Case Study: Africa–Off-Grid Energy Access

Table of Contents
1 Part-1: Project Management Plan
1.1 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….……………………Page2
1.2 Introduction……………………………………………………………….………………...……………..Page2
1.3 Project scope statement………………………………………………………………………...……….Page3
1.4 Work breakdown Structure ………………………………………..……………………...…………...Page5
1.5 Project schedule Gantt chart……………………………………………………..………………….....Page5
1.6 Project resourcing and budgeting.…………………..…………………………………..…………….Page6
1.6.1 Solar Power…….………….……………………………………………………………..........................Page6

1.6.2 Budgeting: ……….………………………………………….………………………...…..…………… Page7

1.6.3 The Cash Flow Statement…………………………………………………………………………... Page8
1.7 Project stakeholder Management Plan …………………………………………………...………… Page9
1.7.1 Categorize project stakeholders…………………………………………………………….……… Page9
1.8 Risk management Plan………………………………………..……………………………………… Page10
1.8.1 Threats and opportunities assessment………………...………………….……………………… Page11
1.8.2 Project organization………………………………………………………..………………..……… Page12
2 Part:2 The causes of project schedule and cost overrun……………….………………………… Page12
2.1 The cost Overrun…………………………………………………………….….………………………Page14

2.2 Credibility………………………………………………………………………………………………...Page14

2.3 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………..Page14

3 References…………………………………………………………………………………………………..Page15

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1 Part-1: Project Management Plan
1.1 Abstract
International Development agency has signed a four-year contract for the Off-Grid Project.
Africa–Off-Grid Energy Access plans to improve off-grid energy access by 2022 to supporting 6
million additional electricity connections through solar residential systems and micro-grids. The
main aim of Grid Fund of Africa is to provide clean and affordable energy access to
underserved people in Sub-Saharan Africa. By 2028, Africa–Off-Grid Energy Access hopes to
have installed up to 1.35 million electricity connections, helping over 6 million people. Almost
600,000 people in Sub-Saharan Africa would still lack access to power by 2030. Many of these
individuals reside in rural and urban regions. Grid extension would be big logistically
challenging due to terrain and/or widely scattered populations. The AOGEA will provide
financial, technical and other support to start-up and scale-up of Energy Service Providers. It
aims to address early market structural difficulties and incentivize private sector start-ups and
energy service providers. It builds on early promising findings from Zambia's to increase the
energy product (R. J. (2008)).

1.2 Introduction
By integrating such data with wealth, solar irradiance, and mobile access statistics, investors may
be able to better assess market possibilities. SBG looked at 54 datasets in all to come up with a
quantitative estimate of the off-grid markets potential. This is critical in determining what kind
of data and indicators are readily available. SBG also provided Development Seed with guidance
and help on energy access and demand issues. Combining such information with wealth, solar
irradiance, and mobile access data might help investors better assess market potential. SBG
looked at a total of 54 datasets to come up with a quantitative estimate of the off-grid markets
potential (Bandoadhyay, K. (2015)). This is critical in determining what kind of data and indicators
are easily accessible. SBG also provided Development Seed with guidance and help in the areas
of energy availability and demand.

Project Project Project Team Project Sponsor Business Analyst

Management Manager Member
Planning

Creating a Making important project-

project strategy related business decisions

Managing Contributing to the Obtaining needs

deliveries in project's broad goals from departments

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 accordance with or users
the schedule

Creating a
project timeline approving the budget for the
and identifying project
each step

Assigning Providing knowledge Creating a

responsibilities document that
to members of contains both
the project team Individual technical and
deliverables must be commercial needs
ensuring resource availability
completed.

