M101

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
TABLE OF CONTENTS
WEEK 1: Orientation on School Policies
The Real Number System, Properties of Real Numbers, Algebraic expressions,
Evaluation of algebraic expressions
WEEK 2: Basic concepts of Polynomials, addition of polynomials, subtraction of
COURSE CODE: MATH 101 polynomials, Laws of exponents, Simplifying Algebraic Expressions (integral
powers)
DESCRIPTIVE TITLE: College and Advanced Algebra WEEK 3: Multiplication of polynomials, Special products
PREREQUISITE(S): WEEK 4: Binomial Expansion, Division of Polynomials (Long and Synthetic Division)
WEEK 5-6: Factoring
CREDIT UNITS: 3
WEEK 7-8: Simplifying Fractions/Rational Expressions, Multiplication & Division of
COURSE DESCRIPTION: The course builds upon the students’ knowledge on Fractions
properties of the real number system, operations on different types of algebraic WEEK 8: Addition & Subtraction of Fractions, Complex Rational Expressions
expressions, and the solution of various types of equations and inequalities. The WEEK 9: MIDTERM EXAMINATION WEEK
course also covers the prerequisites to trigonometry and calculus, specifically
WEEK 10: Fractional Exponents and Radicals, Simplifying Radicands, Addition &
transcendental and non-transcendental functions, including the characteristics of
Subtraction of Radicals
their graphs and applications. It serves as a foundation for future study in various
fields in mathematics. Students of this course will use hands-on materials, calculators, WEEK 11: Multiplication and Division of Radicals
and computer application/software when needed in solving problems where the WEEK 12: Equation/Equality, Properties of Equality, Solution of Linear Equations in one
algebra concepts are applied Variable, Graphs/Solutions of Linear Equation in 2 variables
WEEK 13: Inequalities, Inequalities in one variable and their graphs, Inequalities in 2
COURSE OUTCOMES: After the successful completion of the course, as a pre-service
variables and their graphs
teacher, you are expected to:
WEEK 14: Systems of linear equations in two variables (using elimination, substitution,
A. show mastery in college and advanced algebra through identifying transitivity, determinants, and graphical)
patterns, finding solutions to mathematical equations, interpreting WEEK 15: Systems of Linear Equations in three variables
and discussing results and applying mathematical concepts to real-life WEEK 16: System of Linear Inequalities in two variables
problems; and
WEEK 17: Roots of a polynomial equations
B. Demonstrate skills in factoring and simplifying rational expressions,
solving equations, formulating and graphing functions and using WEEK 18: FINAL EXAMINATION WEEK
appropriate computer applications software and calculators in solving
and graphing.
M101 – College and Advanced Algebra (1-17) 1

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
Set of Integers is the union of the

WEEK NO: 1 set of whole numbers and the
The Real Number System, Properties of Real negative of the counting
Numbers, Algebraic expressions, Evaluation of numbers.
algebraic expressions 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑
Fraction (ex. , , is ratio of two
𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒
Number is an idea of how many. numbers, the numerator and the
Numeral is the symbol or character for a number. denominator, usually written one
So many countries, so many different cultures, that’s why there are so many different above the other and separated by
symbols for numbers. a horizontal line called the
At present we use both the Hindu-Arabic and Roman Numerals. But it is said that the vinculum.
most commonly used system is the HINDU-ARABIC NUMERICAL SYSTEM. Decimal (ex. 0.75. 1.25) is a
number expressed in the base-
ten system.
Set of Rational Numbers
is the union of the set of
Fractions, integers, and
decimals (terminating
and non-terminating but
repeating)
Set of Irrational
Numbers is a set of
numbers that consists of
non-terminating/non-
repeating decimals. (ex.
The REAL NUMBER system. pi, √𝟐𝟐.
Each subset of numbers contains distinct elements. INSERT: Extracting the
Zero (0) is a number that denotes no quantity or amount at all. square root of a
Set of Natural or Counting Numbers (1, 2, 3, 4,…∞) is a set of integral numbers from number.
1 to infinity.
Set of Real Numbers is
Set of Whole Numbers is the union of zero and the set of counting numbers.
the union of the set or
Negatives of the counting numbers, from the name itself, are the additive inverses
rational and irrational
of the counting numbers
numbers.
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS (see the table for examples.)

1. Commutative Property of Addition: The order of the addends does not
affect the sum.
2. Commutative Property of Multiplication: The order of the factors does not Terms are expressions separated by plus or minus
affect the product.
3. Associative Property of Addition: The groupings of the addends do not Monomial is a polynomial of one term (3x, 5y).
affect the sum. Binomial is a polynomial of two terms (x + y, 2x -3).
4. Associative Property of Multiplication: The groupings of the factors do not A Trinomial has three terms (x + 2y -7, 5m +4n -6p). A Multinomial has more than
affect the product. three terms (a +2b-3c+4d, 2w-3x +y + 5z).
5. Distributive Property of Multiplication (Right-hand/left-hand)
a. Over addition EVALUATING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
b. Over subtraction
6. Additive Identity Property: The identity element for addition is zero, You have to find the value of each of the following expressions given the
because any number increased by zero is equal to the number. value of the variables.
7. Multiplicative Identity Property: The identity element for multiplication is 1. 3x – 13; when x = -5 Computation: 3(-5) – 13 = -15 -13 = -28
one, because any number multiplied to one is equal to the number. 2. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝟐𝟐 − 𝐱𝐱 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐; 𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰𝐰 𝐱𝐱 = 𝟔𝟔 Computation: 7(6)2 – 6 + 20
8. Additive Inverse Property (opposite number): Any number added to its 7(36) – 6 + 20
additive inverse is equal to 0. 252 – 6 + 20
9. Multiplicative Inverse Property (reciprocal): Any number multiplied to its 246 + 20
reciprocal is equal to one. 266
10. Zero Property: Any number multiplied to zero is equal to zero. 3. am + pm; when a = 1, m = 2 and p = - 1 computation: (1)(2) + (-1) (2)
2 - 2
CONSTANT VS. VARIABLE 0
Constant is a fixed number, unchanged quantity. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐+𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑−𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
Variable is a letter that represents a number. It doesn’t have a fixed Value. 4. What is the value of if c = 5, v = -2, d = , and i =
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟓𝟓 𝟑𝟑
Its value varies.
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION VS. POLYNOMIAL 𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐(𝟓𝟓)+𝟑𝟑(−𝟐𝟐)−𝟓𝟓�𝟓𝟓� 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏+(−𝟔𝟔)−𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑
Algebraic expression is a combination of variable and constant and computation: = = = 3 ·𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑 = 𝟗𝟗
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
fundamental operations. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏(𝟑𝟑) 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
Polynomial is a special type of algebraic expression. Polynomial terms have
variables which are raised to whole-number exponents; there are no square
roots of variables, no fractional powers, and no variables in the
denominator of any fractions.
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
WEEK NO: 2
Basic concepts of Polynomials, addition of
A fifth-degree polynomial, such as 2x5 or x5 – 4x3 – x + 7, is sometimes
polynomials, subtraction of polynomials, Laws of called "quintic".
exponents, Simplifying Algebraic Expressions ADDITION & SUBTRACTION OF POLYNOMIALS
( l ) Remove the symbols of groupings and simplify by combining like terms.
We’re in the midst of the pandemic.
1. (2x – 3y) + (7y + 10x) – (5y – x)
Why is obeying the law important?
= 2x – 3y + 7y + 10x -5y + x (applying distributive of property)
Everyone would go wild if there is no law. = 2x + 10x + x – 3y + 7y – 5y (grouping like terms)
Society needs law in order to survive, without laws there will be chaos. = 13x – y (combining like terms)
In mathematics, you can’t go wrong if you follow the rules or the laws. 2. [a – (3b – a) + 6b] + [10b – (7b – 10a)]
= a – 3b + a + 6b + 10b – 7b + 10a (applying the distributive property)
= a + a + 10a – 3b + 6b + 10b – 7b (grouping the like terms)
= 12a + 6b (combining like terms)
3. 25a – [13a – (6a + 13b – c) – 18c]
= 25a – [13a -6a – 13b + c – 18c] (removing the innermost symbols of
grouping)
= 25a – 13a + 6a + 13b – c + 18c (removing the remaining
symbols of grouping]
= 18a + 13b + 17c (combining like terms)
EXAMPLE: Order of Operations
DEGREE OF A POLYNOMIAL 4. From 15a + 17b – 31c, subtract the sum of 12a + 7b – 8c, 11a – 15b + 8c, and
The degree of a polynomial is the highest degree of the leading monomial. –a – b – c.
The degree of 5x2 -3y is 2. Computation: get the sum of; 12a + 7b – 8c, 11a – 15b + 8c, and –a – b – c by
The degree of 3m3 -2n2 + 6 is 3. The degree of 2mnx3 + 9mnx is 5, since is the sum of combining like terms or by using vertical solution.
the exponents of the variable is 5 (1+1+3). Grouping like terms: 12a + 11a – a + 7b – 15b – b - 8c + 8c – c
The name of a polynomial is also based on their degree. Combining like terms: 22a – 7b – c
A first-degree polynomial, such as x, x – 9, or ax+ b, is also called “linear". And then subtract 22a – 7b –c from 15a + 17b – 31c
A second-degree polynomial, such as 4x2, x2 – 9, or ax2 + bx + c, is also Do this: (15a + 17b – 31c) – (22a – 7b – c)
called "quadratic". Remove the symbols of groupings applying distributive property
A third-degree polynomial, such as –6x3 or x3 – 27, is also called "cubic". 15a + 17b – 31c -22a + 7b + c
A fourth-degree polynomial, such as x4 or 2x4 – 3x2 + 9, is sometimes group like terms: 15a -22a + 17b + 7b – 31c + c
called "quartic". combine like terms: -7a + 24b – 30c
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
4. Raising a fraction to a power (similar to 2nd and the 3rd laws)

4
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 8
�𝑦𝑦3 � = 𝑦𝑦12
5
𝑤𝑤 2 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑤𝑤 10 𝑥𝑥 15
� 𝑦𝑦3 𝑧𝑧 2 � = 𝑦𝑦 15 𝑧𝑧10
3
2𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏3 𝑐𝑐 4 23 𝑎𝑎2•3 𝑏𝑏3•3 𝑐𝑐4•3 8𝑎𝑎6 𝑏𝑏9 𝑐𝑐12 8𝑎𝑎6 𝑏𝑏9 𝑐𝑐12
� � = = =
32 𝑑𝑑3 𝑒𝑒 7 32•3 𝑑𝑑3•3𝑒𝑒 7•3 36 𝑑𝑑9 𝑒𝑒 21 729𝑑𝑑9 𝑒𝑒 21
5. Dividing powers of the same base (copy the common base and then subtract the
exponent of the denominator from the exponent of the numerator)
LAWS OF EXPONENTS Case 1 (The exponent of the numerator is greater that the exponent of
1. Multiplying powers of the same base the denominator.)
2. Raising a power to a power 𝒙𝒙𝟓𝟓
= 𝒙𝒙𝟓𝟓−𝟑𝟑 = 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
3. Raising a product of powers to another power 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑
𝒎𝒎𝟗𝟗
4. Raising a fraction to a power = 𝒎𝒎𝟗𝟗−𝟒𝟒 = 𝒎𝒎𝟓𝟓
𝒎𝒎𝟒𝟒
5. Dividing powers of the same base
Case 2 (The exponents of the denominator and the numerator are
Examples: equal.)
1. Multiplying powers of the same base (copy the common base and add the 𝒙𝒙𝟓𝟓
= 𝒙𝒙𝟓𝟓−𝟓𝟓 = 𝒙𝒙𝟎𝟎 = 1
exponent 𝒙𝒙𝟓𝟓
x • x 2 = x 1 + 2 = x3 (Any quantity raised to is equal to 1.)
𝒎𝒎𝟗𝟗
m • m5 • m7 = m 1+5+7 = m13 = 𝒎𝒎𝟗𝟗−𝟗𝟗 = 𝒎𝒎𝟎𝟎 = 1
𝒎𝒎𝟗𝟗
k11 • k12 • k20 = k11 + 12 + 20 = k43
Case 3 (the exponent of the denominator is greater that the exponent
2. Raising a power to a power (copy the base and multiply the exponents) of the numerator)
(r2)3 = r2•3 = r6 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏
(w4)5 = w4•5 = w20 = 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑−𝟓𝟓 = 𝒙𝒙−𝟐𝟐=
𝒙𝒙𝟓𝟓 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
𝒙𝒙•𝒙𝒙•𝒙𝒙
(p10)9 = p10•9 = p90 proof: (by
𝒙𝒙•𝒙𝒙•𝒙𝒙•𝒙𝒙•𝒙𝒙
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
cancellation) = =
3. Raising a product of powers to another power (similar to the second law, but in 𝒙𝒙•𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
𝒎𝒎𝟒𝟒 𝟏𝟏
here there are bases to consider) = 𝒎𝒎𝟒𝟒−𝟗𝟗 = 𝒎𝒎−𝟓𝟓 =
𝒎𝒎𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟓𝟓
(r2s3)3 = r2•3s3•3 = r6s9 𝒎𝒎•𝒎𝒎•𝒎𝒎•𝒎𝒎 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
(vw4)5 = v1•5 w4•5 = v5 w20 Proof: = 𝒎𝒎•𝒎𝒎•𝒎𝒎•𝒎𝒎•𝒎𝒎 = 𝒎𝒎𝟓𝟓
𝒎𝒎•𝒎𝒎•𝒎𝒎•𝒎𝒎•𝒎𝒎•𝒎𝒎•𝒎𝒎•𝒎𝒎•𝒎𝒎
(2p10 q3)9 =29 p10•9 q3•9 = 512 p90 q27
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
SIMPLIFYING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS (eliminating the negative and zero

exponents, and applying the laws of exponents)
2 −2 m −3 n −1
1.
2 2 m −4 n −2
-move the negative exponent together with its
base to the other side of the fraction −𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐−𝟑𝟑𝒙𝒙−𝟐𝟐𝒚𝒚𝟑𝟑 𝒛𝒛𝟒𝟒
(numerator to denominator or vice versa), 3. � 𝟒𝟒𝒙𝒙−𝟑𝟑𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐𝒛𝒛−𝟏𝟏 �
changing the sign from negative to positive.
- applying the laws of exponents, you may start
working in the numerator, then the
denominator
-if the numerator and the denominator are WEEK NO: 3
both simplified applying the laws, then produce Multiplication of polynomials, Special products
fractions with same variables in the numerator
and denominator
Multiplication is definitely not as easy as addition.
-simplify each fraction again by applying the appropriate law. Others use fingers just to multiply 2 single-digit numbers, like 7 x 8.
-if fractions are simplified, multiply them to produce a single fraction.
NOTE: To check if the algebraic
expression is already simplified, observe
if there is no common variable in the
numerator and also in the denominator,
no common letter or variable should be This method is called Russian
seen in the numerator and denominator. Multiplication, an example is
shown on the right.
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒃𝒃−𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝒄𝟑𝟑 𝒅𝒅−𝟒𝟒

2.
𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝒂𝒂−𝟑𝟑 𝒃𝒃𝟒𝟒 𝒄𝒄−𝟏𝟏 𝒅𝒅−𝟐𝟐

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
Did you know that you can multiply a two-digit the FOIL METHOD, or
number by 9 using fingers? But not similar to Russian use the vertical method.
multiplication. This is done by assigning your fingers ANSWER: 6x2 – 11xy –
to numbers 1 – 10. 10y2
NOTE: You can also multiply a two-digit number by 9

using your fingers. How?
Multiplication of Polynomials
To multiply polynomials, apply some laws of exponents.
Find the products.
1. 2x(x + 3)
Apply also distributive property of multiplication over
addition.
2x • x =𝟐𝟐𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
2x • 3 = 6x
ANSWER: 2𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 6x
2. 5𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 (𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 − 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝟕𝟕)
Apply DPM
5𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 • 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑= 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
5𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 • (−𝟐𝟐𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 ) = −𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟒
5𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 • 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟑
5𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 • (−𝟕𝟕)= - 35𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
ANSWER: 5𝒙𝒙𝟓𝟓 -10𝒙𝒙𝟒𝟒 + 15𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 -
35𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
3. (2x – 5y) (3x + 2y)
You can apply DPM, then
combining like terms,

