Respiratory System
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
I. Lungs
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Pleural Cavity with pleural fluid (as The right lung is made up of 3
lubricant) between the pleural lobes – superior, middle, and
membranes. inferior lobes.
The two lungs are not symmetrical in The left lung has only 2 –
location because the liver bulges up superior and inferior lobes; no
on the right side and the heart takes middle lobe.
more space on the left side than the
right.
The left lung is thinner (narrower)
and longer than the right lung; the
right lung is higher (shorter) in
location and broader than the left
lung.
B. LOBES
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II. UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT inferior nasal conchae for the lateral
A. NOSE – EXTERNAL PORTION walls.
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B. PHARYNX (THROAT)
FUNCTIONS:
It is purely respiratory in function.
The nasopharynx exchanges air
with nasal cavities so that the air
pressure inside the middle ear equals
the pressure of the atmospheric air
flowing through the nose and
pharynx.
Receives the packages of dust laded
mucus and carries down toward the
mouth.
PHARYNX – NASOPHARYNX PHARYNX – OROPHARYNX
The uppermost portion of the Oropharynx lies posterior to the oral
pharynx that lies posterior to the cavity and extends from the soft palate to
internal nasal cavity and extends to the level of the hyoid bone.
the plane of the soft palate. It receives a single opening
Consists of 4 openings – a pair (fauces) from the mouth.
communicates anteriorly with the Functionally, it serves both
nasal cavities by way of the two respiratory and digestive
posterior nares; a pair communicates functions since it is the
with the middle ears by way of the common passageway for both
two auditory or eustachian tube. air and food.
PHARYNX – LARYNGOPHARYNX
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Laryngopharynx extends
downward from the hyoid bone and opens
into the esophagus posteriorly; and into the
larynx anteriorly.
Functionally, it is both
respiratory and digestive
segment of the pharynx.
C. LARYNX (VOICEBOX)
The larynx is a short passageway that
connects the pharynx with the trachea.
it has a cavity that extends
It lies in the midline of the from the entrance to the lower
neck anterior to the 4th through border of the cricoid cartilage
the 6th cervical vertebrae. where it is continuous with that
Its walls are supported by 9 of the trachea.
pieces of cartilages (3 single It has a pair of folds composed
and 3 paired cartilages). of mucous membrane:
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Ventricular folds or false vocal cords - It extends above the thyroid
are the upper pair of folds and do not cartilage in front of the entrance to
function in phonation. the larynx.
- The stem portion of the epiglottis is
Vocal Folds or true vocal cords attached to the thyroid cartilage
enclose a strong band of connective while the leaf portion is unattached
tissue (vocal elastic ligament) and play a and free to move up and down like
role in phonation. a trap door.
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and by their action can move the The trachea is encircled by a series of
vocal cords. 16 to 20 horizontal, incomplete rings
Corniculate Cartilages – are cone-shaped of hyaline cartilage that look like a
cartilages located at the spaces of each series of letter C’s stacked one on top
arytenoid cartilages. of another.
The open parts of the C’s face the
esophagus and permit the esophagus
to expand into the trachea during
swallowing.
D. TRACHEA – WINDPIPE
Trachea is a flexible, tubular
structure located anterior to the
esophagus and extends from the
larynx to the 5th thoracic vertebra.
Histologically, it is lined with
pseudostratified columnar ciliated E. BRONCHI AND BRONCHIAL TREE
epithelium with goblet cell and basal (RESPIRATORY TREE)
cells. The bronchi are the bifurcations of
Its walls are composed of smooth the trachea at the level of the 5th
muscles and elastic connective thoracic vertebra.
tissues.
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The right bronchus enters the right 3. As the cartilages disappear, the
lung while the left bronchus enters smooth muscle tissue become
the left lung. The bronchi enter the distinct.
lungs in the hilus. 4. The ciliated columnar epithelium
Inside each lung, the bronchus gives changes to simple cuboidal in the
several branches which resemble a terminal bronchioles.
tree.
The branches are as follows:
Bronchus
- Secondary or lobar
bronchi
- Terminal or segmental
bronchi
Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
- Respiratory Bronchioles
- Atria or alveolar ducts
(These open into the alveoli of the lungs)
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An Alveolus
COVERAGE:
A. Definition of Respiration
B. Review of the Respiratory Tree
C. Alveolus / Alveoli
D. Respiratory Membrane
E. Pulmonary Ventilation
F. Mechanics of Breathing Inhalation and
Exhalation
G. Respiratory Gases
A. Definition of Respiration
RESPIRATION
Delivers air-containing oxygen to the
blood and removes gaseous waste products
of metabolism.
