GASES 2.

Pressure
Pressure is the force per unit area exerted by the gas particles,
▪ Gas is made up of indivisible widely spread particles moving in a as they hit the walls of the container.
continuous, rapid motion so that they completely fill up any The unit of pressure that we use as standard is the atmosphere.
container they occupy.
▪ Most gases are made up of molecules like H2, O2, N2, CO2, and The equivalent of 1 atm are:
CH4 1 atm = 760 torr
▪ Some gases exist as single atoms, these are the noble gases, = 760 mm Hg
which include helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. = 101.325kPa (kilopascal)
= 101325 Pa
Kinetic Molecular Theory = 14.7 pound/in2 (psi)
The Kinetic theory of gases provides a model to explain the
regularity that is observed in the behavior of all gases. It includes the Example:
following postulates. a. Convert 2.5 atm to psi
1. A gas consists of molecules, each of which has a mass. b. How many pascals are there in 850 mmHg pressure?
2. Gas molecules are widely separated from each other. This
explains the low densities of gases and why they can be easily 3. Temperature
compressed. Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of a given gas.
3. Gas molecules are in constant rapid random motion. Such motion
easily explains why gases diffuse and immediately fill their K = 0C + 273
container. Gas molecules can effuse or escape through small
holes. 4. Amount of Gas
4. Gas particles collide with each other and with the walls of the The amount of gas particles in gas laws is usually expressed in
container, but the collisions are perfectly elastic. moles ( n ).
5. The attractive forces between gas molecules are negligible due
to rapid molecular separation.
THE GAS LAWS
6. The average kinetic energy of gas molecules depends on the The gas laws are the mathematical representations of the
temperature of the gas, it increases as the temperature observed relationships among the four variables
increases. Pressure – volume – temperature – amount of gas
1. BOYLE’S LAW
Variables Influencing the Behavior of Gases According to Robert Boyle, at constant temperature the volume
of any quantity of gas is inversely proportional with the pressure of the
1. Volume gas. If the pressure of a gas decreases, the volume increases or vice
It is usually expressed in milliliters ( mL ) or liters ( L ) versa in order for the product to remain constant.

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 Expressed mathematically, Boyle’s law is Initial conditions Final conditions
V1 = 500 mL V2 = ?
P ∝ 1___ P1 = 780 torr P2 = 800 torr
V
To remove the proportionality sign, a constant K is introduced Soln:
P1V1 = P2V2
P = K V2 = P1V1___
V P2
V2 = (780 torr) (500 mL)
Thus PV = K 800 torr
= 487.5 ml
For two states of the gas: P1V1 = P2V2
2. CHARLE’S LAW
Where K - is a proportionality constant According to Jacques Charles, a French physicist, at constant
P - is the pressure of the gas pressure, the volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional
V - is the volume of the gas to the absolute temperature. This means that if the given temperature
If the pressure is plotted against volume, a hyperbola is obtained of the gas increase, the volume also increases.
Mathematically, V ∝ T
Or V = KT
Boyle's Law: Doubling the pressure on a gas halves its volume, as long as For two states of the gas,
the temperature of the gas and the amount of gas aren't changed.
V1 = V2 or V1T2 = V2T1
• The bubbles exhaled by a scuba diver grow as the approach the
T1 T2
surface of the ocean. (The pressure exerted by the weight of the
water decreases with depth, so the volume of the bubbles increases
as they rise.) Where V = volume
• Deep sea fish die when brought to the surface. (The pressure T = absolute temperature
decreases as the fish are brought to the surface, so the volume of If the temperature is plotted against volume at constant pressure, a
gases in their bodies increases, and pops bladders, cells, and
straight line is obtained.
membranes).
• Pushing in the plunger of a plugged-up syringe decreases the
volume of air trapped under the plunger. Charles's Law: Doubling the temperature of a gas doubles its volume, as
long as the pressure of the gas and the amount of gas isn't changed.
Example: A sample of gas occupies a volume of 500 mL at 780 torr.
• A football inflated inside and then taken outdoors on a winter day
What will be its volume if the pressure is changed to 800 torr, shrinks slightly.
temperature remaining constant? • A slightly underinflated rubber life raft left in bright sunlight swells up
(Why shouldn't you overinflate your life raft when your ship goes
Given: down in tropical waters?)

