PHYSICS

INDEX
S.No. Topic Page. No.

1. Physical Quantities and Units 3-7

2. Force and Pressure 8 - 11

3. Work and Energy 12 - 14

4. Light and Shadows 15 - 20

 BASICS IN PHYSICS
1. PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND UNITS
Ø Measurement :
The comparison of given quantity with a standard quantity is called measurement.
(Or) The act of measuring is called measurement.
Ø Quantity : Quantity means size or amount of a given quality.
Ø Physical quantity : A quantity which can be measured is called physical quantity.
Eg : Length, area, volume, speed, force, energy, etc
Ø The physical quantities are classified into following types :
i) Fundamental physical quantities
ii) Supplementary physical quantities
iii) Derived physical quantities
Ø Unit : Unit is a standard measure of any physical quantity.
Unit is also a value.
Every physical quantity (P) is expressed as number (N) followed by its unit (U)
P = NU
Ø Various Systems of Units :
To measure the fundamental quantities length, mass and time, earlier there were three systems of units.
They were F.P.S system (British system). C.G.S system (Metric system) and M.K.S system.
System of Fundamental Physical Quantities
Units Length Mass Time
F. P. S foot (ft) pound (Lb) second (s)
C. G. S centimetre (cm) gram (g) second (s)
M. K. S metre (m) kilogram (kg) second (s)

Ø In 1960, Eleventh general conference of weights and Measures introduced rationalized system of units.
This system of units is called system of international (S.I). In S.I system there are seven fundamental
physical quantities.
Ø In addition to these two more physical quantities like plane angle and solid angle are introduced as
supplementary physical quantities.
Ø Table of fundamental units :
Physical Quantity Unit Symbol
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Strength of electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous Intensity candela cd

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BASICS IN PHYSICS
Ø Table of supplementary quantities :
Supplementary Quantity Unit Symbol
plane angle radian rad
solid angle steradian sr
Note : All the units and their symbols are to be written strictly as they are represented in the table of S.I
units
Ø Fundamental Physical Quantities :
The physical quantities which can exist independently are called fundamental quantities.
The units of fundamental quantities are called fundamental units.
Ø The Fundamental physical quantities we experience in daily life are.
1. Mass : The quantity of matter present in an object or body is called mass.
2. Length : The extent from end to end of an object is called length. Depending on the direction of
considering the ends of an object, it may be treated as breadth or height.
3. Time : The interval between two events is referred as time.
4. Amount of substance : When we observe the bodies microscopically we understand that objects and
materials are made up of small tiny particles called molecules and atoms. The term we use to refer the
number of molecules or atoms in a material is mole. It is a number which describes the amount of
substance.

1 mole = 6.023 × 10 23

5. Thermodynamic temperature : The degree of hotness or coldness of body is called thermodynamic

temperature.
6. Luminous Intensity : The luminous flux emitted through unit solid angle is called luminous intensity.
7. Electric current : The rate of flow of charge through the conductor is called electric current.
Ø Supplementary Physical Quantities :
1. Plane Angle : The union of two rays having same initial point is called plane angle.
2. Solid Angle : The angle present in a cone at the vertex is called solid angle.
Ø Derived Physicsl Quantities :
The physical quantities which can be derived from fundamental quantities are called derived quantities.
The units of derived quantities are called derived units.
Ø Derived Physical quantities we experience in daily life are.
1. Area : The region enclosed by the boundary of an object is called area.
2. Volume : The space occupied by an object is called its volume.
3. Density : The mass present in a unit volume is called density.

