
(a) 0.0821 (b) 1.98 (c) 62.4 (d) 8.3134
Density
PM
• d=
RT
1 
• d  P  M Polarity
T
Which of the following has min density?
A) 0oC B) 273K C) 10oC D) S.T.P
The density of neon will be highest at
(a) STP (b) 0 °C, 2 atm (c) 273 °C, 1 atm (d) 273 °C, 2 atm
-1
Which of the following gas will be have density of 1.99gL at 760 torr pressure and 273K
A) O2 B) CO2 C) NH3 D) SO2
Mass of Gas
PVM
m=
RT
RTm
M =
PV

Deviation from ideal behavior

• Deviation  = T  = P  = Size of molecule  = IMF  = liquefaction  = Solubility 
PV
• Z= = 1 (ideal behavior)  Compression factor/Compressibility factor
nRT
(ii) Pressure : The deviation is more at high pressure. CO2 and N2 show negative deviation at low pressure
and positive deviation at high pressure.
(iii) Temperature : The deviation is more at low temperature. H2 and He always show positive deviations at
0°C
• In case of ideal gas, PV = nRT, Z =1
• In case of real gas, PV  nRT, Z  1
• Z > 1 (+ive deviation, less compressible, PV > RT)
• Z < 1 (-ive deviation, more compressible, PV < RT)
• At high pressure +ive deviation
• At low pressure -ive deviatioin
• Below Boyle’s temperature a gas shows negative deviation.
• Above Boyle’s temperature a gas shows positive deviation
A gas will approach the ideal behavior at:
A) Low temperature and low pressure B) Low temperature and high pressure
 C) High temperature and low pressure D) High temperature and high pressure

vAn der wAAl’s equAtion

• PV = nRT ⎯⎯ → General Gas equation
 a n2 
•  P +  ( V − nb ) = nRT ⎯⎯
→ Real gas equation
 V2 
PV 2
• a= , a  Solubility  Tc  liquefaction  IMF (atm dm6 mol-2)(Nm+2mol-2)
n2
1
• b  Size  , b = 4Vm (dm3 mol-1)(m3mol-1)
liquefaction
• if a ignore then Z > 1 (+ive deviation) , if b ignore then Z < 1 (-ive deviation)
• At low pressure ‘a’ dominates but at high pressure ‘b’ dominates

EXCEPTIONAL BEHAVIOUR OF HYDROGEN AND HELIUM:

Due to their small size, the attractive forces between the molecules are too small, is negligible, value of a is
ignore. Hence they always show positive deviation
• order of value of a  SO2 > Cl2 > H2O > NH3 > HCl > CO2 > O2 > He > H2
Which of the following gases is exhibited to have minimum value of van der Constant a?
(a) H2 (b) He (c) N2 (d) O2
Which of the following gases is expected to have maximum value of critical temperature?
(a) H2 (b) He (c) O2 (d) CO2
What is not true about the van der wall constant ‘b’ among the statements given below?
i. It is called excluded volume
ii. It accounts for the interparticle forces
iii. Its units are mol dm-3
iv. Its value depends on molecular size
A) I,II B) II, IV
C) II, III D) I, IV
A real gas obeying van der wall equation will resemble ideal gas if the value of
A) constants a and b are negligibly B) a is large and b is small
C) a is small and b is large D) constant a and b are large
The constant ‘a’ in van der wall’s equation is maximum in
A) Helium B) Hydrogen C) Oxygen D) Ammonia
In van der Waals equation of state for a non-ideal gas the term that accounts for intermolecular
forces is
a
(a) (V – b) (b) P + 2 (c) RT (d) (RT)–1
V
Absolute Temperature
• -273.16 C,0 K, -459.7F
o

• Unattainable temperature
• Volume , Diffusion , Entropy, Enthalpy, K.E , Motion of molecules, Pressure = Zero
• Before absolute zero gas change into liquid
• Liquid has no change in volume
Formula to calculate the volume
 t 
• Vt = Vo  1 + 
 273 
• K = Co + 273.15
• Co = K - 273.15
At absolute zero the molecules of hydrogen gas will have:
(a) Only translational motion (b) Only vibrational motion
(c) Only rotational motion (d) All the motion are ceased
Which thermodynamic temperature is equivalent to 501.85oC
A) 775.00 K B) 774.85 K C) 228.85 K D) 228.70 K
If V0 is the volume of a certain mass of gas at 273.15K and 1 bar pressure then according then
according to Charle’s law, the volume at 20°C and 1 bar will be
1 20 293
A) 20V0 B) (V0 +20) C) V0 + D) V0
273 273 273