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 • The plunger on a turkey syringe thermometer pops out when the Where P = pressure
turkey is done (The volume of air trapped under the plunger T = temperature in Kelvin scale
increases when the temperature inside the turkey climbs).
Example:
1. A sample of gas at 30 0C has a pressure of 2.0 atm. Calculate the final
Example;
pressure in atmosphere if the temperature is changed to 80 0C at
At 1.0 atm, the volume of a fixed amount of gas is 300 ml at
constant volume.
300C. What will be the temperature if the volume is increase to 400 ml,
Solution:
pressure remaining constant?
Initial condition Final condition
Solution:
T1 = 30 + 273 = 303 K T2 = 80 + 273 = 353
Initial conditions Final conditions
P1 = 2.0 atm P2 = ?
V1 = 300 ml V2 = 400 mL
T1 = 30 + 273 =303 K T2 = ?
P2 = P1T2
T1
Solution:
P2 = ( 2.0 atm) (353 K)
V1 V2
= 303 K
T1 T2
= 2.33 atm

T2 = T1V2
4. COMBINED GAS LAW
V1
This law is a merging of Boyle’s and Charle’s laws. It is used when
T2 = (303 K) (400 mL)
the mass of the gas is held constant. The law states that the volume of a
300 mL
certain mass of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure and directly
T2 = 404 K
proportional to its absolute temperature. It can be written
Mathematically, PV = KT
For two states of gases : P1V1 = P2V2
3. GAY LUSSAC’S LAW
T1 T2
According to Joseph Gay Lussac, at constant volume, the
pressure of any quantity of gas is directly proportional to absolute
temperature.
or P1V1T2 = P2V2T1

Mathematically, P ∝ T
Example;
Then P = KT
1. A 25.0 mL bubble is released from a diver’s air tank at a pressure of
4.0 atm and a temperature of 110C. What is the volume of the bubble
For two states of the gas, P1 = P2
when it reaches the ocean surface, where the pressure is 1.0 atm and
T1 T2
the temperature is 180C ?
or P1T2 = P2T1
Solution:

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Initial conditions Final conditions Changes P = pressure
P1 = 4.0 atm P2 = 1.0 atm P decreases V = volume
V1 = 25.0 mL V2 = ? n = number of moles of gas
T1 = 110C + 273 = 284 k T2 = 180C + 273 = 291 K T increases R = ideal or universal gas constant = 0.082 L- atm / mol- K
T = absolute temperature in Kelvin
V2 = P1V1T2 = (4.0 atm) (25.0 mL) (291 K)
P2T1 ( 1.0 atm ) ( 284 K ) Sometimes, you may use another version of the ideal gas law:

= 102 mL PV = NkT

where:
5. AVOGADRO’S LAW
Amedeo Avogadro stated that at constant pressure and N = number of molecules
temperature, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number k = Boltzmann constant = 1.38066 x 10-23 J/K = 8.617385 x 10-5 eV/K
of moles of a gas.
Example:
Mathematically: V ∝ n 6.2 liters of an ideal gas are contained at 3.0 atm and 37 °C. How
V = Kn or V1 n2 = V2 n1 many moles of this gas are present?
Given:

6. IDEAL GAS LAW ( Perfect Gas ) P = 3.0 atm

An ideal gas is a hypothetical gas whose molecules do not attract V = 6.2 L
or repel one another, and whose volume is negligible compared with the T = 37 oC = 310 K
volume of the container. n=?

The ideal gas law is an equation of state the describes the behavior of Solution:
an ideal gas and also a real gas under conditions of ordinary temperature
and low pressure. This is one of the most useful gas laws to know PV = nRT
because it can be used to find pressure, volume, number of moles, or n = PV / RT
temperature of a gas. n = ( 3.0 atm x 6.2 L ) / ( 0.08 L atm /mol K x 310 K)
n = 0.75 mol
The formula for the ideal gas law is:
Answer
PV = nRT There are 0.75 mol of the ideal gas present in the system.

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