External Respiration
Pulmonary Ventilation
-Between the alveoli of the lungs and
the blood
Internal Respiration
-Between the body cells and the Cellular Respiration
blood - Sum of biochemical events
utilizing oxygen.
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Ventilation or Breathing
- Mechanical process; movement of
air into and out of the lung;
inspiration and expiration
B. RESPIRATORY TREE
1. Primary Bronchus
2. Secondary Bronchus
3. Tertiary / Segmental Bronchi
4. Terminal Bronchioles
5. Respiratory Bronchioles
6. Alveolar Ducts
4. A group of several alveoli with a
common opening into an alveolar
duct is named as alveolar sac.
5. Lined by a single layer of squamous
epithelium composed of squamous
cells or Type I cells.
6. It has also septal cells or Type II cells
which are smaller, scattered,
cuboidal secretory cells. These
secrete detergent-like phospholipid
called surfactant which helps keep
the alveoli inflated by reducing
surface tension.
C. ALVEOLI / ALVEOLUS
Alveoli – Features
1. The functional units of the lungs
where gas exchange takes place by
diffusion.
2. These are clustered in bunches of
grapes and provide enough surface
area to allow ample gas transfer.
3. An alveolus looks like a bubble 7. Alveoli also have phagocytic
which is supported by a basement alveolar macrophages adhering to the
membrane of basal lamina. alveolar wall or circulate freely in the
lumen of the alveoli. These cells
Passive Transport Mechanism is a ingest and destroy microorganisms
downhill pattern while Active Transport and other foreign particles.
Mechanism is an uphill pattern. This is
according to concentration gradient.
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8. The alveoli are surrounded by E. PULMONARY VENTILATION /
numerous capillaries whose walls are BREATHING
thin enough to facilitate diffusion of Pulmonary Ventilation or
gases. breathing is the mechanical flow of air into
(inhalation) and out (exhalation) the lungs.
Air moves into the lungs when the air
pressure inside the lungs is less than the air
pressure in the atmosphere and out of the
lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
(Boyle’s Law – inverse relationship
between volume and pressure)
F. Mechanics of Breathing
9. The alveolar walls and capillary
walls must be thin enough to give a The changes in size of the chest are
maximum permeability yet strong attributed to the muscles namely –
enough to hold open the air cavities. diaphragm, intercostal muscles, pectoralis
These walls where gas passes muscles and the muscles of abdominal wall.
through are known as alveolar-
capillary membrane or respiratory
membrane.
D. RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
Also called the alveolar – capillary
membrane which the includes the alveolar
walls (simple squamous epithelium) and its
basement membrane (basal lamina) and
the capillary walls (simple squamous
epithelium) and its basement membrane
(basal lamina). Inspiration/Inhalation
- Its thickness is about 4 cm which is 1. Contraction of the diaphragm and
much thinner than a sheet of paper. This the intercostal muscles upon
allows diffusion of gases to and from the stimulation when impulses from
alveoli of the lungs. the CNS arrive by way of phrenic
Alveolar wall of the Alveolus and intercostal nerves.
Basement Membrane of the Alveolar 2. Flattening of the diaphragm and
Wall elevation of the ribs –
enlargement of the thoracic cavity.
Basement Membrane of the
3. Decrease in the intrapleural
Capillary wall
(pressure within the pleural space)
Capillary Wall of the Capillary
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and intrapulmonic pressure as the Expiration/Exhalation
volume of gas is increased. 1. Cessation of impulses from the
4. Continuous flowing of air into the CNS – relaxation of the
lungs equalizes the intrapulmonic diaphragm and the intercostal
pressure (pressure within the muscles.
lungs) to that of the atmospheric 2. Decrease of the thoracic cavity as
pressure. the muscle return to their resting
position, and the elastic lung
recoil.
Boyle’s Law and Breathing: Exhalation
During exhalation,
Lung volume decreases
Pressure within the lung increases
Air flows from the higher pressure in
the lungs to the outside
G. RESPIRATORY GASES
Only oxygen and carbon dioxide are of
physiologic significance under ordinary
circumstances. Nitrogen is serving
merely to dilute the oxygen. The amount
of these respiratory gases vary in
inspired, expired and alveolar air.
Carbon
Oxygen
Dioxide
Inspired Air 20.93% 0.04%
Alveolar
14.00% 5.50%
Air
Expired Air 15.70% 4.40%
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