Final CH 7 Instr

Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration
7.1 Integration by Parts

Concepts and Vocabulary
1. True.
R
2. uv − v du
Skill Building
3. We use integration by parts with u = x and dv = e2x dx. Then du = dx and v = 21 e2x . We
obtain
Z
1 2x 1 2x
Z
2x
xe dx = x e − e dx
2 2
1 2x 1
Z
= xe − e2x dx
2 2

1 2x 1 1 2x
= xe − e +C
2 2 2
1
= 2 xe
2x
− 41 e2x + C .
4. We use integration by parts with u = x and dv = e−3x dx. Then du = dx and v = − 31 e−3x .
We obtain
Z
1 1
Z
xe−3x dx = x − e−3x − − e−3x dx
3 3
1 −3x 1
Z
= − xe + e−3x dx
3 3

1 −3x 1 1 −3x
= − xe + − e +C
3 3 3
= − 13 xe−3x − 19 e−3x + C .
5. We use integration by parts with u = x and dv = cos x dx. Then du = dx and v = sin x.
We obtain
Z Z
x cos x dx = x sin x − sin x dx
= x sin x − (− cos x) + C
= x sin x + cos x + C .
7-1
7-2 Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration
6. We use integration by parts with u = x and dv = sin (3x) dx. Then du = dx and v =
1 1
3 (− cos (3x)) = − 3 cos (3x). We obtain
Z
1 1
Z
x sin (3x) dx = x − cos (3x) − − cos (3x) dx
3 3
1 1
Z
= − x cos (3x) + cos (3x) dx
3 3

1 1 1
= − x cos (3x) + sin 3x + C
3 3 3
= − 31 x cos (3x) + 1
9 sin (3x) + C .
√ 1
7. We use integration by parts with u = ln x and dv = x dx = x1/2 dx. Then du = x dx and
v = 23 x3/2 . We obtain
√
Z
2 3/2 2 3/2 1
Z
x ln x dx = (ln x) x − x dx
3 3 x
2 3/2 2
Z
= x ln x − x1/2 dx
3 3

2 3/2 2 2 3/2
= x ln x − x +C
3 3 3
2 3/2
= 3x ln x − 49 x3/2 + C .
8. We use integration by parts with u = ln x and dv = x−2 dx. Then du = x1 dx and v = −x−1 .
We obtain

1
Z Z
x−2 ln x dx = (ln x) −x−1 − −x−1

dx
x
ln x
Z
= − + x−2 dx
x
= − lnxx − 1
x +C .

1
9. We use integration by parts with u = cot−1 x and dv = dx. Then du = − 1+x 2 dx and
v = x. We obtain
Z
1
Z
cot−1 x dx = cot−1 x (x) −

− (x) dx
1 + x2
x
Z
= x cot−1 x + dx.
1 + x2
Let u = 1 + x2 , then du = 2x dx, so x dx = du
2 . We now substitute and obtain
1 du
Z Z
cot−1 x dx = x cot−1 x +
u 2
1 1
Z
−1
= x cot x + du
2 u
1
= x cot−1 x + ln |u| + C
2
1
= x cot−1 x + ln 1 + x2 + C

2
= x cot x + 21 ln 1 + x2 + C .
−1

7.1 Integration by Parts 7-3
10. We use integration by parts with u = sin−1 x and dv = dx. Then du = √1−x 1
2
dx and
v = x. We obtain
Z
1
Z
−1 −1

sin x dx = sin x (x) − √ (x) dx
1 − x2
x
Z
= x sin−1 x − √ dx.
1 − x2
Let u = 1 − x2 , then du = (−2x) dx, so x dx = − du

2 . We now substitute and obtain

1 du
Z Z
−1 −1
sin x dx = x sin x − √ −
u 2
1
Z
= x sin−1 x + u−1/2 du
2
1 1/2
= x sin−1 x + 2u +C
2
√
= x sin−1 x + 1 − x2 + C .
11. We use integration by parts with u = (ln x)2 and dv = dx. Then du = 2 ln x
x dx and v = x.
We obtain
Z
2 ln x
Z
2 2
(ln x) dx = (ln x) x − x dx
x
Z
2
= x(ln x) − 2 ln x dx
1
We use integration by parts again with u = ln x and dv = dx. Then du = x dx and v = x.
We obtain
Z
1
Z
2 2
(ln x) dx = x(ln x) − 2 (ln x)x − x dx
x
Z
= x(ln x)2 − 2 (ln x)x − 1 dx
2
= x(ln x) − 2 [(ln x)x − x] + C
2
= x(ln x) − 2x ln x + 2x + C .
2 2 ln x
12. We use integration by parts with u = (ln x) and dv = x dx. Then du = x dx and
v = 12 x2 . We obtain
Z
1 2 1 2 2 ln x
Z
x(ln x)2 dx = (ln x)2 x − x dx
2 2 x
1 2
Z
= x (ln x)2 − x ln x dx
2
1
We use integration by parts again with u = ln x and dv = x dx. Then du = x dx and
Z
1 2 1 2 1 2 1
Z
2
x(ln x) dx = x (ln x)2 − (ln x) x − x dx
2 2 2 x
1 2 1 2 1
Z
= x (ln x)2 − x (ln x) + x dx
2 2 2

1 2 1 2 1 1 2
= x (ln x)2 − x (ln x) + x +C
2 2 2 2
1 2 2
= 2 x (ln x) − 21 x2 (ln x) + 14 x2 + C .
13. We use integration by parts with u = x2 and dv = sin x dx. Then du = 2x dx and
v = − cos x. We obtain
Z Z
x2 sin x dx = x2 (− cos x) − (− cos x)(2x) dx
Z
2
= −x cos x + 2 x cos x dx
We use integration by parts again with u = x and dv = cos x dx. Then du = dx and
v = sin x. We obtain
Z Z
2 2
x sin x dx = −x cos x + 2 x sin x − sin x dx
Z
2
= −x cos x + 2x sin x − 2 sin x dx
= −x2 cos x + 2x sin x − 2(− cos x) + C

= −x2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + C .
14. We use integration by parts with u = x2 and dv = cos x dx. Then du = 2x dx and v = sin x.
We obtain
Z Z
2 2
x cos x dx = x (sin x) − (sin x)(2x) dx
Z
= x2 sin x − 2 x sin x dx
We use integration by parts again with u = x and dv = sin x dx. Then du = dx and
Z Z
2 2
x cos x dx = x sin x − 2 x(− cos x) − (− cos x) dx
Z
2
= x sin x + 2x cos x − 2 cos x dx
= x2 sin x + 2x cos x − 2 sin x + C .

15. We use integration by parts with u = x cos x and dv = cos x dx. Then du = (−x sin x + cos x) dx
and v = sin x. We obtain
Z Z
x cos2 x dx = (x cos x)(sin x) − (sin x)(−x sin x + cos x) dx
Z Z
= x cos x sin x + x sin2 x dx − cos x sin x dx
Z Z
2

= x cos x sin x + x 1 − cos x dx − cos x sin x dx
Z Z Z
= x cos x sin x + x dx − x cos2 x dx − cos x sin x dx.
We add x cos2 x dx to each side, and then let u = sin x, so du = cos x dx in the remaining
R
integral. Upon substitution, we obtain
1
Z Z
2 x cos2 x dx = x cos x sin x + x2 − u du
2
1 1
= x cos x sin x + x2 − u2 + C
2 2
1 1
= x cos x sin x + x2 − sin2 x + C.
2 2
Finally, we divide by 2 to obtain
Z
x cos2 x dx = 1
2 x cos x sin x + 14 x2 − 1
4 sin2 x + C .
16. We use integration by parts with u = x sin x and dv = sin x dx. Then du = (x cos x + sin x) dx
and v = − cos x. We obtain
Z Z
x sin2 x dx = (x sin x)(− cos x) − (− cos x)(x cos x + sin x) dx
Z Z
2
= −x cos x sin x + x cos x dx + cos x sin x dx
Z Z
= −x cos x sin x + x 1 − sin2 x dx + cos x sin x dx

Z Z Z
2
= −x cos x sin x + x dx − x sin x dx + cos x sin x dx.
We add x sin2 x dx to each side, and then let u = sin x, so du = cos x dx in the remaining
R
integral. Upon substitution, we obtain
1
Z Z
2 x sin2 x dx = −x cos x sin x + x2 + u du
2
1 2 1 2
= −x cos x sin x + x + u
2 2
1 2 1
= −x cos x sin x + x + sin2 x.
2 2
Finally, we divide by 2, add the constant of integration, and obtain
Z
x sin2 x dx = − 12 x cos x sin x + 41 x2 + 41 sin2 x + C .
17. We use integration by parts with u = x and dv = sinh x dx. Then du = dx and v = cosh x.
We obtain
Z Z
x sinh x dx = x cosh x − cosh x dx
= x cosh x − sinh x + C .
18. We use integration by parts with u = x and dv = cosh x dx. Then du = dx and v = sinh x.
We obtain
Z Z
x cosh x dx = x sinh x − sinh x dx
= x sinh x − cosh x + C .
19. We use integration by parts with u = cosh−1 x and dv = dx. Then du = √ 1

x2 −1
dx and
v = x. We obtain
Z
1
Z
cosh−1 x dx = cosh−1 x x − x √

dx.
x2 − 1
Let u = x2 − 1, then du = 2x dx, so x dx = du
2 . We substitute and obtain
du
Z Z
−1 −1
cosh x dx = x cosh x − u−1/2
2
1
Z
= x cosh−1 x − u−1/2 du
2
1 √
= x cosh−1 x − 2 u + C
2
−1
√
= x cosh x − x2 − 1 + C .
20. We use integration by parts with u = sinh−1 x and dv = dx. Then du = √ 1

x2 +1
dx and
v = x. We obtain
Z
1
Z
sinh−1 x dx = sinh−1 x x − x √

dx.
x2 + 1
Let u = x2 + 1, then du = 2x dx, so x dx = du
du
Z Z
sinh−1 x dx = x sinh−1 x − u−1/2
2
1
Z
= x sinh−1 x − u−1/2 du
2
1 √
= x sinh−1 x − 2 u + C
2
−1
√
= x sinh x − x2 + 1 + C .
cos (ln x)
21. We use integration by parts with u = sin (ln x) and dv = dx. Then du = x dx and
v = x. We obtain
Z
cos (ln x)
Z
sin (ln x) dx = (sin (ln x))x − x dx
x
Z
= x sin (ln x) − cos (ln x) dx.
We use integration by parts again with u = cos (ln x) and dv = dx. Then du = − sinx(ln x) dx
and v = x. We obtain
Z
− sin (ln x)
Z
sin (ln x) dx = x sin (ln x) − (cos (ln x))x − x dx
x
Z
= x sin (ln x) − x cos (ln x) − sin (ln x) dx.
R
We add sin (ln x) dx to each side, divide by 2, and add the constant of integration to
obtain
Z
2 sin (ln x) dx = x sin (ln x) − x cos (ln x) + C
1 1
Z
sin (ln x) dx = x sin (ln x) − x cos (ln x) + C = x2 [sin (ln x) − cos (ln x)] + C .
2 2
22. We use integration by parts with u = cos (ln x) and dv = dx. Then du = − sinx(ln x) dx and
v = x. We obtain
Z
− sin (ln x)
Z
cos (ln x) dx = (cos (ln x))x − x dx
x
Z
= x cos (ln x) + sin (ln x) dx.
We use integration by parts again with u = sin (ln x) and dv = dx. Then du = cos (ln
x
x)
dx
Z
cos (ln x)
Z
cos (ln x) dx = x cos (ln x) + (sin (ln x))x − x dx
x
Z
= x cos (ln x) + x sin (ln x) − cos (ln x) dx.
R
We add cos (ln x) dx to each side, divide by 2, and add the constant of integration to
obtain
Z
2 cos (ln x) dx = x cos (ln x) + x sin (ln x) + C
Z
1
cos (ln x) dx = 2 x cos (ln x) + 12 x sin (ln x) + C .
2
3
23. We use integration by parts with u = (ln x) and dv = dx. Then du = 3 (lnxx) dx and
v = x. We obtain
!
2
3(ln x)
Z Z
3 3
x
Z
3 2
= x(ln x) − 3 (ln x) dx.
We use integration by parts again with u = (ln x)2 and dv = dx. Then du = 2 lnxx dx and
v = x. We obtain
Z
ln x
Z
3 3 2
(ln x) dx = x(ln x) − 3 (ln x) (x) − x 2 dx
x
Z
3 2
= x(ln x) − 3x(ln x) + 6 ln x dx.
We use integration by parts again with u = ln x and dv = dx. Then du = x1 dx and v = x.

We obtain
Z
1
Z
3 3 2
(ln x) dx = x(ln x) − 3x(ln x) + 6 (ln x)x − x dx
x
Z
= x(ln x)3 − 3x(ln x)2 + 6x ln x − 6 dx
= x(ln x)3 − 3x(ln x)2 + 6x ln x − 6x + C .
3
4
24. We use integration by parts with u = (ln x) and dv = dx. Then du = 4 (lnxx) dx and
v = x. We obtain
!
3
4(ln x)
Z Z
4 4
x
Z
4 3
= x(ln x) − 4 (ln x) dx.
2
3
We use integration by parts again with u = (ln x) and dv = dx. Then du = 3 (lnxx) dx
" ! #
2
3(ln x)
Z Z
4 4 3
(ln x) dx = x(ln x) − 4 (ln x) x − x dx
x
Z
= x(ln x) − 4x(ln x) + 12 (ln x)2 dx.
4 3
We use integration by parts again with u = (ln x)2 and dv = dx. Then du = 2 lnxx dx and
v = x. We obtain
Z
ln x
Z
4 4 3 2
(ln x) dx = x(ln x) − 4x(ln x) + 12 (ln x) (x) − x 2 dx
x
Z
4 3 2
= x(ln x) − 4x(ln x) + 12x(ln x) − 24 ln x dx.

We obtain
Z
1
Z
4 4 3 2
(ln x) dx = x(ln x) − 4x(ln x) + 12x(ln x) − 24 (ln x)x − x dx
x
Z
4 3 2
= x(ln x) − 4x(ln x) + 12x(ln x) − 24x ln x + 24 dx
4 3 2
= x(ln x) − 4x(ln x) + 12x(ln x) − 24x ln x + 24x + C .
2
25. We use integration by parts with u = (ln x) and dv = x2 dx. Then du = 2 lnxx dx and
Z
2 1 3 1 3 ln x
Z
2
x2 (ln x) dx = (ln x) x − x 2 dx
3 3 x
1 3 2
Z
= x (ln x)2 − x2 ln x dx.
3 3
dx
We use integration by parts again with u = ln x and dv = x2 dx. Then du = x and
Z
1 3 2 1 1 3 dx
Z
2 2
x2 (ln x) dx = x (ln x) − (ln x) x3 − x
3 3 3 3 x
1 3 2 2
Z
2
= x (ln x) − x3 ln x + x2 dx
3 9 9

1 3 2 2 3 2 1 3
= x (ln x) − x ln x + x +C
3 9 9 3
1 3 2
= 3 x (ln x) − 29 x3 ln x + 2 3
27 x +C .
26. We use integration by parts with u = (ln x)2 and dv = x3 dx. Then du = 2 lnxx dx and
Z
2 1 4 1 4 ln x
Z
3 2
x (ln x) dx = (ln x) x − x 2 dx
4 4 x
1 4 1
Z
2
= x (ln x) − x3 ln x dx.
4 2
dx
We use integration by parts again with u = ln x and dv = x3 dx. Then du = x and
Z
1 4 1 1 4 1 4 dx
Z
3 2 2
x (ln x) dx = x (ln x) − (ln x) x − x
4 2 4 4 x
1 4 1 1
Z
= x (ln x)2 − x4 ln x + x3 dx
4 8 8

1 4 1 1 1 4
= x (ln x)2 − x4 ln x + x +C
4 8 8 4
1 4 2
= 4 x (ln x) − 18 x4 ln x + 1 4
32 x +C .
1
27. We use integration by parts with u = tan−1 x and dv = x2 dx. Then du = 1+x 2 dx and
1 3
v = 3 x . We obtain
Z
1 3 1 3 1
Z
2 −1 −1
x tan x dx = tan x x − x dx
3 3 1 + x2
1 3 1 x3
Z
= x tan−1 x − dx.
3 3 1 + x2
Let u = 1 + x2 , then du = 2x dx, so x dx = du 2 3
2 . Since x = u − 1, we have x dx =
u−1
2 du.
We substitute and obtain
Z u−1
1 3 1
Z
x2 tan−1 x dx = x tan−1 x − 2
du
3 3 u
Z
1 3 −1 1 1
= x tan x − 1− du
3 6 u
1 3 1
= x tan−1 x − (u − ln |u|) + C
3 6
1 3 −1 1
1 + x2 − ln 1 + x2 + C

= x tan x −
3 6
= 3 x tan x − 61 x2 + 61 ln 1 + x2 + C ,
1 3 −1

where we have absorbed any constants with the constant C of integration.

1
28. We use integration by parts with u = tan−1 x and dv = x dx. Then du = 1+x2 dx and
Z
1 2 1 2 1
Z
x tan−1 x dx = tan−1 x x − x dx
2 2 1 + x2
1 2 1 x2
Z
= x tan−1 x − dx
2 2 1 + x2
1 + x2 − 1

1 2 1
Z
= x tan−1 x − dx
2 2 1 + x2
Z
1 2 1 1
= x tan−1 x − 1− dx
2 2 1 + x2
1 2 1
x tan−1 x − x − tan−1 x + C

=
2 2
1 2
= 2x tan−1 x − 21 x + 1
2 tan−1 x + C .
7x
29. We use integration by parts with u = x and dv = 7x dx. Then du = dx and v = ln 7 . We
obtain
x Z x
7 7
Z
7x x dx = (x) − dx
ln 7 ln 7
7x x 1
Z
= − 7x dx
ln 7 ln 7
7x x
x
1 7
= − +C
ln 7 ln 7 ln 7
7x x 7x
= ln 7 − (ln 7)2
+C .
−x
30. We use integration by parts with u = x and dv = 2−x dx. Then du = dx and v = − 2ln 2 .
We obtain
−x Z −x
2 2
Z
2−x x dx = (x) − − − dx
ln 2 ln 2
2−x x 1
Z
= − + 2−x dx
ln 2 ln 2
2−x x
−x
1 2
= − + − +C
ln 2 ln 2 ln 2
−x
2−x
= − 2ln 2x − (ln 2)2
+C .
e−x cos (2x) dx using integration by parts.

R
31. Evaluate
Let u = e−x and dv = cos (2x) dx.
1
Then du = −e−x dx and v = cos (2x) dx =
R
2 sin (2x).
Now
Z
1 1
Z
−x −x
sin (2x) −e−x dx

e cos (2x) dx = e sin (2x) −
2 2
1 −x 1
Z
= e sin (2x) + e−x sin (2x) dx.
2 2
e−x sin (2x) dx using integration by parts again.

R
Integrate
Let u = e−x and dv = sin (2x) dx.
Then du = −e−x dx and v = sin (2x) dx = − 12 cos (2x).
R
Now
Z
1 1
Z
−x −x
− cos (2x) −e−x dx

e sin (2x) dx = e − cos (2x) −
2 2
1 −x 1
Z
= − e cos (2x) − e−x cos (2x) dx
2 2
and

1 −x 1 1 −x 1
Z Z
−x −x
e cos (2x) dx = e sin (2x) + − e cos (2x) − e cos (2x) dx .
2 2 2 2
Simplifying, we obtain
1 1 1
Z Z
e−x cos (2x) dx = e−x sin (2x) − e−x cos (2x) − e−x cos (2x) dx.
2 4 4
Add 14 e−x cos (2x) dx to both sides of the equation to obtain
R
1 1 1
Z Z
e−x cos (2x) dx + e−x cos (2x) dx = e−x sin (2x) − e−x cos (2x)
4 2 4
5 1
Z
e−x cos (2x) dx = 2e−x sin (2x) − e−x cos (2x)

4 4
1
Z
e−x cos (2x) dx = 2e−x sin (2x) − e−x cos (2x)

5
1 −x
= 5e [2 sin (2x) − cos (2x)] + C
e−2x sin (3x) dx using integration by parts.

R
32. Evaluate
Let u = e−2x and dv = sin (3x) dx.
Then du = −2e−2x dx and v = sin (3x) dx = − 13 cos (3x).
R
Now
Z
1 1
Z
e−2x sin (3x) dx = e−2x − cos (3x) − − cos (3x) −2e−2x dx

3 3
1 −2x 2
Z
=− e cos (3x) − e−2x cos (3x) dx.
3 3
e−2x cos (3x) dx using integration by parts again.
R
Integrate
Let u = e−2x and dv = cos (3x) dx.
1
Then du = −2e−2x dx and v = cos (3x) dx =
R
3 sin (3x).
Now
Z
1 1
Z
−2x −2x
sin (3x) −2e−2x dx

e cos (3x) dx = e sin (3x) −
3 3
1 2
Z
= e−2x sin (3x) + e−2x sin (3x) dx
3 3
and

1 2 1 −2x 2
Z Z
e−2x sin (3x) dx = − e−2x cos (3x) − e sin (3x) + e−2x sin (3x) dx .
3 3 3 3
1 −2x 2 −2x 4
Z Z
−2x
e sin (3x) dx = − e cos (3x) − e sin (3x) − e−2x sin (3x) dx.
3 9 9
Add 49 e−2x sin (3x) dx to both sides of the equation to obtain
R
4 1 2
Z Z
e−2x sin (3x) dx + e−2x sin (3x) dx = − e−2x cos (3x) − e−2x sin (3x)
9 3 9
13 1
Z
e−2x sin (3x) dx = − 3e−2x cos (3x) + 2e−2x sin (3x)

9 9
1 −2x
Z
−2x
cos (3x) + 2e−2x sin (3x)

e sin (3x) dx = − 3e
13
1 −2x
= − 13 e [3 cos (3x) + 2 sin (3x)] + C
e2x sin x dx using integration by parts.

R
33. Evaluate
Let u = e2x and dv = sin x dx.
Then du = 2e2x dx and v = sin x dx = −cos x.
R
Now
Z Z Z
2x 2x 2x
dx = −e2x cos x + 2 e2x cos x dx.

e sin x dx = e (−cos x) − (−cos x) 2e
e2x cos x dx using integration by parts again.

R
Integrate
Let u = e2x and dv = cos x dx.
Then du = 2e2x dx and v = cos x dx = sin x.
R
Now
Z Z
e cos x dx = e sin x − sin x 2e2x dx
2x 2x

Z
= e2x sin x − 2 e2x sin x dx
and Z Z
e2x sin x dx = −e2x cos x + 2 e2x sin x − 2 e2x sin x dx .
Z Z
e2x sin x dx = −e2x cos x + 2e2x sin x − 4 e2x sin x dx.
Add 4 e2x sin x dx to both sides of the equation to obtain

R
Z Z
e sin x dx + 4 e2x sin x dx = −e2x cos x + 2e2x sin x
2x
Z
5 e2x sin x dx = −e2x cos x + 2e2x sin x
1
Z
e2x sin x dx = −e2x cos x + 2e2x sin x

5
1 2x
= 5 e (−cos x + 2 sin x) + C
e3x cos (5x) dx using integration by parts.

R
34. Evaluate
Let u = e3x and dv = cos (5x) dx.
Then du = 3e3x dx and v = cos (5x) dx = 15 sin (5x).
R
Now
Z
1 1
Z
e3x cos (5x) dx = e3x sin (5x) − sin (5x) 3e3x dx

5 5
1 3x 3
Z
= e sin (5x) − e3x sin (5x) dx.
5 5
Integrate e3x sin (5x) dx using integration by parts again.
R
Let u = e3x and dv = sin (5x) dx.