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
WEEK NO: 4
SPECIAL PRODUCTS (Note: Observe the patterns. Vertical computation can also be used to Binomial Expansion, Division of Polynomials
check the accuracy of the answers.) (Long and Synthetic Division)
A. Sum and Difference of two terms (The product has only two terms. The operation in
the product is always subtraction. The first term in the product is the square of the In mathematics, Pascal's triangle is a triangular array of the binomial coefficients. In
first term in the factors, while the second term in the product is the square of the much of the Western world, it is named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal,
second term in the factor.) although other mathematicians studied it centuries before him
a. (a – b) (a + b) = a2 – b2
in India, Persia (Iran), China, Germany, and Italy.
[1] [2] [3]
b. (x + y) (x – y) = x2 – y2
The rows of Pascal's triangle are
c. (m2 + 2n) (m2 – 2n) = m4 – 4n2 conventionally enumerated starting with
row n = 0 at the top (the 0th row). The
B. Square of a Binomial (This is quite similar to the sum and difference of two terms but entries in each row are numbered from the
squaring a binomial yields three terms. The sign of the second term of the product is left beginning with k = 0 and are usually
the operation of the given binomial. The sign of the last term is always positive.) staggered relative to the numbers in the
a. (a + b)2 = (a + b) (a + b) = a2 + 2ab + b2
adjacent rows. The triangle may be
b. (a – b)2 = (a - b) (a - b) = a2 - 2ab + b2 constructed in the following manner: In row
c. (m2 + 2n)2 = (m2 + 2n) (m2 + 2n) = m4 + 4m2n + 4n2 0 (the topmost row), there is a unique
nonzero entry 1. Each entry of each
d. (m2 – 2n)2 = (m2 - 2n) (m2 - 2n) = m4 – 4m2n + 4n2 subsequent row is constructed by adding
the number above and to the left with the
C. Square of a Trinomial (The first three terms are the squares of the terms of the given
number above and to the right, treating
trinomial. All the terms are positive. The fourth term is twice the product of the first
and the term of the trinomial. The fifth term is twice the product of the first and the
blank entries as 0. For example, the initial
third term, and the last term is twice the product of the 2nd and the third terms of the number in the first (or any other) row is 1
given trinomial to be squared. (the sum of 0 and 1), whereas the numbers
a. (a + b + c)2 = (a + b + c) (a + b + c) = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc 1 and 3 in the third row are added to
produce the number 4 in the fourth row.
b. (a - b + c)2 = (a - b + c) (a - b + c) = a2 + b2 + c2 - 2ab + 2ac - 2bc
d. (a + b - c)2 = (a + b - c) (a + b - c) = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab - 2ac - 2bc BINOMIAL EXPANSION
Recall:
e. (a - b - c)2 = (a - b - c) (a - b - c) = a2 + b2 + c2 - 2ab - 2ac + 2bc
The square of (x + y), (x + y)2, is x2 + 2xy + y2.
f. (2x – 3y2 + z)2 = (2x – 3y2 + z) (2x – 3y2 + z) = 4x2 + 9y4 + z2 - 12xy2 +4xy – 6y2z The cube of (x + y), (x + y)3, is obtained by multiplying x + y by itself three times.
Meaning (x + y)3 = (x + y) (x + y) (x + y).
Using the vertical solution or any method, the cube of x + y is x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3.
(x+ y) raised to the fourth will be equal to x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + y4.
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
Note: Any quantity raised to zero power is equal to 1. Any quantity raised to 1 is equal to Example 2: Find (m – n)5.
the quantity itself.
Coefficients from Development of the Products of the first
the Pascal’s terms in the give and the second
Triangle binomial columns
1 m•m•m•m•m m5
5 m•m•m•m•(-n) -5m4n
10 m•m•m•(-n)•(-n) 10m3n2
10 m•m•(-n)•(-n)•(-n) -10m2 n3
5 m•(-n)•(-n)•(-n)•(-n) 5mn4
1 (-n)•(-n)•(-n)•(-n)•(-n) -n5
Based on the third column, (m - n)5 is m5 - 5m4n + 10m3n2 - 10m2 n3 + 5mn4 - n5.
Example 3: Find (2k - 3)6.
Products of the
Products Coefficients from the Development of the terms
first and the
Coefficients Development of the Pascal’s Triangle in the give binomial
second columns
In order to find the n power of a
th from the of the terms first and
Pascal’s in the give the 1 2k•2k•2k•2k•2k•2k 64k6
binomial, the coefficients in the
Pascal triangle can be used. Triangle binomial second 6 2k•2k•2k•2k•2k•(-3) -576k5
Example 1: Find (x + y)3`. columns 15 2k•2k•2k•2k•(-3)•(-3) 2160k4
20 2k•2k•2k•(-3)•(-3)•(-3) -4320k3
Based on the third column, the cube 1 x•x•x x3
of x + y, or (x + y)3 is 15 2k•2k•(-3)•(-3)•(-3)•(-3) 4860k2
x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3. 6 2k•(-3)•(-3)•(-3)•(-3)•(-3) -2916k
3 x•x•y 3x2y
1 (-3)•(-3)•(-3)•(-3)•(-3)•(-3) 729
3 x•y•y 3xy2
Based on the third column, (2k - 3)6 is
1 y•y•y y3 64k6- 576k5 + 2160k4 - 4320k3 + 4860k2 - 2916k + 729.

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
WEEK NO: 5-6

DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS
Factoring
If a polynomial is to be divided by a monomial, just divide each term by the
denominator.
If a polynomial is to be divided by a binomial or trinomial, use the long division
or synthetic division. Find the quotient. To factor a number completely is like to express the number as product of prime factors, like
𝟐𝟐𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 −𝟒𝟒𝒎𝒎𝟓𝟓 the prime factors of 10 are 2 and 5, since 2 and 5 are also prime numbers. If you factor 20
1. = m – 2m3
𝟐𝟐𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
𝟖𝟖𝒎𝒎𝟒𝟒 −𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 +𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 completely, the factors should be 2, 2, and 5. If you give 4 and 5 as the factors, you don’t
2. = m2 – 2m + 3 factor 20 completely, because 4 is still factorable. Better have 2, 2, and 5 as the factors of 20,
𝟖𝟖𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
3. (2𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 − 𝟓𝟓𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙𝒙 + 𝟑𝟑 ) ÷ (x + 3) if you were asked to factor the number completely.
See the computation on the right side. FACTORING is the process of factorization. It is the process of writing an expression
Make sure that the exponents in both the as product of two or more expressions. Note: Factors can be written in any order.
dividend and divisor are in descending
orders. Divide the first term of the dividend TYPES
by the first term of the divisor. Multiply the a. Greatest Common Monomial Factor (GCMF).
obtained quotient by the divisor. Subtract This is actually the first step in factoring polynomial. GCMF should be factored out
the result from the existing dividend. Repeat before factoring the resulting polynomial. If the terms of the given polynomial to be
the process, from step 2. The process will be
factored have no GCMF, proceed at once to the process. But the method to be used
stopped if the first term of the dividend is no
should be based on the given polynomial. The different methods of factoring will be
longer divisible by the first term of the
divisor. presented right after the concept of extracting the GCMF is done.
Find the GCMF of each of the following polynomials.
1. xy + 2x ------GCMF is x because both terms of the given are divisible by x. So,

if you factor out the GCMF, the factored form of the given, xy + 2x is x (y + 2),
the other factor is obtained by dividing each term by the GCMF. To check the
accuracy of the answer, work backward, multiply the factors applying
distributive property.
Using synthetic division
for problem number 3; NOTE: The table shows the factored forms of the given polynomials. Aside from the
GCMF in each, the other factor might still be factorable. But we have to proceed to
the different types of polynomials to be factored leaving the other *factors
unfactored.

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
GCMF Factored Form

2. x2 - 2x + 1 = (x – 1) (x – 1) or (x – 1)2
1. 4m3– 2m2
+ 8m5 2m2 2m2 (2m – 1 + 4m3)
3. 4x2 – 12xy + 9y2 The given is a trinomial. There is no GCMF. The last operation
2. 3a2b4c5 + 15a4b7c8 – 6a3b3c3 3a2b3c3 3a2b3c3 (bc2 + 5a2b4c5 – 2a)
is addition. The first and the last terms are perfect squares. The product of the
3. 5x3 – 10x2y + 5xy2 5x 5x (x2 – 2xy + y2) square roots of the first and last terms (2x and 3y) is 6xy. Twice of the product is
12xy. The middle of the term is (-12xy), meaning the factors the given PST is (2x –
b. Difference of Two Squares (DTS) 3y) (2x – 3y) or (2x – 3y)2. The operation is negative suggested by the second
Observe the given polynomial. Is it a binomial? Is the operation between them is operation of the given PST.
subtraction? Are the first and 2nd terms already perfect squares or after taking out 4. 2m2 + 12m + 18 = 2(m2 + 6m + 9) = 2 (m + 3) (m + 3) or 2 (m + 3)2.
the GCMF? If yes, then this method can be applied.
The factors are 2 almost identical binomials but of different operations (+ and -). The d. General Quadratic Trinomial (GQT).
terms in each binomial are the square roots of the terms of the given, respectively. How to determine if the given trinomial is a general quadratic trinomial? Not all GQTs
Factor the following completely. (Completely means that you have to factor the other are factorable, some are not. Those non factorable are called prime polynomials. If
factorable factors. the given trinomial is not PST, definitely it falls under the category GQT. Here TAE
1. x2 – y2 = (x + y) (x – y) The factors can be written in any order, like (x - y)(x + y). (Trial and Error is one of the options.). The picture below shows the concept of Trial
2. m – 9 = (m + 3) (m – 3) or (m – 3) (m + 3)
2 and Error.
3. 7a2 – 28, remember the GCMF? 7(a2 – 4), so the factors are 7(a + 2) (a – 2). Factor the given polynomial 12x2 + x - 6 completely.
c. Perfect Square Trinomial (PST)
Is the given a trinomial? Is the operation of the last term addition? Considering the
given or the resulting polynomial after taking the GCMF, is the middle term equal to
twice the product of the square roots of the first and last terms? If yes, then, here’s
how to factor such polynomial.
The factors are 2 identical binomials. The first term of each binomial is the square
root of the first term of the perfect square trinomial, and the second term is the
square root of the third term of the given PST.
1. x2 + 2x + 1. The given is a trinomial. The last operation is addition. There is no GCMF.
The first and the last terms are perfect square numbers. The square roots of x2 and 1
and x and 1 respectively. The product of x and 1 is x. Twice x is 2x. The middle term
of the trinomial is 2x. Meaning the given is a PST.
The factors are identical, the square of the first and the last term are x and 1
respectively. So the factors of x2 + 2x + 1 is (x + 1) (x + 1) or can be expressed as
(x + 1)2, since the factors has multiplicity 2. Why is the operation addition? Because
the 2nd term of the given PST is positive or the operational sign is addition.
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
d. Factoring sum or difference of two terms. Make sure that resulting polynomials (sometimes binomials, sometimes
Example 1: Factor: x3 + y3 trinomials can be factored. Using the given, 2b2 and ab can be grouped so do 6ac
Steps: 1. Again, start from getting the GCMF of the terms, if there’s any. and 6bc having; (2b2 + ab) + (6ac + 6bc). Factoring each polynomial; we have b
2. Observe if the given is a binomial, the operation between them is not an issue. (2b + a) + 3c (a + 2b). Notice that both terms have a common factor (a + 2b).
3. If the terms have cube roots, then the binomial is either sum or difference of Apply factoring using GCMF. Taking the GCMF, (a + 2b), the process leads us to
two cubes. the factors (a + 2b) (b + 3c).
4. The factors are 2 polynomials, one binomial and one trinomial;
Let’s try to group the terms in another way, (2b2 + 6bc) + (3ac + ab) = 2b(b+3c) +
Factoring x3 + y3, we have (x + y) (x2 - xy + y2) a (3c + b), the process yields the same factors, (b + 3c) (a + 2b).
The operation of the binomial factor is the operation of the given, and the
operations in the trinomial factor are alternating (+, -, +). The terms of the REMEMBER: If the operation is addition, the order of the addends can be
binomial factor are the cube roots of the first and second term of the given interchanged. So does in multiplication, the order of the factors can be
binomial, respectively. The first term of the trinomial factor is the square of the interchanged.
first term of the binomial factor, the second term of the trinomial factor is the
Example 2: Factor 3x3 + 8x2 - 9x - 24.
product of the first and second terms of the binomial factor, and the last term of
the trinomial factor is the square of the second term of the binomial factor.
attempt 1: (3x3 +8x2) – (9x + 24); the terms -9x -24 becomes positive inside the
parentheses because we factored out -1 from each of the term x+
In the event that the operation of the given binomial to be factored is subtraction,
x2(3x + 8) – 3(3x + 9) = (3x + 8) (x2 – 3) ans.
the operation in the binomial factor is subtraction, and the operations in the
trinomial factor are all addition. attempt 2: (3x3 – 9x) + (8x2 - 24)
Example 2: Factoring x3 - y3, we have (x - y) (x2 + xy + y2). 3x (x2 – 3) + 8(x2 - 3) = (x2 – 3) (3x + 8) ans.
Note: To make the process easier, always see to it that the first term of the NOTE: Not all groupings will lead you to the correct factors. To have a high
binomial is positive, for instance, factor (-x3 - y3). Make the first term positive by
probability of having the correct factors, use 2 different groupings. If the different
taking out the negative of all the terms. Making the binomial equal to – (x3 + y3), x+
groupings yield same factors, then that might be the factors you are looking for.
and when factored, -(x + y) (x2 - xy + y2).
Example 3: Factor 2a3 – 54 b3 = 2(a3 – 27 b3) = 2(a -3b) (a2 + 3ab + 9b2) f. Factoring polynomials of the form an + bn, where n is odd.
Example 1: Factor x5 + y5
e. Factoring by grouping terms: 1. Always start from taking the GCMF.
Some polynomials contain more than three terms so we cannot use the methods 2. Is the given polynomial to be factored in the given form?
we used in the previous discussions. In the event that the polynomial to be 3. If yes, bear in mind that the factors of such polynomial, if factorable, are 1 binomial
factored contains more than 3 terms, we can apply this method, factoring by and 1 polynomial. The terms of the binomial factor are the nth root of the terms of
grouping terms. Sometimes we need to group the terms by twos or threes, and the given. The multinomial factor contains at least three terms with signs depending
apply proper process in factoring such polynomials. on the operation of the given polynomial to be factored. (Similar to the sum or
Example 1: Factor the polynomial 2b2 + ab + 3ac + 6bc difference of 2 cubes)
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
.
Example 1: Factor x5 + y5
(x + y) (x4 – x3y + x2y2 – xy3 + y4) ans
Since the operation of the given binomial is addition, the operation in the binomial
factor is also addition, and the signs in the multinomial factor are alternating (+, -, +,
-, +…). The exponents of the x’s are decreasing, while the exponents of the y’s are
increasing, please observe this and the following examples. REMEMBER that in order
to check the accuracy of the answer, work backward, that is multiply the factors, see
to it that the product is the given polynomial to be factored.
Example 2: Factor x5 - y5 WEEK NO: 7

(x - y) (x4 + x3y + x2y2 + xy3 + y4) ans Simplifying Fractions/Rational Expressions,
Multiplication & Division of Fractions
Example 3: Factor a7 + 1
The given can be expressed as a7 + 17
To get the binomial factor, get the 7th root of each of the terms----------- (a + 1)
By deducting 1 from the exponent of the given (7 – 1), we got 6, so a6 is the first term
of the multinomial factor, the next term a5 times the second term of the binomial
factor, the third term is the product of a4 and the 2nd power of the second term of
the binomial factor and so on, stop until you reach the last term that will not be
containing the variable of the first term of the binomial factor.
So, the factors will be
(a + 1) [a7-1 – a7-2(1) + a7-3(1)2 – a7-4(1)3 + a7-5(1)4 - a7-6(1)5 + a7-7(1)6}
(a + 1) (a6 – a5 + a4 – a3 + a2 - a + 1) ans.
Example 4: Factor x5 – 32y5

The given can be written as x5 – (2y)5.
(x – 2y) [x4 + x3(2y) + x2(2y)2 + x(2y)3 + (2y)4
(x – 2y) (x4 + 2x3y + 4x2y2 + 8xy3 + 16y4) ans. In a fraction, the top number is called the numerator and the bottom number is
called the denominator.

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
A proper faction is a fraction whose numerator is less than the denominator;

To reduce a fraction to the lowest 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
examples are , , and
𝟏𝟏
terms, divide the numerator and 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟕𝟕 𝟐𝟐
denominator by the largest number

An improper fraction is a fraction whose numerator is greater than or equal to
that divides evenly into both numbers. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟔 𝟔𝟔
its denominator; examples are , , and .
𝟑𝟑 𝟓𝟓 𝟔𝟔
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
A mixed number is a whole number and a fraction; 2 , 𝟏𝟏 , 58 .
𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟕𝟕
To change an improper fraction to a

mixed number, divide the
numerator by the denominator and
write the remainder as the
To change a fraction to a decimal, numerator of a fraction whose
divide the numerator by the denominator is the divisor. Reduce
denominator. the faction if possible.
To change a mixed number to an

improper fraction, multiply the
denominator of the fraction by the
To change a decimal to a fraction, drop the decimal point and place the number
whole number and add the
over 10 if it has one decimal place, 100 if it has 2 decimal places, 1000 if it has 3
numerator. This will be the
decimal places, etc. Reduce if possible.
numerator of the improper
fraction. Use the same number for
To change a fraction to higher terms, divide the smaller denominator into the large
the denominator of the improper
denominator, and then multiply the smaller numerator by that number to get the new
fraction as the number in the
numerator. This procedure will be used in addition and subtraction of fractions.
𝟕𝟕 𝟕𝟕 𝟕𝟕 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟕𝟕 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 denominator of the fraction in the
Example: Change to 63rds 63 ÷ 9 = 7 x = , meaning and have mixed number.
𝟗𝟗 𝟗𝟗 𝟕𝟕 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝟗𝟗 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
the same value but the terms are different.