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 BASICS IN PHYSICS
4. Speed : The distance covered per unit time is called speed.
5. Velocity : The displacement produced in unit time is called velocity. It is specified with direction.
6. Acceleration : The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. It is specified with direction. If a
body in motion is decreasing its velocity it is said to be gaining retardation or decceleration.
7. Force : The physical quantity which causes acceleration or retardation in an object is called force.
8. Work : The activity of displacing a body by applying force is referred as work.
9. Energy : Ability to do work is called energy.
We experience variety of energies in our world.
i) Heat energy : The form of energy which gives hotness or coldness to a body is called heat energy.
ii) Light energy : The form of energy which gives visual sensation to human eyes is called light
energy.
iii) Electric energy : The form of energy produced by flowing charge is called electric energy.
10. Power : The work done in unit time is called power.
11. Thrust : The normal force exerted on given area is called thrust.
12. Pressure : The force per unit area is called pressure.
Ø Multiples and sub multiples are introduced to change the size of the units to fulfill the needs of various
branches in physics.
The multiples and sub multiples of SI units are as follows.
Ø Table of multiples and submultiples

S. No. Multiplication Factor Prefix symbol

1. 10 deca da
2. 10 2 hecto h
3. 10 3 kilo k
4. 10 6 mega M
5. 10– 1 (1/10) deci d
6. 10– 2 (1/100) centi c
7. 10– 3 (1/1000) milli m

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BASICS IN PHYSICS
CHECK YOURSELF
Choose the correct Answer :
1. A measurable quantity is taken as a : [ ]
a) physical quantity b) fundamental quantity
c) derived quantity d) supplementary quantity
2. The quantity of matter present in an object is called : [ ]
a) weight b) volume c) mass d) density
3. The weighing machine is used to measure ______ of body. [ ]
a) mass b) weight c) height d) length
4. The extent from end to end of an object is known as : [ ]
a) area b) volume c) length d) plane angle
5. The physical quantities which can exist independently are : [ ]
a) physical quantities b) derived quantities
c) fundamental quantities d) composed quantities
6. At present the system of measurement adopted by all scientists in the world is : [ ]
a) MKS b) CGS c) FPS d) SI
7. In SI system, the number of fundamental quantities are : [ ]
a) 2 b) 5 c) 7 d) 11
8. The standard measure of a physical quantity is called : [ ]
a) unit b) norm c) ace d) grade
9. The SI unit of luminous intensity is : [ ]
a) kilogram b) candela c) ampere d) kelvin
10. The SI unit of plane angle is : [ ]
a) radian b) steradian c) degree d) theta
11. The symbol of SI unit for amount of substance is : [ ]
a) Mol b) mol c) m d) mole
12. Among the following, the physical quantity having steradian as SI unit is : [ ]
a) strength of electric current b) plane angle
c) solid angle d) amount of substance
13. In SI system, ampere is the unit of : [ ]
a) strength of electric current b) charge
c) thermodynamic temperature d) luminous intensity
14. Statement (A) : SI unit of time is second. [ ]
Statement (B) : The symbol of candela is cd.
a) Both A and B are true b) Both A and B are false
c) A is true and B is false d) A is false and B is true
15. The least measurement that can be measured by the wall clock is _______ [ ]
a) 1 day b) 1 hour c) 1 minute d) 1 second
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16. Statement (A) : Solid angle is a fundamental physical quantity. [ ]
Statement (B) : Thermodynamic temperature is a supplementary physical quantity.
a) Both A and B are true b) Both A and B are false
c) A is true and B is false d) A is false and B is true
17. The S.I unit of thermodynamic temperature is : [ ]
a) ampere b) radian c) kelvin d) second
18. The symbol of S.I unit of thermodynamic temperature is : [ ]
a) K b) A c) kg d) cd
19. 1 mole = [ ]
a) 6.023 × 1023 b) 6.023 × 10 25
c) 6.032 × 10 33
d) 6.032 × 1035

20. The union of two rays having same initial point is called ................ [ ]
a) Solid angle b) Plane angle c) Length d) Luminous intensity
21. The space occupied by an object is called : [ ]
a) area b) volume c) density d) mass
22. To measure the volume of liquids we can use [ ]
a) test tube b) measuring cylinder c) circular bowl d) measuring flask
23. 1 kilometre is equal to : [ ]
a) 103 m b) 104 m c) 108 m d) 1010 m
24. 1 milli gram is equal to : [ ]
a) 1/10 g b) 1/1000 g c) 1/100 g d) 100 g
25. 1 deca second is equal to : [ ]
a) 10 s b) 102 s 3
c) 10 s d) 10 s 5