Then du = 3e3x dx and v = sin (5x) dx = − 51 cos (5x).
R
Now
Z
1 1
Z
e3x sin (5x) dx = e3x − cos (5x) − − cos (5x) 3e3x dx

5 5
1 3x 3
Z
= − e cos (5x) + e3x cos (5x) dx
5 5
and

1 3x 3 1 3x 3
Z Z
3x 3x
e cos (5x) dx = e sin (5x) − − e cos (5x) + e cos (5x) dx .
5 5 5 5
1 3x 3 3x 9
Z Z
3x
e cos (5x) dx = e sin (5x) + e cos (5x) − e3x cos (5x) dx.
5 25 25
9
R 3x
Add 25 e cos (5x) dx to both sides of the equation to obtain
9 1 3
Z Z
e3x cos (5x) dx + e3x cos (5x) dx = e3x sin (5x) + e3x cos (5x)
25 5 25
34 1 3x
Z
3x
5e sin (5x) + 3e3x cos (5x)

e cos (5x) dx =
25 25
1 3x
Z
e3x cos (5x) dx = 5e sin (5x) + 3e3x cos (5x)

34
1 3x
= 34 e [5 sin (5x) + 3 cos (5x)] + C
35. We use integration by parts with u = ex and dv = cos x dx. Then du = ex dx and v = sin x.
We obtain
Z π Z π
π
ex cos x dx = [ex sin x]0 − ex sin x dx
0 0
Z π
π 0
ex sin x dx

= e sin π − e sin 0 −
0
Z π
π
= [e (0) − 1(0)] − ex sin x dx
0
Z π
= − ex sin x dx.
0
We use integration by parts again with u = ex and dv = sin x dx. Then du = ex dx and
Z π Z π
π
ex cos x dx = − [ex (− cos x)]0 − ex (− cos x) dx
0 0
Z π
= − e (− cos π) − e0 (− cos 0) +
π
ex cos x dx

0
Z π
= − [eπ (1) − 1(−1)] + ex cos x dx
0
Z π
= −eπ − 1 − ex cos x dx.
0
Rπ
We add 0
ex cos x dx to each side, and then divide by 2 to obtain
Z π
2 ex cos x dx = −eπ − 1
0
Z π
−eπ − 1 π
ex cos x dx = = − e 2+1 .
0 2
e−x sin x dx using integration by parts.

R
36. Evaluate
Let u = e−x and dv = sin x dx.
Then du = −e−x dx and v = sin x dx = −cos x.
R
Now
Z Z Z
e−x sin x dx = e−x (−cos x) − (−cos x) −e−x dx = −e−x cos x − e−x cos x dx.

e−x cos x dx using integration by parts again.

R
Integrate
Let u = e−x and dv = cos x dx.
Then du = −e−x dx and v = cos x dx = sin x.
R
Now
Z Z
e−x cos x dx = e−x (sin x) − (sin x) −e−x dx

Z
= e−x sin x + e−x sin x dx
and Z Z
−x −x −x −x
e sin x dx = −e cos x − e sin x + e sin x dx .
Z Z
e−x sin x dx = −e−x cos x − e−x sin x − e−x sin x dx.
e−x sin x dx to both sides of the equation to obtain

R
Add
Z Z
e−x sin x dx + e−x sin x dx = −e−x cos x − e−x sin x
Z
2 e−x sin x dx = −e−x (cos x + sin x)
1
Z
e−x sin x dx = − e−x (cos x + sin x)
2
So,
π/2
1 −x
Z
π/2
e−x sin x dx = − e (cos x + sin x) 0
0 2
1h i
= − e−π/2 (0 + 1) − e0 (1 + 0)
2
1
= 2 1 − e−π/2

37. We use integration by parts with u = x2 and dv = e−3x dx. Then du = 2x dx and
v = − 31 e−3x . We obtain
2 2 Z 2
1 −3x 1 −3x
Z
2 −3x 2
x e dx = x − e − − e (2x) dx
0 3 0 0 3
2 2 −3x

1 1
Z
= 22 − e−3(2) − 02 − e−3(0) + xe dx
3 3 3 0
4 2 2 −3x
Z
= − e−6 + xe dx.
3 3 0
We use integration by parts again with u = x and dv = e−3x dx. Then du = dx and
v = − 31 e−3x . We obtain
Z 2 2 Z 2 !
2 −3x 4 −6 2 1 −3x 1 −3x
x e dx = − e + x − e − − e dx
0 3 3 3 0 0 3
1 2 −3x

4 2 1 1
Z
= − e−6 + 2 − e−3(2) − 0 − e−3(0) + e dx
3 3 3 3 3 0
2 !
4 2 2 1 1
= − e−6 + − e−6 + − e−3x
3 3 3 3 3 0

4 −6 2 2 −6 1 1 −3(2) 1 −3(0)
= − e + − e + − e − − e
3 3 3 3 3 3

4 2 2 1 1 1 −6
= − e−6 + − e−6 + − e
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 50 −6
= 27 − 27 e .
38. We use integration by parts with u = x2 and dv = e−x dx. Then du = 2x dx and v = −e−x .
We obtain
Z 1 Z 1
1
x2 e−x dx = x2 −e−x 0 − −e−x (2x) dx

0 0
Z 1
12 −e −1
− 02 −e−0 xe−x dx

= +2
0
Z 1
−1 −x
= −e +2 xe dx.
0
We use integration by parts again with u = x and dv = e−x dx. Then du = dx and
v = −e−x . We obtain
Z 1
1
Z 1
x2 e−x dx −e−1 + 2 x −e−x −e−x dx

= 0
−
0 0
Z 1
−e−1 + 2 − 0 −e−0 + −1
e−x dx

= 1 −e
0
−x 1
−1 −1
= −e + 2 −e + −e 0
−e−1 + 2 −e−1 + −e−1 − −e−0

=
= 2 − 5e−1 .
R
39. Evaluate x sec x tan x dx using integration by parts.
Let u = x and dv = sec x tan x dx.
R
Then du = dx and v = sec x tan x dx = sec x.
Now Z Z
x sec x tan x dx = x sec x − sec x dx.
R
To integrate sec x dx, multiply sec x by sec x + tan x:
sec x + tan x sec2 x + sec x tan x
Z Z Z
sec x dx = sec x · dx = dx.
sec x + tan x sec x + tan x
Integrate using u-substitution:
Let u = sec x + tan x. Then du = sec x tan x + sec2 x dx.

Now
1 1
Z Z Z
· sec2 x + sec x tan x dx =

sec x dx = du = ln |u| = ln |sec x + tan x| .
sec x + tan x u
(This also could have been found using a Table of Integrals.)
So Z
x sec x tan x = x sec x − ln |sec x + tan x| + C.
Then
Z π/4 π π π π
x sec x tan x dx = sec
− ln sec + tan − (0 · sec 0 − ln |sec 0 + tan 0|)

0 4 4 4 4
π √ √
= · 2 − ln 2 + 1 − (0 · 1 − ln |1 + 0|)

4
√ √
= 42 π − ln 2 + 1

40. We use integration by parts with u = x and dv = tan2 x dx = sec2 x − 1 dx. Then

du = dx and v = tan x − x. We obtain
Z π/4 Z π/4
x tan2 x dx = [x(tan x − x)]π/4
0 − (tan x − x) dx
0 0
hπ i π/4
π π 1 2
= tan − − 0(tan 0 − 0) − ln |sec x| − x
4 4 4 2
0
π2
1 π 2
π π 1
= − − ln sec − − ln |sec 0| − 02

4 16 4 2 4 2
2 √ 2

π π π
= − − ln 2 −
4 16 32
π π2 1
= 4 − 32 − 2 ln 2 .
R9 √ R9 R9
41. We rewrite 1 ln x dx = 1 ln x1/2 dx = 12 1 ln x dx. We use integration by parts with
u = ln x and dv = dx. Then du = x1 dx and v = x. We obtain
9 √ 9
1
Z Z
ln x dx = ln x dx
1 2 1
Z 9
1 9 1
= [(ln x)(x)]1 − x dx
2 1 x
Z 9
1
= [(ln 9)(9) − (ln 1)(1)] − dx
2 1
1
= (9 ln 9 − 8)
2
= 9 ln 3 − 4 .
42. We use integration by parts with u = x and dv = csc2 x dx. Then du = dx and v = − cot x.
We obtain
Z 3π/4 Z 3π/4
3π/4
x csc2 x dx = [x(− cot x)]π/4 − (− cot x) dx
π/4 π/4
Z 3π/4
3π 3π π π
= − cot − − cot + cot x dx
4 4 4 4 π/4

3π π 3π/4
= + + [ln |sin x|]π/4
4 4

3π π
= π + ln sin − ln

4 4
sin
√ √ !
2 2
= π + ln − ln
2 2
= π.
43. We use integration by parts with u = (ln x)2 and dv = dx. Then du = 2 lnxx dx and v = x.
We obtain
Z e h ie Z e ln x
2 2
(ln x) dx = (ln x) (x) − x 2 dx
1 1 1 x
Z e
= (ln e)2 (e) − (ln 1)2 (1) − 2 ln x dx
1
Z e
= e−2 ln x dx.
1
1
We use integration by parts again with u = ln x and dv = dx. Then du = x dx and v = x.
We obtain
Z e Z e
2 e 1
(ln x) dx = e − 2 [(ln x) x]1 − x dx
1 1 x
Z e
= e − 2 (ln e) e − (ln 1) (1) − dx
1
= e − 2 (e − (e − 1))
= e−2 .
44. We use integration by parts with u = x and dv = sec2 x dx. Then du = dx and v = tan x.
We obtain
Z π/4 Z π/4
x sec2 x dx = [x(tan x)]π/4
0 − tan x dx
0 0
hπ π i
π/4
= tan − 0(tan 0) − [ln |sec x|]0
4 h 4
π π i
= − ln sec − ln |sec 0|

4 4
π √
= − ln 2
4
π 1
= 4 − 2 ln 2 .
45. To determine where the graphs intersect, set 3 ln x = x ln x, and obtain x = 3. Since
ln x ≥ 0 when 1 ≤ x ≤ 3, we have x ln x ≤ 3 ln x on the interval 1 ≤ x ≤ 3 and the area
enclosed by the graphs of f and g is
Z 3 Z 3
(3 ln x − x ln x) dx = (3 − x) ln x dx.
1 1
1
We use integration by parts with u = ln x and dv = (3 − x) dx. Then du = x dx and
v = 3x − 12 x2 . We obtain
3 Z 3
3x − 21 x2
Z 3
1 2
(3 − x) ln x dx = (ln x) 3x − x − dx
1 2 1 1 x
Z 3
1 1 1
= (ln 3) 3(3) − 32 − (ln 1) 3(1) − 12 − 3− x dx
2 2 1 2
3
9 1 2
= ln 3 − 3x − x
2 4 1

9 1 2 1 2
= ln 3 − 3(3) − 3 − 3(1) − 1
2 4 4
9
= 2 ln 3 − 4 .
46. To determine where the graphs intersect, set 4x ln x = x2 ln x, and obtain x = 1 and x = 4.
Since ln x ≥ 0 when 1 ≤ x ≤ 4, we have x2 ln x ≤ 4x ln x on the interval 1 ≤ x ≤ 4, and
the area enclosed by the graphs of f and g is
Z 4 Z 4
4x ln x − x2 ln x dx = 4x − x2 ln x dx.

1 1
We use integration by parts with u = ln x and dv = 4x − x2 dx. Then du = x1 dx and

v = 2x2 − 31 x3 . We obtain
Z 4 4 Z 4 2 1 3
2x − 3 x

2
2 1 3
4x − x ln x dx = (ln x) 2x − x − dx
1 3 1 1 x
Z 4
1 1 1
= (ln 4) 2(4)2 − 43 − (ln 1) 2(1)2 − 13 − 2x − x2 dx
3 3 1 3
4
32 1
= ln 4 − x2 − x3
3 9 1

32 2 1 3 2 1 3
= ln 4 − 4 − 4 − 1 − 1
3 9 9
32
= 3 ln 4 − 8 .
Rπ
47. The area under the graph of y = ex sin x from 0 to π is given by 0 ex sin x dx. We use
integration by parts with u = ex and dv = sin x dx. Then du = ex dx and v = − cos x. We
obtain
Z π Z π
x x π
e sin x dx = [e (− cos x)]0 − ex (− cos x) dx
0 0
Z π
= eπ (− cos π) − e0 (− cos 0) + ex cos x dx

0
Z π
π x
= e +1+ e cos x dx.
0
We use integration by parts again with u = ex and dv = cos x dx. Then du = ex dx and
Z π Z π
π
ex sin x dx = eπ + 1 + [ex sin x]0 − ex sin x dx
0 0
Z π
π π 0
ex sin x dx

= e + 1 + e sin π − e sin 0 −
0
Z π
= eπ + 1 − ex sin x dx
0
Rπ x
We add 0
e sin x dx to each side, and then divide by 2 to obtain
Z π
2 ex sin x dx = eπ + 1
0
Z π
π
ex sin x dx = e 2+1 .
0
R π/2
48. Since y = x cos x is nonnegative on 0, π2 , 0 x cos x dx is the area under the graph of

π
y = x cos x from x = 0 to x = 2 .
R
Evaluate x cos x dx using integration by parts.
Let u = x and dv = cos x dx.
R
Then du = dx and v = cos x dx = sin x.
Now
Z Z
x cos x dx = x sin x − sin x dx = x sin x − (−cos x) = x sin x + cos x + C.
So,
Z π/2 hπ i
π/2 π
x cos x dx = [x sin x + cos x]0 = (1) + 0 − [0 + 1] = 2 −1 .
0 2
R1
49. Since y = xe−x is nonnegative on [0, 1], 0 xe−x dx is the area under the graph of y = xe−x
from x = 0 to x = 1.
xe−x dx using integration by parts.

R
Evaluate
Let u = x and dv = e−x dx.
Then du = dx and v = e−x dx = −e−x .
R
Now Z Z
−x −x
−e−x dx = −xe−x − e−x = −e−x (x + 1).

xe dx = −xe −
So,
Z 1 1
xe−x dx = −e−x (x + 1) 0 = −2e−1 − (−1) = 1 − 2

e .
0
R2
50. Since y = xe3x is nonnegative on [0, 2], 0 xe3x dx is the area under the graph of y = xe3x
xe3x dx using integration by parts.

R
Evaluate
Let u = x and dv = e3x dx.
Then du = dx and v = e3x dx = 31 e3x .
R
Now
Z
1 1 3x 1 1 1
Z
xe3x dx = x e3x − e dx = xe3x − e3x + C = e3x (3x − 1) + C.
3 3 3 9 9
So,
2
1 3x 1
Z
2
xe3x dx = e (3x − 1) 0 = e6 (6 − 1) − e0 (0 − 1) = 1
5e6 + 1 .

9 9 9
0
51. (a) The velocity of the object at time t is given by

Z t Z t
v(t) = v(0) + a(x) dx = 8 + e−2x sin x dx.
0 0
e−2x sin x dx using integration by parts.

R
Integrate
Let u = e−2x and dv = sin x dx.
Then du = −2e−2x dx and v = sin x dx = −cos x.
R
Now
Z Z
e−2x sin x dx = e−2x (−cos x) − (−cos x) −2e−2x dx

Z
= −e−2x cos x − 2 e−2x cos x dx.
e−2x cos x dx using integration by parts again.

R
Integrate
Let u = e−2x and dv = cos x dx.
Then du = −2e−2x dx and v = cos x dx = sin x.
R
Now
Z Z
−2x −2x
sin x − sin x −2e−2x dx

e cos x dx = e
Z
= e−2x sin x + 2 e−2x sin x dx
so Z Z
e−2x sin x dx = −e−2x cos x − 2 e−2x sin x + 2 e−2x sin x dx .
Z Z
e−2x sin x dx = −e−2x cos x − 2e−2x sin x − 4 e−2x sin x dx.
e−2x sin x dx to both sides of the equation to obtain

R
Add 4
Z Z
e−2x sin x dx + 4 e−2x sin x dx = −e−2x cos x − 2e−2x sin x
Z
5 e−2x sin x dx = −e−2x cos x − 2e−2x sin x
1
Z
e−2x sin x dx = −e−2x cos x − 2e−2x sin x

5
1 −2x
= e (−cos x − 2 sin x) + C
5
Therefore,
Z t
v(t) = 8 + e−2x sin x dx
0
t
1 −2x
=8+ e (−cos x − 2 sin x)
5 0

1 −2t 1
= 8 + e (−cos t − 2 sin t) − e0 (−cos 0 − 2 sin 0)
5 5
1 −2t
= 8 + e (−cos t − 2 sin t) + 1
5
1 −2t
= 8 − e (cos t + 2 sin t) − 1
5
41
= 5 − 15 [e−2t (cos t + 2 sin t)] .
(b) The position of the object at time t is given by

Z t Z t
41 1 −2x
s(t) = s(0) + v(x) dx = 0 + − e (cos x + 2 sin x) dx
0 0 5 5
Recall e−2x sin x dx = 15 e−2x (−cos x − 2 sin x) + C.

R
Similarly, e−2x cos x dx = 15 e−2x (sin x − 2 cos x) + C.

R
Z Z Z
e−2x (cos x + 2 sin x) dx = e−2x cos x dx + 2 e−2x sin x dx

1 −2x 1 −2x
= e (sin x − 2 cos x) + 2 e (−cos x − 2 sin x)
5 5
1
= e−2x (sin x − 2 cos x − 2 cos x − 4 sin x)
5
1
= − e−2x (3 sin x + 4 cos x)
5
So,
Z t
41 1 −2x
s(t) = − e (cos x + 2 sin x) dx
0 5 5
t
41 1 1
= x − − e−2x (3 sin x + 4 cos x)
5 5 5
0
41 1 1 −2t 4
= t − − e (3 sin t + 4 cos t) −
5 5 5 25
41 1 −2t 4
= 5 t − 25 e (3 sin t + 4 cos t) − 25 .
Rt
52. (a) The velocity of the object at time t is given by v(t) = v(0) + 0
a(x) dx = 5 +
R t 2 −x
0
x e dx.
Integrate x2 e−x dx using integration by parts.
R
Let u = x2 and dv = e−x dx.

Then du = 2x dx and v = e−x dx = −e−x.
R
Now
Z Z Z
x2 e−x dx = x2 −e−x − −e−x (2x dx) = −x2 e−x + 2 xe−x dx.

xe−x dx using integration by parts.

R
Integrate
R
Now
Z Z Z
−x −x −x
(dx) = −xe + e−x dx = −xe−x − e−x + C.
−x

xe dx = x −e − −e
So,
Z
x2 e−x dx = −x2 e−x + 2 −xe−x − e−x = −x2 e−x − 2xe−x − 2e−x + C.

Therefore,
Z t
v(t) = 5 + x2 e−x dx
0
t
= 5 + −x2 e−x − 2xe−x − 2e−x 0

= 5 + −t2 e−t − 2te−t − 2e−t − (0 − 0 − 2)

= 7 − t2 e−t − 2te−t − 2e−t

= 7 − e−t (t2 + 2t + 2) .
(b) The position of the object at time t is given by

Z t Z t
7 − x2 e−x − 2xe−x − 2e−x dx

s(t) = s(0) + v(x) dx = 0 +
0 0
Using the previous results,

Z
7 − x2 e−x − 2xe−x − 2e−x dx

Z Z Z Z
= 7 dx − x e dx − 2 xe dx − 2 e−x dx
2 −x −x
= 7x − −x2 e−x − 2xe−x − 2e−x − 2 −xe−x − e−x − 2 −e−x + C

= 7x + x2 e−x + 4xe−x + 6e−x + C.
So,
Z t
7 − x2 e−x − 2xe−x − 2e−x dx

s(t) =
0
t
= 7x + x2 e−x + 4xe−x + 6e−x 0

= 7t + t2 e−t + 4te−t + 6e−t − (0 + 0 + 0 + 6)

= 7t + t2 e−t + 4te−t + 6e−t − 6

= e−t (t2 + 4t + 6) + 7t − 6 .
R π/2
53. The volume is given by the integral 0 2πx sin x dx. We use integration by parts with
u = 2πx and dv = sin x dx. Then du = 2π dx and v = − cos x. We obtain
Z π/2 Z π/2
π/2
2πx sin x dx = [(2πx)(− cos x)]0 − (− cos x)(2π) dx
0 0
π Z π/2
h π i
= 2π − cos − (2π(0))(− cos 0) + 2π cos x dx
2 2 0
Z π/2
= 2π cos x dx
0
π/2
= 2π [sin x]0
h π i
= 2π sin − sin 0
2
= 2π .
R π/2
54. The volume is given by the integral 0 2πx cos x dx. We use integration by parts with
u = 2πx and dv = cos x dx. Then du = 2π dx and v = sin x. We obtain
Z π/2 Z π/2
π/2
2πx cos x dx = [(2πx)(sin x)]0 − sin x(2π) dx
0 0
π Z π/2
h π i
= 2π sin − (2π(0))(sin 0) − 2π sin x dx
2 2 0
2 π/2
= π − 2π [− cos x]0
h π i
= π 2 − 2π − cos − (− cos 0)
2
= π 2 − 2π .
Re 2
55. The volume is given by the integral 1
π(ln x) dx. We use integration by parts with
2 2 ln x
u = (ln x) and dv = π dx. Then du = xdx and v = πx. We obtain
e ie Z e
2 ln x
Z h
2 2
π(ln x) dx = (ln x) (πx) − (πx) dx
1 1 1 x
h i Z e
2 2
= (ln e) (πe) − (ln 1) (π1) − 2π ln x dx
1
Z e
= πe − 2π ln x dx.
1

We obtain
Z e Z e
2 e 1
π(ln x) dx = πe − 2π [(ln x)x]1 − x dx
1 1 x
Z e
= πe − 2π [(ln e)e − (ln 1)1] − dx
1
= πe − 2π(e − (e − 1))
= πe − 2π .
R π/2 √ 2 R π/2
π x sin x dx = 0 πx2 sin x dx. We use
integration by parts with u = πx2 and dv = sin x dx. Then du = 2πx dx and v = − cos x.
We obtain
Z π/2 Z π/2
π/2
πx2 sin x dx = πx2 (− cos x) 0 −

(− cos x)(2πx) dx
0 0
Z π/2
π 2 π
− π02 (− cos 0) +

= π − cos 2πx cos x dx
2 2 0
Z π/2
= 2πx cos x dx.
0
We use integration by parts again with u = 2πx and dv = cos x dx. Then du = 2π dx and
Z π/2 Z π/2
2 π/2
πx sin x dx = [(2πx)(sin x)]0 − (sin x)(2π) dx
0 0
h π π i Z π/2
= 2π sin − (2π(0))(sin 0) − 2π sin x dx
2 2 0
π/2
= π 2 − 2π [− cos x]0
h π i
= π 2 − 2π − cos − (− cos 0)
2
= π 2 − 2π .
57. Using the method of disks, the volume is given by

Z e2 Z e2 √ 2 Z e2
2
V =π [f (x)] dx = π x ln x dx = π x2 ln x dx.
1 1 1
x2 ln x dx using integration by parts.

R
Integrate
Let u = ln x and dv = x2 dx.

