Vocabulary and speaking

Globalisation

1a Work in pairs. Spend one minute thinking of five ways in which

globalisation affects your everyday life.
I eat a lot of food from American chains.

b Compare your answers with the class.

2 Work in groups. Which of the things below have you experienced

personally? Describe what happened and what you found
interesting about the experience.
• visiting another country to go shopping, for a sporting event,
to visit a theme park, etc.
• making online contact with someone from another country
• using English as a lingua franca to communicate with other
non-native speakers
• working/studying with someone from another country
• travelling abroad to work or study
• following an international celebrity on Twitter, etc.
• participating in international conference calls, webinars, etc.
 • 71:;{ 7 / Vt; 'I~-" '1, tf/7":X/Y:;{~F".
It!!.l.1U:fji),f(l)Ji1-?jf1~J'[;r.>'''t;~IIO'l1' ..tQ

4 Add the words/phrases in bold from exercises 2 and

3 to the word web below. Some can go in more than
one category.
tr,lVd
j'tllrt: /"O( if t
too

globalisatioo
bll"iin!:'''''
Qlone):

1'1 anf!Ud~e
online contact

Work in groups. In your opinion, which of the 5 List five advantages and five disadvantages of
following have happened in your country as a globalisation. Use vocabulary from exercise 3 and
result of globalisation? Compare your ideas and your own ideas. Then work in pairs and compare
give reasons. your answers.
There's more immigration/emigration.
There is greater tolerance of cultural and 6a ~ 1.1 Listen to six people talking about globalisation
religious diversity. and make notes on the questions below.
People mix more with people of other races 1 What aspect of globalisation do they discuss and
and cultures. what examples/pros and cons do they mention?
Our way of life has changed considerably. 2 Are they for or against globalisation? Or do they
There is a clash of cultures within our society. have mixed opinions?
We have become a multi-ethnic society.
Our culture has become very Americanised.
There's more freedom and choice. b Work in pairs and compare notes. Listen again if
• There are more multinational corporations and necessary to complete your answers. Do you agree
fewer local businesses. with the speakers? Why?/Why not?
• Mass tourism from abroad has really changed
so me parts of the country. c Look at audio script 1.1 on page 162. Add any useful
• Peo ple eat more imported food rather than words and phrases to the word web in exercise 4b.
local produce.
• Peo ple have a higher standard of living.
• Th ere has been a 'brain drain' of talented people 7 Work in pairs and take turns to describe the
goi ng to work abroad. difference between each pair of words/phrases.
any of the goods we buy are made in 1 emigration, immigration
sweatshops in other parts of the world. 2 multinational. multi-ethnic
e are more vulnerable to global financial crises. 3 cultural diversity, a clash of cultures
· Jeople have become obsessed with global brands. 4 a business, a corporation
5 your standard of living, your way of life
Reading and vocabuLary
Urbanisation
b Work in pairs and compare your answers. Check the
meaning of any words/phrases you don't know. How
1 Work in pairs and discuss. How has your town or
many can you use to describe your town/city or a
local area changed since you were born? What
place you know well?
problems, if any, have the changes caused?
The capital of my country doesn't have the
2a Look at the words/phrases in the box. Tick the ones infrastructure to support the millions of people
you know, write a question mark next to the ones who live there.
you can guess, and cross the ones you need to check.

reclaimed land availability of housing

3a You are going to read an article about urbanisation
which mentions the cities of Washington DC, Dhaka,
green-belt land infrastructure
Songdo and Medellin. Which countries are these
overcrowding demolition of old buildings
cities in?
residential areas high-rise buildings
shanty towns no-go areas
sky-high property prices slums b Read the article and answer the questions.
urban sprawl congestion
1 What has recently changed about humans?
squalor
2 Why is there so much slum housing in the world?
3 What was Le Corbusier's solution to the problems
of urbanisation in Paris?