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2.
BASICS IN PHYSICS FORCE AND PRESSURE
Ø Force : Force is a physical quantity which changes (or) tries to change the state of rest (or) uniform
motion of a body.
Forces are pushes or pulls that are caused by objects and acts on other.
Ø Balanced Forces :
When the forces acting on an object are balanced then there is no change in its motion. It either remains
stationary or moves at a constant velocity i.e. there is no change in speed or direction.
Ø Unbalanced Forces :
When the forces acting on an object are unbalanced then there is change in its motion takes place.
i.e., there is change in speed or direction.
Ø Acceleration :
The change in motion of a body in unit time is called acceleration.
Ø Any change in the motion of an object such as a change in speed or direction requires an unbalanced
force to cause that change. An unbalanced force causes a change in velocity so the object accelerates.
Ø The acceleration caused by an unbalanced force acts in the direction of the unbalanced force is proportional
to the size of the unbalanced force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
The relationship between size of an unbalanced force ‘F’ and acceleration ‘a’ it causes when acting on a
mass ‘m’ is Force = mass × acceleration.
F = ma
The unit of force is newton (N): 1 newton is the force needed to accelerate the mass of 1 kg at a rate of
1m/s2

1 newton = 1 kgm/s2
Note : Forces always act in pairs. If object A pushes or pulls object B then B pushes or pulls A with an
equal sized force in the opposite direction.
Ø Contact forces :
When the force applied on an object is in direct contact then the force is said to be contact force.
Ex : Mechanical force, Muscular force, Frictional force
Ø Friction :
Friction is a force which opposes the relative motion between two surfaces in contact. It acts on both the
surfaces.
Forces due to friction :
M Opposes slipping and sliding.
M Always act in the opposite direction of any motion.
M Causes heating and wearing of surfaces that rub together.
M Friction is essential for walking as well as starting and stopping the motion of a bicycle, bus or
train.
M Methods of transport that use wheels rely on the frictional force between the wheels and road or
track to stop the wheels from slipping and sliding.

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 BASICS IN PHYSICS
Ø Non Contact Force :
The forces which act on object without actual contact are called non contact forces or forces acting at
distance.
Ex : Magnetic force, Electrostatic force, Gravitational force.
Ø Gravitational Force :
Gravitational force acting on a body is called weight of the body.
Everything on the earth experiences a downward pull due to the gravitational attraction between its mass
and that of the earth. The size of this pull is called the weight of the objects (W). It depends on mass (m)
and acceleration due to gravity (g). Each kg of mass experiences a force of 9.8 N
The relationship between the mass ‘m’ of an object and its weight ‘W’ is
Weight = mass × acceleration due to gravity (‘g’ value = 9.8 m/s2)
W=m×g
Ø Pressure :
Pressure describes the effect that a force has in cutting or piercing. The greater the force and smaller the
area, the greater the pressure. Skis have a large area so they exert a small pressure and do not sink in the
snow. Knives have a small area so that the large pressure created can cut through objects.
Pressure is defined as force per unit area
Pressure is calculated using the relationship -
force
pressure =
area
It is measured in the units N/m2 or pascal (Pa).
I pascal = 1N/m 2
Ø Pressure depends on :
i) The magnitude of the force applied i.e., greater the magnitude of force more is the pressure.
ii) The area over which the force is applied i.e., bigger the area on which the force is applied, lesser
will be the pressure.

CHECK YOURSELF
Choose the correct Answer :
1. Forces are caused by : [ ]
a) many objects and act on other b) single object and acts on other
c) single object and acts on earth d) the earth and acts on the objects
2. The acceleration caused in an object due to a constant force : [ ]
a) increases with decrease of mass b) decreases with increase of mass
c) increases with increase of mass d) both a and b