Then du = x1 dx and v = x2 dx = 13 x3 .
R
Now

1 3
1 3 1 1 1
Z Z Z
2
x ln x dx = ln x − x · dx = x3 ln x −
x x2 dx
3 3x 3 3
1 1 1
= x3 ln x − x3 + C = x3 (3 ln x − 1) + C.
3 9 9
The volume of the solid is
Z e2
V =π x2 ln x dx
1
1 e2
= π · x3 (3 ln x − 1) 1
9
π 6
= 5e − (−1)
9
= π9 5e6 + 1 .

R2 R2 R2
58. Using the Shell Method, the volume is 2π 0 x · f (x) dx = 2π 0 x · xe3x dx = 2π 0 x2 e3x dx.
Integrate x2 e3x dx using integration by parts.

R
Let u = x2 and dv = e3x dx.

Then du = 2x dx and v = 13 e3x as before.
Now
1 1 3x 1 2
Z Z Z
x2 e3x dx = x2 · e3x − e · 2x dx = x2 e3x − xe3x dx.
3 3 3 3
xe3x dx using integration by parts again.
R
Integrate

Then du = dx and v = 31 e3x as before.
Now
1 1 3x 1 1 1 1 1
Z Z
3x
xe dx = x · e3x − e dx = xe3x − · e3x = xe3x − e3x .
3 3 3 3 3 3 9
So

1 2 3x 2 1 3x 1 3x
Z
2 3x
x e dx = x e − xe − e +C
3 3 3 9
1 2 2
= x2 e3x − xe3x + e3x
3 9 27
1 3x
e 9x2 − 6x + 2 + C

=
27
Therefore
2 2

1 3x
Z
2π x3 e3x dx = 2π · e 9x2 − 6x + 2
0 27 0
2π 3·2
9 · 2 − 6 · 2 + 2 − e3·0 9 · 02 − 6 · 0 + 2
2

= e
27
2π
26e6 − 2

=
27
= 4π 6

27 13e − 1
xf ′ (x) dx using integration by parts.

R
59. Integrate
Let u = x and dv = f ′ (x) dx.
Then du = dx and v = f ′ (x) dx = f (x).
R
Now Z Z Z
xf ′ (x) dx = u · v − v · du = x f (x) − f (x) dx.
So,
Z 5 Z 5
5
x f ′ (x) dx = [x f (x)]1 − f (x) dx = 5f (5) − f (1) − 10 = 5(−5) − 2 − 10 = −37 .
1 1
60. We use integration by parts, with u = x and dv = f ′ (x) dx. Then du = dx and v = f (x).
We obtain
Z 5 Z 5
xf ′ (x) dx = [xf (x)]53 − f (x) dx
3 3
= 5f (5) − 3f (3) − (18)
= 5(11) − 3(8) − 18
= 13 .
Re
61. (a) Since y = ln x is nonnegative on [1, e], A = 1 ln x dx is the area under the graph of
y = ln x from x = 1 to x = e.
R
Evaluate ln x dx using integration by parts.
Let u = ln x and dv = dx.R
Then du = x1 dx and v = dx = x.
Now
Z
1
Z Z
ln x dx = (ln x)(x) − x dx = x ln x − dx = x ln x − x = x (ln x − 1) + C.
x
So, Z e
e
A= ln x dx = [x (ln x − 1)]1 = e(1 − 1) − 1(0 − 1) = 1 .
1
(b) Using the method of shells, the volume is given by

Z e Z e
V = 2π x f (x) dx = 2π x ln x dx.
1 1
R
Integrate x ln x dx using integration by parts.
Let u = ln x and dv = x dx.
Then du = x1 dx and v = x dx = 12 x2 .
R
Now
Z
1 1 2 1 1 1
Z Z
x ln x dx = ln x x2 − x dx = x2 ln x − x dx
2 2 x 2 2
1 1
= x2 ln x − x2 + C
2 4
1
= x2 (2 ln x − 1) + C.
4

e
1 2
Z
e
V = 2π x2 ln x dx = 2π · x (2 ln x − 1) 1
1 4
π 2
= e − (−1)
2
= π2 e2 + 1 .

f (x)f ′ (x) dx using integration by parts.

R
62. Integrate
Let u = f (x) and dv = f ′ (x) dx.
Then du = f ′ (x) dx and v = f ′ (x) dx = f (x).
R
Now Z Z Z
′
f (x)f (x) dx = u · v − v · du = f (x) f (x) − f (x) f ′ (x) dx.
f (x) f ′ (x) dx to both sides of the equation.

R
Add
Z
2 f (x)f ′ (x) dx = [f (x)]2 .
So,
b ob
1n
Z
f (x)f ′ (x) dx = [f (x)]2 = 1
[f (b)]2 − [f (a)]2 .

2 a 2
a
√ 1
63. Let w = x, then dw = √
2 x
dx, so dx = 2w dw. We substitute and obtain
√
Z Z
sin x dx = 2w sin w dw.
We use integration by parts, with u = 2w and dv = sin w dw. Then du = 2 dw and

v = − cos w. We obtain
Z Z
2w sin w dw = (2w)(− cos w) − (− cos w)(2) dw
Z
= −2w cos w + 2 cos w dw
= −2w cos w + 2(sin w) + C

√ √ √
= −2 x cos x + 2 sin x + C .
√ 1
64. Let w = x, then dw = √
2 x
dx, so dx = 2w dw. We substitute and obtain
Z √ Z
e dx = 2wew dw.
x
We use integration by parts, with u = 2w and dv = ew dw. Then du = 2 dw and v = ew .

We obtain
Z Z
2wew dw = (2w)(ew ) − (ew )(2) dw
Z
= 2wew − 2 ew dw
= 2wew − 2(ew ) + C
√ √ √
= 2 xe x − 2e x + C .
65. Let w = sin x, then dw = cos x dx. We substitute and obtain

Z Z
cos x ln (sin x) dx = ln w dw.
1
We use integration by parts, with u = ln w and dv = dw. Then du = w dw and v = w. We
obtain

1
Z Z
ln w dw = (ln w)(w) − (w) dw
w
Z
= w ln w − dw
= w ln w − w + C
= sin x ln (sin x) − sin x + C .
66. Let w = 2 + ex , then dw = ex dx. We substitute and obtain

Z Z
x x
e ln (2 + e ) dx = ln w dw.
1
We use integration by parts, with u = ln w and dv = dw. Then du = w dw and v = w. We
obtain

1
Z Z
ln w dw = (ln w)(w) − (w) dw
w
Z
= w ln w − dw
= w ln w − w + C
= (2 + ex ) ln (2 + ex ) − 2 − ex + C
= (2 + ex ) ln (2 + ex ) − ex + C ,
where we have absorbed any constants with the constant C of integration.

1
67. Let w = e2x , then dw = 2e2x dx, so e2x dx =
dw. We substitute and obtain
2
Z
1 1
Z Z Z
e4x cos e2x dx = e2x cos e2x e2x dx = w cos w

dw = w cos w dw.
2 2
We use integration by parts, with u = 12 w and dv = cos w dw. Then du = 1

2 dw and
v = sin w. We obtain

1 1 1
Z Z
w cos w dw = w (sin w) − (sin w) dw
2 2 2
1 1
Z
= w sin w − sin w dw
2 2
1 1
= w sin w − (− cos w) + C
2 2
1 1
= w sin w + cos w + C
2 2
1 2x 2x
1
+ 2 cos e2x + C .

= 2 e sin e
68. Let w = sin x, then dw = cos x dx. We substitute and obtain

Z Z
cos x tan−1 (sin x) dx = tan−1 w dw.
1
We use integration by parts with u = tan−1 w and dv = dw. Then du = 1+w 2 dw and
v = w. We obtain

1
Z Z
tan−1 w dw = tan−1 w (w) − (w)

dw
1 + w2
w
Z
= w tan−1 w − dw.
1 + w2
Let y = 1 + w2 , then dy = 2w dw, so w dw = 21 dy. We substitute and obtain

1 1
Z Z
−1 −1
tan w dw = w tan w − dy
y 2
1 1
Z
= w tan−1 w − dy
2 y
1
= w tan−1 w − ln |y| + C
2
1
= w tan−1 w − ln 1 + w2 + C

2
= sin x tan (sin x) − 21 ln 1 + sin2 x + C .
−1

2 2
69. We use integration by parts with u = x2 and dv = xex dx. Then du = 2x dx and v = 21 ex .
We obtain
Z
1 x2 1 x2
Z
3 x2 2
x e dx = x e − e (2x) dx
2 2
1 2 x2
Z
2
= x e − xex dx
2
1 2 x2 2
= 2x e − 12 ex + C .
70. We use integration by parts with u = ln x and dv = xn dx. Then du = x1 dx and v =

1 n+1
n+1 x . We obtain
Z
1 1 1
Z
n n+1 n+1
x ln x dx = (ln x) x − x dx
n+1 n+1 x
1 1
Z
= xn+1 ln x − xn dx
n+1 n+1
n+1
1 1 x
= xn+1 ln x − +C
n+1 n+1 n+1
1 n+1 1
= n+1 x ln x − (n+1)2
xn+1 +C .
71. We use integration by parts with u = x cos x and dv = ex dx. Then du = (−x sin x + cos x) dx
and v = ex . We obtain
Z Z
xe cos x dx = (x cos x)e − (−x sin x + cos x)ex dx.
x x
We use integration by parts again with u = −x sin x + cos x and dv = ex dx. Then
du = (−2 sin x − x cos x) dx and v = ex . We obtain
Z Z
x x x x
xe cos x dx = (x cos x)e − (−x sin x + cos x)e − (−2 sin x − x cos x)e dx
Z Z
= x cos x e + x sin x e − cos x e − 2 sin x e dx − x cos x ex dx.
x x x x
xex cos x dx to each side and divide by 2 to obtain

R
We add
Z Z
2 xex cos x dx = x cos x ex + x sin x ex − cos x ex − 2 sin x ex dx
1
Z Z
xex cos x dx = (x cos x ex + x sin x ex − cos x ex ) − sin x ex dx.
2
We determine sin x ex dx using integration by parts. Let u = sin x and dv = ex dx. Then
R
du = cos x dx and v = ex . We obtain
Z Z
sin x e dx = (sin x)e − (cos x)ex dx.
x x
We integrate by parts again with u = cos x and dv = ex dx. Then du = − sin x dx and
v = ex . We obtain
Z Z
sin x ex dx = sin x ex − (cos x)ex − (− sin x)ex dx
Z
= sin x ex − cos x ex − sin xex dx.
(sin x)ex dx to each side and divide by 2 to obtain

R
We add
Z
2 sin x ex dx = sin x ex − cos x ex
1 1
Z
sin x ex dx = sin x ex − cos x ex + C.
2 2
We substitute into the above to obtain

1 1 1
Z
x x x x x x
xe cos x dx = (x cos x e + x sin x e − cos x e ) − sin x e − cos x e + C
2 2 2
1 1 1
= x cos x ex + x sin x ex − sin x ex + C
2 2 2
1 x
= 2 e (x sin x + x cos x − sin x ) + C .
72. We use integration by parts with u = x sin x and dv = ex dx. Then du = (x cos x + sin x) dx
and v = ex . We obtain
Z Z
xe sin x dx = (x sin x)e − (x cos x + sin x)ex dx.
x x
We use integration by parts again with u = x cos x + sin x and dv = ex dx. Then du =
(−x sin x + 2 cos x) dx and v = ex . We obtain
Z Z
x x x x
xe sin x dx = x sin x e − (x cos x + sin x)e − (−x sin x + 2 cos x)e dx
Z Z
= x sin x e − x cos x e − sin x e − x sin x e dx + 2 cos x ex dx.
x x x x
xex sin x dx to each side and divide by 2 to obtain

R
We add
Z Z
2 xe sin x dx = x sin x e − x cos x e − sin x e + 2 cos x ex dx
x x x x
1
Z Z
xex sin x dx = (x sin x ex − x cos x ex − sin x ex ) + cos x ex dx.
2
We determine cos x ex dx using integration by parts. Let u = cos x and dv = ex dx. Then
R
du = − sin x dx and v = ex . We obtain
Z Z Z
cos x e dx = (cos x)e − (− sin x )e dx = cos x e + sin x ex dx.
x x x x
We integrate by parts again with u = sin x and dv = ex dx. Then du = cos x dx and v = ex .
We obtain
Z Z
x x x x
cos x e dx = cos x e + (sin x)e − (cos x)e dx
Z
= cos x e + sin x e − cos xex dx.
x x
cos x ex dx to each side and divide by 2 to obtain

R
We add
Z
2 cos x ex dx = cos x ex + sin x ex
1 1
Z
cos x ex dx = cos x ex + sin x ex + C.
2 2
We substitute into the above to obtain

1 1 1
Z
xex cos x dx = (x sin x ex − x cos x ex − sin x ex ) + cos x ex + sin x ex + C
2 2 2
1
= 2 x sin x e
x
− 21 x cos x ex + 1
2 cos x ex + C .
73. We use integration by parts with u = sin−1 x and dv = xn dx. Then du = √ 1

1−x2
dx and
n+1
x
v= n+1 . We obtain
xn+1 1 xn+1
Z Z
xn sin−1 x dx = sin−1 x − √ dx.
n+1 n+1 1 − x2
1 1
R
74. We consider the integral (x2 +1) n dx and use integration by parts with u =
(x2 +1)n and
−2nx
dv = dx. Then du = (x2 +1)n+1 dx and v = x. We obtain
!
1 x −2nx
Z Z
n dx = n − (x) n+1 dx
(x2 + 1) (x2 + 1) (x2 + 1)
x x2
Z
= + 2n n+1 dx
(x + 1)n
2
(x2 + 1)
x2 + 1 − 1

x
Z
= + 2n n+1 dx
(x2 + 1)n (x2 + 1)
x 1 1
Z Z
= 2 n + 2n 2 n dx − 2n n+1 dx.
(x + 1) (x + 1) 2
(x + 1)
1
R
We solve for (x2 +1) n+1 dx, and obtain
1 x 1 1
Z Z Z
2n n+1 dx = + 2n dx − dx
(x2 + 1) (x2 + 1)n (x2 + 1)n (x2 + 1)n
1 x 1
Z Z
2n n+1 dx = + (2n − 1) dx
2
(x + 1) (x2 + 1)n (x2 + 1)n
Z
1 x 1 1
Z
n+1 dx = 2 n + 1−
2n 2 n dx.
2
(x + 1) 2n(x + 1) (x + 1)
75. We use integration by parts with u = sinn−1 x and dv = sin x dx. Then du =
(n − 1) sinn−2 x cos x dx and v = − cos x. We obtain
Z Z
sinn x dx = sinn−1 x(− cos x) − (− cos x)(n − 1) sinn−2 x cos x dx
Z
n−1
= − sin x cos x + (n − 1) cos2 x sinn−2 x dx
Z
= − sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1) 1 − sin2 x sinn−2 x dx

Z Z
= − sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1) sinn−2 x dx − sinn x dx
Z Z
= − sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1) sinn−2 x dx − (n − 1) sinn x dx.
We add (n − 1) sinn x dx to each side, and then divide by n to obtain

R
Z Z
(1 + n − 1) sinn x dx = − sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1) sinn−2 x dx
sinn−1 x cos x n − 1
Z Z
sinn x dx = − + sinn−2 x dx.
n n
76. We use integration by parts with u = sinn−1 x and dv = sin x cosm x dx. Then du =
m+1
(n − 1) sinn−2 x cos x dx and v = − cosm+1 x . We obtain
cosm+1 x cosm+1 x
Z Z
sinn x cosm x dx = sinn−1 x − − − (n − 1) sinn−2 x cos x dx
m+1 m+1
sinn−1 x cosm+1 x n−1
Z
= − + sinn−2 x cosm+2 x dx
m+1 m+1
Z
sinn−2 x 1 − sin2 x cosm x dx

= − +
m+1 m+1
Z
= − + sinn−2 x cosm x dx
m+1 m+1
n−1
Z
− sinn x cosm x dx.
m+1
n−1
sinn x cosm x dx to each side, and then divide by n+m
R
We add m+1 m+1 to obtain
sinn−1 x cosm+1 x
Z
n−1 n−1
Z
1+ sinn x cosm x dx = − + sinn−2 x cosm x dx
m+1 m+1 m+1
n+m sinn−1 x cosm+1 x n−1
Z Z
n
sin x dx = − + sinn−2 x cosm x dx
m+1 m+1 m+1
Z Z
n
sin x dx = − + sinn−2 x cosm x dx.
n+m n+m
77. (a) We use integration by parts with u = x2 and dv = e5x dx. Then du = 2x dx and
v = 15 e5x . We obtain
Z
1 5x 1 5x
Z
x2 e5x dx = x2 e − e (2x) dx
5 5
1 2 5x 2
Z
= x e − xe5x dx.
5 5
We use integration by parts again with u = x and dv = e5x dx. Then du = dx and
v = 15 e5x . We obtain
Z
1 2 5x 2 1 5x 1 5x
Z
2 5x
x e dx = x e − x e − e dx
5 5 5 5
1 2 5x 2 2
Z
= x e − xe5x + e5x dx
5 25 25

1 2 5x 2 2 1 5x
= x e − xe5x + e +C
5 25 25 5
1 2 5x 2 5x 2 5x
= 5x e − 25 xe + 125 e +C .
(b) We use integration by parts with u = xn and dv = ekx dx. Then du = nxn−1 dx and
v = k1 ekx . We obtain
Z
1 kx 1 kx
Z
xn ekx dx = xn nxn−1 dx

e − e
k k
= k1 xn ekx − nk xn−1 ekx dx .
R
d
x3 ex dx = p(x)ex , then x
= x3 ex . So
R
78. (a) If dx (p(x)e )
d
(p(x)ex ) = p(x)ex + p′ (x)ex = x3 ex .
dx
Divide by ex to obtain p(x) + p′ (x) = x3 .
(b) We use integration by parts with u = x3 and dv = ex dx. Then du = 3x2 dx and
v = ex . We obtain
Z Z
x3 ex dx = x3 ex − (ex ) 3x2 dx

Z
= x e − 3 x2 ex dx.
3 x
We use integration by parts again with u = x2 and dv = ex dx. Then du = 2x dx and

v = ex . We obtain
Z Z
x3 ex dx = x3 ex − 3 x2 ex − (ex )(2x) dx
Z
= x3 ex − 3x2 ex + 6 xex dx.
We use integration by parts again with u = x and dv = ex dx. Then du = dx and

v = ex . We obtain
Z Z
x3 ex dx = x3 ex − 3x2 ex + 6 xex − ex dx
= x3 ex − 3x2 ex + 6xex − 6ex + C

= x3 − 3x2 + 6x − 6 ex + C.
We have found the polynomial p(x) = x3 − 3x2 + 6x − 6 .

79. (a) We use integration by parts with u = sin x and dv = cos x dx. Then du = cos x dx
and v = sin x. We obtain
Z Z
sin x cos x dx = (sin x)(sin x) − (sin x)(cos x) dx
Z
2
= sin x − sin x cos x dx.
R
We add sin x cos x dx to each side, and then divide by 2 to obtain
Z
2 sin x cos x dx = sin2 x
1
Z
sin x cos x dx = sin2 x + C1 .
2
So we obtain f (x) = 1
2 sin2 x .
(b) We use integration by parts with u = cos x and dv = sin x dx. Then du = − sin x dx
and v = − cos x. We obtain
Z Z
sin x cos x dx = (cos x)(− cos x) − (− cos x)(− sin x) dx
Z
2
= − cos x − sin x cos x dx.
R
We add sin x cos x dx to each side, and then divide by 2 to obtain
Z
2 sin x cos x dx = − cos2 x
1
Z
sin x cos x dx = − cos2 x + C2 .
2
So we obtain g(x) = − 21 cos2 x .

the identity sin (2x) = 2 sin x cos x we have sin x cos x = 12 sin (2x). So sin x cos x dx =
R
(c) From
1
sin (2x) dx. Let u = 2x, then du = 2 dx, so dx = 21 du. We substitute and obtain
R
2
1
Z Z
sin x cos x dx = sin (2x) dx
2

1 1
Z
= sin u du
2 2
1
Z
= sin u du
4
1
= (− cos u) + C3
4
1
= − cos (2x) + C3 .
4
So we obtain h(x) = − 14 cos (2x) .
(d) We have f (x) + C1 = g (x) + C2 , so 1

2 sin2 x + C1 = − 21 cos2 x + C2 . We obtain
C2 = 1
2 cos2 x + 1
2 sin2 x + C1 = 1
2 + C1 , so C2 = 1
2 + C1 .
(e) We have f (x) + C 1 = h (x)+C3 , so 12 sin2 x + C 1 = − 14 cos (2x)+C3 . We obtain C3 =

2 2
1 1 1
1 2 1 1
4 cos (2x)+ 2 sin x + C 1 = 4 1 − 2 sin x + 2 sin x + C 1 = 4 +C1 . So C3 = 4 + C1 .
80. (a)
0.1
g(x)
f(x)
-0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

x
-0.1
R1
(b) The area enclosed by the graphs of f and g is given by 0 x2 e−3x − x3 e−3x dx =

R1 2 3 −3x
dx. We use integration by parts with u = x2 − x3 and dv = e−3x dx.

0 x −x e
Then du = 2x − 3x2 dx and v = − 31 e−3x . We obtain
Z 1 1 Z 1
2 3 −3x 2 3 1 −3x 1 −3x
2x − 3x2 dx

x −x e dx = x −x − e − − e
0 3 0 3
0
1 1
12 − 13 − e−3(1) − 02 − 03 − e−3(0)

=
3 3
Z 1
1
2x − 3x2 e−3x dx

+
3 0
1 1
Z
2x − 3x2 e−3x dx.

=
3 0
We use integration by parts again with u = 2x − 3x2 and dv = e−3x dx. Then
du = (2 − 6x) dx and v = − 31 e−3x . We obtain
Z 1 1 Z 1 !
1 1 1
x2 − x3 e−3x dx = 2x − 3x2 − e−3x − e−3x (2 − 6x) dx

−
0 3 3 0 0 3
1
1 2
1
2
= 2(1) − 3(1) − e−3(1) − 2(0) − 3(0) − e−3(0)
3 3 3
Z 1
2
+ (1 − 3x)e−3x dx
9 0
1 −3 2 1
Z
= e + (1 − 3x)e−3x dx.
9 9 0
We use integration by parts again with u = 1−3x and dv = e−3x dx. Then du = −3 dx
and v = − 13 e−3x . We obtain
Z 1 −3x 1 Z 1 −3x !
2 3 −3x
1 −3 2 e e
x −x e dx = e + (1 − 3x) − − − (−3) dx
0 9 9 3 0 0 3
−3(1) −3(0)
1 −3 2 e e
= e + (1 − 3(1)) − − (1 − 3(0)) −
9 9 3 3
Z 1
2
− e−3x dx
9 0
1
7 −3 2 2 1 −3x
= e + − − e
27 27 9 3 0

7 −3 2 2 1 −3(1) 1 −3(0)
= e + − − e − − e
27 27 9 3 3
1 −3
= 3e .
81. (a)
x
4
0
1 2 3 4 5t
-2
-4
(b) Set 3e−t cos (2t)+ 2e−t sin (2t) = 0 and solve for t. We obtain tan (2t) = − 23 , so
2t = tan−1 − 23 + kπ, where k is any integer. So the least positive number t such
that x(t) = 0 is t = π2 + 12 tan−1 − 23 .