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
To multiply two or fractions,

cancel if possible, multiply
numerators, and then multiply
the denominators. Cancel means
to divide a numerator and a
denominator by their greatest
common factor.
To divide one fraction by another

fraction, change the operation to
multiplication after getting the
reciprocal of the divisor.
To multiply or divide mixed Reducing fractions

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝐜𝐜 𝟓𝟓𝐝𝐝𝟒𝟒
numbers, change the mixed 1. by dividing both the numerator and the denominator by their greatest
𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝐝𝐝𝟖𝟖
numbers to improper fractions, 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝐜𝐜𝟓𝟓 𝐝𝐝𝟒𝟒 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝐝𝐝𝟒𝟒 𝟑𝟑𝐜𝐜 𝟒𝟒
common factor, which is 12cd4, we have ÷ =
and then multiply or divide as 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝐝𝐝𝟖𝟖 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝐝𝐝𝟒𝟒 𝟖𝟖𝐝𝐝𝟒𝟒
𝐚𝐚𝟐𝟐 −𝟒𝟒 (𝐚𝐚−𝟐𝟐)(𝐚𝐚+𝟐𝟐)
shown previously. 2. = = a + 2, by cancelling the common factor a – 2.
𝐚𝐚−𝟐𝟐 𝐚𝐚−𝟐𝟐

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
Multiplication and Division of rational expression
To multiply rational expressions, the rules used in But if the fractions are dissimilar (fractions with
multiplication of simple fractions are absolutely different denominators) you need to find a
allowed here. lowest common denominator of the fractions.
1. Factor all the components of the given
fractions. (numerators and The lowest common denominator (LCD) of the
denominators) fractions is the smallest number that can be
2. Cancel common factors found in the divided evenly by all the denominators.
numerator and another in the denominator. NOTE: You are not allowed to
cancel factors both found in the numerator or in the denominator. For example, the LCD of 1/6, 2/3, and 7/9 is 18, since 18 can be divided evenly
3. After cancelling all common factors, multiply the remaining numerators, and by 3, 6, and 9. There are several mathematical methods for finding LCD;
then multiply the remaining denominators. If cancellation is not performed however, we will use the guess method. That is, just look at the denominators
before the process, reducing the product will be a harder task. and figure out the LCD. If needed, you can look at an arithmetic or pre-algebra
book for a mathematical method to find the LCD. To add or subtract dissimilar
To divide rational expressions, the rules in dividing one simple fraction by another fractions
simple fraction can be applied, together with the process of multiplying rational 1. Find the LCD
expressions wherein factoring is an essential part of the procedure. 2. Change the fractions to higher terms with the LCD.
3. Add or subtract the numerators, Use the LCD
Simplifying Complex Rational Expressions 4. Reduce or simplify the answer if possible.
Complex Rational Expression is a rational expression whose numerator and
denominator contains one or more fractions.
WEEK NO: 8
Addition & Subtraction of Fractions, Complex
Rational Expressions
In order to add or subtract similar fractions (fraction with the same denominator,
just copy the common denominator and perform the operations in the numerator.
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
To add mixed numbers, add the fractions and add the whole numbers, and
simplify the answer if necessary.
To subtract mixed numbers, subtract the Addition and Subtraction of rational expressions
fractions, borrowing if necessary and then Learn to the know how to add and subtract rational expressions by studying the
subtract the whole numbers. When given examples below.
borrowing is necessary, take 1 away from the 1.
𝐱𝐱
+
𝟑𝟑
=
𝐱𝐱+𝟑𝟑
(Copy the common denominator and add the numerators.)
𝐱𝐱+𝟐𝟐 𝐱𝐱+𝟐𝟐 𝐱𝐱+𝟐𝟐
whole number and add it to the fraction. 𝐱𝐱 𝟑𝟑 𝐱𝐱−𝟑𝟑
2. − = (Copy the common denominator and perform subtraction.)
𝐱𝐱+𝟐𝟐 𝐱𝐱+𝟐𝟐 𝐱𝐱+𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐(𝐱𝐱+𝟐𝟐) −𝟑𝟑(𝐱𝐱) 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐+𝟒𝟒 −𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟒 −𝐱𝐱 𝟒𝟒 −𝐱𝐱
3. − = = = or
𝐱𝐱 𝐱𝐱+𝟐𝟐 𝐱𝐱(𝐱𝐱+𝟐𝟐) 𝐱𝐱(𝐱𝐱+𝟐𝟐) 𝐱𝐱(𝐱𝐱+𝟐𝟐) 𝐱𝐱 𝟐𝟐 +𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
LCD here is just the product of the denominators since both denominators are
prime.
𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏(𝐱𝐱−𝟏𝟏)+𝟑𝟑(𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏) 𝐱𝐱−𝟏𝟏+𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑+𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒+𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒+𝟐𝟐
4. + = = = or
𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏 𝐱𝐱−𝟏𝟏 (𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏)(𝐱𝐱−𝟏𝟏) (𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏)(𝐱𝐱−𝟏𝟏) (𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏)(𝐱𝐱−𝟏𝟏) 𝐱𝐱 𝟐𝟐 −𝟏𝟏
The LCD is the product of the denominators since both denominators are prime.
𝟐𝟐 𝟓𝟓 𝟐𝟐 𝟓𝟓 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟓𝟓(𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏) 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓+𝟓𝟓
5. + = + = = =
𝐱𝐱 𝟐𝟐 +𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐+𝟏𝟏 𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏 (𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏)(𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏) 𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏 (𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏)(𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏) (𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏)(𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏) (𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏)(𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏)
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓+𝟕𝟕 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓+𝟕𝟕
= or (𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏)𝟐𝟐
(𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏)(𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏)
The LCD used is the polynomial that can be divided by the denominators.
𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏
6. 𝟐𝟐 −𝟏𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐 +𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑+𝟐𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐+𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑+𝟐𝟐= + −
𝐱𝐱 𝐱𝐱 𝐱𝐱 (𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏)(𝐱𝐱−𝟏𝟏) (𝐱𝐱+𝟐𝟐)(𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏) (𝐱𝐱−𝟏𝟏)(𝐱𝐱+𝟐𝟐)
𝟒𝟒(𝐱𝐱+𝟐𝟐)+𝟐𝟐(𝐱𝐱−𝟏𝟏)−𝟏𝟏(𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏) 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒+𝟖𝟖+𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐−𝟐𝟐−𝐱𝐱−𝟏𝟏 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓+𝟓𝟓
= = =
(𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏)(𝐱𝐱−𝟏𝟏)(𝐱𝐱+𝟐𝟐) (𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏)(𝐱𝐱−𝟏𝟏)(𝐱𝐱+𝟐𝟐) (𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏)(𝐱𝐱−𝟏𝟏)(𝐱𝐱+𝟐𝟐)
The LCD used in number 6 is obtained by multiplying the different factors in
all the denominators. If the factor to be used in the LCD repeats in one
denominator, use that factor n times. See number 7.
𝟒𝟒 𝒙𝒙 𝟒𝟒 𝒙𝒙 𝟒𝟒(𝒙𝒙+𝟏𝟏)+𝒙𝒙(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐−𝟏𝟏)(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐−𝟏𝟏)
7. ++ = + =
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟐 −𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒+𝟏𝟏 𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏 (𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐−𝟏𝟏)(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐−𝟏𝟏) 𝐱𝐱+𝟏𝟏 (𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐−𝟏𝟏)(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐−𝟏𝟏)(𝒙𝒙+𝟏𝟏)
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒+𝟒𝟒+𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟑 −𝟒𝟒𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 +𝐱𝐱 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟑−𝟒𝟒𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 +𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓+𝟒𝟒
= =
(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐−𝟏𝟏)(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐−𝟏𝟏)(𝒙𝒙+𝟏𝟏) (𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐−𝟏𝟏)(𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐−𝟏𝟏)(𝒙𝒙+𝟏𝟏)

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
WEEK NO: 10
To simplify complex rational expressions, perform all the operations that you see, Fractional Exponents and Radicals, Simplifying
applying all the known rules or procedures. Radicands, Addition & Subtraction of Radicals
Example 1:
𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 Recall: 90 = 1 Any quantity (but 0) raised to zero
Simplify 𝟑𝟑
= 𝟑𝟑 ÷ 𝟒𝟒 = 𝟑𝟑 ∙ =
𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 power is equal to one.
91 = 9 Any number raised to 1 is equal to
Example 2: that number.
𝟑𝟑
𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑 𝟖𝟖 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 92 = 81 9 x 9 = 81
Simplify 𝟒𝟒
𝟏𝟏 = 𝟒𝟒 ÷ 𝟖𝟖 = 𝟒𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟏 = =6 93 = 729 9 x 9 x 9 = 729
𝟒𝟒
𝟖𝟖
(or apply cancellation, cancel the common factor between 8 and 4) 𝟏𝟏
𝟗𝟗𝟐𝟐 = ? From the information above, you can see
𝟏𝟏
Example 3: that 𝟗𝟗𝟐𝟐 is between 90 and 91, meaning,
𝟗𝟗 𝐱𝐱 𝟐𝟐 −𝟗𝟗 the value should be between 1 and 9.
𝐱𝐱− 𝐱𝐱 𝐱𝐱 𝟐𝟐 −𝟗𝟗 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑+𝟗𝟗 𝐱𝐱 𝟐𝟐 −𝟗𝟗 𝐱𝐱
Simplify 𝟗𝟗 = 𝐱𝐱
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑+𝟗𝟗 = ÷ = ∙ 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑+𝟗𝟗
𝟑𝟑+𝐱𝐱 𝐱𝐱 𝐱𝐱 𝐱𝐱
𝐱𝐱
=
(𝐱𝐱−𝟑𝟑)(𝐱𝐱+𝟑𝟑)
∙ 𝟑𝟑(𝐱𝐱+𝟑𝟑) =
𝐱𝐱 𝐱𝐱−𝟑𝟑 The picture shows how to express
𝐱𝐱 𝟑𝟑 expression with fractional exponent into
radical form.
Example 4: The base becomes the radicand of the
𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏− 𝟏𝟏 radical.
𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙+𝟏𝟏−𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏− 𝒙𝒙+𝟏𝟏 Radicand is the quantity under the radical
Simplify 𝒙𝒙+𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐 = 𝒙𝒙+𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐(𝒙𝒙−𝟏𝟏)+𝟐𝟐 = 𝒙𝒙+𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐−𝟐𝟐+𝟐𝟐 = 𝒙𝒙+𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 sign.
𝟐𝟐+ 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐+
𝒙𝒙−𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙−𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙−𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙−𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏
𝒙𝒙−𝟏𝟏
𝒙𝒙−𝟏𝟏 The numerator of the fraction becomes the exponent of the radicand.
𝒙𝒙 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙−𝟏𝟏
= 𝒙𝒙+𝟏𝟏 ÷ 𝒙𝒙−𝟏𝟏 =𝒙𝒙+𝟏𝟏 ∙ = The denominator of the fraction becomes the index or order of the radical.
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐+𝟐𝟐
91/2 means that you have to find the square root of 9. There are 2 roots. The positive
root is the principal root, while the negative root is the secondary root.

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
Simplifying Radicands
Express the following as radicals. In polynomials, you can only combine terms that are like. That’s it, x + y is x + y. You
1. 16
1
2
2
= √161 = +4 cannot x and y. You can do nothing about it. But in radicals, terms that don’t look like
1
terms might be transformable to like terms. Radicals like √2 and √8. It seems that
2
2. 1002 = √1001 = + 10 their sum is just √2 + √8, but we can change the form of one radical, or both, or all
1
3
the terms if there many given radicals to be added. The process is called simplification
3. 1253 = √1251 = +5 of the radicand. Before performing addition or subtraction involving radicals, make
1 sure that the radicals to be added are simplified already.
4. (−125)3 = 3�(−125)1 = -5
Extract the principal roots of the following or just reduce the radicands.
1
4 4 5
5. 3 4 = √31 = √3 1. √1 = 1 Any nth root of 1 is always equal to 1.
1 2 Square root of 1 is 1. Cube root of 1
6. 85 = √81 = √8
5 5 2. √169 = 13
is 1. Fifth root of 1 is 1.
2
1
3 3. √289 = 17 For numbers 2 to 4, just extract the
7. 𝑚𝑚3 =√𝑚𝑚1 = 3√𝑚𝑚
3 square root or cube root of the given
1
4
4. √−27 = -3 perfect number. Consider the sign of
8. 2𝑚𝑚4 = 2√𝑚𝑚1 = 2 4√𝑚𝑚 The base doesn’t have a
2 2
5. √72 = √36 · 2 = 6√2
2 the radicand.
fractional exponent. NOTE: Even nth root of a negative
2 2 2
1 6. √162 = √81 · 2 = 9√2 radicand yields no real root.
3
9. 6𝑚𝑚2 𝑛𝑛 = 6m2 √𝑛𝑛1 =6m2 3√𝑛𝑛
3 Only the base n has a fractional 3 3 3 (Imaginary) An odd nth root of a
7. √32 = √8 · 4 = 2√4
exponent. negative radicand gives a real root.
2 2 2
1 3
8. √200 = √2 · 100 = 10 √2 For number 5 to 15; the radicands are
2 2
10. 4𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛 = 4 2√𝑚𝑚 √𝑛𝑛3 = 4 √𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛3 Place both the radicals under one
2 2 not perfect, just apply reducing the
9. √48 = √16 · 3 = 4√3
radicands or the radicals. Take out
radical sign since they have the same index. Simplification of
10. √75 = √25 · 3 = 5√3 from under the radical sign the largest
radicands will be tackled in the next discussions. perfect possible nth root of radicand.
11. √40𝑚𝑚2 𝑛𝑛4 = 2𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛2 √10 NOTE: The exponents under the
Remove the negative exponents and the fractional exponents. radical sign should be less than the
1 1 12. √200𝑎𝑎7 𝑏𝑏15 𝑐𝑐 10 = 10𝑎𝑎3 𝑏𝑏7 𝑐𝑐 5 √2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 index.
1. 22 𝑘𝑘 5 𝑚𝑚4 𝑛𝑛−2 𝑝𝑝−5
Answer:
4𝑘𝑘 5 4√𝑚𝑚
Also Apply what we have discussed in 13. √32𝑘𝑘 9 𝑟𝑟 9 𝑡𝑡 5 = 4𝑘𝑘 4 𝑟𝑟 4 𝑡𝑡 2 √2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑝𝑝5 2√𝑛𝑛
3 1 the previous lessons about removing the 14. √27𝑎𝑎9 𝑏𝑏12 𝑐𝑐 11𝑑𝑑 21 = 3𝑎𝑎4 𝑏𝑏6 𝑐𝑐 5 𝑑𝑑10 √3𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
2. 9𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 −2 𝑧𝑧 −2 negative exponents in a simple
9𝑥𝑥 3
Answer: expression or in the given fraction. 15. 3�750𝑥𝑥 13 𝑦𝑦 16 𝑧𝑧 28 = 5𝑥𝑥 4 𝑦𝑦 5 𝑧𝑧 9 3�6𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
�𝑦𝑦 3 𝑧𝑧
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
Simplifying Radicals
2 2 𝟐𝟐
2 √ 3 √3 7 √𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 √𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
1 Change the base to another power, then apply 1. � = 2 · 2 = or
1. 64 = 8 2 one of the laws of exponents which is raising 7 √7 √7 𝟕𝟕 𝟕𝟕
1
a power to another power. 2 2 2 2
2 32 2 16 √16 √3 4 √3 4 √3 4√ 3
2. (−27)3 = 3 2. . � 6 = � 3 = 2 ·2 =2 ·2 = or
√3 √3 √3 √3 3 3
1
3. (−125) = -5 3 2 5𝑥𝑥
2
√5𝑥𝑥
2
√6
2
√30𝑥𝑥 √30𝑥𝑥
3. � 6 = 2 ·2 = or
4 √6 √6 6 6
4. 643 = 256
3 3 3 3 3
2 3√6 3
3 3 √3 √4 √4 √48 √6·8 √6
2 Change the form of the given radical, to 4. �4 = 3 · 3 · 3 = = = =
1 3 1 expression with fractional exponent. Then √4 √4 √4 4 4 4 2
5. �8� = 4 reduce the fraction exponent. Return to the
original but with reduced radicand and Addition and Subtraction
Reducing the order reduced index. of Radicals
6 2
1. √27 = √3 Reduce all the given radicands or the radicals before performing addition or
6 subtraction.
2. �8𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 3 = 2�2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2 2 2 2
1. 4√2 + 5√2 + 11√2 = 20√2
2 2 2
2. 12√5 − 7√5 = 5√5
Rationalizing the denominator 3.
3 3 3
2√3 − 7√3 = -5√3
2 2 2 2
Rationalizing the denominator means that you have to make the denominator of the 4. 10√5 − 11√5 + 6√5 = 5√5
given fraction, rational. This is done if the denominator is irrational. 5. √27 + √25 = 5 + 3√3
3 3 3
If the given fraction is under one radical sign, (see examples 1 and 2) reduce the 6. 4√128 + 3√16 = 22 √2
4 4 4
fraction and then separate the numerator and the denominator first. 7. 9√512 + 4√32 = 44√2
To make the denominator rational (That is when the denominator contains
radical/s.) multiply both the numerator and the denominator by the same radical
(denominator) of multiplicity 1 if the index is 2, multiplicity 2 if the index is 3. Addition and Subtraction of Radicals:
If the denominator is irrational binomial (has 2 terms), instead of multiplying the 1. Reduce the radicals to their simplest forms.
numerator and the denominator by the same quantity (the denominator of the given 2. In addition and subtraction, combine terms with the same
fraction), multiply the numerator and the denominator by its conjugate. THIS WILL literal parts (same radicand and same index).
BE DISCUSSED IN DIVISION OF RADICALS. 3. If no terms can be combined, just copy all the terms.