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BASICS IN PHYSICS
3. An unbalanced force can cause : [ ]
a) change in speed b) change in direction c) change in mass d) both a and b
4. Weight of an object is : [ ]
a) gravitational repulsion b) gravitational attraction due to earth
c) magnetic attraction due to earth d) magnetic repulsion due to earth
5. The force which helps the motion of vehicles on road is : [ ]
a) gravitational pull b) air resistance c) friction d) pressure
6. The force that helps in stopping the vehicles in motion is : [ ]
a) friction b) downward gravitational pull
c) air pressure d) an unknown force
7. The relationship between unbalanced force (F) and acceleration (a) produced in a body of mass
‘m’ is : [ ]
a) m = Fa b) a = Fm c) F = ma d) F = m + a
8. The weight of 1 kg object is : [ ]
a) 9.8 N b) 98 N c) 980 N d) 9 N
9. The force of one newton can cause an acceleration of 1 m/s2 in a body of mass is : [ ]
a) 2 kg b) 10 kg c) 1 kg d) 5 kg
10. While moving a bike forward the driving force is produced due to : [ ]
a) backward push of the wheel on road b) forward push of the wheel on road
c) air pressure d) we cannot identify
11. The relationship between the mass ‘m’ of an object and its weight ‘W’ is ......... [ ]
m g
a) W = m × g b) W = c) W = g d) m =
g m W
12. 1 newton = ___________ Kgm/s2 [ ]
–1
a) 1 b)10 c) 100 d) 10
13. When an object is at stationary then we can say that : [ ]
a) no force is acting on it. b) all forces acting on it balance each other.
c) the body is in vacuum. d) the forces acting on it are not in contact with it.
14. A book is present at rest on a table. Then we say that : [ ]
a) its weight became zero
b) earth stopped exerting gravitational pull
c) gravitational pull is balanced by table
d) gravitational pull cannot act on the objects on table
15. A parachute is descending down with uniform speed. During that : [ ]
a) air resistance = weight of parachute b) air resistance < weight of parachute
c) air resistance > weight of parachute d) weight of parachute became zero
16. A person walking on road avails force for forward motion by : [ ]
a) pushing the road in backward direction b) pushing the road in forward direction
c) pushing air backward d) pushing air forward
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17. The force required to produce an acceleration of 2 m/s in a body of mass 5 kg is : [ ]
a) 1 N b) 10 N c) 5 N d) 2 N
18. The acceleration produced by a force of 100 N in a body of mass 10 kg is: [ ]
a) 10 m/s2 b) 20 m/s2 c) 5 m/s2 d) 25 m/s2
19. The force required to lift 20 kg body is : [ ]
a) 98 N b) 196 N c) 49 N d) 135 N
20. The force developed due to relative motion between two surfaces in contact is :
a) pressure b) friction c) tension d) gravity [ ]
21. 1 pascal is equal to : [ ]
a) 10 N/m2 b) 1 N/m 2
c) 100 N/m 2
d) 5 N/m 2

22. Choose the correct statement to describe the picture. [ ]

a) air applied pressure on surrounding bodies
b) air does not apply pressure on surrounding bodies
c) air some times apply pressure on surrounding bodies
d) air is not capable to apply pressure
23. The kite flies in the sky because [ ]
a) air pressure in lower part is more than upper part
b) air pressure in lower part is less than upper part
c) on both sides pressure is same
d) there is no effect of pressure
24. Pressure depends on : [ ]
a) size of force b) size of area c) both a and b d) friction
25. SKIS exert small pressure and do not sink in the snow because of their : [ ]
a) small area b) large area c) small force d) large force

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3.
BASICS IN PHYSICS WORK AND ENERGY
Ø WORK :
The activity of displacing a body by applying force is referred as work.
Work done depends on :
i) Size of force applied
ii) Displacement produced in the direction of force applied.
work done is defined as product of force applied and displacement produced in the direction of force.
Work = Force applied × displacement produced in the direction of force.
W=F×S
expressed with unit Nm or joule (J)
1 Nm = 1 J
1 joule : If 1m is displacement produced by applying 1N force then work done is said to be 1 joule.
Work done is zero if the body is not displaced in the direction of applied force.

Ø ENERGY :
Energy is the ability to do work.
The terms work and energy transfer have the same meaning.

Energy transferred = Work done

So energy of an object is also expressed with unit Nm or joule.

