SOUTH EASTERN KENYA UNVIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND COMPUTING

Title

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

By

JAPHET CHERUIYOT LANGAT

Reg No: G126/0625/2018

SUPERVISOR: CAROLINE ONKANGI

November, 2021

A Research Project submitted to the School of Science and Computing in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of a degree of Bachelor of Science in Computer Science.

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DECLARATION
This project is my original work and has not been presented for the award of any degree in any
University.
Signature: __________________________ Date: _____________________________

Supervisor
This research proposal has been submitted with my approval as the University supervisor
Name: Caroline Onkangi
Signature: ___________________________Date:______________________________

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DEDICATION
I dedicate this project proposal to my parents who have tirelessly sponsored my university studies.
I also dedicate it to my siblings who have constantly motivated me throughout the four-year journey.

3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is with gratitude that I take this time to acknowledge the people who aided in the success of this
proposal. First, I would like to thank almighty God for giving me the knowledge and understanding and
the skills to write and complete this project proposal. I would also like to thank my parents to the support.
Thank you, my supervisor, Mrs. Caroline Onkangi for being there when I needed to consult on the
progress on the proposal.

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................................................... 2
DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................................................... 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................................................................... 4
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................................ 9
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................................ 10
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................................... 11
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................ 12
1.1 Background of the Study......................................................................................................................................... 12
1.2 Statement of the problem ........................................................................................................................................ 12
1.3 Objective of the Study............................................................................................................................................. 13
1.4 Research Questions ................................................................................................................................................. 13
1.5 Justification of the Study......................................................................................................................................... 13
1.6 Scope of the Study .................................................................................................................................................. 13
1.7 Significance of the Study ........................................................................................................................................ 14
2.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................................. 15
2.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 15
2.4 Related Work .......................................................................................................................................................... 16
2.5 Gaps in the Literature .............................................................................................................................................. 17
2.6 Approach ................................................................................................................................................................. 17
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 18
3.2 Research Design...................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.3 Target Population .................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.4 Sampling Design ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.5 Sample size determination ...................................................................................................................................... 18
3.5 Data Gathering ........................................................................................................................................................ 19
3.6 Data Analysis Methods ........................................................................................................................................... 19
3.7 Development Methodology..................................................................................................................................... 19
CHAPTER FOUR................................................................................................................................................................. 21

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 DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS AND SYSTEM DESIGN ................................................... 21
4.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 21
4.1. Presentation of Findings. ........................................................................................................................................... 21
4.1.1 Questionnaire Return Rate ................................................................................................................................... 21
4.1.2 Category of Respondents ..................................................................................................................................... 22
4.1.3 Computer Usage Skills......................................................................................................................................... 23
4.1.2. Interview ............................................................................................................................................................. 23
4.2. Summary of the Findings. .......................................................................................................................................... 24
4.3. System Analysis ......................................................................................................................................................... 24
4.3.1. Description of the Existing System. .................................................................................................................... 24
4.3.2. Description of the Proposed System. .................................................................................................................. 24
4.3.3. Requirements Specifications. .............................................................................................................................. 25
4.4. System Design. .......................................................................................................................................................... 26
4.4.1. Sequence Diagram .............................................................................................................................................. 26
4.4.2 Use Case Diagram................................................................................................................................................ 27
4.5 Interface Design .......................................................................................................................................................... 29
4.5.1 Login page for admin ........................................................................................................................................... 29
4.5.2 Home Page ........................................................................................................................................................... 29
4.6 Database Design.......................................................................................................................................................... 30
4.6.1 Driver table .......................................................................................................................................................... 30
4.7 System Implementation and Testing ........................................................................................................................... 30
4.7.1 System Testing ..................................................................................................................................................... 30
4.7.2 System Output – Reports ..................................................................................................................................... 31
CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................................................................................................. 32
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................... 32
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 32
5.2 Summary of findings................................................................................................................................................... 32
5.3. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................................ 32
5.4 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................................................... 32
5.5. Suggestions for further studies................................................................................................................................... 33
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................................. 34

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APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Appendix A: Questionnaire .............................................................................................................................................. 35
APPENDIX A: PROJECT BUDGET ................................................................................................................................... 37
APPENDIX B: IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE............................................................................................................ 38
APPENDIX C: Hardware Requirements .............................................................................................................................. 39
Table 3: Hardware requirements ....................................................................................................................................... 39
a). For Server ................................................................................................................................................................ 39
b). For client .................................................................................................................................................................. 39
APPENDIX D: Software Requirements ........................................................................................................................... 40
Appendix E: Sample Code ................................................................................................................................................ 40
Home page .................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Admin Page ................................................................................................................................................................... 42