π 1
2 −2 tan−1 ( 32 )
3e−t cos (2t) + 2e−t sin (2t) dt using a Computer Algebra
R
(c) We integrate 0
tan−1 ( 32 )
π 1
2 −2
(3e−t cos (2t) + 2e−t sin (2t)) dt ≈ 1.890 .
R
System, and we obtain 0
√
82. We use integration by parts with u = ln x + x2 + a2 and dv = dx. Then
1
−1/2
1+ x2 + a2
2 (2x)
du = √ dx
x+ x +a2 2
−1/2 √
1 + x x2 + a2 x2 + a2
= √ √ dx
x + x2 + a2 x2 + a2
√
x2 + a2 + x
= √ √ dx
x + x2 + a2 x2 + a2
1
= √ dx
x2 + a2
x
Z p p Z
ln x + x2 + a2 dx = x ln x + x2 + a2 − √ dx.
x + a2
2
Let u = x2 + a2 , then du = 2x dx, so x dx = du

1
Z p p Z
ln x + x2 + a2 dx = x ln x + x2 + a2 − u−1/2 du
2
p 1 1/2
= x ln x + x2 + a2 − 2u +C
p 2
p
= x ln x + x2 + a2 − x2 + a2 + C.
83. We use integration by parts with u = sin (bx) and dv = eax dx. Then du = b cos (bx) dx
and v = a1 eax . We obtain
Z
1 ax 1 ax
Z
ax
e sin (bx) dx = (sin (bx)) e − e (b cos (bx)) dx
a a
1 ax b
Z
= e sin (bx) − eax cos (bx) dx
a a
We integrate by parts again with u = cos bx and dv = eax dx. Then du = −b sin bx dx and
v = a1 eax . We obtain
Z
1 ax b 1 ax 1 ax
Z
ax
e sin (bx) dx = e sin (bx) − (cos (bx)) e − e (−b sin (bx)) dx
a a a a
1 ax b b2
Z
= e sin (bx) − 2 eax cos (bx) − 2 eax sin (bx) dx
a a a
2 R 2 2
We add ab 2 eax sin (bx) dx from each side and divide by a a+b 2 to obtain
b2
Z
1 ax b
1+ 2 eax sin (bx) dx = e sin (bx) − 2 eax cos (bx)
a a a
a b
Z
eax sin (bx) dx = eax sin (bx) − 2 eax cos (bx) + C
a2 + b 2 a + b2
eax [a sin (bx) − b cos (bx)]
= + C.
a2 + b 2
84. We use integration by parts with u = t and dv = g ′ (t) dt. Then du = dt and v = g(t). We
obtain
Z x Z x
x
F (x) = tg ′ (t) dt = [tg(t)]0 − g(t) dt
0 0
Z x
= xg(x) − 0g(0) − g(t) dt
0
Z x
= xg(x) − g(t) dt.
0
R π/2 (5)(3)(1) π
85. (a) 0
sin6 x dx = (6)(4)(2) 2 = 5π
32 .
R π/2 (4)(2)
(b) 0 sin5 x dx = (5)(3)(1) = 8
15 .
R π/2 R π/2 (7)(5)(3)(1) π
(c) 0 cos8 x dx = 0 sin8 x dx = (8)(6)(4)(2) 2 = 35π
256 .
R π/2 R π/2 (5)(3)(1) π
(d) 0
cos6 x dx = 0
sin6 x dx = (6)(4)(2) 2 = 5π
32 .
Challenge Problems
86. Suppose first that n = 2m + 1 > 1 is odd, so that m is any positive integer. By Problem
75, we have
π/2 π/2
sinn−1 x cos x n − 1 π/2 n−2
Z Z
n
sin x dx = − + sin x dx
0 n 0 n 0
" #
sinn−1 π2 cos π2 sinn−1 0 cos 0 n − 1 π/2 n−2
Z
= − − − + sin x dx
n n n 0
n − 1 π/2 n−2
Z
= sin x dx.
n 0
We continue, and obtain

π/2 π/2
n−1
Z Z
sinn x dx = sinn−2 x dx
0 n 0
!
π/2
n−1 n−3
Z
n−4
= sin x dx
n n−2 0
!
n − 1 n − 3 n − 5 π/2 n−6
Z
= sin x dx
n n−2 n−4 0
= ···
n−1n−3n−5 2 π/2
Z
= ··· sin x dx
n n−2n−4 3 0
n−1n−3n−5 2 π/2
= · · · [− cos x]0
n n−2n−4 3
n−1n−3n−5 2
= · · · (1)
n n−2n−4 3
(2m) (2m − 2) · · · (2)
=
(2m + 1) (2m − 1) · · · (3) (1)
So the formula holds. Now suppose that n = 2m > 1 is even, so that m is any positive
integer. By the above, we have
π/2 π/2
n−1
Z Z
sinn x dx = sinn−2 x dx
0 n 0
π/2
n−1n−3n−5 3
Z
= ··· sin2 x dx
n n−2n−4 4 0
n−1n−3n−5 3 1 π/2
Z
= ··· dx
n n−2n−4 42 0
n−1n−3n−5 31π
= ···
n n−2n−4 422
(2m − 1) (2m − 3) · · · (3) (1) π
= ,
(2m) (2m − 2) · · · (4) (2) 2
and the formula holds.

87. (a) We use integration by parts with u = xn and dv = ex dx. Then du = nxn−1 dx and
v = ex . We have Z Z
x e dx = x e − n xn−1 ex dx
n x n x
Repeating, we obtain for some constants c and k

Z Z
xn ex dx = xn ex − n xn−1 ex − (n − 1) xn−2 ex dx
Z
= xn − nxn−1 ex + n (n − 1) xn−2 ex dx

= ··· Z
n n−1
+ · · · + kx e + c ex dx
x
= x − nx
xn − nxn−1 + · · · + kx + c ex + C

=
= p (x) ex + C.
d
(b) Since dx (p(x)ex ) = xn ex , we have p(x)ex + p′ (x)ex = xn ex . Divide by ex to obtain
p(x) + p (x) = xn .
′
Pn k n!
(c) We show p (x) = k=0 (−1) (n−k)! xn−k satisfies p (x) + p′ (x) = xn . We have
n n
!
X n!
k d X
k n!
p (x) + p (x)′
= (−1) xn−k + (−1) xn−k
k=0
(n − k)! dx k=0
(n − k)!
n−1 n−1
X n! X n!
= xn + (−1)k xn−k + (−1)k (n − k) xn−k−1
k=0
(n − k)! k=0
(n − k)!
n−1 n
X n! X n!
= xn + (−1)k xn−k + (−1)k−1 (n − (k − 1)) xn−(k−1)−1
k=0
(n − k)! k=1
(n − (k − 1))!
n−1 n
X n! X n!
= xn + (−1)k xn−k + (−1)k−1 (n − k + 1) xn−k
k=0
(n − k)! k=1
(n − k + 1)!
n−1 n
X n! X n!
= xn + (−1)k xn−k + (−1)k (−1)−1 (n − k + 1) xn−k
k=0
(n − k)! k=1
(n − k + 1) (n − k)!
n−1 n
X n! X n!
= xn + (−1)k xn−k − (−1)k xn−k
k=0
(n − k)! k=1
(n − k)!
= xn .
2 2
88. Use integration by parts with u = ex and dv = x2n dx. Then du = 2xex dx and
1
v = 2n+1 x2n+1 . We obtain
1 1 Z 1
1 1
Z
2 2 2
x2n ex dx = x2n+1 ex − x2n+1 2xex dx
0 2n + 1 0 0 2n + 1
Z 1
1 2 2
= e − x2n+2 ex dx.
2n + 1 2n + 1 0
Starting with the n = 0 case, we repeat the above formula, and obtain
Z 1
2 1 2 x2

1
Z
2
ex dx = e − x e dx
0 1 1 0
2 1 4 x2

2 1
Z
= e (1) − e − x e dx
1 3 3 0
Z 1
22

2 2
= e 1− + x6 ex dx
3 3 (1) 0
22 2 1 8 x2

2 1
Z
= e 1− + e − x e dx
3 3 (1) 5 5 0
2
3 Z 1
2 2 2 2
= e 1− + + x8 ex dx
3 5 (3) (1) 5 (3) (1) 0
= ···
(−1)n 2n (−1)n+1 2n+1
Z 1
2 2
= e 1 − + ···+ + x2n+2 ex dx.
3 (2n + 1) · · · (3)(1) (2n + 1) · · · (3)(1) 0
So the formula holds for all nonnegative integers n.

89. We use integration by parts with u = f (x) and dv = ex dx. Then du = f ′ (x) dx and
v = ex . We have Z Z
f (x)ex dx = f (x)ex − f ′ (x)ex dx
We continue, using u = f ′ (x) , dv = ex and obtain

Z Z
x x ′ x ′′ x
f (x)e dx = f (x)e − f (x)e − f (x)e dx
Z
= (f (x) − f (x)) e + f ′′ (x)ex dx
′ x
= ··· Z

= f (x) − f ′ (x) + · · · ± f (n−1) (x) ex ± f (n) (x)ex dx
Since f (x) is a polynomial of degree n, f (n) (x) is a constant, k, and we have

Z Z
f (x)ex dx = f (x) − f ′ (x) + · · · ± f (n−1) (x) ex ± kex dx

= f (x) − f ′ (x) + · · · ± f (n−1) (x) ex ± kex + C
= (f (x) − f ′ (x) + · · · ± k) ex + C.
We nowhave f (x) = g (x) ex + C, where g (x) = f (x) − f ′ (x) + · · · ± k is a polynomial of
degree n.
90. (a) We use integration by parts with u = f ′ (t) and dv = dt. Then du = f ′′ (t) dt and take
v = t − b. We obtain
Z b
f (b) − f (a) = f ′ (t) dt
a
Z b
b
= [(t − b)f ′ (t)]a − f ′′ (t)(t − b) dt
a
Z b
= (b − b)f ′ (b) − (a − b)f ′ (a) − f ′′ (t)(t − b) dt
a
Z b
= f ′ (a)(b − a) − f ′′ (t)(t − b) dt.
a
Rb
(b) We use integration by parts on a f ′′ (t)(t − b) dt with u = f ′′ (t) and dv = (t − b) dt.
Then du = f ′′′ (t) dt and v = 12 (t − b)2 . We obtain
Z b
′
f (b) − f (a) = f (a)(b − a) − f ′′ (t)(t − b) dt
a
b Z b !
′ 1 2 ′′ ′′′ 1 2
= f (a)(b − a) − (t − b) f (t) − f (t) (t − b) dt
2 a a 2
= f ′ (a)(b − a)
Z b ′′′ !
1 2 ′′ 1 2 ′′ f (t) 2
− (b − b) f (b) − (a − b) f (a) − (t − b) dt
2 2 a 2
Z b ′′′
f ′′ (a) f (t)
= f ′ (a)(b − a) + (b − a)2 + (t − b)2 dt.
2 a 2
91. We use integration by parts with u = f (x) and dv = dx. Then du = f ′ (x) dx and take
v = x. We obtain
Z b Z b
f (x) dx = [xf (x)]ba − xf ′ (x) dx
a a
Z b
= bf (b) − af (a) − xf ′ (x) dx.
a
Let x = f −1 (y), then f (x) = y, so f ′ (x) dx = dy. The limits of integration become
y = f (a) and y = f (b). We substitute and obtain
Z b Z f (b)
f (x) dx = bf (b) − af (a) − f −1 (y) dy,
a f (a)
so Z b Z f (b)
f (x) dx + f −1 (y) dy = bf (b) − af (a).
a f (a)
92. (a) We use integration by parts with u = cosh x and dv = ex dx. Then du = sinh x dx
and take v = ex . We obtain
Z Z
ex cosh x dx = ex cosh x − ex sinh x dx.
We use integration by parts again with u = sinh x and dv = ex dx. Then du =

cosh x dx and take v = ex . We obtain
Z Z
ex cosh x dx = ex cosh x − ex sinh x − ex cosh x dx
Z
= ex cosh x − ex sinh x + ex cosh x dx.
The integrals cancel, and this will not allow us to determine the integral. Note that
ex cosh x − ex sinh x = ex (cosh x − sinh x)
= ex e−x

= 1.
This is expected, as any two antiderivatives of ex cosh x, as denoted by ex cosh x dx
R
on each side of the equation
Z Z
ex cosh x dx = ex cosh x − ex sinh x + ex cosh x dx,
must differ by a constant. So their difference, ex cosh x − ex sinh x, must be constant.

ex +e−x
(b) We rewrite cosh x = 2 , and obtain
ex + e−x
Z Z
ex cosh x dx = ex dx
2
1
Z
e2x + 1 dx

=
2

1 1 2x
= e +x +C
2 2
1 2x
= 4e + 12 x + C .
AP
R
Practice Problems
1. The velocity of the object at time t is given by
Z t Z t
v(t) = v(1) + a(x) dx = 2 + ln (x + 1) dx.
1 1
R
Use integration by parts to find ln (x + 1) dx.
Let u = ln (x + 1) and dv = dx.
1
R
Then du = x+1 dx and v = dx = x.
1
Z Z
Now ln (x + 1) dx = x ln (x + 1) − x· dx
x+1
Z
1
= x ln (x + 1) − 1− dx
x+1
= x ln (x + 1) − x + ln (x + 1) + C
= (x + 1) ln (x + 1) − x + C.
Z t
Therefore, v(t) = 2 + ln (x + 1) dx
1
t
= 2 + [(x + 1) ln (x + 1) − x]1
= 2 + [(t + 1) ln (t + 1) − t] − (2 ln 2 − 1), and
v(3) = 2 + [4 ln 4 − 3] − (2 ln 2 − 1) = 2 + 4 ln (4) − ln 4 − 3 + 1 = 3 ln 4 .
The answer is B.
2. Integrate x2 e2x dx using integration by parts.
R
Let u = x2 and dv = e2x dx.

Then du = 2x dx and v = e2x dx = 12 e2x .
R
Z
2 1 2x 1 2x 1
Z Z
2 2x
Now x e dx = x e − e (2x dx) = x2 e2x − xe2x dx.
2 2 2
R 2x
Integrate xe dx using integration by parts.

Then du = dx and v = e2x dx = 12 e2x .
R
Z
1 1 2x
Z
Now xe2x dx = x e2x − e dx
2 2
1 1
Z
= xe2x − e2x dx
2 2
1 1
= xe2x − e2x + C.
2 4

1 2 2x 1 2x 1 2x
Z
2 2x
So, x e dx = x e − xe − e + C
2 2 4
1 2 2x 1 2x 1 2x
= x e − xe + e + C
2 2 4

1 1 1
= e2x x2 − x + + C and f (x) = 12 x2 − 21 x + 1
4 .
2 2 4
The answer is D.
cos−1 x dx.
R
3. Use integration by parts to find
Let u = cos−1 x and dv = dx.

1
R
Then du = − √1−x 2
dx and v = dx = x.

1 x
Z Z Z
Now cos−1 x dx = x cos−1 x − x · −√ dx = x cos−1 x + √ dx.
1−x2 1 − x2
x
dx, let w = 1 − x2 . Then dw = −2x dx, x dx = − dw
R
To evaluate √1−x 2 2 , and
x 1
Z Z
√ dx = √ x dx
1 − x2 1 − x2

dw
Z
= w−1/2 −
2
1
Z
=− w−1/2 dw
2
1 w1/2

=− 1 +C
2 2
√
=− w+C
p
= − 1 − x2 + C.
x √
Z Z
So, cos−1 x dx = x cos−1 x + √ dx = x cos−1 x − 1 − x2 + C .
1 − x2
The answer is C.
4. Integrate xe−x dx using integration by parts.
R

R
Z Z
−x −x
−e−x dx

Now xe dx = x −e −
Z
= −xe−x + e−x dx
= −xe−x − e−x + C
= −(x + 1)e−x + C
Z 2 2
xe−x dx = −(x + 1)e−x 0 = −3e−2 − (−1) = 1 − 3e−2 .

So,
0
The answer is A.
3x2 + 2 sin x dx using integration by parts.
R
5. Integrate
Let u = 3x2 + 2 and dv = sin x dx.
R
Then du = 6x dx and v = sin x dx = −cos x.
Z Z
2 2

So 3x + 2 sin x dx = 3x + 2 (−cos x) − (−cos x)(6x dx)
= −(3x2 + 2) cos x + 6
R
x cos x dx .
The answer is B.
6. Integrate xf ′ (x) dx using integration by parts.
R
Let u = x and dv = f ′ (x) dx.

Then du = dx and v = f ′ (x) dx = f (x).
R
7.2 Integrals Containing Trigonometric Functions 7-45
Z
xf ′ (x) dx = x f (x) −
R
Now f (x) dx + C .
The answer is C.
√ √
7. The diameter of each semicircular slice is ln x. The radius is 21 ln x.
√ 2
The volume of each semicircular slice of thickness dx is dV = 12 · π · 12 ln x dx = π
8 ln x.
R e2 π
R e2
The volume of the solid is V = 1
dV = 8 1
ln x dx.
R
Use integration by parts to find ln x dx.
Let u = ln x and dv = dx.
R
1
Z Z Z
Now ln x dx = x ln x − x · dx = x ln x − dx = x ln x − x + C.
x
Z 2
π e π 2 π 2
ln x dx = [x ln x − x]e1 = e ln e2 − e2 − (0 − 1) = π8 (e2 + 1) .

So,
8 1 8 8
The answer is A.
dy dy
8. Rewrite the differential equation dx = (1 + ln x)y as y = (1 + ln x) dx.
R dy R R
Integrate both sides to obtain y dy = (1 + ln x) dx or ln |y| = x + ln x dx.
R
Use integration by parts to find ln x dx.
Let u = ln x and dv = dx.
R
1
Z Z Z
Now ln x dx = x ln x − x · dx = x ln x − dx = x ln x − x + C.
x
R
Then ln |y| = x + ln x dx = x + x ln x − x + C = x ln x + C.
Applying the condition that y = 1 when x = 1 yields ln 1 = 1 · ln 1 + C.
Thus, C = 0 and ln |y| = x ln x = ln xx .
Solving for y, |y| = xx and y = ±xx . The condition y = 1 when x = 1 requires the positive
sign.
So, y = xx .
The answer is D.
7.2 Integrals Containing Trigonometric Functions

1. True.
2. True.
Skill Building
3. Factor out cos x and use the identity cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x.
Z Z
cos5 x dx = cos4 x cos x dx
Z
2
= cos2 x cos x dx
Z
2
= 1 − sin2 x cos x dx.
Let u = sin x, then du = cos x dx. We substitute and obtain

Z Z
5
2
cos x dx = 1 − u2 du
Z
u4 − 2u2 + 1 du

=
1 5 2 3
= u − u +u+C
5 3
= 1
5 sin5 x − 2
3 sin3 x + sin x + C .
4. Factor out sin x and use the identity sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x.

Z Z
3
sin x dx = sin2 x sin x dx
Z
1 − cos2 x sin x dx.

=
Let u = cos x, then du = − sin x dx, so sin x dx = −du. We substitute and obtain
Z Z
sin3 x dx = 1 − u2 (−du)

Z
u2 − 1 du

=
1 3
= u −u+C
3
1
= 3 cos3 x − cos x + C .
5. Use the identity sin2 x = 1−cos2 (2x) and obtain

Z Z
6
3
sin x dx = sin2 x dx
Z 3
1 − cos (2x)
= dx
2
1
Z
1 − 3 cos (2x) + 3 cos2 (2x) − cos3 (2x) dx

=
8
1 3 3 1
Z Z Z Z
= dx − cos (2x) dx + cos2 (2x) dx − cos3 (2x) dx
8 8 8 8
1 3 3 1
Z Z
= x− sin (2x) + cos2 (2x) dx − cos3 (2x) dx.
8 16 8 8
We evaluate
1 + cos (4x)
Z Z
cos2 (2x) dx = dx
2
1
Z
= (1 + cos (4x)) dx
2
x sin (4x)
= + + C.
2 8
And also
Z Z
cos3 (2x) dx = cos2 (2x) cos (2x) dx
Z
1 − sin2 (2x) cos (2x) dx.

=
Let u = sin (2x), then du = 2 cos (2x) dx, so cos (2x) dx = du

du
Z Z
cos3 (2x) dx = 1 − u2
2
3

1 u
= u− +C
2 3
sin (2x) sin3 (2x)
= − + C.
2 6
We now obtain
1 sin (2x) sin3 (2x)

1 3 3 x sin (4x)
Z
sin6 x dx = x− sin (2x) + + − − +C
8 16 8 2 8 8 2 6
= 5
16 x − 1
4 sin (2x) + 3
64 sin (4x) + 1
48 sin3 (2x) + C .
6. Use the identity cos2 x = 1+cos2 (2x) and obtain

Z Z
2
cos4 x dx = cos2 x dx
Z 2
1 + cos (2x)
= dx
2
1
Z
1 + 2 cos (2x) + cos2 (2x) dx

=
4
1 1 1
Z Z Z
= dx + cos (2x) dx + cos2 (2x) dx
4 2 4
1 1 1
Z
= x + sin (2x) + cos2 (2x) dx.
4 4 4
We evaluate
1 + cos (4x)
Z Z
2
cos (2x) dx = dx
2
1
Z
= (1 + cos (4x)) dx
2
x sin (4x)
= + + C.
2 8
We now obtain

1 1 1 x sin (4x)
Z
cos4 x dx = x + sin (2x) + + +C
4 4 4 2 8
3 1 1
= 8x + 4 sin (2x) + 32 sin (4x) + C .
7. Use the identity sin2 (πx) = 1−cos2(2πx) and obtain

1 − cos (2πx)
Z Z
2
sin (πx) dx = dx
2
1
Z
= (1 − cos (2πx)) dx
2

1 1
= x− sin (2πx) + C
2 2π
x 1
= 2 − 4π sin (2πx) + C .
8. Use the identity cos2 (2x) = 1+cos2 (4x) and obtain

Z Z
2
cos4 (2x) dx = cos2 (2x) dx
Z 2
1 + cos (4x)
= dx
2
1
Z
1 + 2 cos (4x) + cos2 (4x) dx

=
4
1 1 1
Z Z Z
4 2 4
1 1 1
Z
= x + sin (4x) + cos2 (4x) dx.
4 8 4
We evaluate
1 + cos (8x)
Z Z
cos2 (4x) dx = dx
2
1
Z
= (1 + cos (8x)) dx
2
x sin (8x)
= + + C.
2 16
We now obtain

1 1 1 x sin (8x)
Z
cos4 (2x) dx = x + sin (4x) + + +C
4 8 4 2 16
3 1 1
= 8x + 8 sin (4x) + 64 sin (8x) + C .

Z π Z π
5
cos x dx = cos4 x cos x dx
0 0
Z π
2
= cos2 x cos x dx
Z0 π
2
= 1 − sin2 x cos x dx.
0
Let u = sin x, then du = cos x dx. The lower limit of integration is u = sin 0 = 0 and the
upper limit of integration is u = sin π = 0. We substitute and obtain
Z π Z 0
5 2
cos x dx = (1 − u) du = 0 .
0 0
10. Since sin3 x is an odd function on a symmetric interval − π3 , π3 about 0, we have

Z π/3
sin3 x dx = 0 .
−π/3
Z Z
sin3 x cos2 x dx = sin2 x cos2 x sin x dx
Z
1 − cos2 x cos2 x sin x dx.

=
Z Z
sin3 x cos2 x dx = 1 − u2 u2 (−du)

Z
u4 − u2 du

=
1 5 1 3
= u − u +C
5 3
1 1
= 5 cos5 x − 3 cos3 x + C .
Z Z
sin4 x cos3 x dx = sin4 x cos2 x cos x dx
Z
sin4 x 1 − sin2 x cos x dx.