Ø Mechanical Energy :
The energy acquired by the objects upon which work is done is known as mechanical energy.
Mechanical energy can be kinetic energy or potential energy.
Mechanical energy = kinetic energy + potential energy

Ø Kinetic energy :
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called kinetic energy.
The kinetic energy of a mass ‘m’ moving at speed ‘v’ is calculated using the relationship.

1
Kinetic energy = × mass × (speed)2
2
1
K.E = mv 2
2

It is expressed with unit joule (J)

Ø Potential energy :
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position is called potential energy.
When a mass ‘m’ moves through a vertical height ‘h’ the gravitational potential energy of the object is
calculated by using the relationship.
Gravitational potential energy = mass × acceleration due to gravity × height
GPE = mgh
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 BASICS IN PHYSICS
It is expressed with unit J.
Ø Energy can be transferred and stored in a number of different ways :
Stored energy is potential energy. It can be gravitational due to position, elastic in a stretched spring or
chemical in a lump of coal or a battery. The energy stored in the atomic nucleus is called nuclear energy.
Energy due to movement is kinetic energy. This includes the energy of a sound wave and the energy of
particles in a gas.
The energy of an object due to its temperature is thermal energy (heat). The thermal energy in a solid
and a liquid comprises both kinetic and potential energy of the particles.

CHECK YOURSELF
Choose the correct Answer :
1. 1 joule work means : [ ]
a) displacing 1m by applying 10 N b) displacing 1m by applying 1N
c) displacing 1m by applying 100 N d) displacing 1m by applying 5 N
2. Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its : [ ]
a) position b) gravity c) mass d) motion
3. The energy possessed by a throwing ball on to stumps is [ ]
a) potential b) kinetic c) both a and b d) it has no energy
4. Potential energy is the energy possessed by the body by virtue of its : [ ]
a) position b) motion c) mass d) force
5. The energy possessed by water stored in dam is ________ energy. [ ]
a) potential b) kinetic c) both a and b d) it has no energy
6. Work done depends upon : [ ]
a) force applied b) distance travelled c) velocity of the particle d) both a & b
7. The SI unit of work done is : [ ]
a) erg b) joule c) eV d) kWh
8. Formula for calculating potential energy is : [ ]
a) Weight × Vertical distance b) Force × displacement
Weight Force
c) d)
vertical distance displacement
9. In the given diagram the stretched spring possess _____________ energy [ ]
a) Kinetic b) Potential
c) Both potential and kinetic d) Heat
10. The kinetic energy of a body depends : [ ]
a) on its mass only b) on its speed only
c) on its mass as well as on its speed d) neither on its mass nor on its speed
11. Gravitational potential energy GPE = [ ]
2
a) mgh b) gmn c) ½mv d) all the above

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BASICS IN PHYSICS
12. Work is said to be done when : [ ]
a) object gets displaced b) object is in constant c) both a and b d) none of these
13. A particle of mass 100 g moves at a speed of 1 m/s. Its kinetic energy is : [ ]
a) 50 J b) 5 J c) 0.5 J d) 0.05 J
14. When body is not displaced after applying force, then the work done is: [ ]
a) positive b) negative c) zero d) undefined
15. In the case of a freely falling body : [ ]
a) Potential energy decreases b) Kinetic energy increases
c) Kinetic energy decreases d) both a and b
16. In case of vertically projected body : [ ]
a) Potential energy decreases b) Potential energy increases
c) Kinetic energy decreases d) both b and c
17. A body of 10 kg is falling from the height of 50 m under the influence of gravitational force. Then
the work done is (g = 10 ms–2) : [ ]
a) 500 J b) 50 J c) 5000 J d) 5 J
18. Work done by an applied force of 20 N on a body moving on a rough horizontal plane with a
uniform velocity of 20 ms–1 in one second is : [ ]
a) 40 J b) 0 J c) 400 J d) 20 J
19. A force of 10 N acts on a body of mass 1 kg at rest. The work done by the force through a distance
of 80 m is : [ ]
a) 80 J b) 800 J c) 8 J d) 8000 J
20. The energy stored in atomic nuclears is called [ ]
a) kinetic energy b) potential energy c) nuclear energy d) electrostatic energy