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
WEEK NO: 11
Multiplication and Division of Radicals
Division of Radicals
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 √𝟐𝟐 √𝟐𝟐
1. = • =
√𝟐𝟐 √𝟐𝟐 √𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 √𝟐𝟐 √𝟐𝟐
2. =
𝟑𝟑√𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑√𝟐𝟐
• =
√𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟔
√𝟑𝟑 √𝟑𝟑 √𝟓𝟓 √𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

3. = • =
√𝟓𝟓 √𝟓𝟓 √𝟓𝟓 𝟓𝟓
𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐 √𝟐𝟐 √𝟓𝟓 √𝟓𝟓 √𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
4. �𝟓𝟓 = 𝟑𝟑 • 𝟑𝟑 • 𝟑𝟑 =
√𝟓𝟓 √𝟓𝟓 √𝟓𝟓 𝟓𝟓
𝟐𝟐√𝟓𝟓 𝟐𝟐√𝟓𝟓 √𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐√𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

5. = • =
√𝟑𝟑 √𝟑𝟑 √𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
Multiplication of Radicals √𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 √𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏•𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒√𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐√𝟐𝟐 √𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐√𝟔𝟔
EXAMPLES: Multiply the radicals. Express the answers in simplified forms. 6. = = = • =
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
√𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 √𝟒𝟒•𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐√𝟑𝟑 √𝟑𝟑 √𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
1. 𝟓𝟓 √𝟑𝟑 • √𝟓𝟓 = 𝟓𝟓 √𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏 √𝟑𝟑 −𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
2. √𝟐𝟐 • √𝟔𝟔 = √𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = √𝟒𝟒 • 𝟑𝟑 = 𝟐𝟐 √𝟑𝟑
𝟐𝟐
In multiplication of radicals, you can also simplify 7. =
√𝟑𝟑+𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 In division of radicals, you can also
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
the radicals so that you can have simplified answers,
3. 𝟑𝟑 √𝟓𝟓 • 𝟒𝟒 √𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟒𝟒 √𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟕𝟕 simplify the radicals so that you can
but make sure that the indices or orders of the 8. = −𝟕𝟕 + 𝟕𝟕√𝟐𝟐 have simplified answers, but make
radicals to be multiplied are equal. 𝟏𝟏+√𝟐𝟐
4. √𝟕𝟕 • √𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟕𝟕√𝟐𝟐
In examples 6 and 7, apply distributive property of sure that the indices or orders of the
𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑√𝟓𝟓+𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
5. 𝟑𝟑√𝟐𝟐 • 𝟒𝟒√𝟖𝟖 = 48 multiplication. 9. = radicals to be multiplied are equal. If
√𝟓𝟓 −𝟒𝟒 −𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 the denominator contains radical,
6. √𝟓𝟓 (√𝟑𝟑 + √𝟔𝟔) = √𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 + √𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 rationalize it. If the quantity to be
√𝟐𝟐−√𝟑𝟑
7. √𝟑𝟑 (√𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 - √𝟔𝟔) = 3√𝟕𝟕 - 3 √𝟐𝟐
10. = −𝟓𝟓 + 2√𝟔𝟔 rationalized has 2 terms, make use of
√𝟐𝟐+√𝟑𝟑
the conjugate.
√𝟑𝟑+√𝟓𝟓
11. = −𝟒𝟒 − √𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
√𝟑𝟑−√𝟓𝟓

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
An equation that contains a variable is called conditional equation. To solve

WEEK NO: 12 a conditional equation, it is necessary to find a number that, when
Equation/Equality, Properties of Equality, substituted for the variable, makes a true equation. This number is called
Solution of Linear Equations in one Variable, the solution to the equation. For example, 5 is the solution to the equation
Graphs/Solutions of Linear Equation in 2 x – 6 =-1 since when 5 is substituted for x, it makes the equation true; that
variables is 5 – 6 = 1. The process of finding a solution to an equation is called solving
the equation. To check, substitute the solution into the original equation
and see if it’s true equation.
This guide reviews how to solve equations. Many of the word problems is algebra can
be solved by setting up an equation based on the words in the problem and solving it. An equation is a mathematical statement stating that two expressions are
In order to set up an equation, you need to translate the information given in the equal. For examples 5 + 4 = 16 – 7, x + 5 = 8, 6x + 10 = 14x + 16, x2 8x + 16 =
problem into symbols. This is called algebraic representation. These two skills are 0, and x + 2x = 3x. An equation that contains a variable is called an open
very important when solving word problems. sentence. The equation x + 5 = 8 is an open sentence. Solving equations
means finding all the numbers that makes the equation a true statement.
In solving for linear equations, there will be an unknown, usually only one
but possibly several. What is meant by “solve for x” is to isolate x on one
side of the equation and to move everything on the other side of the
equation. Usually, although not always, the last line is the sentence “x =
(number)” where the number satisfies the original equation. That is, when
the number is substituted for x, the equation is true. The set of all values is
called solution set. Equations with the same solution set are called
equivalent equations because they have the same solution set. Not every
equation will have a solution. For example x + 2 = x = 3
Terminologies
Transposition is the process of transferring a term from one side of an
An algebraic expression consists of variables (letters), numbers, operations signs (+, - equation to the other side with its sign changed.
, x, ÷), and grouping symbols. Here are a few examples of algebraic expressions; 3a, Conditional Equation is an equation which is satisfied only by a particular
𝟗𝟗
5(x-6), -8y2, + 3
𝒙𝒙
value of the unknown.
Identical Equation is an equation which is satisfied by all the values of the
An equation is a statement of equality of two algebraic expressions. unknown.
Examples: 5 + 4 = 9, 3x – 2 = 13, x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 Equivalent Equations are equations that have identical solution sets.

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
Linear Equation is one having the unknown value raised to the first power only or, it 2. Solve for x: x + 32 = 56
contains fractions, the unknown does not appear in the denominator. x + 32 – 32 = 56 – 32 subtract 32 from both sides
Fractional Equation is an equation that contains the unknown in one or more of the x = 24 answer
denominators. Checking: x + 32 = 56
Literal Equations is one in which letters other than the unknown quantity are present. 24 + 32 = 56 by substitution
Radical Equation is an equation in which one or more of the terms contain radicals. 56 = 56
Solution of an Equation is a set of values of the unknown which satisfy the equation.
When only one unknown is involved in the equation, a solution is called a root of the
equation.
More complex equations require
The basic Properties used to solve an equation are; Addition Property of Equality several steps to solve. The goal is to
(APE), Subtraction Property of Equality (SPE), Multiplication Property of Equality use addition/subtraction to get the variables on one side of the equation and the
(MPE), and Division Property of Equality (DPE). These properties allow us to add and numbers on the other side of the equation. Then divide both sides by the number in
subtract same quantity to both sides, multiply and divide both sides by a particular front of the variable. This is called the numerical coefficient of the variable.
value.
3. Solve for x: 3x + 12 = 15
There are four types of basic equations. In order to solve each type, you perform the 3x + 12 – 12 = 15 – 12 subtract 12 from both sides
opposite operation to both sides of the equation as the operation that is being 3x = 3 multiply both sides by 1/3 or
performed on the variable. Addition and subtraction are opposite operations. Divide both sides by 3
Multiplication and division are opposite operations. The next four examples show x = 1 solution
how to solve basic operations. Checking: 3x + 12 = 15
3(1) + 12 = 15
EXAMPLES: by substitution
1. Solve for x: x – 25 = 29 3 + 12 = 15
x – 25 + 25 = 29 + 25 add 25 to both sides. 15 = 15
x = 54 answer
4. Solve for x: 9x – 15 = 4x + 35
To check by substitution: 9x – 15 + 15 = 4x + 35 + 15 add 15 to both sides
x – 25 = 29 9x = 4x + 50
54 – 25 = 29 9x -4x = 4x + 50 - 4x subtract 4x from both
29 = 29 sides
5x = 50 divide both sides by 5
x = 10 solution
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
𝒙𝒙
Checking: 9x – 15 = 4x + 35 6. Solve for x: =7
𝟖𝟖
9(10) – 15 = 4(10) + 35 90 -15 = 40 + 35 𝒙𝒙
(8) = 7(8) multiply both sides by 8/cross multiply
75 = 75 𝟖𝟖
x = 56 answer
Sometimes when you are solving word problems, you will need to solve an equation 𝒙𝒙
Checking: =7
containing fractions. It should be noted that fraction terms can be written in two ways. See 𝟖𝟖
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
the example below. = 7(8) by substitution
𝟖𝟖
𝟏𝟏 𝒙𝒙 56 = 56
𝒙𝒙 can be written as
𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒 Many equations contain parentheses. In order to remove parentheses, multiply each term
𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒙𝒙 can be written as inside the parentheses by the number outside the parentheses. This is called distributive
𝟓𝟓 𝟓𝟓
𝟓𝟓
(𝒙𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏) can be written as
𝟓𝟓(𝒙𝒙−𝟏𝟏) property of multiplication over addition/subtraction.
𝟔𝟔 𝟔𝟔 Examples: 4(x + 8) = 4•x + 4•8 = 4x + 32
9(3x – 7) = 9•3x - 9•7 = 27x – 63
To solve an equation containing fractions, it is necessary to find the lowest common
7. Solve for x: 8(3x – 4) = 88
denominators of all the fractions, and then multiply each term in the equation by the lowest
8•3x - 8•4 = 88 remove parentheses
common denominator. This process is called clearing fractions.
24x – 32 = 88
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏
24x – 32 + 32 = 88 + 32 add 32 to both sides
5. Solve for x: + = 24x = 120 divide both sides by 24
𝟓𝟓 𝟑𝟑 𝒙𝒙
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 �
𝟏𝟏
+ = �
𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏
multiply both side by the LCM/LCD x = 5 answer
𝟓𝟓𝟑𝟑 𝒙𝒙
3x + 10x =15 combine like terms Checking by substitution:
13x = 15 divide both sides by 13 8(3•5 – 4) = 88
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
x= 0r 𝟏𝟏 answer 8(15 – 4) = 88
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
8(11) = 88
Checking by substitution: 88 = 88
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏
+ = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟓𝟓 𝟑𝟑
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
+ =
𝟓𝟓 𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
=
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
The graph of a linear equation in 2 unknowns is a straight line. It can be graphed on NOTE: The graph of x = 0 is a
a Rectangular Coordinate System. Knowledge in plotting points or locating points on vertical line that passes through
a Cartesian plane is highly needed. 0 of the y-axis. X = 0 is actually
The Cartesian Plane is sometimes referred to the name of the y-axis. The
as the x-y plane or the coordinate plane and is graph of y = 0 is a horizontal line
used to plot data pairs on a two-line graph. that passes through 0 of the x-
The Cartesian plane is named after the axis. Y = 0 is actually the name of
mathematician Rene Descartes who originally the x-axis.
came up with the concept. Cartesian planes
are formed by two perpendicular number
lines intersect.
Points on the cartesian plane are called

"ordered pairs," which become extremely The graph of a line equation in 2
important when illustrating the solution to variables but no constant term is also
equations with more than one data point. a straight line which passes through
If you were asked to graph linear
Simply put, though, the Cartesian plane is the origin. Ex: Graph x + y = 0
equation on a Cartesian Plane, you really just two number lines where one is
should remember the following; vertical and the other horizontal and both Solving a linear equation in two
1. If a linear equation has no x form right angles with one another. variables is actually graphing the
variable, the graph of that is a
given. Solving a linear equation in
horizontal line passing through the The horizontal line here is referred to the x-
two variables is not actually listing
value of y. Example: What is the axis and values that come first in ordered pairs
down all the possible pairs of
graph of y = 5? The graph of this are plotted along this line while the vertical
numbers that will satisfy the given
equation is a horizontal line that line is known as the y-axis, where the second
number of ordered pairs is plotted. An easy equation. Line is infinity. It also
passes through 5 of the y-axis.
means that has an infinite number of
2. If a linear equation has no y way to remember the order of operations is
that we read from left to right, so the first line ordered pairs that will satisfy the
variable, the graph of such is a
is the horizontal line or the x-axis, which also equation.
vertical line passing through the
comes first alphabetically.
value of x. Example: What is the
graph of x = -2? The graph of this equation is a vertical line which passes through – 2
of the x-axis.

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
EXAMPLE 1: Graph the equation x - y = 2.

The graph of this equation is a line (always means straight).
Since the equation has the x, the y, and the constant, this YOU MAY ALREADY GRAPH THE
means that the line is not vertical, nor horizontal. The line is EQUATION BY JUST USING THESE
inclined. INTERCEPTS.
NOTE: If you express the given in y form, you will find out how the line is inclined
(upward or downward). HOW? If the coefficient of x is negative (ex. y = -2x + 3), then
the line is falling. If the coefficient of x is positive (ex. y = x + 7), then the graph is
rising.
Going back to the given;

Graph x – y = 2
y-form; x - y = 2
-y = -x + 2
y=x–2
This means that the graph is a rising line.
Other hints: ANOTHER WAY TO GRAPH THE
To know the x-intercept (the point on the x-axis where the graph will pass), set y to 0 EQUATION IS BY MAKING A TABLE OF
and solve for x. x and y values.
Using the example and get the x-intercept. Using the y form of the equation;
x–y=2 y=x-2
x–0=2
x=2 This means the graph of x – y = 2 will pass (2, 0).
To know the y-intercept (the point on the y-axis where the graph will pass), set x to 0
and solve for y.
Using the example and get the x-intercept. x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
x–y=2
0–y=2 y -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
-y = 2
y = -2 Plot the points on the Cartesian Plane, then connect them.
This means the graph of x – y = 2 will pass (0, -2)
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
EXAMPLE 2: WEEK NO: 13

Graph 3x + 2y = 6 Inequalities, Inequalities in one variable and
their graphs, Inequalities in 2 variables and
x-intercept their graphs
3x + 0 = 6
3x = 6 An equality is a statement that shows that one quantity is greater or less than
x=2 (2, 0) another. The symbol used in expressing greater than is an arrowhead directed or
y-intercept pointed to the right > and less than is an arrowhead directed towards the left <.
0 + 2y = 6 Symbols such as > and < are read “greater than or equal to” and “less than or equal
2y = 6 to” respectively.
y=3 (0, 3
OR make table of x and y values

Use the y-form of the equation
3x + 2y = 6
2y = -3x + 6
𝟑𝟑
y = − 𝒙𝒙 + 𝟑𝟑
𝟐𝟐
Terminologies
x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Absolute Inequality is one which is true for all values of the unknown involved; for
y 9 7.5 6 4.5 3 1.5 0 -1.5 -3
instance, x2 + 3 > 0 is an absolute inequality.
• The last 7 ordered pairs (points) in the table of values, can be seen in Conditional Inequality is one which is true for certain values of the unknown involved;
the graph above connected. But if you extend the Cartesian plane, you for instance, 3x – 4 > 5 is a conditional inequality, since it is only true for x > 3.
will notice that the first two points [(-4, 9) and (-3, 7.5)] will also be part
of the line. The process of solving linear inequality follow the same pattern as in solving linear
• You can also see that the line passed through the x and y intercepts. equations, we apply the laws of inequalities.
• The line is falling from left to right since the coefficient of x in the y-form
is negative.
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
The following laws or properties of the inequalities are important. They are Linear inequalities in one unknown are solved much the same manner as equalities
presented below without proof. (equations) are solved. They can be solved algebraically and geometrically. Let us
A. The sense of an inequality is unchanged if the same quantity is work on the following to elucidate or the study the methods.
added to or subtracted from, both sides of the inequality
a>b Solve algebraically and graph. Give the set notation and interval notation of the
a+3>b+3 solution set.
3>1
3+4>1+4 NOTE: To check the accuracy of the answer, choose at least one point from the
7>5 shaded part of the number line and substitute it to x in the inequality notation.
B. The sense of an inequality is unchanged if both sides of the EXAMPLE 1: x + 3 > 4
inequality are multiplied or divided by the same positive quantity. x>4–3
a>b x>1 inequality notation
ax > bx
5>2 10 < 20
5·3 > 2 ·3 10/2 < 20/2
15 > 6 5 < 10
C. The sense of an inequality is changed, if both sides are multiplied or
divided by the same negative quantity.
6<9 6<9
6·(-2) < 9·(-2) 6/(-3) < 9/(-3) EXAMPLE 2: 3x -2 < 7
-12 > -18 -2 > -3 3x < 7 + 2
D. The sense of an inequality remains unchanged even if both sides are 3x < 9
raised to the same positive power. x<3 inequality notation
4>3 -2 < 1
42 > 32 (-2)3 < (1)3
16 > 9 -8 < 1
E. The sense of an inequality is changed, if both sides of the inequality
are raised to the same negative power.
5 > -3 4<6
5-2 > (-3)-2 4-1 < 6-1
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
< >
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟗𝟗 𝟒𝟒 𝟔𝟔

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
EXAMPLE 3: -5x + 5 < -10 EXAMPLE 6: 3(-3 – x) – 10 < 2

-5x < -10 - 5 -9 – 3x – 10 < 2
-5x < -15 -19 – 3x < 2
x>3 inequality notation -3x < 2 + 19
-3x < 21
x > -7 inequality notation
EXAMPLE 4: 3x + 4 > 5x + 2 EXAMPLE 7: 5x + 3 < x + 11

3x - 5x > 2 - 4 5x – x < 11 - 3
-2x > -2 4x < 8
x<1 inequality notation x<2 inequality notation
EXAMPLE 8: 3(-2x + 1) < 6(2 + x)

-6x + 3 < 12 + 6x
EXAMPLE 5: x + 3 > 7 -6x – 6x < 12 - 3
x>7-3 -12x < 9
x>4 inequality notation 𝟗𝟗 𝟑𝟑
x > − or =− inequality notation
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
Linear Inequalities in Two Variables