umans are good at building cities - after all we've been doing it for nine

H millennia - but a few years ago, for the first time in history, we officially
became an urban species. More of us now live in cities than in the
countryside . That's over three and a half billion people and this global trend is
heading ever upwards. Experts believe that by 2050, seven billion of us will be
living in an urban environment, and the numbers just keep rising . The speed
and scale of this change is unprecedented; just to keep up with demand, we
are currently building a new city the size of Washington DC every three days.
Building more ofthe same, however, is just a temporary solution, as fast-
growing cities bring with them numerous issues such as overcrowding, slum
housing, congestion, crime, pollution and more.
Part of the problem is that despite the number of people they house, cities
only occupy three percent of the earth's land surface. That's an awful lot of
people to fit into such a small space and most cities just weren 't designed to
cope. Sao Paulo, for example, suffers traffic jams of up to 180 kilometres on
a bad day and everywhere from Abu Dhabi to Zurich, limited availability and
unlimited demand are driving property prices sky-high. In turn, this is leading
to a massive global growth in slum housing. In Dhaka, for example, the capital
of Bangladesh and a city which will soon be bigger than Beijing or Mexico City,
60 percent of residents live in shanty towns. So what, if anything, can be done
about urbanisation?
Perhaps the solution is to knock down our old cities and start again. City
planners are always coming up with hare-bra ined schemes like this, and the
famous French architect and designer Le Corbusier was no exception. He
devised a plan in the 1920s to demolish the centre of Paris to make space for a
series of high-rise buildings. To Le Corbusier, th is was just a sensible solution
to the dirt and squalor of Paris at the time, but had he succeeded, it is doubtful
that Paris would be attracting nearly 30 million tourists a year, as it is today.
Demolishing and rebuilding cities to meet modern needs is clearly impractical,
so what are the alternatives? The brand new city of Songdo in South Korea and
the more historic city of Medellin in Colombia offer two exciting but contrasting
visions of how to cope with the problems of urbanisation.
 Global living I 01

4 Find phrases in the article that mean Grammar review

the following.
1 Across the world, urbanisation is happening
Continuous verb forms
faster and faster.
2 Urbanisation of this size and speed has 1a Read the sentences. In which sentence is the writer more
never happened before. interested in the action in progress? In the result?
3 Cities that grow quickly have a lot
1 Since 2004, the city has invested over $600 million in
of problems.
cable cars.
4 Cities weren't planned to house so
2 Since 2004, the city has been investing money in cable cars.
many people.
S Too many people chasing too few homes is
causing very high house prices. b Does the writer use a simple or a continuous form when the
6 What can we do about people moving to focus is on the action?
the cities?
7 Le Corbusier suggested doing this.
8 He made a plan to knock down the centre 2 Look at the verbs in bold in the sentences and find examples
of Paris. of the verb forms in the box.
9 Knocking down and rebuilding cities is not
going to work. a simple form the Present continuous (x2)
the Future continuous the Present perfect continuous
a continuous passive
S Work in pairs. Student A: Turn to page 106
and read about Songdo. Student B: Turn to
page 109 and read about Medellin. 1 Humans have been building cities for nine millennia.
2 Experts believe that by 2050, seven billion of us
will be living in an urban environment.
3 .. . we are currently building a new city the size of
Washington DC every three days.
4 This global trend is heading ever upwards.
S ... plans are in the process of being drawn up for 20 more
cities like Songdo.

3a The continuous aspect is commonly used to express

the ideas below. Which sentence(s) in exercise 2 reflect
each idea?
a to show that a situation is temporary
3: we are currently building a new city .. .
b to show an action happening around a point of time
c to describe changes and developments
d to show duration
e to show that an action is incomplete

b Why can't believe in exercise 2, sentence 2 be used in the

continuous form? Do you know any other verbs like this?