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION
SEKU – South Eastern Kenya University
PHP – Hypertext PreProcessor
SDLC – Software Development Life Cycle
SPSS – Statistical Package for Social Sciences
RSC -- Road Safety Commission
IoT - Internet of Things

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Conceptual framework.…………………………………………….………………………...…16

Figure2: Waterfall model……………………………………………..….…………………………….…17

Figure 3: Pie Chart representation………………..……..………………………………………………..22
Figure 4: Occupation bar graph…………………..….…..…………………………………………….…22
Figure 5: Sequence diagram……………………..….……………...………………………………..……27
Figure 6: Use case diagram………………………………………...………………………………….….28
Figure 7: Admin’s Login page……………………………………………..…………………………….29
Figure 8: System homepage………………………………………………..……………………….…...29
Figure 9: System dashboard………………………………………………..……………………………31

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Questionnaire Return Rate…………………………………………………….....….…………21
Table 2: Occupation……………………………………………………………………………………..22

Table 3: Computer skills…………………..…………………………………………………………….23

Table 5: Driver table…………………………………………………………………………….………30

Table 6: Budget estimates………………………………………………………………………….…....37
Table 7: Gantt chart……………………………………………………………………………………..38
Table 8: Hardware requirements………………………………………………………………..……....39
Table 9: Software requirements…………………………………………………………..……………..40

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ABSTRACT
Millions of vehicles pass via roads and cities every day. Various economic, social and cultural factors
affect the growth of traffic congestion has major impacts on accidents, loss of time, cost, delay of
emergency etc. Due to traffic congestion, there is a loss in productivity from workers and delivery get
delayed leading to increase cost. With the modern technology we can rely on Traffic Management System
to minimize traffic congestion and its negative effects. This system is composed of a set of applications
and management tools to improve the overall traffic efficiency and safety of the transportation sectors.
This system collects information from various sources and exploit them to identify hazards that may
potentially degrade the traffic efficiency and provide services to control them. This includes installation of
a system to supply information on road and traffic conditions, necessary for drivers, through a resident
traffic manager, in addition to the traffic control system to control the traffic signal lights.
Sometimes the public might have a view of a given road. Having a system that will allow the public to
raise their views will have a great influence on the same. Traffic Management System offers just that. The
need to allow the public give feedback, that is, complaints or comments based on a particular road
condition, for example road construction or road accidents will be highly profitable.

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Most of the densely populated cities in Kenya such as Nairobi has an average population of about
4,922,192 (2020). This number keep increasing day by day while infrastructure such as road networks
grow at a slow phase when compared to the population increase. Furthermore, statistics revealed that the
number of vehicles continue to increase thereby causing huge traffic jam in most parts of the cities.
Faulty traffic systems, narrow road spaces and unnecessary overtaking by drivers create road
congestions. This congestion causes delay at work. This in turn causes serious air and noise pollution
hence the overall environmental condition. Traffic jam is a problem on many roads in the cities because
it causes traffic accidents, incremental delay, and vehicle operating costs such as fuel consumption,
pollution emissions and stress that result from interference among vehicles in the traffic stream. It also
causes economic activities difficulties.
Following these numerous problems, there is need to design and implement an efficient traffic
management system that will control the traffic on the roads and minimize the average commute time.
Many traffic light systems operate on a timing mechanism that changes the lights after a given interval.
Designing a system that will sense the presence or absence of a vehicle and reacts accordingly will be
highly important in handling traffic and traffic related activities.
Access to major roads provides relative advantages which commercial users locate to enjoy the
advantages. Modern business, industries, trades and general activities depend on transport and transport
infrastructure, with the movement of goods and services from place to place becoming vital and
inseparable aspects of global and urban economic survival.

1.2 Statement of the problem

In first growing cities such as Nairobi, where the number of vehicles continuously increases faster than
the available infrastructure to support them, congestion is a difficult issue to deal with and even worst in
case of car accidents. This problem affects many aspects of the country, including economic
development, traffic accidents etc. But with appreciation of the modern technology, we can rely on
Traffic Management System to minimize traffic congestion and its negative effects. This traffic
management system is composed of a set of applications and management tools to improve the overall
traffic efficiency and safety of the transportation sectors. It does this by gathering various information
from various sources, exploits the information to identify hazards that may potentially degrade the traffic
efficiency, and then provides services to control them.