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4. LIGHT AND SHADOW BASICS IN PHYSICS
Ø Light :
Light is a form of energy which gives us sensation of sight .
Speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 108 m/s
Ø Sources of light :
The objects which emit light are called sources of light
The brightness (or ) luminous intensity of a source of light is measured by comparison to the brightness
of candle .
The unit of luminous intensity is candle power
The modern unit of luminous intensity is lumen
1 lumen = 12.56 candle power
Ø Types of source of light :
1. Natural sources of light : The sources of light which already exist in nature are called natural sources
of light
Ex : Sun , Star , Glow worm, etc.
2. Artificial sources of light : The sources of light which are made by man are called Artificial sources of
light (or) man made sources of light.
Ex: Candle, Electric bulb, Oil lamp,etc.
3. Hot sources of light (or) incandescent sources of light : The sources of light which emit light energy
at high temperature
Ex: Sun , Electric bulb , Oil lamp, etc.
4. Cold sources of light (or ) luminescent sources of light :
The sources of light which emit light energy at low temperature.
Ex: Firefly, Tube light, CFL, etc.
Sunlight intensity in different conditions on earth
Bright sunlight 110,000 lux
Clear blue sky on midday 20,000 lux
Sun rise or sun set on clear day 400 lux
Fully overcast, sun set or sun rise 40 lux
Moon light (night time) < 1 lux
Ø Luminous and non – luminous bodies :
The bodies which emit light on their own are called luminous bodies .
Ex : Sun , Stars , Fire fly, etc.
The bodies which do not emit light on their own, but reflect the light which fall on it are called non –
luminous bodies.
Ex : Moon, Earth and the bodies which are seen around us other than luminous bodies.

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Ø Transparent objects :
When light falls on different objects, all the objects will not respond in the same manner.
The objects which allow most of the light fall on them to pass through are called Transparent objects .
Ex : Air , Glass, Pure water, etc.
Ø Translucent objects :
The objects which allow some of the light that fall on them are called translucent objects.
Ex : Oil paper , ground glass , tissue paper, etc.
Ø Opaque objects :
The objects which do not allow light to pass through them are called opaque objects.
Ex : Stone , Tree, human body, etc.
Transparent and translucent bodies are also reflect some light, otherwise they are not visible.
Ø Ray of light :
The path along which light energy travels from one point to the other is known as a ray of light.
Ø Parallel beam of light :
In a parallel beam of light all the rays are parallel to one another.
Ø Convergent beam of light :
In a convergent beam of light, all the rays proceed to converge (or) converge to a point
Ø Divergent beam of light :
In a divergent beam of light , the rays proceeding in a particular direction are gradually separated more
and more from each other.

Ray of light
parallel beam
Convergent beam Divergent beam
Ø Some important properties of light :
1) Rectilinear propagation of light
2) Reflection
3) Refraction.
Ø Rectilinear propagation of light :
The property of light travelling in a straight line is called rectilinear propagation of light.
Pin hole camera works on the principle of rectilinear propagation of light

image pin hole camera object

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Ø Reflection of light :
Light comes back into the same medium from a boundary seperating two media is called reflection of
light.
Periscope works on the principle of reflection of light

Periscope
Ø Refraction of light : When light enters a different medium, it deviates from its original path. This
phenomenon is called refraction of light.
Ø Shadow : The dark region formed behind the opaque object when light falls on it is called shadow.
The shadow formed by translucent object is weak. They form faint shadows.
The transparent objects do not form shadows .
The nature of shadow depends on shape and size of an object .
The nature of shadow depends on size of source of light .
i) Shadow formed due to small sources of light .

S O

(S) Source (O) Obstacle Shadow

ii) Shadow formed due to large source of light .

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Ø Umbra :
The complete dark region in shadow is called umbra
Ø Penumbra :
The partial darkness region around umbra in a shadow is called penumbra.
Ø Eclipses :
Eclipses are the example of formation of shadows in sky.
Ø Lunar Eclipse :
On full moon day , when the moon enters into earth’s shodow , we can’t see the moon, This is called
lunar eclipse .