4 Complete the sentences to make them true for you . Use

an appropriate continuous form . Then work in pairs and
compare your answers.
6a Take turns to tell your partner about the city
you have read about. Your partner listens and 1 People from my country are currently .. .
asks questions to find out more information. 2 In 2020, I hope I .. .
3 I've ... for ages.
4 Recently, I've been .. .
b Work in pairs and discuss the questions.
S At the moment, I .. .
• Which city, Songdo or Medellin, do you find 6 This time tomorrow, I .. .
most impressive? Why?
• Which model offers the best hope for
the future?
• What solutions can you think of for
the problems of the major cities in
your country?
 non-native speakers I

native speakers words

official language in
countries
speakers in India
Did you know?
~ There are far more non-native speakers of English in the ~ Special, simplified versions of English exist to help
world than native speakers. It's hard to calculate, but various professionals to communicate internationally,
it is believed that there are around 375 million native for example, 'air-speak' for pilots and air-traffic
speakers and over 1.125 billion non-native speakers - controllers, 'police-speak' to help deal with international
a total of about 1.5 billion . crime and 'doctor-speak' to simplify communication
~ English is an official language in 55 countries . The USA between doctors.
has the largest number of English speakers (250 million), ~ Modern British people probably wouldn't have been able
followed in second place by India (125 million), then to understand the English spoken in Shakespeare's time.
Pakistan (89 million), Nigeria (79 million) and the Pronunciation and grammar were different and many
UK (59 million) . words had different meanings. For example, 'nice' meant
~ Most linguists agree that English has the largest 'foolish' in the 16th century.
vocabulary of any language in the world. It is almost ~ The relationship between spelling and pronunciation in
impossible to say how many words there are, but some English is notoriously irregular: the combination' ough'
peop le say there are over a million . It is said that a new can be pronounced in nine different ways! The following
word enters the language every 98 minutes, sentence contains them all: A rough-coated, dough-
on average. faced, thoughtful ploughman strode through the streets
~ More English words begin with 't' than any other letter- of Scarborough; after falling into a slough, he coughed
about 25 percent of all words. and hiccoughed. Turn to page 106 to see how this is
pronounced .
~ There are estimated to be about 175 dialects of English
arou nd the world .

Listening and speaking 3 Read the statements below. Tick the ones you agree
with and cross the ones you disagree with. Then work
English in a changing world in groups to compare your answers.
1 I am more likely to use English to speak to native
1 Work in groups and discuss. In what circumstances speakers (e.g. British or Australian people) than I am
and with w hom do you think you will use English in to use it to speak to non-native speakers.
the future? Think about work, travel, social situations, 2 Learners of English should try to pronounce the
the internet , etc. language as closely as possible to the way that
native speakers do.
2a Read the fact s above about the English language. 3 It is very important for learners of English to have a
Then work in pairs and guess which two pieces of good command of British and American idioms.
information are false. Turn to page 106 to check 4 People can't understand you when you speak a
your answers. foreign language unless you use grammar correctly.
5 English doesn't just belong to native speakers; it
belongs to everyone in the world who uses it.
b Work in pairs and discuss. Do any of the facts 6 When I speak English, I don't want to imitate a
surprise you? Why? British or American person. I want to keep my
own identity.
 Global living I 01

4 ~ 1.2 Listen to Doctor Jennifer Jenkins talking about 7 Put the words in brackets in the correct order to
English as an international language. Which ideas introduce the rest of the sentence.
from exercise 3 does she agree/disagree with? Why? 1 (point / the / that / main / consider / be / would /
to) it's important to give learners a choice.
Sa Doctor Jenkins mentions the following language 2 (Global English / advantage / a / of / that / is /
areas in relation to international English. Have you further) it makes using the internet easier.
had problems with any of them? 3 (problem / one / possible / be / British English or
American English / that / with / might) it isn't what
• the pronunciation of th-
learners need.
• British and American idioms
4 (reason / pronunciation problems / most / the / for /
• uncountable nouns like information
that / is / obvious) learners don't have the sound in
• the third-person -s in the Present simple
their first language.