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1.3 Objective of the Study
1.3.1 Main Objective
The main objective of this system is to provide convenience to the management team by developing a
digital system to make processes regarding Traffic Management easier.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

i). To gather traffic-related data from different sources including vehicles, in-road and roadside
sensors and traffic lights. ii). To exploit the collected data in order to identify or forecast some traffic
hazards.
iii). To provide services that can potentially improve traffic efficiency and safety such as speed
adjustment, congestion detection, accident warning and route suggestion.
iv). To decrease traffic incidence response time.

1.4 Research Questions

i). How can the traffic officials search and update the information included in the system?
ii). How to provide convenience to the management team by developing a Traffic Management
System to make processes regarding traffic management easier? iii). How can the traffic flows
smoothly and efficiently?

1.5 Justification of the Study

Traffic Management System has the ability to improve the development of the country. The following
are the significance of the Traffic Management System.
i). Collecting traffic and traffic-related information such as route suggestion from different sources and
providing them to other road users will help in reducing traffic jams and therefore eliminating
unnecessary time wastage.
ii). Services offered by Traffic Management System such as accident warning will help prevent
other possible accidents. These services will help improve traffic efficiency. iii). Reduce traffic
response time.

1.6 Scope of the Study

1.6.1 Geographical Scope
This study investigated the Traffic Management System on Kitui-Machakos road.

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1.6.2 Content Scope
The study was focused on how traffic work and their performance.

1.6.3 Time Scope

This study was conducted October-November, 2021

1.7 Significance of the Study

This study will provide a better understanding about the traffic and traffic-related activities. It explores
the major problems encountered on roads by vehicles, motorists and the public in general, and the
possible solutions to those problems.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview
This chapter overview the broad areas and review of developmental technologies and platforms used as
well as the review of related works concerning the traffic management system.

2.2 Introduction
In the recent past, researchers have tested a wide range of technologies in an attempt to find improved
methods of monitoring traffic conditions. Traffic system comprises one of the many areas of current
research. A brief survey of technologies explored during the past decade and a half is given below to
provide an understanding of the level of research interest in traffic system technologies.
AT&T experimented with the use of applied acoustic and digital signal processing technology to produce
a vehicular traffic system (Nordwall, 1994). Labeled the SmartSonic Traffic System (SmartSonic STS-1),
the project was intended by AT&T to replace the traditional traffic management detection systems. This
technology was originally developed from research used by the U.S. Navy for submarine detection
purposes. Mounted above passing vehicles, the SmartSonic STS-1 listens to the acoustic signals of
vehicles and is capable of distinguishing between larger trucks or buses and smaller vehicles. Applications
were to include traffic monitoring and vehicle counting, with the potential for incident detection being an
area for further research.
Prior to the installation of a Traffic system in Houston, a cellular phone demonstration project was
performed (Levine and McCasland, 1994). Researchers recruited 200 volunteers to participate in the
program, which required them to call a traffic information office when they passed specific freeway
locations during their morning and evening commutes. The lessons learned from the cell phone project
aided in the development of the data analysis, processing and dissemination techniques used for the
Traffic system that was later constructed.
In this brief survey, more distinct traffic system technologies have been identified as the subject of
research efforts since 1990. The amount of attention given to the research field of traffic surveillance
clearly suggests that a surveillance system that can provide reliable and accurate travel time data would
have a great potential.

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2.3 Conceptual Framework

Single Board Computer

Data analysis Data processing

and aggregation

Data storing

Data source Consumer

Figure 1: conceptual framework

2.4 Related Work

2.4.1 Inductive Loop Detection
Inductive loop detection works on the principle that one or more turns of insulated wire are placed in a
shallow cutout in the roadway, a lead in wire runs from roadside pull box to the controller and to the
electronic unit located in the controller cabinet. When a vehicle passes over the loop or stops, the
induction of the wire is changed. Due to change in induction, there is change in the frequency. This
change in the frequency causes the electronic unit to send a signal to the controller; indicating presence of
the vehicle.

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2.4.2 Video Analysis
Video analysis consists of a smart camera placed which consists of sensors, a processing unit and a
communication unit. The traffic is continuously monitored using a smart camera. The video captured is
then compressed so as to reduce the transmission bandwidth. The video analysis abstracts scene
description from the raw video data. This description is then used to compute traffic statistics. This
statistic includes frequency of the vehicles, average speed of the vehicles as well as the lane occupancy.