Graph of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
Procedures:
1. Express the linear inequality as strict equality.
2. Graph the line of this equation, and the line that will be formed will serve as the
boundary line or the border line of the resulting two half-planes.
3. Use a broken line (----------) to specify that the points on this line are not part of
the solution set, that is, if the given sense is either > or <.
4. Use solid line ( ______ ) if the points are part of the solution set., that is, if the
sense of the inequality is either < or >.
5. Determine which of the two half-planes is the solution half-plane region, and
this is being done by the following methods.
a. Choose any point on one side of the border line as the testing point. You
may use the origin (0, 0) if the border line does not pass through it, for
easy testing. EXAMPLE 1: Graph x + y < 4
b. Substitute the coordinates of this point into the given inequality. 1. Border line: x + y = 4
c. If the resulting statement is true, then the point is in the solution half- • Graph this border line. You can graph the line easily by connecting the x and
plane region. y intercepts or use the y-form, y = -x + 4
d. If the resulting statement is false, then the solution half-plane region is • OR make a table of x and y values, plot the points, and then connect.
on the other side of the border line. y = -x + 4
x = -3 x=1
See the next illustration. y = -(-3) + 4 = 3 + 4 = 7 y = -1 + 4 = 3
The boundary line is a solid line because the sense of inequality is <. x = -2 x=2
Since the origin is not on the boundary line or border line, you may use y = -(-2) + 4 = 2 + 4 = 6 y = -2 + 4 = 3
that for a point test.
3 x = -1 x=3
y< x+3
2 y = -(-1) + 4 = 1 + 4 = 5 y = -3 + 4 = 1
0 < 0 + 3 by substitution
0<3 true, that’s why the half-region with (0,0) on it is shaded. x=0
y=0+4=4 The values of y’s were obtained by substitution. To make
it easier, use the y-form.
Note: You may assign any numbers to x. But I suggest

M101 – College and Advanced Algebra (1-17) 30 that you use consecutive numbers like the examples you
h
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 EXAMPLE 2: Graph 2x – y > 6

2. Border line: 2x - y > 6
y 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
• Graph this border line. You can graph the line easily by connecting the x and y
intercepts or use the y-form, y = 2x -6
Since the sense of inequality is >, the border line should be broken. Meaning the
• OR make a table of x and y values, plot the points, and then connect.
points on this line are not part of the solution.
y = 2x - 6
Since (0, 0) is not part of the border line, you may use it for a point test, to determine
which half-plane region should be shaded. But in the event that (0, 0) falls on the x = -3 x=1
boundary line, choose any point from any of the region for the point-test. y = 2(-3) – 6 = -6 – 6 = -12 y = 2(1) – 6 = 2 – 6 = -4
Given: x + y < 4 x = -2 x=2
0+0<4 y = 2(-2) – 6 = -4 – 6 = -10 y = 2(2) – 6 = 4 – 6 = -2
0<4 This is a true statement. x = -1 x=3
Meaning the region with (0, 0) y = 2(-1) – 6 = -2 – 6 = -8 y = 2(3) – 6 = 6 – 6 = 0
will be shaded. x=0
y = 2(0) – 6 = 0 – 6 = -6 The values of y’s were obtained
Any point on the shaded by substitution. To make it
region will satisfy the given easier, use the y-form.
inequality. The points on
the boundary line are
excluded in the solution set, x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
meaning those points will
not satisfy the given. y -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
Since the sense of inequality is >, the border line should be a solid line. Meaning the
points on this line also belong to the solution set.
Since (0, 0) is not part of the border line, you may use it for a point test, to determine
which half-plane region should be shaded.
Given: 2x - y > 6
0+0>6
0>6
This is a false statement. Meaning the region with (0, 0) will be not be shaded.

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
If you have a pair of ordered pair that is common to both equations, then that means
that they intersect and got a common point between them.
There are 5 methods to be presented here; elimination, substitution, transitivity,
using determinants, and graphical. Try to study all the methods and practice during
Any point on the your spare time.
shaded region will
satisfy the given If you will be asked to solve a system, take note that you may only use one method
inequality. The that you prefer. Other method can also be used just for checking.
points on the
boundary line are
excluded in the
Example 1: Solve the system : x+y=5
solution set, x–y=3
meaning those
points will not CONSISTENT AND INDEPENDENT SYSTEM (intersecting lines; with one solution)
satisfy the given. INCONSISTENTSYSTEM (parallel lines, with no solution)
CONSISTENT AND DEPENDENT (same line, with infinite number of solutions)
Using elimination:
Using this method, the equations should be in x + y = c form. There are two types of
WEEK NO: 14
this method, elimination by addition and elimination by subtraction. For you not to
Systems of linear equations in two variables (using elimination,
be confused, use the first type.
substitution, transitivity, determinants, and graphical)
x+y=5
x–y=3
To solve system of linear equations in two
2x = 8 y is eliminated because the sum of y and –y is 0.
variables” means to find the intersection of the two
=4 This is the x-coordinate of the point of intersection.
lines. The intersection of the two lines is
represented by the ordered pair, (x, y). Some
The next step is to find the y-coordinate of the point of intersection using the
system might have infinite solutions (coinciding
same method for you to get used to it. Actually, you may use any of the two
lines), no solution (parallel lines), or only one
equations to find that last coordinate. But for the meantime let’s use that same
solution (intersecting lines). These serve as you
process.
hints. If you got no answer to the system, then the lines are obviously parallel. If you
got to same equations in the system, that means that they are coinciding and have
infinite number of solutions.
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
Still by elimination, eliminate x to find y. Make the coefficients of x equal but of

opposite signs. To do it, multiply one equation by -1, say the first equation, so
that it becomes –x – y = -5. The other equation will remain the same. See the Let’s use equation 1: x+y=5
modification below. Get the y form: y = -x + 5
-x - y = -5 Use equation 2: x–y=3
-x - y = 3 Substitute (–x+ 5) to y: x – (-x + 5) = 3
-2y = -2 x is eliminated here because –x + x = 0. x+x–5=3
y = 1 This is the y-coordinate of the point of intersection. 2x -5 = 3
Therefore the solution or the point of intersection (x, y) of the two lines is (4, 1). 2x = 3 + 5
To check the answer use any of the given equations and substitute the values of x and 2x = 8
y, x = 4 and y = 1. x=4
Equation 1: x + y = 5 This is the x-coordinate of the point of intersection.
4+1=5
5=5 correct To get the value of y
Equation 2: x – y = 3 using the y-form of equation1: y = -x + 5
4–1=3 y = -4 + 5
3 = 3 correct y=1
This is the y-coordinate of the point of intersection.
We’re done with the first method, now the second one; Or use equation 2: x–y=3
By substitution: 4–y=3
-y = 3 - 4
Using substitution: -y = -1
This method allows you to choose one of the equations. Transform it to y-form. y=1 We got the same value of y.
The value of y will then be plugged into the other equation and solve for the value
of the variable x. The last part is to find the variable y. You may get the value of Using this method, substitution, we got the same answer, (4, 1).
y by using the y-form or any of the given equations.
Given: Solve the system below.
x+y=5 equation 1 REMINDER: Using this method, you may choose equation 1 or equation 2, then
x–y=3 equation 2 change the form of the equation you chose to either x or y form. Follow the
instructions presented, and you can’t go wrong.

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
Using determinants:
Using this method, you should know the value of a two-by-two determinants (2
Using transitivity: rows – 2 columns). See the examples below.
In this method, you have to change both equations 1 and 2. You have the options Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.
to choose between x-form and y-form.
At this point let’s turn both to x-forms; Find the determinant of each 2x2 matrix below.
Equation 1: x+y=5 x = -y + 5 2 3
A= � � = 2·1 - 4·3 = 2 – 12 = -10
Equation 2: x–y=3 x=y+3 4 1
−1 0
B=� � = -1·1 – (-2)·0 = 1 – 0 = 1
−2 1
Since x is equal to (-y + 5) and (y + 3), we can equate the two values; 1 5�
C= � = 1·1 – (-2)·5 = 1 + 10 = 11
-y + 5 = y + 3 −2 1
Solve for the value of y: -y – y = 3 – 5 −2 4
D=� � = -2·(-1) – (-2)·4 = 2 – 8 = -6
-2y = -2 2 −1
y=1
The determinants are as follows:
This is the y-coordinate of the point of intersection.
det(A) = -10, det(B) = 1, det(C) = 11, and the det(D) = -6.
To find the value of the x-coordinate, you may use equation 1 or equation 2, or
To use determinants in finding the solution of a system of 2 linear equations in two
any of the x forms, by substitution.
variables, you must arrange first the given equations in the x + y = c forms. Actually
the given system is ready for that.
x=-y+5 x-form of equation 1
x+y=5
x = -1 + 5
x–y=3
x=4
The system means,
We got the x-coordinate, same as using the previous methods
1x + 1y = 5
x=y+3 x-form of equation 2
1x – 1y = 3
x=1+3
x=4 Got the same value a b c
coefficients coefficients constant
The point of intersection if (4, 1) of x terms of y terms terms
1 1 5
1 -1 3

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
The formulas for x and y:

𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏1
Example 2: Solve the system: 2x + y = 3
� 1 5 1
𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏
� � � 5·(−1)−3 ·1 −5− 3 −8 4x – 2y = 10
3 −1
x = 𝑎𝑎21 𝑏𝑏21 = 1 1 = = = =4 Using elimination:
� � � � 1·(−1)−1·1 −1−1 −2
𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 1 −1 Find an easy way for you to eliminate one of the variables. You can multiply equation
1 by the number 2 so that y will be eliminated. You can also multiply equation 1 by
𝑎𝑎1 𝑐𝑐1 1 5 the number (-2) and x will be eliminated then. Our intention here is to eliminate one
�𝑎𝑎 � � � 1·3−1 ·5 3−5 −2 of the variables. So think of the many possibilities.
2 𝑐𝑐2 1 3
y= 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏1 = 1 1 = 1·(−1)−1·1 = −1−1 = −2
=1
� 1 � � �
𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 1 −1 I’ll be eliminating y, so I have to multiply equation 1 by 2. You can make your decision
We got the same solution set or point of intersection, (4, 1). on what to do, just remember your goal or target.
If I multiply equation 1 by 2, nothing will change in equation 2.
Using graphs: (graphical method) (2) [2x + y = 3] 4x + 2y = 6
For the last method, all we have to do is to graph the given equations, the lines. Here 4x – 2y = 10
if the equations are properly graphed you can easily find the solution by finding the 8x = 16
coordinates of the point of intersection. x=2
Graph the lines in any manner. Used the method we used in the previous lessons. x-coordinate of the point of intersection of the given system
a. Using the x and y intercepts
b. Making a table of values for x and y The next step is to find the y-coordinate of the point of intersection using the
same method for you to get used to it.
Still by elimination, eliminate x to find y. Multiply equation 1 again by this time
(2). In this case x will be eliminated.
(-2) [2x + y = 3] -4x - 2y = -6
4x – 2y = 10
4y = 4
By inspection, you will see that the y = -1
lines intersect at (4, 1) y-coordinate of the point of intersection
Therefore the solution or the point of intersection (x, y) of the two lines is (2, -1).

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
To check the answer use any of the given equations and substitute the values of x and
y, x = 2 and y = -1.
Equation 1: 2x + y = 3 To get the value of y
2(2) + (-1) = 3 using the y-form of equation 2: y = 2x - 5
4–1=3 y=4-5
3=3 correct y = -1
Equation 2: 4x – 2y = 10 This is the y-coordinate of the point of intersection.
4(2) – 2(-1) = 10 Or use equation 1: 2x + y = 3
8 + 2 = 10 By substitution: 2(2) + y = 3
10 = 10 correct 4+y=3
y=3-4
We’re done with the first method, now the second one; y = -1
We got the same value of y.
Using substitution: Using this method, substitution, we got the same answer, (4, 1).
Given: Solve the system below.
2x + y = 3 equation 1 Using transitivity:
4x – 2y = 10 equation 2 In the first example we expressed both equation in x forms. For a change, let’s
express the equations in y forms.
You can do the following: At this point let’s turn both to x-forms;
Let’s use equation 2: 4x - 2y = 10 Equation 1: 2x + y = 3
Get the y form: -2y = -4x + 10 y = -2x + 3
Divide all the terms by -2: y = 2x - 5 Equation 2: 4x – 2y = 10
(You can also use the x-form, then that value will be substituted to x of the first -2y = -4x + 10
equation.) y = 2x - 5
Use equation 1: 2x + y = 3 Since y is equal to (-2x + 3) and (2x - 5), we can equate the two values;
Substitute (2x - 5) to y: 2x + (2x - 5) = 3 -2x + 3 = 2x - 5
2x + 2x - 5 = 3 Solve for the value of x: -2x – 2x = -5 - 3
4x - 5 = 3 -4x = -8
x=3+5 x=2
4x = 8 This is the x-coordinate of the point of intersection.
x=2
This is the x-coordinate of the point of intersection.

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
To find the value of the y-coordinate, you may use equation 1 or equation 2, or Using the graphs: (graphical method)
any of the y forms, by substitution.
y = - 2x + 3 y-form of equation 1 To graph system 2 you may
y = -4 + 3 a. use the x and y intercepts;
y = -1 b. construct a table of values for x and y.
We got the y-coordinate, same as using the previous methods
y = 2x - 5 y-form of equation 2
y=4-5
y = -1 Got the same value
By inspection, you will see that the
The point of intersection is (2, -1). lines intersect at (2, -1)
Using determinants:
2x + y = 3 a b c
4x – 2y = 10 coefficients coefficients constant
The system means, of x terms of y terms terms
2x + 1y = 3 2 1 3
4x – 2y = 10 APPLICATION:
4 -2 10 Since this is an application of the topic, we need to produce two equations that
contains two variables each. Analyze the problem and find some important things
The formulas for x and y: that can help you produce a system of linear equations in two variables.
�
𝑐𝑐1 𝑏𝑏1
� �
3 1
� 3·(−2)−10 ·1 Actually the following problems can be solved by using just a variable, but at this point
𝑐𝑐2 𝑏𝑏2 10 −2 −6− 10 −16
x= 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏1 = 2 1 = 2·(−2)−4·1 = = =2 we need to work at the higher level.
� 1 � � � −4−4 −8
𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 4 −2 If you already have the system, you may now solve it using any of the 5 methods.
𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐1 2 3
�𝑎𝑎1 𝑐𝑐2 � � � 2·10−4·3 20−12 8 1. Edmond and Hubert are planning to move and need to buy some cardboard
4 10
y= 𝑎𝑎1
2
𝑏𝑏1 = 2 1 = 2·(−2)−4·1 = = −8 = -1 boxes. At the bookstore, they can buy either 10 small boxes and 12 medium
� � � � −4−4
𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 4 −2 boxes for P42, or 5 small and 10 medium boxes for P29.
We got the same solution set or point of intersection, (2, -1).

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
Computation: System: 52x + 58y = 55(x + y)

Verbal model: 10(cost of small box) + 12(cost of medium box) = 42 x + y = 16
5(cost of small box) + 10(cost of medium box) = 29 since the total amount of the mixed types is 16 kilos
Representation: Let x be the cost of the small box Express both equation in x + y = c forms
y be the cost of the medium box 52x + 58y = 55x + 55y
52x – 55x + 58x – 55y = 0
In symbols: 10x + 12y = 42
5x + 10y = 29 -3x + 3y = 0 equation 1
x + y = 16 equation 2
Let’s solve using the values of the determinants, because for me this is the easiest You may now solve this system using any of the following methods;
method to find the values of x and y. 1. Elimination
𝑐𝑐1 𝑏𝑏1 42 12 2. Substitution
� � � � 42·10 −29 ·12 420−348 72
𝑐𝑐2 𝑏𝑏2 29 10
x= 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏1 = 10 12 = = = = 1.8 3. Transitivity
� 1 � � � 10·10−5·12 100−60 40
𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 5 10 4. Using determinants
5. Graphical method
𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐1 10 42
�𝑎𝑎1 𝑐𝑐2 � � � 10·29−5·42 290−210 80
y= 2
= 5 29
= 10·10−5·12 = = 40 = 2 As I said, I always prefer the fourth method, since it uses formulas; plugging in values,
𝑎𝑎1 𝑏𝑏1 10 12 100−60
�
𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2
� �
5 10
� simple multiplication, simple subtraction, and simple division.
NOTE: If you are allowed to use graphic calculator, well, lucky you, since you can easily
This means that the small box costs P1.80, while the medium box costs P2.00. see the point of intersection. But what if there is no available gadget for you to do
2. A merchant has two types of coffee on hand. One type sells for P52 per kilo, that? My point is, in mathematics you should not be dependent to technology yet,
the other for P58 per kilo. How many kilos of each type must be mixed to we should not be so much dependent to calculators and the likes since you are still on
produce 16 kilos of a blend that sells for P55 per kilo? the training ground. As much as possible avoid using calculator if there is a need to
calculate simple manipulations.
We need to use two variables, to produce a system.
Let x be the amount of type 1 coffee Let’s go back to the problem and find the answers using determinants.
y be the amount of type 2 coffee
Amount x Price Product -3x + 3y = 0 equation 1

Type 1 coffee x P52 52x x + y = 16 equation 2
Type 2 coffee y P58 58y
mixture x+y P55 55(x + y)