Interacting with
senior
management

Choosing the Providing knowledge Ensure that the

approach that project deliverables
will be utilized collaborating with fulfill the
on the project users to identify and The project's objectives must specifications
satisfy business be communicated throughout Validating
requirements the company. objectives by
putting answers to
the test

Personnel for the

project

1.3 Project scope statement

The project's goal is to provide a solar off-grid electrification system with a daily capacity of 500
kWh to serve the community, which will include homes, schools, stores, SMEs, and smallholder
farmer milling trousers. Nita, a region with neglected and underserved electrification, is
projected to benefit from the project, which would bring inexpensive energy to the area. Nyita,
which has a population of over 40 thousand people, is made up of more than 50 houses and a
number of smallholder farmers who produce, process, and provide rice, palm oil, corn, and
cassava to the economy. The project will also help the village's water supply system, which is
now managed by the Tarawa State Rural Water Supply Board. The main goal of this initiative is
to give farmers with stability in the production of rice, palm oil, corn, and cassava. The manager
devises a strategy for ensuring a steady supply of power to support output across all industries.
The manager manages activities in such a manner that their schools, as well as our local
businesses and hospitals, will have a consistent supply of power (Wilkinson, R. (2010)). Managers
form a community that selects and examines the Seed Funded project's environmental effect. The
project includes land acquisition, site preparation, solar panel installation, transmission system
installation, distribution, testing, and personnel recruitment and training. The project is projected
to take two years to complete.

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The manager make proper plan to handle the all operation to provide the electricity to country in
low cost and proper usability

Description of the overall scope

The overall description of this project is to implement the main project outline and its vital phase
that helps define the project's bounds.

Deliverables for the project

The basic aim of this project is to create a list of deliverables that the project seeks to provide in
order to achieve the project's business goal or customer need. This contains the essential
elements that make a project successful. This is the section which describes the important
characteristics of a successful project.

Justification for the project

We also describes the project is needed and how the ultimate outcome will meet that
requirement, for example, through design, engineering, procurement and construction.

Exclusions from the project

In this project we define the project's bounds and clarify that it contains as well as which doesn't
in order to dispel any erroneous preconceptions. Because not all information is known at the
outset, there may be certain uncertainties about the scope of the project.

Limitations of the project

Time, money, and scope limitations are all intertwined in some way in every project. Other
restrictions, such as resources, procedures, or clients and might exist for this projects. The project
team should make a list of all limitations so that they may create solutions to overcome them.

Assumptions

This section of project includes the detail assumptions made by the project team while
establishing the project's scope and what impact they have on the project if they prove to be
wrong.As a project manager we are unaware of all project limits, but that's fine as long as they
understand that any uncertainties are risks that might result in project delays or cost overruns. A
simple project scope example shows the difference a good understanding of project limits can
make.The manager make proper plan to handle the all operation to provide the electricity to
country in low cost and proper usability

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 1.4 Work breakdown Structure
The manager use Work Breakdown Structure mythology to put visual, hierarchical breakdown of
a project into smaller components (Bandoadhyay, K. (2015)). He identifying all project
components in order to determine the project cost and establish an appropriate timeline,
schedule, and cost which invested on project. The manager ensuring that all project plans are
properly manages. The diagram related to it will be given as follow

Production of electricity

Set target to Buy Implement Handover Make plan for

produce electricity resources resources resources production

Set place for Estimate the

Build Remove
production total cost
foundation threats

Check the Buy material Make structure

investment diagram

Repair damage Proper planning

instrument for supply

Figure work breakdown structure

1.5 Project schedule Gantt chart

The manager uses a scheduling software tool that is very helpful for project management and
making schedule. He put together presentation-ready project schedules. He design a schedule in
this way the proper time will be given to all department .He professionally makes project
planning, organization, communication, and monitoring the all sector of electricity. The chart
will be given as follow

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 Figure Gantt chart and schedule

1.6 Project resourcing and budgeting

1.6.1 Solar Power

The management may advise that solar power be used to generate electricity. Photon energy may
be converted into DC voltages ranging from 1V to 46V, with currents ranging from 20mA to 9
amps depending on the module, using a solar system. A landscape light, a DC motor, or a bulb
can be powered by a smaller solar panel.( Resource Management Unit (January 2004).

The big system will used to run the fertilization department with a grid power-out capability;
some modern method help to convert solar energy into electrical grid (Miasma, D. (2007)). It
allows them to user solar provide up to 1500 watts per day which help to run different sector.