2.4.3 Infrared Sensors

Infrared sensors are used to detect energy emitted from vehicles, road surfaces and other objects. The
energy captured by these infrared sensors is focused onto an infrared sensitive material using an optical
system which then converts the energy into the electric signals. These signals are mounted overhead to
view the traffic. Infrared sensors are used for signal control, detection of pedestrians in crosswalks and
transmission of traffic information.

2.5 Gaps in the Literature

Efforts to reduce road accidents in some countries are still not yielding significant results. The adoption of
new traffic management system technology will be of great important to handle such problems such as the
use of video cameras on roads to keep traffic jams and congestion as they are the most causes of road
accidents.

2.6 Approach
This paper gives a real time traffic monitoring and management model to solve the problem of traffic
congestion in urban areas. It uses technologies like IoT, cloud computing and other advanced technologies
to collect and analyze real time traffic data. The proposed system will help in reducing traffic jams and
waiting times at traffic lights and achieve traffic fluency.

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 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
This chapter presents various methods or procedures which will be used in studying the research problem.
The subsections under this chapter include; target population, sampling design, research methods,
statistical tools for analysis and technology for development.

3.2 Research Design

In this research the type of research design that will be used is descriptive research design using surveys,
qualitative and observational studies.
The study will use descriptive research in: define respondent characteristics, measure data trends, conduct
comparisons, validate existing conditions and conduct research at different times.

3.3 Target Population

The research will target a population from SEKU, both drivers of vehicles ferrying students to and from
school, and students, being the passengers of the vehicles. The study will also cover the environment
outside the university.

3.4 Sampling Design

Simple random sampling will be used when assigning participants, where participants have equal chances
to participate. This was used to minimize the cost and time as well as providing accurate information from
the participants. The interviewed people will be the drivers of the University Avenue. The university main
gate act as the traffic management control center.

3.5 Sample size determination

For the purpose of this study, person’s view on the traffic management system will be taken as average of
35% and 70% thus 52.5%. The below formula will be used to determine the sample size.
Z1-c/2x2xP(1-P)/d2
Where;
Z1-c/2x2=standard normal variate (at 5% type 1 error (P<0.05) it is 1.96 and at 1% type 1 error
(P<0.01) it is 2.58). as in majority of studies P values are considered significant below 0.05 hence 1.96 is
used in this formula
P= Expected proportion in population based in previous studies
D= Absolute error

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3.5 Data Gathering
Data gathering is a collection of faithful information about the old system and its essential step, because
we easily find out the required information of current system unless we accomplish it.
We have collected this faithful information from different resources; the primary technique for
information gathering during in the analysis phase is interviewing the people who worked and have
experience about the current Traffic Management to know the quality and the intensity of the information
we need. We used different techniques to collect the data some of those are Individual meetings,
Interviews and observation.

3.6 Data Analysis Methods

The researcher will use SPSS to analyze collected data to achieve better results. This will enable the
researcher to get the appropriate information from the targeted population.
The collected and organized data will be coded in SPSS qualitatively.
After tabulation, data will then be analyzed by use of descriptive statistics, presented in frequency tables
with percentages an in pie-charts graphs.

3.7 Development Methodology

The SDLC is a conceptual model used in project management that describes the stages involved in an
information development project, from the feasibility study through maintenance of the completed
software application.
For this project the Waterfall Software Development Model will be used.

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Figure 2: Waterfall model

3.8 Technology for Development

The Traffic Management System shall be implemented using the following technologies:
1. MySQL for the development of database and database management.
2. HTML will be used as a frontend development tool.
3. CSS will be used as the formatting tool for the user interface.
4. PHP as a server-scripting language.
5. Bootstrap for responsiveness of the system Development tools include:
a) Web browsers such as Chrome.
b) Text editors such as Sublime text.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS AND SYSTEM DESIGN
4.0 Introduction
The results of the descriptive statistical analysis of the data and their interpretations are presented. The data collected from
the respondents who were the students at the university and drivers of the SEKU-KV road and Kitui-Nairobi road was
summarized and tabulated. In aid of analysis, I used Excel Sheet. The descriptive statistics used are the frequencies,
percentages and graphs. The descriptive statistics help to develop the basic features of the study and form the basis of
virtually every quantitative analysis of the data. The results are presented in terms of the study objectives.

4.1. Presentation of Findings.

4.1.1 Questionnaire Return Rate
65 questionnaires were given out randomly to students from different schools in the university. A total of 62
questionnaires were returned for analysis. This represented 95.38% return rate of the respondents. Overall, the response
rate was 95.38% because four respondents did not return their questionnaires due to network issues. This left the
percentage of valid questionnaires at 95.38%.