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
𝑐𝑐1 𝑏𝑏1
� � �
0 3
� 0·1 −16 ·3 Solving system of linear equations in three variable is actually finding the ordered
𝑐𝑐2 𝑏𝑏2 16 1 0−48 −48
x= 𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏1 = −3 3 = −3·1 −1·3 = −3−3 = =8 triple of the given 3x3 system. The ordered triple satisfies each of the given
� 1 � � −6
𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2
� 1 1 equations in the given system. The first number in the triple corresponds to x, the
second number to y, and the third number to z. By the way any three letters in the
𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐1 −3 0 alphabet can be used in the system, not only x, y, and z.
�𝑎𝑎1 𝑐𝑐2 � � � −3·16−1·0 −48− 0 −48
1 16
y= 𝑎𝑎1
2
𝑏𝑏1 = −3 3 = = = =8
� � � � −3·1 −1·3 −3 −3 −6 EXAMPLE 1: USING ELIMINATION METHOD
𝑎𝑎2 𝑏𝑏2 1 1
Given: 2x + 6y – 2z = 3 equation 1
This means that 8 kilos of both types should be mixed to produce a blend that sells x – 3y + 4z = -2 equation 2
P55.00 -x – y + 4z = 2 equation 3
Question: What are the values of x, y, and z that will satisfy each of the equations in
the given system?
WEEK NO: 15 PROCEDURES to follow using this method, elimination.
1. Choose the first and the second equations, then eliminate 1 variable using
Systems of Linear Equations in three variables
elimination method. Call this equation 4.
2. Choose the second and the third equations, then eliminate the same
We will be limiting the methods to be used in solving system of linear equations in variable that you eliminated in step 1. Call this equation 5.
three variables; elimination and using determinants. Elimination method is the same 3. Use equations 4 and 5. Eliminate 1 more variable. Doing this only one
method we used in solving system of linear equations in two variables. Cramer’s Rule variable will remain. You need to find its value.
will be showing new set of formulas for the three variables. Don’t get confused in 4. After getting one value, choose one equation between equations 4 and 5.
using the formulas, hints are somewhere to be found. Substitute the value of the known variable to find the other variable.
5. Now I believe that you already have 2 values of the unknown variables.
You may now use these values to find the value of the last variable.
6. Finally check the ordered triples
NOTE: There is no specific arrangement of the variables to be

eliminated. It doesn’t mean that you have to eliminate x first, then to
be followed by y. You can eliminate a variable that can be easily
eliminated based on the coefficients of the variables.
In eliminating one variable using addition, the numerical coefficient of

the variables should be the same but of different operational symbols
or signs (+, -).
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
We already have equations 1 to 3, so we need to produce 2 more equations, 4 and 5. Now use equations 4 and 5, eliminate one more variable. At this stage, you can get
Use equations 1 and 2, and eliminate one variable. Based on the given, there is no the value of the first variable. GOOD LUCK!
available variable that can be eliminated because we said that we can only eliminate 12y – 10z = 7 equation 4
a variable if the terms have the same coefficient but of different operational symbols -4y + 8z = 0 equation 5
or signs. We can eliminate x if we multiply equation by -2, we can eliminate y if we
multiply equation 2 by 2, and we can eliminate z if we multiply equation 1 by 2. You Eliminating y is easier than eliminating z. If you choose to eliminate y, you just multiply
have options to choose from. Any of my suggestions can be used. At this point, I want equation 5 by 3. But if you choose to eliminate z, which is also ok to do, you have to
to eliminate x, so I will multiply equation 2 by -2. multiply both equations by different numbers, say multiply equation 4 by 8 and
2x + 6y – 2z = 3 equation 1 multiply equation 5 by 10 to yield whole number coefficients. Or just multiply
equation 5 by 1.25, if you can work using decimals easily. Take note: There are so
x – 3y + 4z = -2 equation 2 many ways to make the coefficients equal. Anyway, same answer will be obtained at
-2(x – 3y + 4z = -2) the end of the computation. Do what you think is right. Just be on the right track.
-2x + 6y – 8z = 4 transformed form of equation 2 Show your versatility. Be adventurous!
2x + 6y – 2z = 3 Multiplying equation 5 by 3;
-2x + 6y – 8z = 4 x is eliminated; 2x – 2x = 0 12y – 10z = 7 equation 4
12y – 10z = 7 equation 4
3(-4y + 8z = 0)
-12y + 24z = 0 transformed form of equation 5
Now we use equations 2 and 3 to produce equation 5;
x – 3y + 4z = -2 equation 2 2y – 10z = 7
-x – y + 4z = 2 equation 3 -12y + 24z = 0
14z = 7
Since we eliminate the variable x to produce equation 4, we need to eliminate the z= =
𝟕𝟕 𝟏𝟏
This is the third number of the ordered triple.
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
same variable x using the second and the third equations. Since the coefficients of x 𝟏𝟏
are the same and they have opposite operations or sign, there is no need to multiply �? , ? , �
𝟐𝟐
any of the equations by a certain number.
1 down, 2 to go.
x – 3y + 4z = -2 equation 2
-x – y + 4z = 2 equation 3 Since the value of z is revealed, we can now do back-substitution using either equation
-4y + 8z = 0 4 or 5, anyway same answer will be obtained.
This is equation 5. The variable x is eliminated; x – x = 0.

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
Using equation 4. 𝟏𝟏
The ordered triple is �−𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟏, �.
𝟐𝟐
12y – 10z = 7
QUICK CHECK
2x + 6y – 2z = 3 equation 1
The equation contains variables y and z, meaning we can find the value of y if we plug 𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏 2(-1) + 6 (1) - 2( ) = 3
into the equation the value of z which is equal to . 𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐 -2 + 6 – 1 = 3
12y – 10( ) = 7 4–1=3
𝟐𝟐
12y – 5 = 7 3 = 3 The triple satisfies equation 1.
12y = 7 + 5
12y = 12 x – 3y + 4z = -2 equation 2
y=1 𝟏𝟏
-1 – 3(1) + 4( ) = -2
𝟐𝟐
-1 – 3 + 2 = -2
If you use equation 5, you will get the same value of y.
-4 + 2 = -2
Let’s see.
-2 = -2 The triple satisfies equation 2
-4y + 8z = 0 equation 5
𝟏𝟏
-4y + 8� � = 0 -x – y + 4z = 2 equation 3
𝟐𝟐
-4y + 4 = 0 𝟏𝟏
1 – 1 + 4( ) = 2
𝟐𝟐
-4y = -4 0+2=2
y=1 2 = 2 The triple satisfies equation 3.
Now you see, same answer will be obtained!
𝟏𝟏 Since the triple satisfies the 3 equations, then we got the correct solution to the
Now we have 2 values of the ordered triple; �? , 𝟏𝟏, �. The value of the variable x can
𝟐𝟐 system!
be found using any of the equations in the given system. I’ll choose equation 3,
because it seems simple. Some solutions might lead you to a shorter task. There might be times that you’ll be
-x – y + 4z = 2 getting the value of one variable accidentally without making equation 5 yet. Such
By substitution: y = 1, z = ½ instance can happen so don’t panic. That might be an advantage on your side.
𝟏𝟏
-x – 1 + 4� � = 2 Remember that your objective is to find the ordered triple that will satisfy the
𝟐𝟐
-x – 1 + 2 = 2 equations in the given system. Be calm. Do what your mind dictates you, but see to
-x + 1 = 2 it that your answers are reasonable and checked properly.
-x = 2 – 1
-x = 1
x = -1 WE’RE DONE!!!
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
CRAMER’S RULE: Solve the system below using CRAMER’S RULE.

Finding the determinant of a 3x3 matrix is more complicated than finding the Given: 2x + 6y – 2z = 3 equation 1
determinant of a 2x2 matrix. There are other ways in finding the determinant of 3x3 x – 3y + 4z = -2 equation 2
matrix. I suggest that you use the formula below. -x – y + 4z = 2 equation 3
The determinant of a 3x 3 matrix is done by extending the matrix by rewriting columns Coefficient of Coefficient of Coefficient of Constant
1 and 2, making the matrix a 3x5 matrix. (3 rows-5 columns) x (a) y (b) z (c) terms (d)
Equation 1 2 6 -2 3
Equation 2 1 -3 4 -2
Equation 3 -1 -1 4 2
Find the determinant of the matrix.
𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟔 −𝟐𝟐
A = � 𝟏𝟏 −𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟒 �
−𝟏𝟏 −𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒
𝟑𝟑 𝟔𝟔 −𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑 𝟔𝟔
�−𝟐𝟐 −𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟒 �−𝟐𝟐 −𝟑𝟑
Rewriting the first to columns;
𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟔 −𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟔 x = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝟐 −𝟏𝟏
𝟔𝟔 −𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟔
A = � 𝟏𝟏 −𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟒 � 𝟏𝟏 −𝟑𝟑 � 𝟏𝟏 −𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟒 � 𝟏𝟏 −𝟑𝟑
−𝟏𝟏 −𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒 −𝟏𝟏 −𝟏𝟏 −𝟏𝟏 −𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒 −𝟏𝟏 −𝟏𝟏
[𝟑𝟑·(−𝟑𝟑)·𝟒𝟒+𝟔𝟔·𝟒𝟒·𝟐𝟐+(−𝟐𝟐)·(−𝟐𝟐)·(−𝟏𝟏)]−[𝟐𝟐·(−𝟑𝟑)·(−𝟐𝟐)+(−𝟏𝟏)·𝟒𝟒·𝟑𝟑+𝟒𝟒·(−𝟐𝟐)·𝟔𝟔]
=[ ( )
(det) A = [{2·(-3)·4} + {6·4·(-1)} +{(-2)·1·(-1)] – [{(-1)·(-3)·(-2)} +{(-1)·4·2} +{4·1·6}] 𝟐𝟐· −𝟑𝟑 ·𝟒𝟒+𝟔𝟔·𝟒𝟒·(−𝟏𝟏)+(−𝟐𝟐)·𝟏𝟏·(−𝟏𝟏)]−[(−𝟏𝟏)·(−𝟑𝟑)·(−𝟐𝟐)+(−𝟏𝟏)·𝟒𝟒·𝟐𝟐+𝟒𝟒·𝟏𝟏·𝟔𝟔]
= [{-24} + {-24} + {2}] – [{-6} + {-8} + {24}]
= [-46] – [10] [−𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑+𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒+(−𝟒𝟒)]−[𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏+(−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏)+(−𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒)] 𝟖𝟖+𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
= =−𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 =−𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓= -1
(det) A = -56 (see the formula above) [(−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐)+(−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐)+𝟐𝟐]−[(−𝟔𝟔)+(−𝟖𝟖)+𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐]

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑 −𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑
� 𝟏𝟏 −𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒 � 𝟏𝟏 −𝟐𝟐 WEEK NO: 16
y = −𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒 −𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 System of Linear Inequalities in two variables
𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟔 −𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟔
� 𝟏𝟏 −𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟒 � 𝟏𝟏 −𝟑𝟑
−𝟏𝟏 −𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒 −𝟏𝟏 −𝟏𝟏 System of linear inequalities arise in problems that have constraint statements that
[𝟐𝟐·(−𝟐𝟐)·𝟒𝟒+𝟑𝟑·𝟒𝟒·(−𝟏𝟏)+(−𝟐𝟐)·𝟏𝟏·𝟐𝟐]−[(−𝟏𝟏)·(−𝟐𝟐)·(−𝟐𝟐)+𝟐𝟐·𝟒𝟒·𝟐𝟐+𝟒𝟒·𝟏𝟏·𝟑𝟑]
= [𝟐𝟐·(−𝟑𝟑)·𝟒𝟒+𝟔𝟔·𝟒𝟒·(−𝟏𝟏)+(−𝟐𝟐)·𝟏𝟏·(−𝟏𝟏)]−[(−𝟏𝟏)·(−𝟑𝟑)·(−𝟐𝟐)+(−𝟏𝟏)·𝟒𝟒·𝟐𝟐+𝟒𝟒·𝟏𝟏·𝟔𝟔] contain phrases such as “more than”, less than”, “a minimum of”, and “a maximum
of”. A solution of a system of linear inequalities in x and y is a point (x, y) that satisfies
each inequality in the system.
[−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏+(−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏)+(−𝟒𝟒)]−[−𝟒𝟒+𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏+𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏] −𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
= [(−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐)+(−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐)+𝟐𝟐]−[(−𝟔𝟔)+(−𝟖𝟖)+𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐] =−𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 =−𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓= 1
Graphing a System of Linear Inequalities
1. Sketch the borderline or boundary line that corresponds to each inequality.
(Use dashed lines for inequalities with < or > and solid lines for inequalities
𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟔 𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟔
� 𝟏𝟏 −𝟑𝟑 −𝟐𝟐� 𝟏𝟏 −𝟑𝟑
with < or >.
2. Lightly shade the half-plane that is the graph of each linear inequality.
z = −𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐
−𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 −𝟏𝟏 −𝟏𝟏
𝟔𝟔 −𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟔𝟔 3. The GRAPH OF THE SYSTEM is the intersection of the half-planes.
� 𝟏𝟏 −𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟒 � 𝟏𝟏 −𝟑𝟑
−𝟏𝟏 −𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒 −𝟏𝟏 −𝟏𝟏
[𝟐𝟐·(−𝟑𝟑)·𝟐𝟐+𝟔𝟔·(−𝟐𝟐)·(−𝟏𝟏)+𝟑𝟑·𝟏𝟏·(−𝟏𝟏)]−[(−𝟏𝟏)·(−𝟑𝟑)·𝟑𝟑+(−𝟏𝟏)·(−𝟐𝟐)·𝟐𝟐+𝟐𝟐·𝟏𝟏·𝟔𝟔] EXAMPLE 1: Sketch the graph of the solution of the given system.
= [𝟐𝟐·(−𝟑𝟑)·𝟒𝟒+𝟔𝟔·𝟒𝟒·(−𝟏𝟏)+(−𝟐𝟐)·𝟏𝟏·(−𝟏𝟏)]−[(−𝟏𝟏)·(−𝟑𝟑)·(−𝟐𝟐)+(−𝟏𝟏)·𝟒𝟒·𝟐𝟐+𝟒𝟒·𝟏𝟏·𝟔𝟔] x + y < -3
x–y>4
[−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏+𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏+(−𝟑𝟑)]−[𝟗𝟗+𝟒𝟒+𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏] −𝟑𝟑−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏 You may graph each line
=[ =−𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 =−𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓= 𝟐𝟐 1. by connecting its x and y intercepts
(−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐)+(−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐)+𝟐𝟐]−[(−𝟔𝟔)+(−𝟖𝟖)+𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐]
2. by plotting the points found in the table of values of x and
𝟏𝟏 y
Same ordered triple was obtained using the Cramer’s rule, (-1, 1, ).
𝟐𝟐 Below is the graph of the second
Below is the graph of the first
inequality, x + y < -3. The border line is inequality, x - y > 4. The border line
dotted. The half-plane shaded is the is dotted. The half-plane shaded is
region where (0, 0) is not included, the region where (0, 0) is not
because inequality 1 is false using included, because inequality 2 is
(0, 0) test. false using (0, 0) test.

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
Same in the second inequality, x + y > 4, the graph shows that the following points;
(6, -2), (4, -6) and (1, -4) satisfy the inequality because they lie on the shaded region.
(6, -2) (4, -6) (1, -4)

x-y>4 x-y>4 x-y>4
6 - (-2) > 4 4 - (-6) > 4 1 - (-4) > 4
6+2>4 4+6>4 1+4>4
8 > 4 true 10 > 4 true 5 > 4 true
Points (8, 5), (2, 1), and (-2, -2) are some of the points in the unshaded region, this
means that these points don’t satisfy the inequality.
(8, 5) (2, 1) (-2, -2)

x–y>4 x–y>4 x–y>4
Any point on the shaded part satisfies the inequality. 8–5>4 2–1>4 -2 – (-2) > 4
For instance in the first graph, (-2, -4) lies on the shaded region, meaning it satisfies 3 > 4 false 1 > 4 false 0 > 4 false
the inequality x + y < -3.
x + y < -3 What is now the solution set of the system?
-2 + (-4) < -3 If you combine the two graphs, points in the overlapping regions are the solution to
-6 < -3 true the system.
(2, -6) also lies on the shaded region,
meaning it also satisfies the inequality x + y < -3; The system has always an infinite number
x + y < -3 of solutions. The overlapping regions, that
2 + (- 6) < -3 is said to be the solution set of the system,
-4 < -3 true contain many points on it that satisfy both
the inequalities in the system. Let’s use
If you take any point from the unshaded region, the inequality will not be true, or it these 3 points to see and check: (1, -6), (2,
is false. -7) and (1, -5).
Use (6, 2) to check;
x + y < -3
6 + 2 < -3
8 < -3 false

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
(1, -6)
x + y < -3 1 – 6 < -3 -5 < -3 true
x–y>4 1+6>4 7>4 true
(2, -7) EXAMPLE 3:
x + y < -3 2 – 7 < -3 -5 < -3 true Graph the system
x–y>4 2+7>4 9>4 true 2x + 4y < 8 red region (left)
2x - y > -4 green region (right)
(1, -5)
x + y < -3 1 – 5 < -3 -4 < -3 true The borderline of the first inequality is a solid line
x–y>4 1+5>4 6>4 true because of < symbol. While the second inequality
is a dotted line. Points on the overlapping region
If you take a point in the unshaded part, then that point will not satisfy any of the two satisfy both the inequalities of the system like
inequalities. points (4, -4), (-2, -6), (2, 6), (8, 3), and many more.
Use (2, 2);
x + y < -3 x–y>4
2+2<-3 2–2>4
4 < -3 false 0 > 4 false
EXAMPLE 2: EXAMPLE 4:
Graph the system Graph the system
x – 2y < 4 orange region (left) 3x > 9 violet region (right)
x+y>3 blue region (right) -y<5 pink region (top)
The borderlines of both inequalities are solid lines The borderlines of both inequalities are solid lines
because of the inequality symbols. Points on the because of the inequality symbols. Points on the
overlapping region satisfy both the inequalities of the overlapping regions satisfy both the inequalities
system like points (4, 4), (-2, 6), (2, 8), (8, 4), and many of the system like points (4, 8), (4, -4), (5, 1), (7, -
more. 3), and many more.