=

Z Z
sin4 x cos3 x dx = u4 1 − u2 du

Z
u4 − u6 du

=
1 5 1 7
= u − u +C
5 7
= 1
5 sin5 x − 1
7 sin7 x + C .
R π/2
13. Integrate 0 sin3 x(cos x)3/2 dx using trigonometric identities.
The exponent of sin x is 3, a positive, odd integer. Factor sin x from sin3 x and write the
rest of the integrand in terms of cosines.
Z π/2 Z π/2
3 3/2
sin x(cos x) dx = sin2 x(cos x)3/2 sin x dx
0 0
Z π/2
1 − cos2 x (cos x)3/2 sin x dx.

=
0
Now use the substitution u = cos x and du = − sin x dx. Then sin x dx = −du. The lower
limit of integration becomes u = cos 0 = 1 and the upper limit of integration becomes
u = cos π2 = 0. Therefore,
Z π/2 Z π/2
sin3 x(cos x)3/2 dx = 1 − cos2 x (cos x)3/2 sin x dx

0 0
Z 0 Z 1
1 − u2 u3/2 (−du) = 1 − u2 u3/2 du.

=
1 0
Use algebraic manipulation to rewrite 1 − u u3/2 in a form whose antiderivative is

2

recognizable: 1 − u2 u3/2 = u3/2 − u7/2 .

Then
Z 1 Z 1
1 − u2 u3/2 du = u3/2 − u7/2 du

0 0
1
2 5/2 2 9/2 2 2 8
= u − u = − − (0 − 0) = 45 .
5 9 0 5 9
R π/2 √
14. Integrate 0 cos3 x sin x dx using trigonometric identities.
The exponent of cos x is 3, a positive, odd integer. Factor cos x from cos3 x and write the
rest of the integrand in terms of sines.
Z π/2 √ Z π/2 √ Z π/2
√
3
cos x sin x dx = 2
cos x sin x cos x dx = 1 − sin2 x sin x cos x dx.
0 0 0
Now use the substitution u = sin x and du = cos x dx. The lower limit of integration
becomes u = sin 0 = 0 and the upper limit of integration becomes u = sin π2 = 1. Therefore,
Z π/2 √ Z π/2 Z 1
3 2
√
1 − u2 u du.
√
cos x sin x dx = 1 − sin x sin x cos x dx =
0 0 0
√ 2
Use algebraic manipulation to rewrite 1 − u u in a form whose antiderivative is recog-
√
nizable: 1 − u2 u = 1 − u2 u1/2 = u1/2 − u5/2 .

Then
Z 1 1 1
2 3/2 2 7/2 2 2
Z
1 − u2 u du = u1/2 − u5/2 du = 8
√
u − u = − − (0 − 0) = 21 .
0 0 3 7 0 3 7
sin3 x(cos x)1/3 dx using trigonometric identities.

R
15. Integrate
Z Z Z
3 1/3 2 1/3
1 − cos2 x (cos x)1/3 sin x dx.

sin x(cos x) dx = sin x(cos x) sin x dx =
Now use the substitution u = cos x and du = − sin x dx. So, sin x dx = −du and
Z Z
sin3 x(cos x)1/3 dx = 1 − cos2 x (cos x)1/3 sin x dx

Z Z
2
1/3
1 − u2 u1/3 du.

= 1 − u u (−du) = −
Use algebraic manipulation to rewrite 1 − u2 u1/3 in a form whose antiderivative is

recognizable: 1 − u2 u1/3 = u1/3 − u7/3 .

Then

3 3
Z Z
sin3 x(cos x)1/3 dx = − u1/3 − u7/3 du = − u4/3 − u10/3 + C
4 10

3 3
= − u4/3 − u10/3 + C
4 10
3 10/3 4/3
= 10 (cos x) − 43 (cos x) +C .
Z Z
cos3 x sin1/2 x dx = cos2 x sin1/2 x cos x dx
Z
1 − sin2 x sin1/2 x cos x dx.

=

Z Z
cos3 x sin1/2 x dx = 1 − u2 u1/2 du

Z
= u1/2 − u5/2 du
2 3/2 2 7/2
= u − u +C
3 7
= 2
3 sin3/2 x − 2
7 sin7/2 x + C .
17. Factor out cos x2 and use the identity cos2 x2 = 1 − sin2 x2 .

2 x 3 x
Z Z x x x
sin cos dx = cos2 sin2 cos dx
2 2 2 2 2
Z x x x
= 1 − sin2 sin2 cos dx.
2 2 2
Let u = sin x2 , then du = 21 cos x2 dx, so cos x2 dx = 2 du. We substitute and obtain

Z x x Z
sin2 cos3 1 − u2 u2 (2 du)

dx =
2 2
Z
u2 − u4 du

= 2

1 1
= 2 u3 − u5 + C
3 5
= 23 sin3 x2 − 52 sin5 x2 + C .

18. Factor out cos (4x) and use the identity cos2 (4x) = 1 − sin2 (4x).
Z Z
sin3 (4x) cos3 (4x) dx = cos2 (4x) sin3 (4x) cos (4x) dx
Z
1 − sin2 (4x) sin3 (4x) cos (4x) dx.

=
Let u = sin (4x), then du = 4 cos (4x) dx, so cos (4x) dx = du

du
Z Z
sin3 (4x) cos3 (4x) dx = 1 − u2 u3
4
1
Z
u3 − u5 du

=
4

1 1 4 1 6
= u − u +C
4 4 6
= 1
16 sin4 (4x) − 1
24 sin6 (4x) + C .
tan3 x sec3 x dx using trigonometric identities.

R
19. Integrate
The exponent of tan x is 3, a positive, odd integer ≥ 3. Factor sec x tan x from tan3 x sec3 x
and write the rest of the integrand in terms of secants. Use the identity tan2 x = sec2 x − 1.
Z Z Z
3 3 2 2
sec2 x − 1 sec2 x · sec x tan x dx.

tan x sec x dx = tan x sec x · sec x tan x dx =
Now use the substitution u = sec x and du = sec x tan x dx.

Z Z Z
3 3 2
2
u2 − 1 u2 du.

tan x sec x dx = sec x − 1 sec x · sec x tan x dx =
to rewrite u2 − 1 u2 in a form whose antiderivative is recog-

Use algebraic manipulation
nizable: u2 − 1 u2 = u4 − u2 .

Then
1 1
Z Z Z
3 3 sec5 x sec3 x
u − 1 u2 du =
2
u4 − u3 du = u5 − u3 + C =

tan x sec x dx = 5 − 3 +C .
5 3
20. Factor out sec x tan x. Then let u = sec x, so du = sec x tan x dx. We substitute and obtain
Z Z
5
tan x sec x dx = sec4 x sec x tan x dx
Z
= u4 du
1 5
= u +C
5
1
= 5 sec5 x + C .
tan3/2 x sec4 x dx using trigonometric identities.

R
21. Integrate
The exponent of sec x is 4, a positive, even integer. Factor sec2 x from sec4 x and write the
rest of the integrand in terms of tangents. Use the identity sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x.
Z Z Z
tan3/2 x sec4 x dx = tan3/2 x sec2 x sec2 x dx = tan3/2 x 1 + tan2 x sec2 x dx.

Now use the substitution u = tan x and du = sec2 x dx.

Z Z Z
tan3/2 x sec4 x dx = tan3/2 x 1 + tan2 x sec2 x dx = u3/2 1 + u2 du.

Use algebraic manipulation to rewrite u3/2 1 + u2

in a form whose antiderivative is
recognizable: u3/2 1 + u2 = u3/2 + u7/2 .

Then
2 2
Z Z
tan3/2 x sec4 x dx = u3/2 + u7/2 du = u5/2 + u9/2 + C
5 9
2 2
= 5 tan5/2 x + 9 tan9/2 x + C .
tan5 x sec x dx using trigonometric identities.

R
22. Integrate
The exponent of tan x is 5, a positive, odd integer. Factor tan x sec x from tan5 x sec x and
write the rest of the integrand in terms of secants. Use the identity tan2 x = sec2 x − 1.
Z Z Z
5 4
2
tan x sec x dx = tan x tan x sec x dx = sec2 x − 1 tan x sec x dx.
Now use the substitution u = sec x and du = tan x sec x dx.

Z Z Z
2 2
tan5 x sec x dx = sec2 x − 1 tan x sec x dx = u2 − 1 du.
2
Use algebraic manipulation to rewrite u2 − 1 in a form whose antiderivative is recog-
2
nizable: u2 − 1 = u4 − 2u2 + 1.
Then
Z Z
5
2
tan x sec x dx = u2 − 1 du
Z
u4 − 2u2 + 1 du

=
1 5 2 3
= u − u +u+C
5 3
1
= 5 sec
5
x − 32 sec3 x + sec x + C .
3/2
tan3 x (sec x)
R
23. Integrate dx using trigonometric identities.
3/2
The exponent of tan x is 3, a positive, odd integer. Factor tan x sec x from tan3 x (sec x)
and write the rest of the integrand in terms of secants. Use the identity tan2 x = sec2 x − 1.
Z Z
3/2 1/2
tan x (sec x) dx = tan2 x (sec x) tan x sec x dx
3
Z
1/2
sec2 x − 1 (sec x) tan x sec x dx.

=

Z Z Z
3 3/2 2 1/2
u2 − 1 u1/2 du.

tan x (sec x) dx = sec x − 1 (sec x) tan x sec x dx =
Use algebraic manipulation to rewrite u2 − 1 u1/2 in a form whose antiderivative is rec-

ognizable: u2 − 1 u1/2 = u5/2 − u1/2 .

Then
Z Z
3/2
tan3 x (sec x) dx = u5/2 − u1/2 du
2 7/2 2 3/2
= u − u +C
7 3
2 7/2 3/2
= 7 (sec x) − 32 (sec x) +C .
√
sec4 x tan x dx using trigonometric identities.
R
24. Integrate
√ √
Z Z Z
sec4 x tan x dx = sec2 x tan x sec2 x dx = 1 + tan2 x tan x sec2 x dx.
√

√
Z Z Z
sec4 x tan x dx = 1 + tan2 x tan x sec2 x dx = 1 + u2
√ √
u du.
√
Use algebraic manipulation to rewrite 1 + u2 u in a form whose antiderivative is recog-
√
nizable: 1 + u2 u = 1 + u2 u1/2 = u1/2 + u5/2 .

Then
√ 2 2
Z Z
4
sec x tan x dx = u1/2 + u5/2 du = u3/2 + u7/2 + C
3 7
3/2
= 2
3 (tan x) + 72 (tan x)7/2 + C .
25. Factor out csc x cot x, and use the identity cot2 x = csc2 x − 1.
Z Z
cot3 x csc x dx = cot2 x csc x cot x dx
Z
csc2 x − 1 csc x cot x dx.

=
Let u = csc x, then du = − csc x cot x dx, so csc x cot x dx = −du. We substitute and
obtain
Z Z
cot3 x csc x dx = csc2 x − 1 csc x cot x dx

Z
u2 − 1 (−du)

=
Z
1 − u2 du

=
1
= u − u3 + C
3
1
= csc x − 3 csc3 x + C .
26. Let u = cot x, then du = − csc2 x dx, so csc2 x dx = −du. We substitute and obtain
Z Z
cot3 x csc2 x dx = u3 (−du)
Z
= − u3 du
1
= − u4 + C
4
= − 41 cot4 x + C .
27. We use the identity sin A cos B = 21 (sin (A + B) + sin (A − B)) to obtain
1
Z Z
sin (3x) cos x dx = (sin (4x) + sin (2x)) dx
2

1 1 1
= − cos (4x) − cos (2x) + C
2 4 2
= − 18 cos (4x) − 1
4 cos (2x) + C .
1
Z Z
sin x cos (3x) dx = (sin (4x) + sin (−2x)) dx
2
1
Z
= (sin (4x) − sin (2x)) dx
2

1 1 1
= − cos (4x) − − cos (2x) +C
2 4 2
= − 18 cos (4x) + 1
4 cos (2x) + C .
29. We use the identity cos A cos B = 21 (cos (A + B) + cos (A − B)) to obtain
1
Z Z
cos x cos (3x) dx = (cos (4x) + cos (−2x)) dx
2
1
Z
= (cos (4x) + cos (2x)) dx
2

1 1 1
= sin (4x) + sin (2x) + C
2 4 2
1 1
= 8 sin (4x) + 4 sin (2x) + C .
1
Z Z
cos (2x) cos x dx = (cos (3x) + cos (x)) dx
2

1 1
= sin (3x) + sin x + C
2 3
1 1
= 6 sin (3x) + 2 sin x + C .
31. We use the identity sin A sin B = 21 (cos (A − B) − cos (A + B)) to obtain
1
Z Z
sin (2x) sin (4x) dx = (cos (−2x) − cos (6x)) dx
2
1
Z
= (cos (2x) − cos (6x)) dx
2

1 1 1
= sin (2x) − sin (6x) + C
2 2 6
1 1
= 4 sin (2x) − 12 sin (6x) + C .
1
Z Z
sin (3x) sin (x) dx = (cos (3x − x) − cos (3x+x)) dx
2
1
Z
= (cos (2x) − cos (4x)) dx
2

1 1 1
= sin (2x) − sin (4x) + C
2 2 4
1 1
= 4 sin (2x) − 8 sin (4x) + C .
Z π/2
1 π/2
Z
sin (2x) sin x dx = (cos (x) − cos (3x)) dx
0 2 0
π/2
1 1
= sin x − sin (3x)
2 3
0
1 π 1 3π 1
= sin − sin − sin 0 − sin (3(0))
2 2 3 2 3

1 4
= −0
2 3
2
= 3 .
Z π
1 π
Z
cos x cos (4x) dx = (cos (5x) + cos (−3x)) dx
0 2 0
Z π
1
= (cos (5x) + cos (3x)) dx
2 0
π
1 1 1
= sin (5x) + sin (3x)
2 5 3 0

1 1 1 1 1
= sin (5π) + sin (3π) − sin (5(0)) + sin (3(0))
2 5 3 5 3
= 0.
R π/2
35. Integrate 0 sin2 x cos5 x dx using trigonometric identities.
The exponent of cos x is 5, a positive, odd integer. Factor cos x from sin2 x cos5 x and write
the rest of the integrand in terms of sines. Use the identity sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x.
Z π/2 Z π/2 Z π/2
2 5 2 4
2
sin x cos x dx = sin x cos x cos x dx = sin2 x 1 − sin2 x cos x dx.
0 0 0
Z π/2 Z π/2 Z 1
2 5 2 2
2 2
sin x cos x dx = sin x 1 − sin x cos x dx = u2 1 − u2 du.
0 0 0
2 2
Use algebraic manipulation to rewrite u2 1 − u

in a form whose antiderivative is recog-
2
nizable: u2 1 − u2 = u2 − 2u4 + u6 .
Then
Z 1 2
Z 1
u2 1 − u2 u2 − 2u4 + u6 du

du =
0 0
1
1 3 1 5 1 7
= u −2· u + u
3 5 7 0

1 2 1 8
= − + − 0 = 105 .
3 5 7
R π/2
36. Integrate 0 sin3 x cos1/2 x dx using trigonometric identities.
rest of the integrand in terms of cosines. Use the identity sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x.
Z π/2 Z π/2 Z π/2
3 1/2 2 1/2
1 − cos2 x cos1/2 x sin x dx.

sin x cos x dx = sin x cos x sin x dx =
0 0 0
Z π/2 Z π/2
sin3 x cos1/2 x dx = 1 − cos2 x cos1/2 x sin x dx

0 0
Z 0 Z 0
1 − u2 u1/2 (−du) = − 1 − u2 u1/2 du.

=
1 1
R0
R1
Using a property of integrals, − 1 1 − u2 u1/2 du = 0 1 − u2 u1/2 du.

Use algebraic manipulation to rewrite 1 − u2 u1/2 in a form whose antiderivative is rec-

ognizable: 1 − u2 u1/2 = u1/2 − u5/2 .

Then
Z 1 Z 1
1 − u u1/2 du =
2
u1/2 − u5/2 du

0 0
1
2 3/2 2 7/2
= u − u
3 7 0

2 2 8
= − − (0 − 0) = 21 .
3 7
sin3 x
R
37. Integrate cos2 x dx using trigonometric identities.
sin3 x sin2 x 1 − cos2 x
Z Z Z
2
dx = 2
sin x dx = sin x dx.
cos x cos x cos2 x
Now use the substitution u = cos x and du = − sin x dx. Then sin x dx = −du and
sin3 x 1 − cos2 x 1 − u2 1 − u2
Z Z Z Z
dx = sin x dx = (−du) = − du.
cos2 x cos2 x u2 u2
1−u2
Use algebraic manipulation to rewrite u2 in a form whose antiderivative is recognizable:
1−u2 1 u2 −2
u2 = u2 − u2 = u − 1.
Then
sin3 x 1
Z Z
u−2 − 1 du = − −u−1 − u + C = + u + C

dx = −
cos2 x u
1
= cos x + cos x = sec x + cos x + C .
38. We rewrite the integral, and obtain

cos x 1 cos x
Z Z
dx = dx
sin4 x sin3 x sin x
Z
= csc3 x cot x dx
Z
= csc2 x (csc x cot x) dx.
Let u = csc x, then du = − csc x cot x dx, so csc x cot x dx = −du. We substitute and
obtain
cos x
Z Z
dx = u2 (−du)
sin4 x Z
= − u2 du
1
= − u3 + C
3
= − 31 csc3 x + C .
R π/3
39. Integrate 0 cos3 (3x) dx using trigonometric identities.
The exponent of cos (3x) is 3, a positive, odd integer. Factor cos (3x) from cos3 (3x) and
write the rest of the integrand in terms of sines. Use the identity cos2 (3x) = 1 − sin2 (3x).
Z π/3 Z π/3 Z π/3
cos3 (3x) dx = cos2 (3x) cos (3x) dx = 1 − sin2 (3x) cos (3x) dx.

0 0 0
du
Now use the substitution u = sin (3x) and du = 3 cos (3x) dx. Then cos (3x) dx = 3 .
The lower limit of integration becomes u = sin 0 = 0 and the upper limit of integration
becomes u = sin 3 π3 = sin (π) = 0.

Therefore,
π/3 π/3 0 du 0
1
Z Z Z Z
3 2 2
1 − u2 du.

cos (3x) dx = 1 − sin (3x) cos (3x) dx = 1−u =
0 0 0 3 3 0
R π/3 1 0
cos3 (3x) dx = 2
R
Using a property of integrals, 0 3 0
1−u du = 0 .
R π/3
40. Integrate 0 sin5 (3x) dx using trigonometric identities.
The exponent of sin (3x) is 5, a positive, odd integer. Factor sin (3x) from sin5 (3x) and
write the rest of the integrand in terms of cosines. Use the identity sin2 (3x) = 1−cos2 (3x).
Z π/3 Z π/3 Z π/3 2
5 4
1 − cos2 (3x) sin (3x) dx.

sin (3x) dx = sin (3x) sin (3x) dx =
0 0 0
Now use the substitution u = cos (3x) and du = −3 sin (3x) dx. Then sin x dx = − du
3 .
The lower limit of integration becomes u = cos 0 = 1 and the upper limit of integration
becomes u = cos 3 · π3 = cos (π) = −1.

Therefore,
Z π/3 Z π/3 2
5
1 − cos2 (3x) [sin (3x) dx]

sin (3x) dx =
0 0
−1
1 −1

du
Z Z
2 2
2
1 − u2 du.

= 1−u − =−
1 3 3 1
R −1 2 R1 2
Using a property of integrals, − 31 1 1 − u2 du = 1
3 −1 1 − u2 du.
2 2

Use algebraic manipulation to rewrite 1 − u in a form whose antiderivative is recog-
2
nizable: 1 − u2 = 1 − 2u2 + u4 .
Then
π/3 1
1
Z Z
5
2
sin (3x) dx = 1 − u2 du
0 3 −1
Z 1
1
1 − 2u2 + u4 du

=
3 −1
1
1 2 3 1 5
= u− u + u
3 3 5 −1

1 2 1 2 1 16
= 1− + − −1 + − = 45 .
3 3 5 3 5
Z π Z π
3 5
sin x cos x dx = sin2 x cos5 x sin x dx
0 0
Z π

=
0
Let u = cos x, then du = − sin x dx, so sin x dx = −du. The lower limit of integration is
u = cos 0 = 1, and the upper limit of integration is u = cos π = −1. We substitute and
obtain
Z π Z −1
3 5
1 − u2 u5 (−du)

sin x cos x dx =
0 1
Z 1
u5 − u7 du

=
−1
= 0,
since we are integrating an odd function on a symmetric interval about 0.

Z π/2 Z π/2
sin3 x cos3 x dx = sin2 x cos3 x sin x dx
0 0
Z π/2

=
0
Let u = cos x, then du = − sin x dx, so sin x dx = −du. The lower limit of integration is
u = cos 0 = 1, and the upper limit of integration is u = cos π2 = 0. We substitute and
obtain
Z π/2 Z 0
sin3 x cos3 x dx = 1 − u2 u3 (−du)

0 1
Z 1
u3 − u5 du

=
0
1
1 4 1 6
= u − u
4 6
0
1 4 1 6 1 4 1 6
= 1 − 1 − 0 − 0
4 6 4 6
1
= 12 .
43. Rewrite the integral, factor out sin x, and use the identity sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x to obtain
sin3 x
Z Z
3
tan x dx = dx
cos3 x
sin2 x
Z
= sin x dx
cos3 x
1 − cos2 x
Z
= sin x dx.
cos3 x
1 − u2
Z Z
tan3 x dx = (−du)
u3
Z
1 −3
= −u du
u
u−2
= ln |u| − +C
−2
1
= ln |cos x| + 2 sec2 x + C .
44. Rewrite the integral, factor out cos x, and use the identity cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x to obtain
cos5 x
Z Z
cot5 x dx = dx
sin5 x
cos4 x
Z
= cos x dx
sin5 x
2
cos2 x
Z
= cos x dx
sin5 x
2
1 − sin2 x
Z
= cos x dx
sin5 x

2
1 − u2
Z Z
5
cot x dx = du
u5
1 − 2u2 + u4
Z
= du
u5
Z
1
= u−5 − 2u−3 + du
u
1
= − u−4 + u−2 + ln |u| + C
4
= − 41 csc4 x + csc2 x + ln |sin x| + C .
45. Factor out sec2 x and use the identity sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x.
sec6 x sec4 x
Z Z
3 dx = sec2 x dx
tan x tan3 x
2
sec2 x
Z
= sec2 x dx
tan3 x
2
1 + tan2 x
Z
= sec2 x dx.
tan3 x
Let u = tan x, then du = sec2 x dx. We substitute and obtain
2
sec6 x 1 + u2
Z Z
dx = du
tan3 x u3
1 + 2u2 + u4
Z
= du
u3
Z
−3 2
= u + + u du
u
u−2 1
= + 2 ln |u| + u2 + C
−2 2
= − 12 cot2 x + 2 ln |tan x| + 1
2 tan2 x + C .
46. Let u = tan x, then du = sec2 x dx. We substitute and obtain

Z Z
tan1/2 x sec2 x dx = u1/2 du
2 3/2
= u +C
3
2
= 3 tan3/2 x + C .
47. Integrate csc4 x cot3 x dx using trigonometric identities.

R
Notice that the exponent of csc x is 4 and the exponent of cot x is 3. So this integral can
be found in two different ways, which will give two different (but equivalent) answers.
One solution:
The exponent of csc x is 4, a positive, even integer. Factor csc2 x from csc4 x cot3 x and
write the rest of the integrand in terms of cotangents. Use the identity csc2 x = 1 + cot2 x.
Z Z Z
4 3 2 3 2
1 + cot2 x cot3 x csc2 x dx.

csc x cot x dx = csc x cot x csc x dx =
Now use the substitution u = cot x and du = − csc2 x dx. Then csc2 x dx = −du and
Z Z
csc4 x cot3 x dx = 1 + cot2 x cot3 x csc2 x dx

Z Z
2
3
1 + u2 u3 du.