Frequency Percentage (%) Valid Percentage (%) Cumulative

Percentage (%)
Valid Response 28 95.38 95.38 95.38

Table 1: Questionnaire Return Rate for the Students.

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4.1.1.1 Pie chart representation

Figure 3: pie chart

4.1.2 Category of Respondents

The study sought to find out the distribution of the respondents to know to which category each of the belonged.

What position do you occupy in the system?

Frequency Percent (%) Valid Percent Cumulative

(%) Percent (%)
Admin 4 6.7 6.7 13.4
Staff 23 38.3 38.3 76.6
Police 21 35 35 70
Driver 12 20 20 40

Total 60 100 100

Table 2: Occupation

What position do you occupy in the system?

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 Position Distribution Graph
45
40
Frequency and Percent

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
admin staff police driver
Position

Frequency Percent

Figure 4: occupation bar graph

4.1.3 Computer Usage Skills

Are you able to use a computer?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent
Valid Yes 48 80 80 80
No 12 20 20 20

Total 60 100 100 100

Table 3: computer skills

4.1.2. Interview
Face to face interviews was carried out on the drivers of the Kitui-Machakos road. The aim was to find out their
experience about the condition of the traffic on the said road and to understand how they feel about it

23
4.2. Summary of the Findings.
The study reveals that traffic management should enforce laws in accordance with the following:
a) Careless and inconsiderate driving.
The offense is committed if a driver drives on a ‘road’ or other public places without dye care and attention or
without reasonable consideration.
b) Speeding
A driver is guilty of speeding if he drove a vehicle on a road at a speed exceeding a limit prescribed by the road
management.
c) Failure to give info as to the identity
The driver is required to provide information about themselves of a specified vehicle at a specified location on a
named date.
d) Failing to stop or report an accident.
It imposes an obligation on the driver of a vehicle, when an accident occurs and there has been injury or damage,
to stop and give details required by the police.

4.3. System Analysis

4.3.1. Description of the Existing System.
Recent years have witnessed a colossal increase of vehicles on the roads; unfortunately, the infrastructure of roads and
traffic systems has not kept pace with this growth, resulting in inefficient traffic management. Owing to this imbalance,
traffic jams on roads, congestions, and pollution have shown a marked increase. The management of growing traffic is a
major issue across the world. Traffic Management System have a great potential in offering solutions to such issues by
using novel technologies. In this review, solutions for traffic management and control have been categorized as traffic
data collection solutions, traffic management solutions and traffic offense management.

4.3.2. Description of the Proposed System.

The traffic information system should be installed stepwise, because the existing traffic signal control system must also
continue to function. The system expansion should be done as follows:
a) Renewal for the functional upgrading of various traffic control installations of the control center and the local facilities
of signal lights and traffic detectors.
b) Expansion of the traffic control area providing traffic signals at new intersections.
c) CCTV cameras should be installed at effective points, such as susceptible traffic congestion locations in order to
expand traffic surveillance and to improve traffic control.
d) Expansion of the linear traffic-actuated control for each sub-area of the existing route.

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e) Expansion of an area traffic control through the interconnection of sub-areas around the city center.
f) Improvement and expansion to achieve an advanced system which can control traffic quickly and in a timely manner, in
response to real changes.
The system will be conceived with the improvement and expansion done in the following three stages:
1st stage: installation of terminal equipment in the city center and traffic signal local facilities, and individual linear
controls and surveillance systems on major radial roads,
2nd stage: improvement of traffic control operation transit to area traffic control, and
3rd stage: Operational start-up of a concentrated-control advanced system.

4.3.3. Requirements Specifications.

4.3.3.1. Functional and Non-Functional Requirements.
1. The System aims at providing an efficient interface that will assist the traffic police in management of traffic, it
shall also provide the police varied options for managing the traffic through various functions at hand.
2. It is proposed to install a system to supply information on road and traffic conditions, necessary for drivers,
through a resident traffic manager, in addition to the traffic control system to control traffic signal lights.
3. Usability- The system must be easy to use, accessible and easy to navigate by both drivers and traffic officials
such that they do not need to read an extensive manual.
4. Reliability- The System must give accurate traffic status to the users continuously. Any inaccuracies are taken
care by the regular confirming of the actual levels with the levels displayed in the system. The System must
successfully add any information given by the user and roadside sensors and provide suggestions to curb the
traffic. The system must provide a password enabled login to the user to avoid any foreign entity changing the
data in the system.
5. Performance- The system must not lag, because the system admins using it don’t have down-time to wait for it
to complete an action. The system must complete updating the databases, and dashboard successfully every time
the admin enters or manipulate the data. All the functions of the system must be available to the admin every time
the system is turned on.
6. Supportability- The system is designed such that it works even on systems having the minimum configuration.
The system is adaptable even if additional plugins or modules are added at a later point. The data can be exported
to the traffic controller so as to make the system more portable.
7. Packaging- The system must be able to run on both old and newer operating systems.