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
EXAMPLE 5: Some of the points are (-2, -2), (-4, 1), and (-5, 3).
Graph the system Let’s check.
x<2 blue (left) Given system: x<2
y > -3 violet (top) -2 < 2 true
x+y<0 orange (lower left) -4 < 2 true
-5 < 3 true
ALWAYS REMEMBER: Each inequality owns a region, blue for the first, violet for the y > -3
second, orange for the third. The system owns one region, and that region is the -2 > -3 true
region where the graphs of the 3 inequalities intersect. 1 > -3 true
Observe the borderlines. The three inequalities have a region in 3 > -3 true
common. The points on this region satisfy the inequalities in the x+y<0
system. -2 + (-2) < 0 -4 < 0 true
-4 + 1 < 0 -3 < 0 true
-5 + 3 < 0 -2 < 0 true
Region of intersection. This is the
solution set of the system. All the
points here satisfy the 3 inequalities
If you observe the graph, you will notice that there is a region that is not shaded. All
of the system. the points here don’t satisfy any of the inequalities in the system.
Look at this!
These are some of the points on the
unshaded region; (6, -4) and (7, -5). These
points will not satisfy even on of the
inequalities.
x < 2 (using the x coordinates)
6 < 2 false
7 < 2 false
y > -3 (using the y coordinates)

-4 > -3 false
-5 > -3 false
x+y<0
6 + (-4) < 0
2 < 0 false
Some of the points are (-2, -2), (-4, 1), and (-5, 3).
7 + (-5) < 0
2 < 0 false
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
EXAMPLE 1:
WEEK NO: 17 Find the roots of x3 + 2x2 – 29x + 42 = 0
Roots of a polynomial equations The equation is degree 3, meaning we are tasked to find the 3 numbers that will make
the equation true. A reminder, some roots are repeated and repetition of roots
should be considered.
𝒑𝒑
Solving polynomial equation is finding One clue is that, the product of the three roots is - since the degree of the polynomial
𝒒𝒒
𝒑𝒑
the numbers that will satisfy the given is 3 (odd). If the degree of the polynomial is even then the product of the n roots is .
𝒒𝒒
equation. These numbers are called the
(p is the constant term, q is the numerical coefficient of the leading term.) In this case;
roots of a polynomial equation.
p = 42, q = 1
The number of roots depends on the
𝒑𝒑
degree of the polynomial. A quadratic We may start now by listing down all the possible roots ;
𝒒𝒒
equation has 2 roots, a cubic equation
p = +1, +2, +3, +6, +7, +14, +21, +42
has 3, an equation of degree four has
q = +1
four, and so on. 𝒑𝒑
The possible rational roots are: = +1, +2, +3, +6, +7, +14, +21, +42
𝒒𝒒
Consider the polynomial equation; Next, let’s use one possible root at a time, and find that three roots using synthetic
anxn + an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2 …+ a1x + an = 0 (n > 1, an ≠ 0) division.
Given: x3 + 2x2 – 29x + 42 = 0
𝒑𝒑
and suppose that all the coefficient are integers. Let be a rational number, where p Using +1
𝒒𝒒
𝒑𝒑 1 2 -29 42 l1 1 is not a root.
and q have no common factors other than +1. If is a root of the equation, then p is
𝒒𝒒 1 3 -26
a factor of a0 and q is the factor of an. To see how this theorem can be applied to find 1 3 -26 16
all the rational roots of a polynomial equation. Using -1
UPPER and LOWER BOUND 1 2 -29 42 l-1 -1 is not a root.
If we use synthetic division, observe the third row, if you see that all entries are -1 -1 30
positive, that means that the synthetic divisor you used is the upper bound. Meaning 1 1 -30 72
that there is no need for you to use the other possible factors that are greater than Using +2
the upper bound. 1 2 -29 42 l2 2 is a root.
In the event that the numbers in the third row are alternately positive and negative, 2 8 -42
then the synthetic divisor you used is the lower bound, and there is no need to use 1 4 -21 0
the possible roots that are less than that lower bound.
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
We got one of the roots! Two to go. Note:

To get the other roots, you may continue using synthetic division using the resulting 1. Since we’re looking for 3 roots, after getting the first root which is the number
values in the third row (1 4 -21) or you may use again the original coefficients (1 2, you may use factoring using the coefficients in the third row. Read back
2 -29 42), or you may factor the third you which is actually the same as x2 + 4x – please/scroll up. See the upper part saying 2 is a root. The third row there
21. says, (1 4 -21). You may change this to polynomial---(x2 + 4x – 21). Factoring
this trinomial leads you to the answer (x + 7) (x – 3). You can now have the
Using synthetic division again remaining two roots by equating each factor to 0.
Using -2 x+7=0 x–3=0
1 2 -29 42 l-2 -2 is not a root. x = -7 x=3
-2 0 58 We got the same answers!
1 0 -29 100 This is easier that the first one we did!
2. In the event that you found the second to the last root, you may use the hint
Using +3 I gave you in the earlier part of the discussion.
𝒑𝒑
1 2 -29 42 l3 3 is a root. (root 1) x (root 2) x (root 3) = −
𝒒𝒒
3 15 -42 𝒑𝒑
R1R2R3 = −
1 5 -14 0 𝒒𝒒
We got the other root. One to go.

Do you know that if you just continued the process using the resulting coefficients you A while ago, we found the second root which is 3, to get the last root, we can have
should have found the second and the last roots simultaneously?
1 4 -21 l3 3 is a root. (2)(3)R3 = -42
3 21 6R3 = -42
1 7 0 Using the third you, you know Dividing both sides by 6, we have R3 = -7
that this means x + 7, so to CHECKING by substitution
get x; root 1 = 2
x+7=0 x3 + 2x2 – 29x + 42 = 0
x = -7 (2)3 + 2(2)2 – 29(2) + 42 = 0
therefore -7 is the third root. 8 + 2(4) – 58 + 42 = 0
8 + 8 – 58 + 42 = 0
So, the roots of the polynomial equation, x3 + 2x2 – 29x + 42 = 0, are 2, 3, and -7. 16 – 58 + 42 = 0
These roots can be expressed as factors; (x-2) (x – 3) (x + 7). -42 + 42 = 0
In other words, x3 + 2x2 – 29x + 42 = (x -2) (x – 3) (x+7) in factored form. 0=0 correct

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
root 2 = 3
x3 + 2x2 – 29x + 42 = 0 4 8 -5 -18 -9 l-1 -1 is a root.
(3)3 + 2(3)2 – 29(3) + 42 = 0 -4 -4 9 9
27 + 2(9) – 87 + 42 = 0 4 4 -9 - 9 0
27 + 18 – 87 + 42 = 0
45 – 87 + 42 = 0 One down, 3 to go!
-42 + 42 = 0 Continue using the third row.
0=0 correct
4 4 -9 -9 l3 3 is not a root.
root 3 = -7 12 48 117
x3 + 2x2 – 29x + 42 = 0 4 16 39 108 Notice the third row, all entries are positive.
(-7)3 + 2(-7)2 – 29(-7) + 42 = 0 Meaning 3 is the UPPER BOUND.
-343 + 2(49) + 203 + 42 = 0 Don’t use numbers that are greater than 3.
-343 + 98 + 203 + 42 = 0 Avoid 9. Use numbers that are less than 3.
-245 + 203 + 42 = 0
-42 + 42 = 0 4 4 -9 -9 �
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
is not a root.
𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒
0=0 correct
1 5/4 -31/16
4 5 -31/4 -113/16
Let us have another example. But in this case, we will be finding 4 roots since the next
polynomial equation is a degree 4 polynomial equation. 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
Find the roots of 4 4 -9 -9 �− − is not a root.
𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒
4x4 + 8x3 - 5x2 – 18x – 9 = 0 -1 -3/4 -39/16
factors of 18: p = +1, +3, +9 4 3 -39/4 -183/16
factors of 4 q = +1, +2, +4
𝒑𝒑 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 𝟗𝟗 𝟗𝟗 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
possible roots: = +1, +3, +9, ± , ± , ± , ± , ± , ± 4 4 -9 -9 � is not a root.
𝒒𝒒 𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
2 3 -3
𝟗𝟗
Hints: The product of the roots is - . R1R2R3R4 = −
𝟗𝟗 4 6 -6 -12
𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒
Let’s get started: 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
4 8 -5 -18 -9 l1 1 is not a root 4 4 -9 -9 �− - is not a root.
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
4 12 7 -11 - 2 -1 5
4 12 7 -11 -20 4 2 -10 -4
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
Clarification:
The root (-1) can be written as a factor.
4 4 -9 -9
𝟑𝟑
�
𝟑𝟑
is a root. x = -1
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
x + 1 = 0 by transposition x + 1 is a factor of the polynomial equation.
6 15 9 𝟑𝟑
4 10 6 0 The root � � can be written as a factor.
𝟐𝟐
𝟑𝟑
x=
𝟐𝟐
So far, we have two roots; -1 and 3/2. 𝟑𝟑
x - = 0 by transposition
To make the task easier, we know that the remaining polynomial is a quadratic, 𝟐𝟐
(4x2 + 10x + 6) from the coefficients in the third row, (4 10 6). YOU TRY THIS 2x – 3 = 0
LATER. 2x - 3 is a factor of the polynomial equation.
𝟑𝟑
The root (− ) can be written as a factor.
𝟐𝟐
Continue the process using synthetic division, using -3/2 as the synthetic divisor. x =-
𝟑𝟑
𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐
4 10 6 �− − is a root. 𝟑𝟑
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 x + = 0 by transposition
𝟐𝟐
-6 -6 2x + 3 = 0
4 4 0 2x + 3 is a factor of the polynomial equation.
We got the third one!
Meaning, 4x4 + 8x3 - 5x2 – 18x – 9 = (x + 1) (x + 1) (2x – 3) (2x + 3)
The last one is here already!
The third row says (4 4 0), which is equivalent to the polynomial/expression CHECKING by substitution
4x + 4 = 0. root 1 = -1
Just solve for x, 4x4 + 8x3 - 5x2 – 18x – 9 = 0
4x + 4 = 0 4(-1)4 + 8(-1)3 – 5(-1)2 – 18(-1) – 9 = 0
4x = -4 4(1) + 8(-1) – 5(1) + 18 – 9 = 0
x=-1 And this is the last root! 4 – 8 – 5 + 18 – 9
𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
The roots of the polynomial equation 4x + 8x - 5x – 18x – 9 = 0 are -1, , − ,
4 3 2
-4 – 5 + 18 – 9 = 0
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
and -1. -9 + 18 – 9 = 0
9–9=0
𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
Or you can say the roots are , − , and -1(multiplicity of 2). 0=0 correct
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
𝟑𝟑
root 2 =
𝟐𝟐
4x4 + 8x3 - 5x2 – 18x – 9 = 0
𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
4( )4 + 8( )3 – 5( )2 – 18( ) – 9 = 0
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟗𝟗
4( ) + 8( ) – 5( ) - 27 – 9 = 0
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟖𝟖 𝟒𝟒
𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
+ 27 - - 27 – 9 = 0
𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
+ 27 - 27 – 9 = 0
𝟒𝟒
9–9=0
0=0 correct
𝟑𝟑
root 3 = -
𝟐𝟐
4x4 + 8x3 - 5x2 – 18x – 9 = 0
𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
4(− )4 + 8(− )3 – 5(- )2 – 18(- ) – 9 = 0
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟗𝟗
4( ) + 8(− ) – 5( ) + 27 – 9 = 0
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟖𝟖 𝟒𝟒
𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
- 27 - + 27 – 9 = 0
𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
+ 27 - 27 – 9 = 0
𝟒𝟒
9–9=0
0=0 correct
Another way to check:

𝟗𝟗
R1R2R3R4 = −
𝟒𝟒
𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑 𝟗𝟗
(-1) ( ) �− � (−𝟏𝟏) = −
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒
𝟗𝟗 𝟗𝟗
− =−
𝟒𝟒 𝟒𝟒

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
ACTIVITY Score: 4. 3ab - 16a + 2b when a = 5 and b = -3

FOR WEEK NO. 1
Name: _______________________________________
Section: ______________________________________
Subject: M101: College and Advanced Algebra
Instructor: RONALDO T. AQUINO
5. (𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 − 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 )𝟑𝟑 − 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘𝒘 𝒂𝒂 = 𝟑𝟑 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝟐𝟐
SHOW THE COMPUTATIONS, if applicable.
AVOID ERASURES.
WRITE LEGIBLY.
BOX THE FINAL ANSWERS, if applicable.
A. Evaluate the following expressions using the values of the variables.
1. -7x + 13y + 2 when x = -1 and y = -9
B. Identify what kind of number is given. Shade the cell/s neatly.
counting whole integer fraction decimal rational Irrational
2. -7x - 13y + 2 when x = 1 and y = 9 1 23
2 3.48
7
3
11
3. 3ab + 16a + 2b when a = -5 and b = 3 4 -37
5 √11

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
C. Evaluate the following algebraic expressions using the corresponding values 4. 2sxy + 3kst – 2qx
of the variables, accurately.
` k=2 s=3 t = -2 x = 10 y=-1 q=5
1. x 3 + 2x 2 + 7x
1 1
5. 𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥 2 - 𝑠𝑠
2 3
2. k4 + 3s3 – 4t2 + 5q
3. 5k2 – 2tx + 4y3

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
ACTIVITY Score:
FOR WEEK NO. 2
Name: _______________________________________ b. [3a - (3b + 2a) + 6b] - [10b – (7b + 7a)]
Section: ______________________________________
SHOW THE COMPUTATIONS.
AVOID ERASURES.
D. Simplify the fractions.
WRITE LEGIBLY.
BOX THE FINAL ANSWERS. 25𝑎𝑎 2 𝑏𝑏−7 𝑐𝑐 5 𝑑𝑑−2 𝑒𝑒 4
1. −4 4 2 −9
50𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐− 𝑑𝑑
A. Subtract the sum of 2x + y – z, 8x + 2y – 8z, 7x – y – z and 3x – 8y + 10z from the
sum of 11x – 5y + z, 2x + y, -7x – 5z, and 9x – 11z.
−𝟐𝟐
𝟑𝟑𝒂𝒂−𝟐𝟐𝒃𝒃𝟒𝟒 𝒄𝒄−𝟏𝟏𝒅𝒅𝟑𝟑
B. Simplify. � 𝟔𝟔𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐𝒃𝒃−𝟐𝟐𝒄𝒄𝟒𝟒𝒅𝒅𝟓𝟓 �
2
𝟑𝟑−𝟏𝟏 𝒘𝒘−𝟑𝟑 𝑥𝑥 𝟒𝟒 𝑦𝑦 2 𝒛𝒛−𝟐𝟐
2. � −2 −𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 −𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑 �
3 𝒘𝒘 𝒙𝒙 𝒚𝒚 𝒛𝒛
C. Simplify by combining like terms.

a. (5x – 3y) + (7y + 10x) – (5y – x)

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
ACTIVITY Score:
FOR WEEK NO. 3 7. (a -3b) (a2 – 2ab + b2)
Name: _______________________________________
Section: ______________________________________
8. (2m – 3n + 4p) (6m + n – 7p)
AVOID ERASURES.
WRITE LEGIBLY.
BOX THE FINAL ANSWERS.
9. (2m – 3n)2
A. Find the products.
1. a𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒄(−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 − 𝟑𝟑𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃+ 7a𝒄𝒄𝟑𝟑 )
2. (x- 2y + 3z)2
10. (abc2 – 3de2) (abc2 + 3de2)
3. (a + b – 2)2
4. -2x (x - 12)
11. (2a – 3b + 4c)2
5. 3xy (2x + 7y)
6. (3x – 2y) (2y + 3x)

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
B. SPECIAL PRODUCTS:
1. (4abc2 – 5de3f) (4abc2 + 5de3f)
1 1
2. ( – 10x4) ( + 10x4)
3 3
3. (2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3 − 𝑧𝑧 2 )2
4. (5𝑚𝑚3 𝑛𝑛2 − 𝑝𝑝3 )2
5. (r 2 − s 3 + t2 )𝟐𝟐
6. (2r 2 + 3s 3 − 4t2 )2

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
ACTIVITY Score: B. Divide using the long division.

FOR WEEK NO. 4 1. (𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 − 𝟕𝟕𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 - 24) ÷ (x - 4)
Name: _______________________________________
Section: ______________________________________
AVOID ERASURES.
WRITE LEGIBLY.
A. Use the Pascal’s Triangle to get the expanded form of

1. (3x + 2y)3
2. (2𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 − 𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙 - 6𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 ); (x – 2y)

2. (2a + 1)5
3. (x – 2y)7

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
C. Divide using synthetic division.

1. (𝒙𝒙𝟔𝟔 - 1); (x + 1)
2. (𝒙𝒙𝟓𝟓 + 2); (x - 1)
3. (6x2 – 7xy – 10y2); (3x + 4y)

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
ACTIVITY 5. 4a2y – 2ay2 + 8ay3

FOR WEEK NO. 5-6
Name: _______________________________________ Score:
Section: ______________________________________
Instructor: RONALDO T. AQUINO 6. 2a2 + 2
AVOID ERASURES.
WRITE LEGIBLY.
7. 450a2b2 – 242x2y2
Factor completely.
1. x4y2 + x2y3
8. 36k2 – 12k + 1
2. 144 – 49a2b4
9. 12x2 – 16xy - 35y2
3. c2 – 8c + 16
10. 6x2 + 13x – 8
4. 8x2 – 22x + 15
11. 9x2 + 3xy – 20y2

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
12. 12b2 – 43bc – 20c2 18. 8rs + 16rt + 32rv + 6s + 24t + 36v
13. k3 + 27
19. 12kx + 24ky + 10mx + 20my
14. 12bt + 24bw + 10mt + 30mw
15. 2x5 + 2y5 20. 128x7 - y7
16. 3a3b3 + 81x3
17. f3 – 8h3

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
ACTIVITY Score:
FOR WEEK NO. 7-8
Name: _______________________________________ 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 −𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔+𝟗𝟗 𝒙𝒙−𝟑𝟑
Section: ______________________________________ 5. ÷
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
AVOID ERASURES.
WRITE LEGIBLY.
BOX THE FINAL ANSWERS. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏+𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
6. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐+𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
A. Reduce and perform the operations.
𝒂𝒂+𝟑𝟑
1. 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 −𝟗𝟗
𝟑𝟑𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 − 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
7. 𝒂𝒂𝟑𝟑 − 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐
𝒂𝒂 𝟑𝟑
2. +
𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 −𝟗𝟗 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 −𝟗𝟗
𝟏𝟏
3. 𝟐𝟐 - 𝒙𝒙
𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 −𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑−𝟒𝟒
8. 𝒙𝒙+𝟏𝟏
𝒂𝒂−𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
4. • 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 −𝟗𝟗
𝟗𝟗
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟑𝟑 B. Simplify the following complex rational expressions.