= 1 + u u (−du) = −
to rewrite 1 + u2 u3 in a form whose antiderivative is recog-

nizable: 1 + u2 u3 = u3 + u5 .

Then

1 1
Z Z
csc4 x cot3 x dx = − u3 + u5 du = − u4 + u6 + C = − 41 cot4 x − 61 cot6 x + C .

4 6
Another solution:
The exponent of cot x is 3, a positive, odd integer. Factor csc x cot x from csc4 x cot3 x and
write the rest of the integrand in terms of cosecants. Use the identity cot2 x = csc2 x − 1.
Z Z Z
csc x cot x dx = csc x cot x csc x cot x dx = csc3 x csc2 x − 1 csc x cot x dx.
4 3 3 2

Now use the substitution u = csc x and du = − csc x cot x dx. Then csc x cot x dx = −du
and
Z Z Z Z
csc x cot x dx = csc x csc x − 1 csc x cot x dx = u u − 1 (−du) = u3 1 − u2 du.
4 3 3 2 3 2

to rewrite u3 1 − u2 in a form whose antiderivative is recog-

nizable: u3 1 − u2 = u3 − u5 .

Then
1 1
Z Z
csc4 cot3 x dx = u3 − u5 du = u4 − u6 + C = 1 4
x − 61 csc6 x + C .

4 6 4 csc
The two answers are equivalent, because

1 1 1 2 1 3
csc4 x − csc6 x + C1 = csc2 x − csc2 x + C1
4 6 4 6
1 2 1 3
= 1 + cot x − 1 + cot2 x + C1
2
4 6
1 1
= 1 + 2 cot x + cot4 x − 1 + 3 cot2 x + 3 cot4 x + cot6 x + C1
2

4 6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + cot x + cot x − − cot2 x − cot4 x − cot6 x + C1
2 4
4 2
4 6 2 2 6
1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
= cot x − cot x + cot x − cot x − cot6 x +
4 4
− + C1
2 2 4 2 6 4 6
1 1
= − cot4 x − cot6 x + C2 .
4 6
cot3 x csc2 x dx using trigonometric identities.

R
48. Integrate
Notice that the exponent of cot x is 3 and the exponent of csc x is 2. So this integral can
be found in two different ways, which will give two different (but equivalent) answers.
One solution:
The exponent of csc x is 2, a positive, even integer.
Use the substitution u = cot x and du = − csc2 x dx. Then csc2 x dx = −du and
1
Z Z Z
cot3 x csc2 x dx = u3 (−du) = − u3 du = − u4 + C = − 14 cot4 x + C .
4
Another solution:
The exponent of cot x is 3, a positive, odd integer.
Factor csc x cot x from cot3 x csc2 x and write the rest of the integrand in terms of cosecants.
Use the identity cot2 x = csc2 x − 1.
Z Z Z
3 2 2
csc2 x − 1 csc x cot x dx.

cot x csc x dx = cot x csc x · csc x cot x dx =
Now use the substitution u = csc x and du = − csc x tan x dx. Then csc x tan x dx = −du
and
Z Z Z Z
cot3 x csc2 x dx = csc2 −1 csc x · csc x cot x dx = u2 − 1 u (−du) = 1 − u2 u du

to rewrite 1 − u2 u in a form whose antiderivative is recog-

nizable: 1 − u2 u = u − u3 .

Then
1 1
Z Z
3 2
u − u3 du = u2 − u4 + C = 1 2
x − 41 csc4 x + C .

cot x csc x dx = 2 csc
2 4
The two answers are equivalent, because
1 1 2 1 2 1
− cot4 x + C1 = − cot2 x + C1 = − csc2 x − 1 + C1 = − csc4 x − 2 csc2 x + 1 + C1

4 4 4
4
1 1 1 1 1
= − csc4 x + csc2 x + C1 − = csc2 x − csc2 x + C2 .
4 2 4 2 4
49. Factor out csc (2x) cot (2x) to obtain

Z Z
cot (2x) csc (2x) dx = csc3 (2x) csc (2x) cot (2x) dx.
4
Let u = csc (2x), then du = −2 csc (2x) cot (2x) dx, so csc x cot x dx = − du
2 We substitute
and obtain

du
Z Z
4 3
cot (2x) csc (2x) dx = u −
2
1
Z
= − u3 du
2

1 1 4
= − u +C
2 4
= − 81 csc4 (2x) + C .
50. We first use the identity cot2 (2x) = csc2 (2x) − 1.

Z Z
cot2 (2x) csc3 (2x) dx = csc2 (2x) − 1 csc3 (2x) dx

Z Z
= csc (2x) dx − csc3 (2x) dx.
5
We use integration by parts for csc5 (2x) dx with u = csc3 (2x) and dv = csc2 (2x) dx.
R
Then du = −6 csc3 (2x) cot (2x) dx and v = − 12 cot (2x). We obtain

1
Z Z
csc5 (2x) dx = − csc3 (2x) cot (2x) − 3 csc3 (2x) cot (2x) cot (2x) dx

2
1
Z
= − csc3 (2x) cot (2x) − 3 csc3 (2x) cot2 (2x) dx
2
1
Z
= − csc (2x) cot (2x) − 3 csc3 (2x) csc2 (2x) − 1 dx
3

2
1
Z Z
= − csc3 (2x) cot (2x) − 3 csc5 (2x) dx + 3 csc3 (2x) dx.
2
5
R
We add 3 csc (2x) dx to both sides, and divide by 4 and obtain
1
Z Z
4 csc (2x) dx = − csc (2x) cot (2x) + 3 csc3 (2x) dx
5 3
2
1 3
Z Z
csc5 (2x) dx = − csc3 (2x) cot (2x) + csc3 (2x) dx.
8 4
We now have
Z Z Z
cot2 (2x) csc3 (2x) dx = 5
csc (2x) dx − csc3 (2x) dx
1 3
Z Z
= − csc3 (2x) cot (2x) + csc3 (2x) dx − csc3 (2x) dx
8 4
1 1
Z
3
= − csc (2x) cot (2x) − csc3 (2x) dx.
8 4
We use integration by parts for csc3 (2x) dx with u = csc (2x) and dv = csc2 (2x) dx.
R
Then du = −2 csc (2x) cot (2x) dx and v = − 21 cot (2x). We obtain

1
Z Z
csc3 (2x) dx = − csc (2x) cot (2x) − (csc (2x) cot (2x)) cot (2x) dx
2
1
Z
= − csc (2x) cot (2x) − csc (2x) cot2 (2x) dx
2
1
Z
= − csc (2x) cot (2x) − csc (2x) csc2 (2x) − 1 dx

2
1
Z Z
= − csc (2x) cot (2x) − csc3 (2x) dx + csc (2x) dx
2
1 1
Z
= − csc (2x) cot (2x) − csc3 (2x) dx − ln |csc (2x) + cot (2x)| .
2 2
We add csc3 (2x) dx to both sides, and divide by 2 and obtain
R
1 1
Z
2 csc3 (2x) dx = − csc (2x) cot (2x) − ln |csc (2x) + cot (2x)|
2 2
1 1
Z
csc3 (2x) dx = − csc (2x) cot (2x) − ln |csc (2x) + cot (2x)| + C.
4 4
We now have
1 − csc (2x) cot (2x)
Z
− csc3 (2x) cot (2x) ln|csc (2x)+cot (2x)|
cot2 (2x) csc3 (2x) dx = 8 − 4 − 4 +C
4
3
= − csc (2x) cot (2x)
8 + csc (2x) cot (2x)
16 + ln|csc (2x)+cot (2x)|
16 +C .
51. We rewrite the integral using the identity tan2 x = sec2 x − 1.

Z π/4 Z π/4 2
tan4 x sec3 x dx = tan2 x sec3 x dx
0 0
Z π/4 2
= sec2 x − 1 sec3 x dx
0
Z π/4
sec4 x − 2 sec2 x + 1 sec3 x dx

=
0
Z π/4 Z π/4 Z π/4
= sec7 x dx − 2 sec5 x dx + sec3 x dx.
0 0 0
3 1
R
From Example 7 we have sec x dx = 2 [sec x tan x + ln |sec x + tan x|] + C, so
π/4
1
Z
sec3 x dx [sec x tan x + ln |sec x + tan x|]π/4
= 0
0 2
1 h π π π π i
= sec tan + ln sec + tan − (sec 0 tan 0 + ln |sec 0 + tan 0|)

2 4 4 √ 4 4
1 √ 2
= ln 2+1 + .
2 2
R π/4
We use integration by parts for 0 sec5 x dx with u = sec3 x and dv = sec2 x dx. Then
du = 3 sec3 x tan x dx and v = tan x. We obtain
Z π/4 Z π/4
π/4
sec5 x dx = sec3 x tan x 0 − 3 sec3 x tan x tan x dx

0 0
Z π/4
3 π π 3
sec3 x tan2 x dx

= sec tan − sec 0 tan 0 − 3
4 4 0
√ Z π/4
sec3 x sec2 x − 1 dx

= 2 2−3
0
Z π/4 Z π/4 !
√ 5 3
= 2 2−3 sec x dx − sec x dx
0 0
√2
!
√ π/4
1 √
Z
5
= 2 2−3 sec x dx + 3 ln 2+1 +
0 2 2
π/4
3 √ 7√ Z
= ln 2+1 + 2−3 sec5 x dx.
2 2 0
R π/4
We add 3 0 sec5 x dx to each side and divide by 4 to obtain
π/4
3 √ 7√
Z
4 sec5 x dx = ln 2+1 + 2
0 2 2
π/4
3 √ 7√
Z
sec5 x dx = ln 2+1 + 2.
0 8 8
R π/4
We use integration by parts for 0 sec7 x dx with u = sec5 x and dv = sec2 x dx. Then
du = 5 sec5 x tan x dx and v = tan x. We obtain
Z π/4 Z π/4
π/4
sec7 x dx = sec5 x tan x 0 − 5 sec5 x tan x tan x dx

0 0
Z π/4
π5 π 5
sec5 x tan2 x dx

= sec tan − sec 0 tan 0 − 5
4 4 0
√ Z π/4
sec5 x sec2 x − 1 dx

= 4 2−5
0
Z π/4 Z π/4 !
√ 7 5
= 4 2−5 sec x dx − sec x dx
0 0
√ π/4
3 √ 7√
Z
7
= 4 2−5 sec x dx + 5 ln 2+1 + 2
0 8 8
Z π/4
15 √ 67 √
= ln 2+1 + 2−5 sec7 x dx.
8 8 0
R π/4
We add 5 0 sec7 x dx to each side and divide by 6 to obtain
π/4
15 √ 67 √
Z
6 sec7 x dx = ln 2+1 + 2
0 8 8
π/4 √
5 67 √
Z
sec7 x dx = ln 2+1 + 2.
0 16 48
We now obtain
Z π/4 Z π/4 Z π/4
Z π/4
tan4 x sec3 x dx = sec7 x dx − 2
sec5 x dx + sec3 x dx
0
0 √
0
67 √
0
3 √ 7√

5
= ln 2+1 + 2 −2 ln 2+1 + 2
16 48 8 8
√2
!
1 √
+ ln 2+1 +
2 2
7
√ 1
√
= 48 2 + 16 ln 2+1 .
52. We rewrite the integral using the identity tan2 x = sec2 x − 1.

Z π/4 Z π/4
tan2 x sec x dx sec2 x − 1 sec x dx

=
0 0
Z π/4 Z π/4
= sec3 x dx − sec x dx
0 0
Z π/4
π/4
= sec3 x dx − [ln |sec x + tan x|]0
0
π/4
π π
Z h i
= sec3 x dx − ln sec + tan − ln |sec 0 + tan 0|

0 4 4
Z π/4 √
= sec3 x dx − ln 2+1
0
1
sec3 x dx =
R
From Example 8 we have 2 [sec x tan x + ln |sec x + tan x|] + C, so
π/4
1
Z
π/4
sec3 x dx = [sec x tan x + ln |sec x + tan x|]0
0 2
1h π π π π i
= sec tan + ln sec + tan − (sec 0 tan 0 + ln |sec 0 + tan 0|)

2 4 4 4 4
1 √ √2
= ln 2+1 + .
2 2
We now obtain
Z π/4 Z π/4 √
2
tan x sec x dx = sec3 x dx − ln
2+1
0 0
√2
!
1 √ √
= ln 2+1 + − ln 2+1
2 2
1√ 1 √
= 2 − ln 2+1 .
2 2
R π/2 x
3x

53. Integrate 0 sin 2 cos 2 dx using the product-to-sum identity
2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A − B).

Then
π/2 x π/2
3x 1 x 3x x 3x
Z Z
sin cos dx = sin + + sin − dx
0 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 2
π/2
1
Z
= [sin (2x) + sin (−x)] dx
2 0
π/2
1
Z
= [sin (2x) − sin x] dx since sin (−x) = − sin x
2 0
π/2 π/2
1 1
Z Z
= sin (2x) dx − sin x dx
2 0 2 0
π/2
1 1 1 π/2
= − cos (2x) − [− cos (x)]0
2 2 0 2
1 1h π i
= − [cos (π) − cos (0)] + cos − cos (0)
4 2 2
1 1
= − (−1 − 1) + (0 − 1) = 0 .
4 2
R π/4 R π/4
54. Integrate 0 cos (−x) sin (4x) dx = 0 sin (4x) cos (−x) dx using the product-to-sum
identity 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A − B).
Then
Z π/4 π/4
1
Z
sin (4x) cos (−x) dx = sin [4x + (−x)] cos [4x − (−x)] dx
0 2 0
π/4
1
Z
= [sin (3x) + sin (5x)] dx
2 0
π/4 π/4
1 1
Z Z
= sin (3x) dx + sin (5x) dx
2 0 2 0
π/4 π/4
1 1 1 1
= − cos (3x) + − cos (5x)
2 3 2 5
0 0
1 3π 1 5π
= − cos − cos (0) − cos − cos (0)
6 4 10 4
" √ ! # " √ ! #
1 2 1 2 4 2
√
=− − −1 − − − 1 = 15 + 15 2.
6 2 10 2
x
3x 1
Z Z
sin sin dx = (cos (−x) − cos (2x)) dx
2 2 2
1
Z
= (cos (x) − cos (2x)) dx
2

1 1
= sin x − sin (2x) + C
2 2
1 1
= 2 sin x − 4 sin (2x) + C .
1
Z Z
cos (πx) cos (3πx) dx = (cos (4πx) + cos (−2πx)) dx
2
1
Z
= (cos (4πx) + cos (2πx)) dx
2

1 1 1
= sin (4πx) + sin (2πx) + C
2 4π 2π
1 1
= 8π sin (4πx) + 4π sin (2πx) + C .
Rπ 2
57. The volume is given by the integral 0 π(sin x) dx. We write sin2 x = 1−cos2 (2x) and obtain
Z π Z π
2 1 − cos (2x)
π(sin x) dx = π dx
0 0 2
Z π
π
= (1 − cos (2x)) dx
2 0
π
π 1
= x − sin (2x)
2 2 0

π 1 1
= π − sin (2π) − 0 − sin (2(0))
2 2 2
1 2
= 2π .
R π/4 h 2 2
i
58. The volume is given by the integral 0 π (cos x) − (sin x) dx. We write cos2 x −
sin2 x = cos (2x) and obtain
Z π/4 h i Z π/4
π (cos x)2 − (sin x)2 dx = π cos (2x) dx
0 0
Z π/4
= π cos (2x) dx
0
π/4
1
= π sin (2x)
2 0

1 π 1
= π sin 2 − sin (2(0))
2 4 2
1
= 2π .

Z π/2 Z π/2 h i2 Z π/2
2 3/2
V =π [f (x)] dx = π sin x(cos x) dx = π sin2 x cos3 x dx.
0 0 0
rest of the integrand in terms of sines. Use the identity cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x.
Z π/2 Z π/2 Z π/2
sin2 x cos3 x dx = sin2 x cos2 x cos x dx = sin2 x 1 − sin2 x cos x dx.

0 0 0
Z π/2 Z π/2 Z 1
2 3 2 2
u2 1 − u2 du.

sin x cos x dx = sin x 1 − sin x cos x dx =
0 0 0
to rewrite u2 1 − u 2

Use algebraic manipulation in a form whose antiderivative is recog-
nizable: u 1 − u = u − u4 .
2 2 2

Then
Z 1 1 1
1 3 1 5 1 1 2
Z
2 2 2 4

u 1−u du = u −u du = u − u = − − (0 − 0) = .
0 0 3 5 0 3 5 15

Z π/2 Z 1
2 3
u2 1 − u2 du = 2π

V =π sin x cos x dx = π 15 .
0 0

Z π/2 Z π/2 h i2 Z π/2
2
V =π [f (x)] dx = π (sin x)3/2 cos2 x dx = π sin3 x cos4 x dx.
0 0 0
rest of the integrand in terms of cosines. Use the identity sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x.
Z π/2 Z π/2 Z π/2
3 4 2 4

sin x cos x dx = sin x cos x sin x dx =
0 0 0
Z π/2 Z π/2
3 4
1 − cos2 x cos4 x sin x dx

sin x cos x dx =
0 0
Z 0 Z 0
1 − u u4 (−du) = −
2
1 − u2 u4 du.

=
1 1
R0 R1
Using a property of integrals, − 1 1 − u u4 du = 0 1 − u2 u4 du.
2

2
4
Use algebraic manipulation to rewrite 1 − u u in a form whose antiderivative is recog-
2
4 4 6
nizable: 1 − u u = u − u .
Then
Z 1 1 1
1 5 1 7 1 1 2
Z
1 − u u4 du =
2 4 6

u −u du = u − u = − − (0 − 0) = .
0 0 5 7 0 5 7 35
Z π/2 Z 1
sin3 x cos4 x dx = π u2 − u6 du = 2π

V =π 35 .
0 0
1
Rπ 4
61. (a) The average value is given by π−0 0 sin x cos x dx. Let u = cos x, then du =
− sin x dx, so sin x dx = −du. The lower limit of integration is u = cos 0 = 1, and the
upper limit of integration is u = cos π = −1. We substitute and obtain
Z π
1 1 −1 4
Z
sin x cos4 x dx = u (−du)
π−0 0 π 1
1 1 4
Z
= u du
π −1
2 1 4
Z
= u du
π 0
using that we have an even function on an interval symmetric about 0. So
Z π 1
1 4 2 1 5
sin x cos x dx = u
π−0 0 π 5 0

2 1 5 1 5
= 1 − 0
π 5 5
2
= 5π .
(b) The area under the graph of the function f is the same as the area of the rectangle
2
with height 5π ≈ 0.1273 and width π − 0 = π.
(c)
0.3
0.2 f(x)
0.1 f,average
0.0
0 1 2 3
x
62. (a) The average value of f (x) = sin (4x) cos (2x) over the interval 0, π2 is

π/2
1
Z
f¯ = π sin (4x) cos (2x) dx.
2 −0 0
Using the product-to-sum identity 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A − B),

Z π/2
1
f¯ = π sin (4x) cos (2x) dx
2 −0 0
2 1 π/2
Z
= · [sin (4x + 2x) + sin (4x − 2x)] dx
π 2 0
2 1 π/2
Z
= · [sin (6x) + sin (2x)] dx
π 2 0
"Z #
π/2 Z π/2
1
= sin (6x) dx + sin (2x) dx
π 0 0
( π/2 π/2 )
1 1 1
= − cos (6x) + − cos (2x)
π 6 0 2 0
i
1 1 h π i 1 h π
= − cos 6 · − cos (0) − cos 2 · − cos (0)
π 6 2 2 2

1 1 1 4
= − [−1 − 1] − [−1 − 1] = 3π .
π 6 2
(b) The area enclosed by a rectangle of height f¯ = 4

3π and width π
2 equals the area under
the graph of f from 0 to π2 .
(c) The graph of f (x) = sin (4x) cos (2x) and the average value, f¯ = 4
3π , are shown below.
63. The net displacement of the object from t = 0 to t = 2π seconds is given by

Z 2π Z 2π
v(t) dt = sin2 t cos2 t dt.
0 0
Use the identity sin2 θ = 12 [1 − cos (2θ)] and cos2 θ = 21 [1 + cos (2θ)].
Then
2π 2π
1 1
Z Z
v (t) dt = [1 − cos (2t)] · [1 + cos (2t)] dt
0 0 2 2
Z 2π
1
1 − cos2 (2t) dt

=
4 0
1 2π

1
Z
= 1 − [1 + cos (4t)] dt
4 0 2
Z 2π
1
= [1 − cos (4t)] dt
8 0
2π
1 1
= t − sin (4t)
8 4 0

1 1 1
= (2π) − sin (8π) − (0) − sin (0)
8 4 4
π
= 4 ≈ 0.785 .
After moving from t = 0 to t = 2π seconds, the object is approximately 0.785 meters to

the right of where it was at t = 0.
64. The velocity is given by
Z t
v(t) = v(0) + a(w) dw
0
Z t
= 5+ cos2 w sin w dw.
0
Let u = cos w, then du = − sin w dw, so sin w dw = −du. The lower limit of integration is
u = cos 0 = 1, and the upper limit of integration is u = cos t. We substitute and obtain
Z cos t
v(t) = 5 + u2 (−du)
1
Z cos t
= 5− u2 du
1
cos t
1 3
= 5− u
3 0

1 3 1 3
= 5− cos t − cos 0
3 3
16 1
= − cos3 t.
3 3
The distance is given by
Z t
s(t) = s(0) + v(w) dw
0
Z t
16 1 3
= 0+ − cos w dw
0 3 3
16 1 t
Z
= t− cos3 w dw.
3 3 0
We factor out cos w and use the identity cos2 w = 1 − sin2 w. Let u = sin w, then du =
cos w dw, the lower limit of integration is u = sin 0 = 0, and the upper limit of integration
is u = sin t. We substitute and obtain
16 1 t
Z
s(t) = t− cos2 w cos w dw
3 3 0
16 1 t
Z
1 − sin2 w cos w dw

= t−
3 3 0
16 1 sin t
Z
1 − u2 du

= t−
3 3 0
sin t
16 1 1
= t− u − u3
3 3 3 0

16 1 1 3 1 3
= t− sin t − sin t − sin 0 − sin 0
3 3 3 3
= 16
3 t − 1
3 sin t + 1
9 sin3 t .
65. (a) The region in the first quadrant bounded by the graph of y = tan x and the lines
x = 0 and y = 1 is pictured below. The graph of y = tan x intersects with the line
y = 1 when tan x = 1; that is, when x = π4 . Since the region is above the x-axis,
R π/4
0
(1 − tan x) dx is the area of the desired region.
R π/4 R π/4 sin x

To evaluate 0 tan x dx = 0 cos x dx, use the substitution u = cos x and du =
− sin x dx. Then sin x dx = −du. The lower limit of integration √
becomes u = cos 0 = 1
π 2
R π/4
and the upper limit of integration becomes u = cos 4 = 2 . So, 0 tan x dx =
R π/4 1 √
R 2/2 1 √
R 2/2 1
0 cos x sin x dx = 1 u (−du) = − 1 u du.
Using a property of integrals,
Z √2/2 Z 1 √ ! √ ! √
1 1 1
√
2 2
− du = √ du = [ln |u|] 2/2 = ln (1)−ln = − ln = ln 2 .
1 u 2/2 u 2 2
Therefore, the area is

Z π/4 Z π/4 Z π/4 √
π
A= (1 − tan x) dx = 1 dx − tan x dx = 4 − ln 2 .
0 0 0
(b) Using the method of washers, the volume is given by

!
Z π/4 n o Z π/4 Z π/4
2 2 2
V =π 1 − [f (x)] dx = π 1 dx − tan x dx .
0 0 0
R π/4
Use the identity tan2 x = sec2 x − 1 to evaluate 0
tan2 x dx.
Z π/4 Z π/4
tan2 x dx = sec2 x − 1 dx

0 0
π/4
= [tan x − x]0
h π π i
= tan − − (tan 0 − 0)
4 4
π
=1−
4
Z π/4 Z π/4 !
hπ π i 2
So, V = π 1 dx − tan2 x dx = π − 1− = π2 − π .
0 0 4 4
π π
R π/2
66. (a) Since y = cot x is nonnegative on 4, 2 , π/4 cot x dx is the area under the graph of
y = cot x from x = π4 to x = π2 .
R π/2 R π/2 cos x

To evaluate π/4
cot x dx = π/4 sin x
dx, use the substitution u = sin x and du =
√
2
cos x dx. The lower limit of integration becomes u = sin π4 = 2 and the upper limit
of integration becomes u = sin π2 = 1. So,
π/2 π/2 1
√ !
1 1 2
Z Z Z
1
cot x dx = cos x dx = √ du = [ln |u|]√2/2 = ln (1) − ln
π/4 π/4 sin x 2/2 u 2
√
= ln 2 = 21 ln 2 .
(b) Using the method of disks, the volume is given by

Z π/2 Z π/2
V =π [f (x)]2 dx = π cot2 x dx.
π/4 π/4
Use the identity cot2 x = csc2 x − 1.