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 8. Interfacing- The system must offer an easy and simple way of viewing the current traffic offense status.

4.3.3.2 System Requirements

4.3.3.2.1 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
Operating System Windows 8/8.2/10/11

Development Language PHP, HTML, JavaScript, Bootstrap

Database MySQL, XAMPP/WAMP servers

Web Browser Any browser (chrome, Firefox, Opera

mini etc)
Table 4: software requirements
4.3.3.2.2. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
CPU Intel core i3

Memory 4GB RAM

Display 19-inch monitor

Keyboard Standard keyboard

Graphic Card Intel graphics card

Table 5: hardware requirements

4.4. System Design.

4.4.1. Sequence Diagram
The UML sequence diagram of traffic monitoring system below shows the interaction between the objects of Offence
Record, Driver Management, Reports, Offence List and User Management. The instances of class objects involved in this
UML Sequence Diagram of Traffic Offense Management System are as follows:
 Offense Record
 Driver Management
 Reports
 Offense List
 User Management

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 Login Offence_record Driver_magnt Report Offence_list User_magn
Admin
d t
Login to page add/edit record
Add/edit driver
Manage Records details view reports create/delete list delete/add/edit
save/update record users

List/delete driver
Manage driver details
Check type of user
delete/update
Manage reports add/delete report status

Create new user

Manage offence list check/add
Offence type

Manage user

settings

Figure 5: sequence diagram

4.4.2 Use Case Diagram

This Use Case Diagram is a graphic depiction of the interactions between the system admin and the elements of Traffic
Offense Management System. It represents the methodology used in the analysis to identify, clarify and organize system
requirements of Traffic Offense System. The main actors of Traffic Offense Management System in this Use Case
Diagram is the Admin and the System.
Major elements of the UML Use Case Diagram of Traffic Offense System are:

 Offense records

 Driver list

 Reports

 Offense List

 User List

 Settings

27
 System

Login to System

Edit/delete
offense record

Manage Driver
List

View Reports
Admin

Create Reports

Manage User
List

Change System
Settings

Figure 6: use case diagram

28
4.5 Interface Design
4.5.1 Login page for admin

Figure 7: Admin login page

4.5.2 Home Page

Figure 8: System Homepage

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4.6 Database Design
4.6.1 Driver table
Column Type Attributes Null Default

driver_name varchar(100) No

id Int(30) No

Licence_id_no varchar(100) No

status tinyint(1) No

date_created varchar(100) No

date_updated varchar(100) No

Table 6: Driver table

4.7 System Implementation and Testing

4.7.1 System Testing

Individual modules of the system were tested to ensure that they functioned as per the requirements. For example, if data
were entered by a traffic police officer, the data is automatically uploaded to the system. If the status of the offense is
changed from “pending” to “active” or “paid”, the system accepts without a hitch.
Validations on data also proved to be sufficient enough.

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4.7.2 System Output – Reports
The system shows the total number of offences every day and the total number of drivers listed by the field traffic police
officers.

Figure 9: system dashboard

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 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary of findings
Traffic Offence Management System is designed to overcome the problems encountered with the existing system i.e
manual such as data redundancy, time wasted in searching for records, poor security and protection, misplacing and
mismanaging of files. The new system is designed in such a wat that records about traffic offender is stored in a database
for easy retrieval of the data. The new system also helps the Road Safety Commission to have an organized traffic
documentation system to eradicate the use of the manual system.

5.3. Conclusions
The Road Safety Commission in Kenya was established to control the rate of road traffic accidents and control road users.
It is a good start towards the eradication of road accidents which has claimed a lot of lives, but the system used presently,
back in the days when the commission was first established, the manual system was effective.
But presently the world has gone global and so should the Road Safety Commission.
They should embrace and develop the computerized ideal of documenting Traffic Offences to help the function better and
achieve the goal for which it was established.