b Listen again. What does Doctor Jenkins think may

happen to the language areas in exercise Sa as
8 Decide whether the points below are for or against
globalisation, or neutral. Then introduce each one
international English develops?
using an appropriate phrase.
1 people are more aware of other
6a Work in pairs and discuss. Do you agree with Doctor cultures and ways of life.
Jenkins? Why? /Why not? Has she made you change 2 a lot of small local businesses cannot
your mind about any of your answers in exercise 3? compete with big multinationals.
3 there is a lot more choice available
b Work in groups and interview your teacher about in shops than there used to be.
this issue. First think of at least three questions to 4 there are a lot more opportunities
find out what he/she thinks. Then take turns to ask for people to travel and work abroad.
your questions. S big multinational companies have a
lot of power.
6 a lot of local skills and customs
:;
are disappearing.
Introducing points in an argument 7 we all recognise the same music,
celebrities and brands.
~ 1.3 Listen to the way points are introduced in the
interview and complete the sentences. How do the
introductory phrases help the listener? 9a You are going to answer one of the questions below.
1 Well, they're You will have 30 seconds to give your answer.
intelligible to each other. Spend a few minutes preparing what to say. Use
2 _ _ _ __ nobody owns English any more. introductory phrases to make your points.
3 _ _ _ __ learners have less to do.
1 Will English remain the global language of the
2 Here are some similar ways of introducing points. future? Why?/Why not?
Decide which are useful for introducing points for and 2 Should each country or region try to preserve its
against an argument. Which could be either? customs and identity? How?
3 Should people be free to live in whichever country
One
point to consider is that ... they like or do we need immigration controls?
(important)
4 What are the advantages and disadvantages of
Another increasing urbanisation?
reason (for) ... would be that ...
(strong) S How do you see your city/country changing in the
The most drawback/advantage
might be that .. .
future? What would you like to happen?
(obvious) (of) ... 6 Is a more globalised world a good thing? Why? /
problem/concern/ Why not?
The second
issue (with) .. . 7 Is it a good thing to have so many large,
A further consideration ... multinational corporations in the world?
8 Should richer countries do more to help poorer
The main explanation ...
countries? If so, what?
One important issue is that many people use
English online. b Work in groups. Take turns to give your answer and
Another problem is that there are so many respond to other students' questions.
varieties of English.
 Task
Give tips on learnin g a language wel l
Preparation listening and reading

1 ~ 1.4 Listen to seven high-level language speakers

talking about learning strategies that helped them or
Lamguage
someone they know. Make notes about the questions
below for speakers.
around ·
• Which languages were being learnt?
• What strategy does he/she describe?
• In what ways did it help? ~driana from Buenos Aires studied '
English for 'nine years at school, but has
2 Read the profiles. Then work in pairs and summarise never had the opportunity to use the
the needs of each language learner. Which, if language in reallif~ . She has just been
any, of the strategies in exercise 1 are relevant to ·offered ajob with an international
each person? company and has been told that
she will be using English on a daily
basis; to answer the phone, to
Task Speaking communicate with English-speaking
colleagues and to attend meetings .
in English. She is very anxious as she
1 Work in groups. Think of your own useful tips or doesn't fe'el that the English she learnt
suggestions for the five language learners in the ~t school prepared her for this aspect
pictures. Ask your teacher for any words/phrases
of her new job. She has two months
you need.
before the new job starts and plenty of
time, but .not much money!
> Useful language a

2 Compare your answers with the class and

compile a list of useful tips for more advanced
language learners.

David is 26 years old and qualified a"

3a Work in pairs and discuss the questions below.
a chef, but cannot find a job in his
• Which learner(s) in the profiles do you have most own country. His girlfriend has
in common with? Think about: found a job in Germany. David .
yo ur motivation. has joined her there a:r:d they
yo ur job/study needs.
are staying with some cousins
the skills you want to develop most.
your strengths and weaknesses. for a few.months while he finds
• Which tips and suggestions that you have discussed ajob. He learnt German for
might help you? several years at school, but ha'
• Do you have any other plans for improving forgotten a lot of it and needs
your English? to improve his communication
skills quickly before he can get
> Useful language b
the kind of job he would like. H
does not have much money to
b Choose two tips from your list to actively follow. spend on language lessons.
After a few weeks, report back to the class on how
you are progressing.