Ø Solar eclipse :
On new moon day, when the sun , moon and earth are in a straight line. The shadow of the moon falls
on the earth. The people in this region can’t see the sun . This is called solar eclipse.

Ø Spectacular effects of luminous bodies on man’s life :

Splitting of white light into seven colours by glass prism is called dispersion.
The band of colours on screen is called spectrum.
The sun light dispersed through raindrops to form rainbow.
The blue colour of sky is due to scattering of sun light in atmosphere.
The twinkling of stars is due to refraction of their light in atmosphere.

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CHECK YOURSELF
1. We see moon because : [ ]
a) it emits light b) it absorbs sunlight
c) it reflects sunlight d) it is a luminous source
2. Umbra and penumbra are clearly visible when : [ ]
a) the source of light is small and the object (opaque) is big.
b) the source of light is big and the object (opaque) is small.
c) both source of light and the object are big and placed far apart.
d) both source of light and the object are small and placed nearer to each other.
3. Penumbra is seen : [ ]
a) inside the umbra b) out side the umbra c) away from the umbra d) none of the above
4. The shadow below a tree has bright spot in it because : [ ]
a) leaves attract the light
b) the light bends around the leaves to form circular spots.
c) the gaps between the leaves acts as pin holes
d) leaves reflect light
5. For incandescent sources, the higher the temperature of source ______ [ ]
a) higher the light emission b) lower the light emission
c) does not depend on temperature d) none of these
6. While the colour wheel is rotating we can observe [ ]
a) White colour b) Red colour c) Green colour d) All colours
7. Choose the correct statement [ ]
a) Day and nights are formed due to straight line motion of light.
b) We can observe the straight line motion of light when sun light enters into the dark room through
ventilator.
c) Laser beam travels in straight line.
d) All the above
8. A kaleidoscope is based on the ________ of light. [ ]
a) Reflection b) Refraction c) Rectlinear propagation d) All the above
9. ________ is caused by chemical reactions in living things. [ ]
a) Fluorescence b) Bioluminescence c) Incandescence d) All the above
10. A transparent substance is also called __________. [ ]
a) Optical medium b) Opaque medium c) Denser medium d) Rarer medium
11. At which of the following times, the length of a shadow of a tree will be longest. [ ]
a) At 9 am b) At 11 am c) At 12 pm d) At 1 pm
12. You can see your face in a mirror due to the ________ property of light. [ ]
a) Reflection b) Refraction
c) Rectlinear propagation d) All the above

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13. The shadow of an object is formed on _______ side of the light source. [ ]
a) Same b) Opposite c) Upper d) Down
14. Sun light reaches the earth by __________ minutes. [ ]
1 1 1 1
a) 3 b) 5 c) 8 d) 10
4 4 4 4
15. Birds and Aircrafts flying high do not cast shadow on ground because [ ]
a) they fly too high for the umbra of shadows to fall on the ground.
b) the penumbra is very large and too faint to be seen.
c) their shadow is falls on near cloud.
d) both a and b
16. 1 Lumen = _________. [ ]
1
a) 12.56 candle power b) watt c) 10.76 lux d) both a and b
683
17. Choose the correct statement [ ]
a) Due to the chemical reactions in body of glow worm it produces light energy.
b) The filament in electric bulb produces light energy at high temperature.
c) Due to the powerful reactions inside the sun it produces light and heat.
d) All the above
18. The lunar eclipse can be observed for ________. [ ]
a) 2 (or) 3 hours b) 2 (or) 3 minutes c) Full day d) Half day
19. Solar eclipse can be observed for ________. [ ]
a) 5 to 10 minutes b) at least one hour c) Full day d) Half day
20. Diamond ring means that : [ ]
a) It is the view of outer rim of sun at annular solar eclipse
b) It is the view of outer rim of moon at total lunar eclipse
c) It is the view of outer rim of earth at solar eclipse
d) It is the view of outer rim of earth at total lunar eclipse

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