5.4 Recommendations
The following are the recommendation required in order to effectively use the new design:
 The hardware and software requirements should be specified.
 Staff should have basic knowledge of computer operations such as adding/editing/deleting records in a file. The
Road Safety Commission should budget funds for adequate training of all personnel and the staff of Commission
should be paid well in order for the to work effectively and yield maximum results.
 The Road Safety Commission on their own should employ well educated graduates with the right discipline and
qualifications to occupy right positions to function effectively and improve their efforts to serve the nation and
mankind better.

32
5.5. Suggestions for further studies
Due to limited resources, funds and time the researcher suggest that, other researchers who wish to embark on the mission
of further improvement of the Road Safety Commission, should advocate for the adoption of the project which is the
computerization of Traffic Offence System. Researcher should push for this project to be passed as a bill to the National
Assembly and ensure it should be approved for the welfare of the Nation.

33
REFERENCES
21st Century operations Using 21st Century Technologies. U.S Department of Transportation Federal
Highway Administration.2008-08-29. Retrieved 2008-09-25.
Zeng, Na, Ke-jing Qin, Jun Li. Intelligent transport management system for urban traffic hubs based on an
integration of multiple technologies. Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IE & EM).
2010 IEEE 17Th International Conference on. IEEE, 2010.
Bitam, Salim, Mellouk A. Its-cloud: Cloud computing for intelligent transportation system. Global
Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), 2012 IEEE, 2012.

Chandrasekhar.M, Saikrishna.C, Chakradhar.B, phaneendra kumar.p, sasanka.c, “Traffic Control Using

Digital Image Processing” , International Journal of Advanced Electrical and Electronics Engineering
ISSN 2278-8948, Vol.2, May 2013.
Hussain, T.M.; Dept. of Electr. Eng., City Univ. of New York, NY, USA; Saadawi, T.N.; Ahmed, S.A.:
Overhead infrared sensor for monitoring vehicular traffic:Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on
(Volume:42 , Issue: 4 ) 0018-9545
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency identification.
U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT), Federal Highway Administration. 2000. Highway
Performance Monitoring System Field Manual, Chapter 7: Sample Selection and Maintenance.
Blementhal, S.C (1999). Management Information System;New Jersey: Hall Inc. Eaglewood Publishers.
Brutus, L. (1991). A Database Management Information System; India: Division of Macmillam
publishing.
David M.A (1999). FRSC and the Imperatives of Road Traffic Safety in Nigeria; Jos: Chohu Business
Enterprise.

34
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Questionnaire
*Required
Your Name*
_______________________
Your e-mail address*
_______________________
Year of Study*
_______________________
Which traffic speed do you believe would be most desirable along SEKU-KV road?
o 30mph
o 20mph
o Don't know

Do you find traffic in your school good?

o Yes
o No

Is your school management able to act on traffic malfunction on the road?

o Yes
o No

How often do you cross at a non-designated crosswalk?

o Always
o Rarely
o Never
o Sometimes
o Often

By how much time does traffic delay you to school or back home?

o I'm always on time.

35
 o less than 20 minutes
o more than 30 minutes
o an hour

What is the main cause of traffic congestion along SEKU_KV route ?

o poor weather conditions
o traffic collision and vehicles breakdown
o construction and road works

What is the best solution to traffic congestion ?

o carpooling
o faster assistance to vehicles involved in a collision
o traffic lights timed to control traffic

Do you believe that slowing down traffic in Seku-KV would be beneficial?

o Yes
o No

How satisfied are you, in general, with transportation at SEKU-KV road?

o Very satisfied
o Somewhat satisfied
o Neutral
o Somewhat dissatisfied
o Not satisfied at all

How friendly are the drivers of SEKU-KV road?

o Very friendly
o Friendly
o Neutral

o Unfriendly
o Very unfriendly

36
Are there enough vehicles to carry students to and from SEKU?
o Yes
o No-how many more do you need and what type?

APPENDIX A: PROJECT BUDGET

ITEM COST CALCULATION

Research Costs (Travelling, internet services and other 3000

requirements
Computer Requirements (CPU, RAM, Storage, NIC card 26000
etc)
Other computer requirements and maintenance 1500

Documenting project 500

Total Estimated Cost 31,000

Table 7: Budget estimates

37
APPENDIX B: IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
ACTIVITY NOV DEC JAN FEB

PROJECT
PROPOSAL

FEASIBILITY
STUDY

REQUIREMENTS
SPECIFICATION

DEVELOPMENT
AND
IMPLEMENTATION
SYSTEM TESTING

DOCUMENTATION
AND
PRESENTATION
Table 8: Gantt chart

38
APPENDIX C: Hardware Requirements
Table 3: Hardware requirements
a). For Server
CPU Intel Pentium 4

Memory 2GB RAM

Storage 80GB hard disk

Interface card Network Interface card (NIC)