I. 11
 a Discussing tips and suggestions
One thing that I think is very useful is ...
I think he would benefit from .. .
~ He needs to concentrate on .. .
jjjI
Her main priority should be .. .

[ She needs to find a way of .. .

This approach wou ldn't work for everyone.
I think it really depends on the kind of person
you are .
... -ing works for me.
Kareem from'Jordan is planning to do a Master's
degree in Bl!siness Studies at an Australian b Describing your own needs and targets
university in a couple of years' time. His One thing I'm good at is .. .
English is fairly good and he is attending a One of my worst faults is that I (never) ...
special coUrse in academic writing to help My main aim is to ...
... is one of my main priorities because ...
him ~th e'ssays in English, but he needs
For that reason , I'm aiming to ...
to be able to read in English much
more fluently and to do this
he needs to improve his
vocabulary dmmatically. He
will also have to understand
lectures in English and, of
course, comrrmnicate and
socialise in his everyday life.

Asha studied Russian for five years at school in London

and spent four weeks on a study exchange programme
in Moscow. She understands, speaks and reads
Russian pretty well an,d is keen to keep it up and
ied a improve - she is sure that it will be useful to her
n his one day although she is not exactly sure how yet,
taS She cannot afford to pay for expensive lessons at
rid a .language school and is busy with a demanding
ey university course.
.ins
---~~-- " ,. ------
finds
Ir
t has
eds Akiko is 33 and from Tokyo. She has just moved to San
tion Francisco with her husband who.has got ajob in a company
l get ~ere . She has started English lessons, but they mainly focus
e. Hel an grammar and vocabulary, aDd as she studied English for
to eight years at school in Japan, she al~eady knows a lot of this
:n theory. The problem is,that her listening skills and spoken
::nglish are not very good. She woula like to get out and get
-- know people, communicate with her daughter's teachers
d friends, and even perhaps study, but she really lacks
nfidence in English. People think she is shy, but this is not
:cally the case!'
 Introduction
The aim of th is report is to describe how globalisation has
affected eating habits in Warsaw and to consider howl
Writing whether trad itional ways of eating have been affected.