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1.6.2 Budgeting:

Managerial Accounting Financial Accounting

Types of Budgeting Financial Analysis
Financial Budget Operational Budget Ratios
Cash flow statement Production Budget Financial reports
Budgeted balance Operating expenses
sheet
Budgeted income
statement
Capital budgeting
Net present value Pay Internal rate Discounted Profitability Debt service
(NPV) back of return cash flow index (PI) coverage
period (IRR) ratio
Used
Demarcated
Table budgeting framework

Managerial accounting
If you work for a company, you'll need this document to help you budget your funds. This is a
managerial accounting argument, not a financial accounting argument. Managerial accounting
aids business owners in running and planning their businesses. This effort focuses on long-term
planning and funding (Wilkinson, R. (2010)).
Future events and resource allocation should be considered in long-term planning. Consider
resource types such as labor and equipment while planning a project. It's also important to
evaluate the firm's financial stability and flexibility.

Operating expenses
Salaries, depreciation, and taxes are all examples of operating expenses incurred over the course
of corporate operations. The cost of spare parts and maintenance is also included in the
operational costs.

Capital expenditure budget

A capital budget is utilized for long-term projects and investments, such as the one described in
this thesis. Expenditure budgets are concerned with the amount of money required to purchase
equipment and machinery. When planning a capital expenditure budget, consider how these
assets will be paid for. It also considers the date on which the funds are spent.

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Budgeted income statement
A budget income statement indicates how much money and costs should be made and spent
within a given period. Budgeted income statements can be prepared annually, monthly, or
quarterly. You should look at the business's budgeted income statement to see if it is profitable
and worth investing in.
The case firm wants to know how much money the investment will make, thus this thesis
includes planned financial statements. The planned Income Statement will indicate the potential
profit of the investment. People seeking a loan to invest in a business must also demonstrate how
much money they believe they will make (Wilkinson, R. (2010)).

1.6.3 The Cash Flow Statement

The cash flow statement shows how well a company can pay its bills. A company that lacks
funds will not be able to function.
The Cash Flow Statement for this project shows how much money will come in and go out. To
make tracking diverse cash flows easier, the cash flow statement is separated into three
components. The cash flow statement (CFS) of this company shows i financial statement that
details the inflow and outflow of cash and cash equivalents into and out of a business. The CFS
assesses a company's ability to manage its cash position, or how successfully it generates cash to
meet debt commitments. The flow of cash will be shown in graph as follow.

The amount of money raised for this initiative is listed below.

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1.7 Project stakeholder Management Plan
The project manager's guide how to win people attention this is important strategy. The manage
must indentify project stakeholders involved in the project and communicate with them. If the
stakeholder is a new person than the project management or leadership in general introduce basic
things like
Make a list of all the people that are involved in the project.
Subcontractors and consumers are followed by project managers, and team member’s
instruction. Some project stakeholders may be represented by a middleman or may not even be
mentioned at all. This list f stakeholder includes those who are indirectly influenced by the
project's outcomes, whether in a favorable or bad way (World Bank. (2006)).
The manager building up stakeholder persona which is very important to make sure that each
person has a name and a role. In general subcontractors and suppliers are explicitly indicated in
the linked agreements and contracts. The only other stakeholders should be aware of are those
over whom you have little or no influence, such as government regulators and your competitors.
1.7.1 Categorize project stakeholders
After the project manager has identified all of the project's stakeholders, he must determine how
much control they have over the project (World Bank. (2019)). The Medlow's Matrix is great for
identifying project champions by categorizing project stakeholders according to their level of
power and interest.

High power
High-interest managers are critical stakeholders who serve as the project's sponsor. These
individuals aid in the acquisition of essential funds or the recruitment of competent team

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members. As a result, keep an eye on them and incorporate them in the decision-making process
as early as possible (January 2004).

High interest

Stockholders may have a low degree of interest, but those changes if the project fails. Briefings
and memos should be used in tandem to keep everyone up to date on the project's overall
direction.