Z π/2 Z π/2
cot2 x dx = π csc2 x − 1 dx

V =π
π/4 π/4
π/2
= π[− cot x − x]π/4
h π π π π i
= π − cot − − − cot −
2 2 4 4
π π
=π 0− +1+
2 4
π

= π 1− 4 .
67. (a) Use the identity sin2 x = 1−cos2 (2x) and obtain
Z Z
2
sin4 x dx = sin2 x dx
Z 2
1 − cos (2x)
= dx
2
1
Z
1 − 2 cos (2x) + cos2 (2x) dx

=
4
1 1 1
Z Z Z
= dx − cos (2x) dx + cos2 (2x) dx
4 2 4
1 1 1
Z
= x − sin (2x) + cos2 (2x) dx.
4 4 4
We evaluate
1 + cos (4x)
Z Z
cos2 (2x) dx = dx
2
1
Z
= (1 + cos (4x)) dx
2
x sin (4x)
= + + C.
2 8
We now obtain

1 1 1 x sin (4x)
Z
4
cos x dx = x − sin (2x) + + +C
4 4 4 2 8
3 1 1
= 8x − 4 sin (2x) + 32 sin (4x) + C .
n−1
sinn x dx = − sin x cos x n−1
sinn−2 x dx with n = 4 to obtain
R R
(b) Use n + n
sin3 x cos x 4 − 1
Z Z
sin4 x dx = − + sin4−2 x dx
4 4
sin3 x cos x 3
Z
= − + sin2 x dx.
4 4
And again with n = 2,
sin3 x cos x 3 sin2−1 x cos x 2 − 1

Z Z
4 2−2
sin x dx = − + − + sin x dx
4 4 2 2
sin3 x cos x 3 sin x cos x 3
Z
= − − + dx
4 8 8
3
= − sin x cos x
4 − 3 sin x cos x
8 + 38 x + C .
(c) We have
3 1 1 3 1 1
x − sin (2x) + sin (4x) = x − (2 sin x cos x) + (2 sin (2x) cos (2x))
8 4 32 8 4 32
3 1 1
x − sin x cos x + (2 sin x cos x) 1 − 2 sin2 x

=
8 2 16
3 1 1 1
= x − sin x cos x + sin x cos x − sin3 x cos x
8 2 8 4
sin3 x cos x 3 sin x cos x 3
= − −− + x.
4 8 8
So the two antiderivatives are equal.
(d) Using a Computer Algebra System, we obtain
3 1 1
Z
sin4 x dx = x − sin (2x) + sin (4x) + C,
8 4 32
which agrees with the result obtained in part (a).

68. (a)
1.0
n=5
0.5
n=50
0.0
0 1 2 3
x
(b) Using a Computer Algebra System, we find
Z π Z π Z π Z π
sin5 x dx ≈ 1. 067, sin10 x dx ≈ 0.773, sin20 x dx ≈ 0.554, and sin50 x dx ≈ 0.353.
0 0 0 0
(c) The shape of the graph appears to contract towards x = π2 , becoming very narrow,
as n → ∞.
Rπ Rπ
(d) We continue to evaluate, and obtain 0 sin100 x dx ≈ 0.250, 0 sin1000 x dx ≈ 0.0792,
Rπ
and 0 sin10000 x dx ≈ 0.0251. We surmise that
Z π
lim sinn x dx = 0 .
n→∞ 0
1
Z Z
sin (mx) sin (nx) dx = (cos ((m − n)x) − cos ((m + n)x)) dx
2

1 sin ((m − n)x) sin ((m + n)x)
= − +C
2 m−n m+n
sin ((m−n)x) sin ((m+n)x)
= 2(m−n) − 2(m+n) +C .
1
Z Z
sin (mx) cos (nx) dx = (sin ((m + n)x) + sin ((m − n)x)) dx
2

1 cos ((m + n)x) cos ((m − n)x)
= − − +C
2 m+n m−n
= − cos2(m+n)
((m+n)x)
− cos ((m−n)x)
2(m−n) +C .
1
Z Z
cos (mx) cos (nx) dx = (cos ((m + n)x) + cos ((m − n)x)) dx
2

1 sin ((m + n)x) sin ((m − n)x)
= + +C
2 m+n m−n
sin ((m+n)x) sin ((m−n)x)
= 2(m+n) + 2(m−n) +C .
72. (a) Let u = sin x, then du = cos x dx. We substitute and obtain
Z Z
sin x cos x dx = u du
1 2
= u + C1
2
1
= sin2 x + C1 .
2
So a function is f (x) = 1
2 sin2 x .
(b) Let u = cos x, then du = − sin x dx, so sin x dx = −du. We substitute and obtain
Z Z
sin x cos x dx = u (−du)
1
= − u2 + C2
2
1
= − cos2 x + C2 .
2
So a function is g(x) = − 21 cos2 x .
the identity sin (2x) = 2 sin x cos x we have sin x cos x = 21 sin (2x). So sin x cos x dx =
R
(c) From
1
sin (2x) dx. Let u = 2x, then du = 2 dx, so dx = 12 du. We substitute and obtain
R
2
1
Z Z
sin x cos x dx = sin (2x) dx
2

1 1
Z
= sin u du
2 2
1
Z
= sin u du
4
1
= (− cos u) + C3
4
1
= − cos (2x) + C3 .
4
So the function is h(x) = − 41 cos (2x) .
1
sin2 x − − 21 cos2 x =
sin2 x + cos2 x = 12 .
1

(d) We have f (x) − g(x) = 2 2
(e) We have f (x) − h(x) = 21 sin2 x − − 41 cos (2x) = 21 sin2 x + 14 2 cos2 x − 1 =

1 2 2 1 1 1 1

2 sin x + cos x − 4 = 2 − 4 = 4 .
Challenge Problems
√
73. Let x = sin y, so x = sin2 y, and dx = 2 sin y cos y dy. The lower limit of integration is
y = sin−1 0 = 0, and the upper limit of integration is y = sin−1 √12 = π4 . We substitute
and obtain
Z 1/2 √ Z π/4
x sin y
√ dx = p (2 sin y cos y) dy
0 1 − x 0 1 − sin2 y
Z π/4
sin y
= p (2 sin y cos y) dy
0 cos2 y
Z π/4
sin y
= (2 sin y cos y) dy
0 cos y
Z π/4
= 2 sin2 y dy.
0
1−cos (2y)
Use the identity sin2 y = 2 and obtain
1/2 √ π/4
x 1 − cos (2y)
Z Z
√ dx = 2 dy
0 1−x 0 2
Z π/4
= (1 − cos (2y)) dy
0
π/4
1
= y − sin (2y)
2 0
π
π 1 1
= − sin 2 − 0 − sin (2(0))
4 2 4 2
1 1
= 4π − 2 .
74. Let u = π2 −θ, then du = −dθ, so dθ = −du. Also, θ = π2 −u. The lower limit of integration
is u = π2 − 0 = π2 , and the upper limit of integration is u = π2 − π2 = 0. We substitute and
obtain
Z π/2 Z 0 π
n
sin θ dθ = sinn − u (−du)
0 π/2 2
Z 0 h
π in
= − sin −u du
π/2 2
Z π/2
n
= [cos u] du
0
Z π/2
= cosn θ dθ
0
π

where we used the identity sin 2 − x = cos x.
3/2 3 3
75. (a) When writing cos2 x = (cos x) , a mistake is made. When π2 < x ≤ π, (cos x) <
3/2 3/2 3
0, but cos2 x > 0. The correct equality would be cos2 x

= |cos x| .
1+cos (2x)
(b) Use the identity cos2 x = 2 and obtain
Z π Z π 2
4
cos x dx = cos2 x dx
0 0
π 2
1 + cos (2x)
Z
= dx
0 2
1 π
Z
1 + 2 cos (2x) + cos2 (2x) dx

=
4 0
1 π 1 π 1 π
Z Z Z
4 0 2 0 4 0
π π
1 1 1 π
Z
= x + sin (2x) + cos2 (2x) dx
4 0 4 0 4 0
1 π

1 1 1 1
Z
= π − (0) + sin (2π) − sin (2(0)) + cos2 (2x) dx
4 4 4 4 4 0
π 1 π
Z
= + cos2 (2x) dx.
4 4 0
We evaluate
π π
1 + cos (4x)
Z Z
cos2 (2x) dx = dx
0 0 2
1 π
Z
= (1 + cos (4x)) dx
2
0 π
x sin (4x)
= +
2 8 0

π sin (4π) 0 sin (4(0))
= + − +
2 8 2 8
π
= .
2
We now obtain π
π 1π
Z
cos4 x dx = + = 3π
8 .
0 4 4 2
R
AP Practice Problems
1. Integrate sin3 x dx using trigonometric identities.
R
Z Z Z
sin3 x dx = sin2 x sin x dx = 1 − cos2 x sin x dx.

Now use the substitution u = cos x and du = − sin x dx. Then sin x dx = −du and
Z Z Z Z
3 2 2
1 − u2 du

sin x dx = 1 − cos x sin x dx = 1 − u (−du) = −

1 3 1 3 3
= − u − u + C = − cos x − cos x + C = − cos x + cos3 x + C .
3 3
The answer is C.
Rπ
2. The average value of f (x) = cos2 x
on the interval [0, π] if f¯ = 1
cos2 x

2 π−0 0 2 dx.
Use the identity cos2 θ = 12 [1 + cos (2θ)].
1 π 2 x 1 π1 1 1
Z Z
¯ π 1
f= cos dx = [1 + cos x] dx = [x + sin x]0 = [(π + 0) − (0 + 0)] = 2 .
π 0 2 π 0 2 2π 2π
The answer is D.
R
3. To evaluate sin x cos (2x) dx, use the product-to-sum identity 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B)+
sin (A − B).
1 1
Z Z Z
sin x cos (2x) dx = [sin (x + 2x) + sin (x − 2x)] dx = [sin (3x) + sin (−x)] dx
2 2
Since sin (−x) = − sin x,
1
Z Z
1
1
sin x cos (2x) dx = [sin (3x) − sin x] dx = 2 − 3 cos (3x) + cos x + C .
2
The answer is D.

Z π/4 Z π/4 2
Z π/4
V =π [f (x)]2 dx = π sec2 x dx = π sec4 x dx.
0 0 0
sec4 x dx using trigonometric identities.

R
Integrate
Z π/4 Z π/4 Z π/4
sec4 x dx = π sec2 x sec2 x dx = π 1 + tan2 x sec2 x dx.

Then π
0 0 0

The lower limit of integration becomes u = tan 0 = 0 and the upper limit of integration
becomes u = tan π4 = 1.
Z π/4 Z π/4 Z 1
4
1 + tan x sec2 x dx = π
2
1 + u2 du

So, V = π sec x dx = π
0 0 0
3 1

u 1 4
=π u+ =π 1+ = 3π .
3 0 3
The answer is C.
R π/4
5. Integrate 0 tan3 x sec x dx using trigonometric identities.
The exponent of tan x is 3, a positive, odd integer. Factor tan x sec x from tan3 x sec x and
write the rest of the integrand in terms of secants. Use the identity tan2 x = sec2 x − 1.
Z π/4 Z π/4 Z π/4
3 2
sec2 x − 1 tan x sec x dx.

Then tan x sec x dx = tan x tan x sec x dx =
0 0 0

The lower limit of integration
√ becomes u = sec 0 = 1 and the upper limit of integration
becomes u = sec π4 = 2.
√
Z π/4 Z π/4 Z 2
tan3 x sec x dx = sec2 x − 1 tan x sec x dx = u2 − 1 du

So,
0 0 1
√ 2 √ !
√ √
3
u 2 2 1
= −u = − 2 − − 1 = 13 2 − 2 .
3 1 3 3
The answer is C.
6. Integrate sin4 x cos3 x dx using trigonometric identities.
R
rest of the integrand in terms of sines.
Z Z Z
sin x cos x dx = sin x cos x cos x dx = sin4 x 1 − sin2 x cos x dx.
4 3 4 2

Now use the substitution u = sin x and du = cos x dx.

Z Z Z
sin4 x cos3 x dx = sin4 x 1 − sin2 x cos x dx = u4 1 − u2 du.

to rewrite u4 1 − u2 in a form whose antiderivative is recog-

nizable: u4 1 − u2 = u4 − u6 .

1 1
Z Z
sin4 x cos3 x dx = u4 − u6 du = u5 − u7 + C = 15 sin5 x − 71 sin7 x + C .

Then
5 7
The answer is C.
7.3 Integration Using Trigonometric Substitution

1. True.
2. (d), x = 4 tan θ
3. (c), x = 3 sec θ
5
4. (b), x = 2 sin θ
Skill Building
5. Let x = 2 sin θ, then dx = 2 cos θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
Z p Z q
2
4 − x2 dx = 4 − (2 sin θ) (2 cos θ) dθ
Z p
= 2 4 − 4 sin2 θ cos θ dθ
Z q
4 1 − sin2 θ cos θ dθ

= 2
Z √
= 2 4 cos2 θ cos θ dθ
Z
= 2 (2 cos θ) cos θ dθ
Z
= 4 cos2 θ dθ
1 + cos (2θ)
Z
= 4 dθ
2
Z
= 2 (1 + cos (2θ)) dθ

1
= 2 θ + sin (2θ) + C
2
= 2θ + sin (2θ) + C
= 2θ + 2 sin θ cos θ + C.
7.3 Integration Using Trigonometric Substitution 7-83
p q
2 √
We have θ = sin−1 x
, and cos θ = 1 − sin2 θ = 1 − (x/2) = 12 4 − x2 . We obtain

2
Z p x x 1 p
4 − x2 dx = 2 sin−1 +2 4 − x2 + C
2 2 2
√
2 sin−1 x 1

= 2
2 + 2x 4 − x + C .

Z p Z q
2
16 − x dx = 16 − (4 sin θ)2 (4 cos θ) dθ
Z p
= 4 16 − 16 sin2 θ cos θ dθ
Z
Z
= 16 cos2 θ dθ
1 + cos (2θ)
Z
= 16 dθ
2
Z
= 8 (1 + cos (2θ)) dθ

1
= 8 θ + sin (2θ) + C
2
= 8θ + 4 sin (2θ) + C
p q
2 √
We have θ = sin−1 x4 , and cos θ = 1 − sin2 θ = 1 − (x/4) = 14 16 − x2 . We obtain

Z p x x 1 p
−1
16 − x2 dx = 8 sin +8 2
16 − x + C
4 4 4
1 √
= 8 sin−1 x 2
4 + 2 x 16 − x + C .

2
x2 (4 sin θ)
Z Z
√ dx = q (4 cos θ) dθ
16 − x2 16 − (4 sin θ)
2
sin2 θ
Z
= 64 p cos θ dθ
16 − 16 sin2 θ
sin2 θ
Z
= 64 q cos θ dθ
16 1 − sin2 θ
sin2 θ
Z
= 64 √ cos θ dθ
16 cos2 θ
sin2 θ
Z
= 16 cos θ dθ
cos θ
Z
= 16 sin2 θ dθ
1 − cos (2θ)
Z
= 16 dθ
2
Z
= 8 (1 − cos (2θ)) dθ

1
= 8 θ − sin 2θ + C
2
= 8θ − 8 sin θ cos θ + C.
p q
2 √
We have θ = sin−1 x 2
1 − (x/4) = 14 16 − x2 . We obtain

4 , and cos θ = 1 − sin θ =
x2 x 1 p
Z x
−1 2
√ dx = 8 sin −8 16 − x + C
16 − x2 4 4 4
1 √
= 8 sin−1 x 2
4 − 2 x 16 − x + C .

2
x2 (6 sin θ)
Z Z
36 − x2 36 − (6 sin θ)
2
sin2 θ
Z
= 216 p cos θ dθ
36 − 36 sin2 θ
sin2 θ
Z
= 216 q cos θ dθ
36 1 − sin2 θ
sin2 θ
Z
= 216 √ cos θ dθ
36 cos2 θ
sin2 θ
Z
= 36 cos θ dθ
cos θ
Z
= 36 sin2 θ dθ
1 − cos (2θ)
Z
= 36 dθ
2
Z
= 18 (1 − cos (2θ)) dθ

1
= 18 θ − sin 2θ + C
2
= 18θ − 18 sin θ cos θ + C.
p q √
−1 x
1 − sin θ = 1 − (x/6)2 = 16 36 − x2 . We obtain
2

We have θ = sin 6 , and cos θ =
x2 x 1 p
Z x
√ dx = 18 sin−1 − 18 36 − x2 + C
36 − x2 6 6 6
√
= 18 sin−1 x6 − 21 x 36 − x2 + C .


Z √
q
2
4 − x2
Z 4 − (2 sin θ)
dx = 2 (2 cos θ) dθ
x2 (2 sin θ)
Z p
1 4 − 4 sin2 θ
= cos θ dθ
2 sin2 θ
q
4 1 − sin2 θ

1
Z
= cos θ dθ
2 sin2 θ
√
1 4 cos2 θ
Z
= cos θ dθ
2 sin2 θ
cos θ cos θ
Z
= 2 dθ
Z sin θ
= cot2 θ dθ
Z
csc2 θ − 1 dθ

=
= − cot θ − θ + C.
p q
2 √
, and cos θ = 1 − sin2 θ = 1 − (x/2) = 12 4 − x2 . So cot θ =

√ 2
1 √
4−x2 4−x2
2
x/2 = x . We obtain
Z √ √
4 − x2 2
dx = − 4−x − sin−1 x

2 x 2 +C .
x
Z √
q
2
9−x 2
Z 9 − (3 sin θ)
dx = 2 (3 cos θ) dθ
x2 (3 sin θ)
Z p
1 9 − 9 sin2 θ
= cos θ dθ
3 sin2 θ
q
9 1 − sin2 θ

1
Z
= cos θ dθ
3 sin2 θ
Z √
1 9 cos2 θ
= cos θ dθ
3 sin2 θ
cos θ cos θ
Z
= dθ
sin2 θ
Z
= cot2 θ dθ
Z
csc2 θ − 1 dθ

=
= − cot θ − θ + C.
p q
2 √
We have θ = sin−1 x 2
1 − (x/3) = 13 9 − x2 . So cot θ =

3 , and cos θ = 1 − sin θ =
1
√ √
9−x2 9−x2
3
x/3 = x . We obtain
Z √
9 − x2 √
9−x2
− sin−1 x

2
dx = − x 3 +C .
x

Z p Z q
2 2
x 4 − x dx = (2 sin θ) 4 − (2 sin θ)2 (2 cos θ) dθ
2
Z
p
= 8 sin2 θ 4 − 4 sin2 θ cos θ dθ
Z
q
sin2 θ 4 1 − sin2 θ cos θ dθ

= 8
√
Z
= 8 sin2 θ 4 cos2 θ cos θ dθ
Z
sin2 θ (2 cos θ) cos θ dθ

= 8
Z
= 16 sin2 θ cos2 θ dθ
Z 2
sin 2θ
= 16 dθ
2
Z
= 4 sin2 (2θ) dθ
1 − cos (4θ)
Z
= 4 dθ
2
Z
= 2 (1 − cos (4θ)) dθ

1
= 2 θ − sin (4θ) + C
4
1
= 2θ − sin (4θ) + C
2
= 2θ − sin 2θ cos 2θ + C
= 2θ − (2 sin θ cos θ) 1 − 2 sin2 θ + C.

p q
2 √

2
Z p x x 1 p x 2
x2 4 − x2 dx = 2 sin−1 −2 4 − x2 1−2 +C
2 2 2 2
x(x −2)
2 √
4 − x2 + 2 sin−1 x

= 4 2 +C .

Z p Z q
2 2
x 16 − x dx = (4 sin θ) 16 − (4 sin θ)2 (4 cos θ) dθ
2
Z
p
= 64 sin2 θ 16 − 16 sin2 θ cos θ dθ
Z
q
sin2 θ 16 1 − sin2 θ cos θ dθ

= 64
√
Z
= 64 sin2 θ 16 cos2 θ cos θ dθ
Z
sin2 θ (4 cos θ) cos θ dθ

= 64
Z
Z 2
sin 2θ
= 256 dθ
2
Z
= 64 sin2 (2θ) dθ
1 − cos (4θ)
Z
= 64 dθ
2
Z
= 32 (1 − cos (4θ)) dθ

1
= 32 θ − sin (4θ) + C
4
= 32θ − 8 sin (4θ) + C
= 32θ − 16 sin 2θ cos 2θ + C
32θ − 16(2 sin θ cos θ) 1 − 2 sin2 θ + C.

=
p q
2 √

4
Z p x x 1 p x 2
x2 16 − x2 dx = 32 sin−1 − 32 16 − x2 1−2 +C
4 4 4 4
1 √
32 sin−1 x 2

= 2
4 − 4 x 16 − x 8 − x +C .