9. + 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟑𝟑
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
1
1. 1+ 1
1+ 1
1+ 1
𝑥𝑥−1
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓+𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
10. • 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐+𝒙𝒙−𝟔𝟔
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 −𝒙𝒙−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 +𝟒𝟒 −
11. ÷ 2.
𝑥𝑥+1 𝑥𝑥−1
𝑥𝑥+1 𝑥𝑥−1
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓−𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 −
𝑥𝑥−1 𝑥𝑥+1

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
𝑥𝑥−2
𝑥𝑥+2
3. 𝑥𝑥2 −𝑥𝑥−2
𝑥𝑥2 +𝑥𝑥−2
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏−𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎2 −7𝑎𝑎+12
4. 𝑏𝑏−𝑎𝑎
𝑎𝑎2 −𝑎𝑎−6

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
ACTIVITY C. Simplify the radicals.

FOR WEEK NO. 10 Score: 1. (𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑)𝟓𝟓
𝟒𝟒
Name: _______________________________________
Section: ______________________________________
Subject: M101: College and Advanced Algebra 𝟒𝟒
Instructor: RONALDO T. AQUINO 2. (𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑)𝟓𝟓

AVOID ERASURES. 𝟒𝟒
𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑
WRITE LEGIBLY. 3. �− �
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
A. Change the following to another form; radical or expressions with fractional

exponents.
𝟏𝟏 D. Reduce the order.
1. 7ab2𝒄𝒄𝟑𝟑 1.
𝟒𝟒
√𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑
2. 𝐚𝐚𝟐𝟐 𝐛𝐛 𝟒𝟒 𝐜𝐜 𝟔𝟔 2.
𝟔𝟔
√𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐
E. Perform the operations.

B. Simplify the following. 1. √𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐√𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 + 𝟓𝟓√𝟑𝟑
1. √𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
2. √𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
3. √𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
2. 𝟔𝟔√𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + √𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 − 𝟑𝟑√𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
4. √𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
5. √𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
6. �𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝐪𝐪𝟔𝟔 𝐫𝐫 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝐬𝐬𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐭𝐭 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
3. 𝟓𝟓√𝟐𝟐 − 𝟔𝟔√𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
F. Change the following to another form; radical or expressions I. Reduce the order.
with fractional exponents. 𝟒𝟒
1. �𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐𝒚𝒚𝟔𝟔
𝟑𝟑
1. √𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐
2. √𝒂𝒂𝟑𝟑 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝟒𝟒
2. √𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝒂𝒂𝟒𝟒 𝒃𝒃𝟔𝟔
𝟑𝟑
3. 𝟕𝟕 √𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒖𝟐𝟐
J. Perform the operations.

G. Simplify the following. 1. 𝟕𝟕√𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 − 𝟐𝟐√𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
1. √𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
2. √𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
2. −𝟓𝟓√𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 + 𝟑𝟑√𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
3. √𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
4. √𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
3. √𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 − √𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 + 𝟒𝟒√𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
5. √𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
6. √𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝒂𝒂𝟓𝟓 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒄𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
H. Simplify the radicals.

𝟒𝟒
1. (𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑)𝟓𝟓
𝟒𝟒
𝟏𝟏 𝟑𝟑
2. �− �
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
ACTIVITY Score: 𝟑𝟑
√𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
FOR WEEK NO. 11 9. 𝟑𝟑
�𝒙𝒙𝒙𝒙
Name: _______________________________________
Section: ______________________________________
10. 𝟑𝟑√𝟖𝟖 • √𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
SHOW THE COMPUTATIONS. 11. 𝟑𝟑√𝟔𝟔 • 𝟑𝟑√𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 • 𝟐𝟐√𝟐𝟐
AVOID ERASURES.
WRITE LEGIBLY.
BOX THE FINAL ANSWERS. 12. √𝟓𝟓 (√𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 + √𝟖𝟖)
A. Perform the operations.

1. 𝟐𝟐√𝟓𝟓 • √𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 13. √𝟑𝟑 (√𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 - √𝟔𝟔)
2. 𝟑𝟑√𝟖𝟖 • 𝟐𝟐√𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 • 𝟐𝟐√𝟑𝟑

√𝟑𝟑
3. √𝟖𝟖 (√𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 + √𝟕𝟕)
14.
√𝟕𝟕
4. √𝟓𝟓 (√𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 + √𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐)

√𝟔𝟔
√𝟓𝟓
15.
√𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
5.
√𝟔𝟔
√𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟗𝟗
6. 16.
√𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 √𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝟖𝟖
7. 𝟑𝟑
√𝟐𝟐 √𝟐𝟐−√𝟑𝟑
17.
√𝟓𝟓+√𝟐𝟐
𝟓𝟓
8.
√𝒙𝒙+𝟐𝟐
ADM – 002- 20- 0061
IACTIVITY Score: 6. 4(x – 10) + 20 = 28

FOR WEEK NO. 12
Name: _______________________________________
Section: ______________________________________ 7. 3(3x – 7) + 7x + 33
8. 8(2x – 7) = 7(2x + 4)
AVOID ERASURES.
WRITE LEGIBLY. 𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙
BOX THE FINAL ANSWERS. 9. 𝟑𝟑 + 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟒
A. Solve for the value of x in each of the following. Graph the solution sets.
1. x - 13 = 7
𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙 𝒙𝒙
10. + + = 𝟗𝟗
𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟒
2. 10 – x = 23
B. Graph each of the equations. Use a small piece of graphing paper for
each graph.
1. 2x – 3y = 12
3. 12x + 21 = 81
4. 15x – 21 = 12x + 18
5. 6(2x + 7) – 10x = 56

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
2. 2x + y = 7 4. -5x < 10
5. 11 + 3x < 2x – 4
ACTIVITY Score: 6.
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
𝒙𝒙 + > 𝒙𝒙 +
𝟐𝟐
𝟔𝟔 𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟑
FOR WEEK NO. 13
Name: _______________________________________
Section: ______________________________________
SHOW THE COMPUTATIONS. B. Determine the half-plane satisfying the following
AVOID ERASURES. inequalities. Use a piece of graphing paper.
WRITE LEGIBLY. 1. 2x + 5y > 10
A. Solve each of the following inequalities and graph the solution.

Give the interval notation.
1. 4x > 12
2. 3x – 1 > x + 3
2. 2x + 3y < 8
3. 2(3x – 2) > -6x + 4

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
ACTIVITY Score: 2. 3x – 2y = 12
FOR WEEK NO. 14 x – 3y = 4
Name: _______________________________________
Section: ______________________________________
AVOID ERASURES.
WRITE LEGIBLY.
A. Solve the following systems: You can use only one of the presented
methods. But do not forget to check your answer by using another method.
1. x + y = 10
x – 2y = -11
3. -2x + y = 1
x – 3y = 2

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
4. 2x + 5y = 3 Two cars start out together and travel in opposite directions. At the end of 3 hours,
5x – 3y = 23 they are 345 kilometers apart. Find the speed of the two cars, if one car is travels 15
kph faster than the other.
B. Application:
1. How many liters of a 40% alcohol solution must be mixed with a 65%
solution to obtain 20 liters of a 50% solution?

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
ACTIVITY Score: 2. x + y + z = 6
FOR WEEK NO. 15 2x – y + z = 3
Name: _______________________________________ 3x -z=0
Section: ______________________________________
AVOID ERASURES.
WRITE LEGIBLY.
A. Using elimination method, find the ordered triple of the given system. Use
Cramer’s Rule.
1. x + y + z = -3
4x + y – 3z = 11
2x – 3y + 2z = 9
3. x + 3y – z = 6
y + 4z = 9
z=1

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
B. Use elimination method. 2. 3x - y - 2z = 5

1. x + 6y + 2z = 9 2x + y + 3z = 6
3x – 2y + 3z = -1 6x – y - 4z = 9
5x – 5y + 2z = 7

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
ACTIVITY Score: 2. x < -4

FOR WEEK NO. 16 y>6
Name: _______________________________________ x–y<2
Section: ______________________________________
AVOID ERASURES.
WRITE LEGIBLY.
Graph the following systems of inequalities. Use a piece of

graphing paper for each system.
1. x + 2y > 4
2x – y < 3
3. 3x + y > 4
6x – 3y < 12

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
ACTIVITY Score: 3. 2x3 - 5x2 – 3x + 9 = 0

FOR WEEK NO. 17
Name: _______________________________________
Section: ______________________________________
AVOID ERASURES.
WRITE LEGIBLY.
Find the roots of the following polynomial equations.
1. 2x3 + 11x2 – 7x – 6 = 0
4. 4x4 - 4x3 + 6x2 - 4x + 1 = 0
2. 4x4 - 4x3 - 39x2 + 20x + 100 = 0

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE THE CITY OF MEYCAUAYAN C. Simplify the given expression. (5 points)
Pag-asa St. Malhacan, City of Meycauayan, Bulacan
−2
Tel. No.: (044)228-5442/pccmbulacan@gmail.com 8a2 b3 c4 d0
� �
TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAM 24a3 b −5 c−3
MIDTERM EXAMINATION (PART 1)
M101: College and Advanced Algebra
Name ___________________________________________________
Course & Section _________________________________________
Mr. Ronaldo T. Aquino
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS. SHOW THE COMPLETE D. Subtract the sum of 5x – 2y + 6z -2, 2x – 7y – 10z, x – y – z, and 5x – 2z
COMPUTATIONS. AVOID ERASURES. FROM the sum of -2x + 9, -4y – 3z, 4x – 10y
(5 points)
A. EVALUATION: If all the letters of the English alphabet correspond to the
consecutive numbers from 1 to 26. Find the value of the expression;
(5 points)
2L + 3O - 4V + 5E
E. Using the long method, divide the first polynomial by the second
polynomial. (5 points)
(x4 – 2x3 + 4x – 7); (x – 6)

B. Extract the square root. Express the answer in three decimals places.
(5 points)
√15.78563

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
F. Using synthetic division, divide I. FACTOR COMPLETELY. (45 points)

(x5 + x – 1) by (x2 – x + 1) (5 points)
1. x4y2 + x3y3 + x2y2 + xy5
2. 4a2y – 2ay2 + 8y3
G. Find the products. (6 points)

1. (2hjk2 – 3mn2p) (2hjk2 + 3mn2p)
3. 2a2b2c2 – 2
2. (m2k3 – nt2)2
4. 144 – 49a2b4
2 2
3. (u – v + 2)
H. For 10 points, Expand (2x – y)8 5. 450a2b2 – 242x2y2
6. c2 – 8c + 16
7. 36k2 – 12k + 1

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
8. 8p2 + 73p + 9 15. m5 – 32n5
9. 1 + 3ab – 10a2b2
J. PERFORM THE INDICATED OPERATIONS. (25 points)
𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2 3𝑥𝑥 2 +6𝑥𝑥
10. 3r3t3 + 81w3
1. ·
3𝑥𝑥 2 +3𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 3𝑥𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥−𝑦𝑦 2
11. 128a3 – 2
2𝑥𝑥 2 +5𝑥𝑥+2 𝑥𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑥−30

2. ·
2𝑥𝑥 2 +7𝑥𝑥+3 𝑥𝑥 2 −6𝑥𝑥−40
3 3
12. v – 8q
13. 5a + b – 10a2 – 2ab
3𝑥𝑥 2 +8𝑥𝑥+5 3𝑥𝑥+5

3. ÷
𝑥𝑥 2 +8𝑥𝑥+7 𝑥𝑥+7
14. 12ax + 24ay + 10cx + 20cy

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
𝑦𝑦 1 1
4. + 2. 1 - 1
𝑦𝑦 2 −16 𝑦𝑦−4 1+ 1
1+2
3
𝑥𝑥−2
+3
𝑎𝑎+2 3 3.
5. − 4
+4
𝑎𝑎2 +𝑎𝑎−2 𝑎𝑎2 +2𝑎𝑎−3 𝑥𝑥−2
1
1+ 1
1+ 1
1+𝑥𝑥
4. 1
II. Simplify. 2+ 1
2+ 1
3 2+𝑥𝑥
1+𝑥𝑥
1. 9
1− 2
𝑥𝑥
“I am always content with what happens, for I know that what God chooses is better than what I chose.” EPICTETUS

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE THE CITY OF MEYCAUAYAN 5. What is the simplified form of this;
2
?
1+√𝑥𝑥
Pag-asa St. Malhacan, City of Meycauayan, Bulacan
Tel. No.: (044)228-5442/pccmbulacan@gmail.com
TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAM
FINAL EXAMINATION (PART 1)
M101: College and Advanced Algebra
II. Worded problems: (35 points)
Name ___________________________________________________ 1. In an election with two candidates, the first has twenty-four less than twice the
Course & Section _________________________________________ votes of the second. If nine hundred sixty votes were cast, how many votes did
Mr. Ronaldo T. Aquino each candidate receive?
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS. SHOW THE COMPLETE

COMPUTATIONS. AVOID ERASURES.
I. Answer the following.

1
1. What is the other form of 5𝑎𝑎2 𝑐𝑐 2 ?
2. The smallest of three consecutive integers is added to twice the largest,
producing a result fifteen less than four times the middle integer. Find the
smallest integer.
2. This is the product of √2 and √4
3. This is the sum of √2 and √4

3. Russel is 25 years old. His son is 3. In how many years will Russel’s age be
thrice his son’s age?
4. What is √4 divided by √2 ?

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
4. A rectangular park is 25 meters longer than its width. If its perimeter is 450 IV. Use a small piece of graphing paper and graph 2x + y > 6.
meters, what are the measures of its length and width?
5. One side of a triangle is five more than twice the shortest side. The third side
is three times as long as the shortest side. Find the length of the shortest side if
the perimeter of the triangle is seventy-one?
III. Use a small piece of graphing paper and graph 3x – y = 6. V. Solve using elimination, and use a small piece of graphing paper to
graph the given system
2x – y = -1
3x + y = 6

ADM – 002- 20- 0061
VI. Use a small piece of graphing paper and graph VIII. Find the roots of the polynomial equation: x4 – x3 – 7x2 + x + 6 = 0.
2x + y < 4
x-y>6
VII. Solve the given system using the Cramer’s Rule.

x + 2y + z = 8
2x – y + z = 3
x + y + 2z = 9

M101

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ADM – 002- 20- 0061

M101 – College and Advanced Algebra (1-17) 1

Set of Integers is the union of the

PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS (see the table for examples.)

4. Raising a fraction to a power (similar to 2nd and the 3rd laws)

SIMPLIFYING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS (eliminating the negative and zero

𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒃𝒃−𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝒄𝟑𝟑 𝒅𝒅−𝟒𝟒

M101 – College and Advanced Algebra (1-17) 6

NOTE: You can also multiply a two-digit number by 9

M101 – College and Advanced Algebra (1-17) 7

Example 3: Find (2k - 3)6.

M101 – College and Advanced Algebra (1-17) 9

WEEK NO: 5-6

1. xy + 2x ------GCMF is x because both terms of the given are divisible by x. So,

M101 – College and Advanced Algebra (1-17) 10

GCMF Factored Form

Example 2: Factor x5 - y5 WEEK NO: 7

Example 4: Factor x5 – 32y5

M101 – College and Advanced Algebra (1-17) 13

A proper faction is a fraction whose numerator is less than the denominator;

denominator by the largest number

To change an improper fraction to a

To change a mixed number to an

M101 – College and Advanced Algebra (1-17) 14

To multiply two or fractions,

To divide one fraction by another

To multiply or divide mixed Reducing fractions

M101 – College and Advanced Algebra (1-17) 15

Multiplication and Division of rational expression

M101 – College and Advanced Algebra (1-17) 17

M101 – College and Advanced Algebra (1-17) 18

M101 – College and Advanced Algebra (1-17) 20

√𝟑𝟑 √𝟑𝟑 √𝟓𝟓 √𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

𝟐𝟐√𝟓𝟓 𝟐𝟐√𝟓𝟓 √𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐√𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

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An equation that contains a variable is called conditional equation. To solve

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LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

Points on the cartesian plane are called

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EXAMPLE 1: Graph the equation x - y = 2.

Going back to the given;

EXAMPLE 2: WEEK NO: 13

OR make table of x and y values

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EXAMPLE 3: -5x + 5 < -10 EXAMPLE 6: 3(-3 – x) – 10 < 2

EXAMPLE 4: 3x + 4 > 5x + 2 EXAMPLE 7: 5x + 3 < x + 11

EXAMPLE 8: 3(-2x + 1) < 6(2 + x)

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Linear Inequalities in Two Variables

Note: You may assign any numbers to x. But I suggest

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 EXAMPLE 2: Graph 2x – y > 6

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Still by elimination, eliminate x to find y. Make the coefficients of x equal but of

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The formulas for x and y:

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