Low power 

The stack holder has little clout and may generate little enthusiasm for the endeavor from the
sidelines. As a result, the manager keeps them informed of any significant advances and
encourages them to participate with project details.

Low interest

The stockholder may not spend too much time with manager but keep an eye on what they're
doing. They manager has close relationship with stockholder he keep proper eye on work of
stakeholder to satisfied the need of business He also monitor the work of stockholder which will
be important in the following phase of the strategy(Hunt, L. C. (2004)).

1.8 Risk management Plan

A risk affects the project's objectives in either a favorable or negative way. The process of
identifying, assessing, responding to, monitoring, managing, and reporting risks is critical. Risk
for Guide of Information Technology Systems may be measured by the manager. He needs to be
utilized to detect and track associated with IT systems and application (Miasma, D. (2007)).

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Risk Identification
The project risk must be identified at the beginning of the project planning phase and maintained
throughout the project life cycle. When he identifies all project of organization he must them into
risk categories this risk into breakdown structure. Which help to make plan to solve problem?

Risk Assessment
The management assigns a likelihood score to the hazard potential, ranging from low to high, in
this stage. This will provide managers with an indicator of how probable the risk is to have an
impact on the project's success, as well as how soon they must respond. Assign an overall risk
score to the risk assessment matrix to make it easy to understand for all risk management team
members and project stakeholders (Wilkinson, R. (2010)).

Assign Risk Owners

When constructing the risk register and risk assessment matrix, the managers create a list of
owners so that no one is confused about who is accountable for implementing risk response
strategies.

Make a Backup Plan

Because risks are dynamic and can alter at any point during the project, the project manager
takes them carefully. Any risk classification will demand a slight alteration as a contingency
plan. Contingency planning includes identifying new risks as the project progresses and
reevaluating existing risks.
Calculate your risk tolerance
Defining the risk threshold deciding whether risk is too great and consulting with project
stakeholders to assess whether the project is worth continuing in terms of time, money, and
scope Talk to the leadership team and project stakeholders about the risks that are very high or
many to assess if the project is in danger of failing. Real-time dashboards are included into
Project Manager to help you keep track of projects and budgets. He calculates the status of your
project automatically to determining track on behind schedule. Get a high-level overview of
spending, progress, and other factors (Timothy (1995).
1.8.1 Threats and opportunities assessment
There is lot issue and threats occur in managing in the electricity supply which is as follow
Climate Change
Climate change and environmental issues have never been more prominent. The average
temperatures will be change at any time and high storm will be occur which is big threaten for
electricity due to it electricity supply will be impact. If we properly the weather condition than
this type issue will be resolved in short time(December 2000).
Systems Failures & Large-Scale Accidents

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Systems failure can be caused by a variety of events, including power outages and
telecommunications network failure. Due to it there is lot chance to breakdown the supply of
electricity. If w the manager properly checks all system than there is no by chance system frailer
and not large scale loss will be face.
Infrastructure Attacks
The deliberate use of explosives or physical weapons to attack buildings, systems, and
infrastructure such as substations or transmission lines can result in debilitating loss of electricity
supply. Cybercriminals have more options than ever before to try to profit from the increasingly
decentralized electricity infrastructures, as well as a more internet-enabled way of life (Bruce
(2005)). Because power generating in the is concentrated in a small number of large-scale power
facilities with robust physical security and tight standards, hackers have a tough time exploiting
them.
1.8.2 Project organization
Project management is a process that establishes the foundation for making project-related
decisions. It specifies how the project will be carried out, including costs, timelines, personnel,
and equipment. It is completed in stages, with experts and personnel from various departments
giving reports to the project manager (ESMAP. (2018).
Areas of Responsibility
In a project organizational structure, the three areas of competence and accountability are project
leadership, project team, and project board (Hunt, L. C. (2004)). The project board is the
governing body that decides whether or not a project is successful or should be abandoned. The
project team is in responsibility of implementation, while the project leadership is in charge of
project management.
Project Organizational Structures
The relationships between a project manager's, teams, development organizations, projects, and
project stakeholders must be formalized via a project organization chart. The initial stage in the
procedure is to choose a project organization structure (Hunt, L. C. (2004)). The actual work
begins with putting that project organization in place and applying it. Mid-to-low management
level is required to carry out responsibilities that come under this category. They managers must
always focus on three areas planning, technical, and communications.