Table 9.1: Hardware requirements (server)

b). For client

CPU Intel Pentium 3 or above

Memory 1GB RAM

Storage 50GB hard disk

Interface Card Network Interface Card (NIC)

Table 9.2: Software requirement (client)

39
APPENDIX D: Software Requirements
Table 4: Software requirements
Operating System Windows 10/11

Development Language PHP, HTML, JavaScript

Database MySQL, XAMPP servers

Web Browser Any browser (chrome, Firefox, Opera

mini etc)
Table 10: Software requirements

Appendix E: Sample Code

Home page
<?php require_once('config.php'); ?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<?php require_once('inc/header.php') ?>
<body>
<?php $page = isset($_GET['p']) ? $_GET['p'] : 'home'; ?>

<?php
if(!file_exists($page.".php") && !is_dir($page)){
include '404.html';
}else{
if(is_dir($page))
include $page.'/index.php';
else
include $page.'.php';

}
?>
<?php require_once('inc/footer.php') ?>
<div class="modal fade" id="confirm_modal" role='dialog'>
<div class="modal-dialog modal-md modal-dialog-centered" role="document">

40
 <div class="modal-content">
<div class="modal-header">
<h5 class="modal-title">Confirmation</h5>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">
<div id="delete_content"></div>
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" id='confirm' onclick="">Continue</button>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="modal fade" id="uni_modal" role='dialog'>
<div class="modal-dialog rounded-0 modal-md modal-dialog-centered" role="document">
<div class="modal-content rounded-0">
<div class="modal-header">
<h5 class="modal-title"></h5>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">
</div>
<div class="modal-footer">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" id='submit' onclick="$('#uni_modal form').submit()">Save</button>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" data-dismiss="modal">Cancel</button>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="modal fade" id="uni_modal_right" role='dialog'>
<div class="modal-dialog rounded-0 modal-full-height modal-md" role="document">
<div class="modal-content rounded-0">
<div class="modal-header">
<h5 class="modal-title"></h5>
<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close">
<span class="fa fa-arrow-right"></span>
</button>
</div>
<div class="modal-body">
</div>
</div>

41
 </div>
</div>
<div class="modal fade" id="viewer_modal" role='dialog'>
<div class="modal-dialog modal-md" role="document">
<div class="modal-content">
<button type="button" class="btn-close" data-dismiss="modal"><span class="fa fa-times"></span></button>
<img src="" alt="">
</div>
</div>
</div>

</body>
</html>

Admin Page
<h1>Welcome to <?php echo $_settings->info('name') ?></h1>
<hr class="bg-light">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-12 col-sm-6 col-md-3">
<div class="info-box">
<span class="info-box-icon bg-light elevation-1"><i class="fas fa-calendar-day"></i></span>

<div class="info-box-content">
<span class="info-box-text">Today's Offences</span>
<span class="info-box-number text-right">
<?php
$offense = $conn->query("SELECT * FROM `offense_list` where date(date_created) = '".date('Y-m-d')."' ")-
>num_rows;
echo number_format($offense);
?>
<?php ?>
</span>
</div>
<!-- /.info-box-content -->
</div>
<!-- /.info-box -->
</div>
<!-- /.col -->

42
<div class="col-12 col-sm-6 col-md-3">
<div class="info-box mb-3">
<span class="info-box-icon bg-info elevation-1"><i class="fas fa-id-card"></i></span>

<div class="info-box-content">
<span class="info-box-text">Total Driver's Listed</span>
<span class="info-box-number text-right">
<?php
$drivers = $conn->query("SELECT id FROM `drivers_list` ")->num_rows;
echo number_format($drivers);
?>
</span>
</div>
<!-- /.info-box-content -->
</div>
<!-- /.info-box -->
</div>
<!-- /.col -->

<!-- fix for small devices only -->

<div class="clearfix hidden-md-up"></div>

<div class="col-12 col-sm-6 col-md-3">

<div class="info-box mb-3">
<span class="info-box-icon bg-lightblue elevation-1"><i class="fas fa-traffic-light"></i></span>

<div class="info-box-content">
<span class="info-box-text">Total Traffic Offenses</span>
<span class="info-box-number text-right">
<?php
$to = $conn->query("SELECT id FROM `offenses` where status = 1 ")->num_rows;
echo number_format($to);
?>
</span>
</div>
<!-- /.info-box-content -->
</div>
<!-- /.info-box -->
</div>

43
</div>

44