A report Global brands

Globalisation is having a big impact on eating out in Warsaw.
A significant number of global brand coffee shops and fast
1a Work in pairs and discuss. How many global
food restaurants such as Starbucks and Subway have sprung
brand cafes or restaurants can you think of?
up in the last few years and the vast majority of people have
no objection to using them . It shou ld 1_ _ be noted that
b Which, if any, of the cafes and restaurants there are now many 'themed ' global restaurants such as Hard
from exercise 1a do you sometimes visit? Rock Cafe. 2_ _ al l these places are traditionally seen as
What traditional food do you cook/eat quite expensive, many people vis it them on a regular basis .
at home?
Foreign restaurants
3_ _ an interest in the mostly American global brands, it is
2a Read the report on how globalisation has
generally true that Warsaw's residents are becoming more
affected eating habits in Warsaw, Poland.
international in their tastes. Plenty of bar mleczny(milk bars) still
What aspects of the report are true of your
exist, offering cheap, nourishing Polish food and a reminder of life
town/local area?
as it used to be, but 4_ _ , there are now restaurants offering food
from many different cultures, including Indonesian, Brazilian and
b Choose the best linking word or phrase to Indian. The food is frequently impressive, but 5_ _ the service
complete gaps 1-9 in the report. More than can be disappointing - a fact mentioned by a significant minority
one answer may be possible. of tourists on travel websites. Most young and middle-aged people
eat out in an international restaurant at least once a month .
1 as well / also / too
2 Although / Despite / Even though Eating at home
3 As we ll as / Apart from / Also Poland has a tradition of high -quality, home-cooked food and ,
4 as well as that / other than that / reassuring ly, this is one aspect of Polish food cu lture that
apart from that does not seem to be under threat from globali sation. 6_ _ a
5 on the other hand / although / small minority of people eat ready meals at home 7_ _ most
even though people claim to know how to cook traditional foods such as
6 Just / Alone / Only pierogi (dumplings).
7 while / whereas / nevertheless
8 even if / although / however Conclusion
9 this means that / this is because / In conclusion, it appears that 8_ _ globalisation is changing
this explains why the way that people eat and drink when they go out, Warsaw's
residents are still proud of their traditions and 9_ _ the
culture of home-cooked food is still very much alive there today.
3 Decide which features apply to writing
reports. Then try to add more of your own.
• informal language ill( redsinf, need
• an introduction and a conclusion more intern!;.ltioIlal fOl Fngh"h
• clear, simple headings c rnpdl1IeS
• use of the word 'I'
peopk_WQI kmg.
longer JJ9UfS
4a You are going to write a report for a lifestyle
magazine on the effects of globalisation. more American!
Work in groups and discuss whether the
more inter IldtiOl1dl
mtt'r IldtlOl1dl n h€ p g.ood
ideas in the word web are true of your lrom db) Od
hometow n/ country. re"taurdnt"

b Choose one of the topics in the word web

culture/entertainment
and think about how globalisation has
affected your town/country in relation to people mon' tolerant
this topic. Note down your ideas. teenag_er" mote
'\men 'dl1lsrd_
attitudes/ beliefs: We know a lot more
about how people think in different attitudes/beliefs morp Inter IldtlOn.ti
countries. \I
 Listening
Varieties of English

1a ~ 1.5 Listen to four radio news reports from around

the world. Where does each one come from and
what is the main event being described?

b Listen again and note the key numbers and statistics.

Work in pairs and compare answers. Say how each
9 story relates to globalisation.

j 2 The four reporters spoke American English. British

English. Australian English and Indian English. What
differences did you hear between the four varieties?

3a ~ 1.6 Pronunciation Listen and compare the

pronunciation of different varieties of English. You
will hear each phrase below twice. Can you hear the
difference in the pronunciation?
j 1 American English and British English:
a all flights into and out of the area
b share prices across the world
c $15 billion
3 2 British English and Australian English:
a sold all over Europe
b a vote of confidence
c announced that it was to close
5 Write sentences using your notes from exercise 4 3 Australian English and Indian English:
and the phrases in the table below. a the vast majority of people
The (vast) majority of b part of a natural process
;t c 12,000 million tonnes of greenhouse gases
Abo ut ... percent of
people from my home town ... 4 Indian English and American English:
Many/Not many (of)
local residents ... a scheduled to open this week
Very few (of)
A small/significant minority (of) b 20,000 branches
It is (generally) true that c not everyone, however, is happy
It seems/appears that there is a growing interest in ...
It 's obvious that there are more and more ... b Listen again and repeat. Can you imitate the
Evidence suggests that
pronunciation of each variety of English?

a Organise your sentences from exercise 5 under 4 Work in pairs and discuss. Which accent do
headings. as in the report in exercise 2a. The main you like best? Which do you find easiest to
body of your report should have at least two understand? Which are you most likely to come into
sections. Then write the first draft of your report. contact with?

;, Look at the checklist below and think about how

your report could be improved. Swap reports with a
partner and see if he/she agrees. Then write the final
Dd draft of your report.
oad
• Does your report have an introduction and a
conclusion?
• Does the introduction mention the aim of
the report?
• Does the conclusion summarise the findings?
• Does the main body have at least two headings?
• Is the style appropriate to a formal report?
• Have you used plenty of linking words to tie the
report together?