2 Part:2 The causes of project schedule and cost overrun

The significance of project scheduling cannot be overstated, since it is critical to the success of
the electrical industry. The benefits of efficiently scheduling projects, as well as how to use them
to boost your bottom line and raise your chances of having things done on time, are listed below.
It allows you to identify problems early and notify that if problem not solvable. Project
scheduling is beneficial for managing project team’s project manager. Other managers will be

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able to efficiently assign resources to projects and make use of newly available resources (Hunt,
L. C. (2004)).

Steps in the project scheduling process

The project scheduling process can be broken down into eight easy-to-understand parts:
Planning, budgeting, timeliness, cost-effectiveness, quality, quantity, deadlines and so on
The cornerstone for a good project timetable is establishing the techniques, corporate standards,
and documentation requirements that will govern your project. The schedule management plan
outlines the project's resources and any potential eventualities. It also specifies who has the
authority to change the timetable.

Plan schedule management

The schedule management plan outlines the project's resources and any potential eventualities. It
also specifies who has the authority to change the timetable (Hunt, L. C. (2004)). Establish the
project's activities.
Activities should be clearly defined, clearly calculated and linked to the deliverable as well as a
cost budgeted.
Determine the interdependencies.
The project dependency must identify with interaction of stakeholder.

Develop the project schedule

The project schedule may be created using a variety of models and formulae, including critical
path, critical chain, and resource and by Examine team members' vacation requests.

Monitor and control

Analyzing project reports and comparing project progress to the schedule are also part of this
step. As a project manager, you'll be in charge of monitoring and controlling your project's
schedule throughout its duration. When schedule adjustments are required, you must ensure that
they are implemented and communicated in accordance (November 2005).

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2.1 The cost Overrun
Africa's power industry is beset with problems, the most serious of which is poor electricity
generation. The average effective electricity tariff in Africa in 2020 was $0.14 per kilowatt-hour
(kWh). Energy price policies should be effective in African countries. South Asia's average
effective rate was $0.04/kWh, whereas Africa's average tariffs were higher in terms of power
pricing. Connecting rural areas to the national grid requires small-scale power generation
technologies. However, owing to electrical losses, these raise transmission and distribution costs.
The power generation industry in Africa is dominated by costly small-scale electrical facilities,
resulting in high electricity costs.
2.2 Credibility
The project will be effectively implemented, and all aspects will be appropriately managed in
this project, including the generation of power and the delivery of electricity to all firm sectors.
The structure that we established in our firm will be so fantastic that other companies will be
able to copy it and boost their power generation. The resources employed are so valuable and
vital that they will be used again in the future, resulting in an increase in electric city output. The
entire sector will be well-managed (April 2002). We make correct use of all resources without
hesitation, and we provide proper direction to those who will be given electricity, as well as
those who will be provided power to all sectors and who will utilize electricity responsibly. A
number of little details performed during the project contribute to the project's believability.
Everyone involved in the project is well connected and focused on increasing power output.
2.3 Conclusion
If we see all above point we reached at this point project provide a solar off-grid electrification
system with a daily capacity of 500 kWh to serve the community, which will include homes,
schools, SMEs, and smallholder farmer. Nita, a region with neglected and underserved
electrification, is projected to benefit from the project which may now be charged with EMF
radiation that is invisible to the naked eye. A thermoelectric module might convert heat to DC
voltage, which could subsequently be used to charge a battery. Wi-Fi energy has the potential to
create electricity, which might be used to power gadgets and perhaps cars. On the other hand, if
the systems fail, it might be due to a variety of circumstances ranging from power outages to
telecommunications network failure. The deliberate use of explosives or physical weapons to
attack buildings, systems, and infrastructure can result in debilitating loss of electricity supply.
Choosing a structure for a project organization is the first step in the process.

3 References

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