1 1
Z Z
3/2
dx = 3/2 (2 cos θ) dθ
2
(4 − x ) 4 − 4 sin2 θ
1
Z
= 2 3/2
cos θ dθ
4 (cos2 θ)
3/2
1 cos θ
Z
= dθ
4 cos3 θ
1
Z
= sec2 θ dθ
4
1
= tan θ + C.
4
p q
2 √
We have sin θ = x
2, and cos θ = 1 − sin2 θ = 1 − (x/2) = 1
2 4 − x2 . So tan θ =
x/2
1
√ = √ x . We obtain
2 4−x2 4−x2
1 1
Z
3/2
dx = tan θ + C
(4 − x2 ) 4
= √x +C .
4 4−x2
14. Let x = sin θ, then dx = cos θ dθ. We substitute and obtain

1 1
Z Z
3/2
dx = 3/2 (cos θ) dθ
2
(1 − x ) 1 − sin2 θ
1
Z
= 3/2
cos θ dθ
2
(cos θ)
cos θ
Z
= dθ
cos3 θ
Z
= sec2 θ dθ
= tan θ + C.
p √
We have sin θ = x, and cos θ = 1 − sin2 θ = 1 − x2 . So tan θ = √ x
1−x2
. We obtain
1
Z
dx = √ x +C .
3/2 1−x2
(1 − x2 )
15. Let x = 2 tan θ, then dx = 2 sec2 θ dθ. We substitute and obtain

Z p Z q
4 + (2 tan θ)2 2 sec2 θ dθ

4 + x2 dx =
Z p
= 2 4 + 4 tan2 θ sec2 θ dθ
Z
= 2 (2 sec θ) sec2 θ dθ
Z
= 4 sec3 θ dθ

1 1
= 4 sec θ tan θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C
2 2
= 2 sec θ tan θ + 2 ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C.
√ q
2 √
We have tan θ = x2 , and sec θ = 1 + tan2 θ = 1 + (x/2) = 12 4 + x2 . We obtain
p p x
1 x 1
Z p
4 + x2 dx = 2 4 + x2 + 2 ln 4 + x2 + +C
2 2 2 2
1
√ √
4+x2 +x

= 2
2 x 4 + x + 2 ln 2 +C
16. Let x = tan θ, then dx = sec2 θ dθ. We substitute and obtain

Z p Z q
1 + (tan θ)2 sec2 θ dθ

2
1 + x dx =
Z
= (sec θ) sec2 θ dθ
Z
= sec3 θ dθ
1 1
= sec θ tan θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C.
2 2
√ √
We have tan θ = x, and sec θ = 1 + tan2 θ = 1 + x2 . We obtain
1p 1 p
Z p
1 + x2 dx = 1 + x2 (x) + ln 1 + x2 + x + C

2 2
√ √
= 12 x 1 + x2 + 21 ln 1 + x2 + x + C .


dx 1
Z Z
4 sec2 θ dθ

√ = q
2
x + 16 (4 tan θ)2 + 16
1
Z
sec2 θ dθ

= 4 √ 2
16 tan θ + 16
1
Z
sec2 θ dθ

= 4 q
16 tan2 θ + 1

1
Z
sec2 θ dθ

= 4 √
2
16 sec θ
1
Z
sec2 θ dθ

=
sec θ
Z
= sec θ dθ
=ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C.

√ q
2 √
We have tan θ = x4 , and sec θ = tan2 θ + 1 = (x/4) + 1 = 14 x2 + 16. We obtain
p x
dx 1
Z
√ = ln
2
x + 16 + +C
2
x + 16 4 4
√
2
= ln x +16+x +C .

4

dx 1
Z Z
5 sec2 θ dθ

√ = q
2
x + 25 2
(5 tan θ) + 25
1
Z
sec2 θ dθ

= 5 √ 2
25 tan θ + 25
1
Z
sec2 θ dθ

= 5 q
25 tan2 θ + 1

1
Z
sec2 θ dθ

= 5 √
2
25 sec θ
1
Z
sec2 θ dθ

=
sec θ
Z
= sec θ dθ
=
ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C.
√ q √
We have tan θ = 5 , and sec θ = tan θ + 1 = (x/5)2 + 1 = 51 x2 + 25. We obtain
x 2
p x
dx 1
Z
√ = ln x2 + 25 + +C
x2 + 25 5 5
√
2
= ln x +25+x +C .

5
1 1
s 2
1 1
Z p Z
1 + 9x2 dx = 1+9 tan θ sec2 θ dθ
3 3
1 p
Z
= 1 + tan2 θ sec2 θ dθ
3
1
Z
3
1
Z
= sec3 θ dθ
3

1 1 1
= sec θ tan θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C
3 2 2
1 1
6 6
√ q
2 √
We have tan θ = 3x, and sec θ = 1 + tan2 θ = 1 + (3x) = 1 + 9x2 . We obtain
1 p 1 p
Z p
1 + 9x2 dx = 1 + 9x2 (3x) + ln 1 + 9x2 + (3x) + C

6 6
1
√ 1
√
= 2 1 + 9x2 + 3x + C .
2 x 1 + 9x + 6 ln
3 3
20. Let x = 2 tan θ, then dx =sec2 θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
2
s 2
3 3
Z p Z
2 2
9 + 4x dx = 9+4 tan θ sec θ dθ
2 2
3 p
Z
= 9 + 9 tan2 θ sec2 θ dθ
2
3
Z q
9 1 + tan2 θ sec2 θ dθ

=
2
3 √
Z
= 9 sec2 θ sec2 θ dθ
2
3
Z
= (3 sec θ) sec2 θ dθ
2
9
Z
= sec3 θ dθ
2

9 1 1
2 2 2
9 9
4 4
√ q 2 √
We have tan θ = 2x
3 , and sec θ = 1 + tan2 θ = 1 + 2x 3 = 31 9 + 4x2 . We obtain

9 1p 2x 9 1 p 2x
Z p
2
9 + 4x dx = 9 + 4x 2 + ln 2
9 + 4x + +C
4 3 3 4 3 3
√ √
2 +2x

= 12 x 9 + 4x2 + 49 ln 9+4x +C .

3
2 2
21. Let x = 3 tan θ, then dx = sec2 θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
3
2
2
x2 3 tan θ

2
Z Z
2
√ dx = q 2 3 sec θ dθ
4 + 9x2 4 + 9 23 tan θ
8 tan2 θ
Z
= √ sec2 θ dθ
27 4 + 4 tan2 θ
8 tan2 θ
Z
2
= q sec θ dθ
27 4 1 + tan θ 2
8 tan2 θ
Z
= √ sec2 θ dθ
27 2
4 sec θ
4 tan2 θ
Z
= sec2 θ dθ
27 sec θ
4
Z
= tan2 θ sec θ dθ
27
4
Z
sec2 θ − 1 sec θ dθ

=
27
4
Z
sec3 θ − sec θ dθ

=
27

4 1 1
= sec θ tan θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ| − ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C
27 2 2
2 2
= sec θ tan θ − ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C.
27 27
3x
√ q
3x 2 1
√
1 + tan2 θ =

We have tan θ = 2 , and sec θ = 1+ 2 = 2 4 + 9x2 . We obtain
x2
p
2 1p 3x 2 1 3x
Z
√ dx = 4 + 9x2 − ln 2
4 + 9x + +C
4 + 9x2 27 2 2 27 2 2
1
√ 2
√
4+9x2 +3x

= 2
18 x 4 + 9x − 27 ln 2 +C .
x2 (4 tan θ)2
Z Z
4 sec2 θ dθ

√ dx = q
x2 + 16 2
(4 tan θ) + 16
tan2 θ
Z
= 64 √ sec2 θ dθ
16 tan2 θ + 16
tan2 θ
Z
2
= 64 q sec θ dθ
2
16 tan θ + 1
tan2 θ
Z
= 16 sec2 θ dθ
sec θ
Z
= 16 tan2 θ sec θ dθ
Z

= 16
Z

= 16

1 1
= 16 sec θ tan θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ| − ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C
2 2
= 8 sec θ tan θ − 8 ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C.
√ q
x 2
√
We have tan θ = x4 , and sec θ = tan2 θ + 1 = 4 + 1 = 41 x2 + 16. We obtain
x2
Z
√ dx = 8 sec θ tan θ − 8 ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C
2
x + 16
p p
1 2
x 1
2
x
= 8 x + 16 − 8 ln
x + 16 + + C
4 4 4 4
√ √
x2 +16+x

= 12 x x2 + 16 − 8 ln 4 +C .
dx 2 sec2 θ
Z Z
√ = q dθ
x2 x2 + 4 2 2
(2 tan θ) (2 tan θ) + 4
1 sec2 θ
Z
= √ dθ
2 tan2 θ 4 tan2 θ + 4
1 sec2 θ
Z
= q dθ
2 tan2 θ 4 tan2 θ + 1
1 sec2 θ
Z
= dθ
4 tan2 θ sec θ
1 sec θ
Z
= dθ
4 tan2 θ
1 cos θ
Z
= dθ.
4 sin2 θ
Let u = sin θ, then du = cos θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
dx 1 1
Z Z
√ = du
x2 x2 + 4 4 u2

1 1
= − +C
4 u
1
= − csc θ + C.
4
√ q
2 2
√
We have tan θ = x2 , so cot θ = x2 , and csc θ = 1 + cot2 θ = 1 + 1

x = x x2 + 4. We
obtain
dx 1 1p 2
Z
√ = − x +4+C
2
x x +4 2 4x
√
x2 +4
= − 4x +C .
1 1
1 2
dx 2 sec θ
Z Z
√ = q dθ
x 4x2 + 1
2 1
tan θ
2
4 1
tan θ
2
+ 1
2 2
sec2 θ
Z
= 2 √ dθ
tan2 θ tan2 θ + 1
sec2 θ
Z
= 2 dθ
tan2 θ sec θ
sec θ
Z
= 2 dθ
tan2 θ
cos θ
Z
= 2 dθ.
sin2 θ

dx 1
Z Z
√ = 2 du
x2 4x2 + 1 u2

1
= 2 − +C
u
= −2 csc θ + C.
1
√ q
1 2 1
√
, and csc θ = 1 + cot2 θ = 1 +

We have tan θ = 2x, so cot θ = 2x 2x = 2x 4x2 + 1.
We obtain
p
dx 1
Z
√ = −2 2
4x + 1 + C
x2 4x2 + 1 2x
√
4x2 +1
= − x +C .

dx 2 sec2 θ
Z Z
= 3/2 dθ
(x2 + 4)3/2

2
(2 tan θ) + 4
sec2 θ
Z
= 2 3/2 dθ
4 tan2 θ + 4
sec2 θ
Z
= 2 3/2 dθ
4 tan2 θ + 1
1 sec2 θ
Z
= dθ
4 sec3 θ
1
Z
= cos θ dθ
4
1
= sin θ + C.
4
√ q
2 2
√

x = x x2 + 4. So
sin θ = √xx2 +4 and we obtain
dx 1 x
Z
3/2
= √ +C
(x2 + 4) 4 x2 + 4
= √x +C .
4 x2 +4
26. Let x = tan θ, then dx = sec2 θ dθ. We substitute and obtain

dx sec2 θ
Z Z
3/2
= 3/2 dθ
(x2 + 1)

2
(tan θ) + 1
sec2 θ
Z
= dθ
sec3 θ
Z
= cos θ dθ
= sin θ + C.
1
√ q
1 2 1
√
1 + cot2 θ = 1 +

We have tan θ = x, so cot θ = x, and csc θ = x = x x2 + 1. So
sin θ = √xx2 +1 and we obtain
dx
Z
= √ x +C .
3/2 x2 +1
(x2 + 1)
27. Let x = 5 sec θ, then dx = 5 sec θ tan θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
2
x2 (5 sec θ)
Z Z
√ dx = q (5 sec θ tan θ ) dθ
2
x − 25 2
(5 sec θ) − 25
sec2 θ
Z
= 125 √ sec θ tan θ dθ
25 sec2 θ − 25
sec2 θ
Z
sec2 θ − 1
sec2 θ
Z
= 25 sec θ tan θ dθ
tan θ
Z
= 25 sec3 θ dθ

1 1
2 2
25 25
2 2
√ q
x 2
√
We have sec θ = x5 , so tan θ = sec2 θ − 1 = 5 − 1 = 51 x2 − 25. We obtain
x2

25 x 1 p 2 25 x 1 p 2
Z

√ dx = x − 25 + ln + x − 25 + C
x2 − 25 2 5 5 2 5 5
√ √
= 1
x x 2 − 25 + 25 ln x+ x2 −25 + C .
2 2 5
x2 (4 sec θ)2
Z Z
x2 − 16 (4 sec θ)2 − 16
sec2 θ
Z
16 sec2 θ − 16
sec2 θ
Z
sec2 θ − 1
sec2 θ
Z
tan θ
Z
= 16 sec3 θ dθ

1 1
2 2
√ q
x 2
√
We have sec θ = x4 , so tan θ = 1

sec2 θ − 1 = 4 −1= 4 x2 − 16. We obtain
x2 x 1 p
x 1p
Z

√ dx = 8 2
x − 16 + 8 ln + 2
x − 16 + C
x2 − 16 4 4 4 4
√ √
2

= 12 x x2 − 16 + 8 ln x+ x4 −16 + C .

29. Let x = sec θ, then dx = sec θ tan θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
Z √ 2
q
x −1
Z (sec θ)2 − 1
dx = (sec θ tan θ ) dθ
x sec θ
tan θ
Z
= sec θ tan θ dθ
sec θ
Z
= tan2 θ dθ
Z
sec2 θ − 1 dθ

=
= tan θ − θ + C.
√ √
We have θ = sec−1 x, so tan θ = sec2 θ − 1 = x2 − 1. We obtain
Z √ 2
x −1 √
dx = x2 − 1 − sec−1 x + C .
x
Z √ 2
q
x −1
Z (sec θ)2 − 1
dx = (sec θ tan θ ) dθ
x2 sec2 θ
tan θ
Z
= sec θ tan θ dθ
sec2 θ
tan2 θ
Z
= dθ
sec θ
sec2 θ − 1
Z
= dθ
sec θ
Z
= (sec θ − cos θ) dθ
= ln |sec θ + tan θ| − sin θ + C.

√ √ 1
We have sec θ = x, so tan θ = sec2 θ − 1 = x2 − 1. And cos θ = x, so sin θ =
q 2 √
2
1 − x1 = xx−1 . We obtain
Z √ 2
x −1 √ √
x2 −1
dx = ln x + x2 − 1 − x +C .
x
dx 6 sec θ tan θ
Z Z
√ = q dθ
2 2
x x − 36 2 2
(6 sec θ) (6 sec θ) − 36
1 sec θ tan θ
Z
= √ dθ
6 sec2 θ 36 sec2 θ − 36
1 tan θ
Z
= √ dθ
36 sec θ sec2 θ − 1
1 tan θ
Z
= dθ
36 sec θ tan θ
1
Z
= cos θ dθ
36
1
= sin θ + C.
36
x
√ q
x 2
√
2
We have sec θ = 6 , so tan θ = sec θ − 1 = 6 − 1 = 61 x2 − 36. So sin θ = tan θ
sec θ =
1
√ √
x2 −36 x2 −36
6
x = x . We obtain
6
dx √
Z
1 x2 −36
√ = 36 x +C .
x x2 − 36
2
dx 3 sec θ tan θ
Z Z
√ = q dθ
2
x x −92 2 2
(3 sec θ) (3 sec θ) − 9
1 sec θ tan θ
Z
= √ dθ
3 sec θ 9 sec2 θ − 9
2
1 tan θ
Z
= √ dθ
9 sec θ sec2 θ − 1
1 tan θ
Z
= dθ
9 sec θ tan θ
1
Z
= cos θ dθ
9
1
= sin θ + C.
9
√ q
x 2
√
We have sec θ = x3 , so tan θ = sec2 θ − 1 = 3 − 1 = 31 x2 − 9. So sin θ = tan θ
sec θ =
1
√ √
x2 −9 x2 −9
3
x = x . We obtain
3
dx √
Z
1 x2 −9
√ = 9 x +C .
x2 x2 − 9
3 3
3
dx sec θ tan θ
Z Z
√ q2 = dθ
4x2 − 9 3
2
4 2 sec θ − 9
3 sec θ tan θ
Z
= √ dθ
2 9 sec2 θ − 9
3 sec θ tan θ
Z
= = p dθ
2 9(sec2 θ − 1)
1 sec θ tan θ
Z
= dθ
2 tan θ
1
Z
= sec θ dθ
2
1
= ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C.
2
√ q
2x 2
√
We have sec θ = 2x − 1 = 13 4x2 − 9. We obtain

, so tan θ = sec 2θ−1=
3 3

dx 1 2x 1 p 2
Z

√ = ln + 4x − 9 + C
4x2 − 9 2 3 3
√
1 2x+ 4x2 −9
= 2 ln 3 +C .
2 2
2
dx sec θ tan θ
Z Z
√ q3 = dθ
9x2 − 4 2
9 32 sec θ − 4
2 sec θ tan θ
Z
= √ dθ
3 4 sec2 θ − 4
2 sec θ tan θ
Z
= p dθ
3 4(sec2 θ − 1)
1 sec θ tan θ
Z
= dθ
3 tan θ
1
Z
= sec θ dθ
3
1
3
√ q
3x 2
√
We have sec θ = 3x − 1 = 12 9x2 − 4. We obtain

, so tan θ = sec 2θ−1=
2 2

dx 1 3x 1 p 2
Z

√ = ln + 9x − 4 + C
9x2 − 4 3 2 2
√
1 3x+ 9x2 −4
= 3 ln 2 +C .
dx 3 sec θ tan θ
Z Z
3/2
= 3/2 dθ
2

(x − 9) 2
(3 sec θ) − 9
sec θ tan θ
Z
= 3 3/2
dθ
(9 sec2 θ − 9)
sec θ tan θ
Z
= 3 3/2
dθ
(9(sec2 θ − 1))
1 sec θ tan θ
Z
= dθ
9 tan3 θ
1 sec θ
Z
= dθ
9 tan2 θ
1 cos θ
Z
= dθ.
9 sin2 θ
dx 1 du
Z Z
=
2
(x − 9)
3/2 9 u2

1 1
= − +C
9 u
1
= − csc θ + C.
9
√ q
x 2
√
We have sec θ = x3 , so tan θ = sec2 θ − 1 = − 1 = 13 x2 − 9. Then csc θ = sec θ

3 tan θ =
x/3
1
3 x2 −9 x2 −9
dx
Z
3/2
= − 19 √xx2 −9 + C .
(x2 − 9)
1 1
1
dx sec θ tan θ
Z Z
5
3/2
= 3/2 dθ
(25x2 − 1)
2
1
25 5 sec θ − 1
1 sec θ tan θ
Z
= 3/2
dθ
5 (sec2 θ − 1)
1 sec θ tan θ
Z
= dθ
5 tan3 θ
1 sec θ
Z
= dθ
5 tan2 θ
1 cos θ
Z
= dθ.
5 sin2 θ

dx 1 du
Z Z
=
2
(25x − 1) 3/2 5 u2

1 1
= − +C
5 u
1
= − csc θ + C.
5
√ q
2 √
We have sec θ = 5x, so tan θ = sec2 θ − 1 = (5x) − 1 = 25x2 − 1. Then csc θ =
sec θ √ 5x
tan θ = 25x2 −1
. We obtain
dx 1 5x
Z
3/2
= − √ +C
(25x2 − 1) 5 25x2 − 1
= − √25xx2 −1 + C .
2
x2 dx (3 sec θ) (3 sec θ tan θ)
Z Z
3/2
= 3/2 dθ
(x2 − 9)

2
(3 sec θ) − 9
sec3 θ tan θ
Z
= 27 3/2
dθ
(9 sec2 θ − 9)
sec3 θ tan θ
Z
= 27 3/2
dθ
(9(sec2 θ − 1))
sec3 θ tan θ
Z
= dθ
tan3 θ
sec3 θ
Z
= dθ
tan2 θ
sec θ tan2 θ + 1
Z
= dθ
tan2 θ
Z
sec θ
= sec θ + dθ
tan2 θ
cos θ
Z
= ln |sec θ + tan θ| + dθ.
sin2 θ
x2 dx du
Z Z
= ln |sec θ + tan θ| +
(x2 − 9)
3/2 u2

1
= ln |sec θ + tan θ| + − +C
u
= ln |sec θ + tan θ| − csc θ + C.
√ q
x 2
√
We have sec θ = x3 , so tan θ = 1 sec θ

sec2 θ − 1 = 3 −1= 3 x2 − 9. Then csc θ = tan θ =
x/3
1
3 x2 −9 x2 −9
x2 dx

x 1p x
Z

= ln +
2
x − 9 − √ +C
3/2 3 3 2
(x2 − 9) x −9
√
2
= ln x+ 3x −9 − √xx2 −9 + C .

x2 dx (2 sec θ)2 (2 sec θ tan θ)

Z Z
3/2
= 3/2 dθ
(x2 − 4)

2
(2 sec θ) − 4
sec3 θ tan θ
Z
= 8 3/2
dθ
(4 sec2 θ − 4)
sec3 θ tan θ
Z
= 8 3/2
dθ
(4(sec2 θ − 1))
sec3 θ tan θ
Z
= dθ
tan3 θ
sec3 θ
Z
= dθ
tan2 θ
sec θ tan2 θ + 1
Z
= dθ
tan2 θ
Z
sec θ
= sec θ + dθ
tan2 θ
cos θ
Z
= ln |sec θ + tan θ| + dθ.
sin2 θ
x2 dx du
Z Z
= ln |sec θ + tan θ| +
2
(x − 4)
3/2 u2

1
= ln |sec θ + tan θ| + − +C
u
= ln |sec θ + tan θ| − csc θ + C.
√ q
x 2
√
We have sec θ = x2 , so tan θ = sec2 θ − 1 = 2 − 1 = 12 x2 − 4. Then csc θ = sec θ
tan θ =
x/2
1
2 x2 −4 x2 −4
x2 dx

x 1p x
Z

3/2
= ln + x2 − 4 − √ +C
(x2 − 4) 2 2 x2 − 4
√
2
= ln x+ 2x −4 − √xx2 −4 + C .


2
x2 (4 tan θ)
Z Z
4 sec2 θ dθ

dx = 2
16 + x2 16 + (4 tan θ)
tan2 θ
Z
= 64 sec2 θ dθ
16 + 16 tan2 θ
tan2 θ
Z
= 4 sec2 θ dθ
sec2 θ
Z
= 4 tan2 θ dθ
Z
sec2 θ − 1 dθ

= 4
= 4(tan θ − θ) + C
x x
= 4 − 4 tan−1 +C
4 4
x − 4 tan−1 x4 + C .

=
1 1
1
2
x2 tan θ

1
Z Z
dx = 4
2 sec2 θ dθ
1 + 16x2 1 + 16 14 tan θ 4
1 tan2 θ
Z
= sec2 θ dθ
64 1 + tan2 θ
1 tan2 θ
Z
= sec2 θ dθ
64 sec2 θ
1
Z
= tan2 θ dθ
64
1
Z
sec2 θ − 1 dθ

=
64
1
= (tan θ − θ) + C
64
1 1
= (4x) − tan−1 (4x) + C
64 64
x 1
= 16 − 64 tan−1 (4x) + C .
2 2
s 2
2 2
Z p Z
4 − 25x2 dx = 4 − 25 sin θ cos θ dθ
5 5
2
Z p
= 4 − 4 sin2 θ cos θ dθ
5
2
Z q

= =
5
4
Z
= cos2 θ dθ
5
4 1 + cos (2θ)
Z
= dθ
5 2
2
Z
= (1 + cos (2θ)) dθ
5

2 1
= θ + sin (2θ) + C
5 2
2 1
= θ + sin (2θ) + C
5 5
2 2
= θ + sin θ cos θ + C.
5 5
p q 2 √
We have θ = sin−1 5x 2
1 − 5x = 21 4 − 25x2 . We obtain

2 , and cos θ = 1 − sin θ = 2
p
2 5x 2 5x 1
Z p
4 − 25x2 dx = sin−1 + 2
4 − 25x + C
5 2 5 2 2
1 √
= 2
5 sin−1 5x 2
2 + 2 x 4 − 25x + C .
3 3
s 2
3 3
Z p Z
9 − 16x2 dx = 9 − 16 sin θ cos θ dθ
4 4
3 p
Z
= 9 − 9 sin2 θ cos θ dθ
4
3
Z q

=
4
9
Z
= cos2 θ dθ
4
9 1 + cos (2θ)
Z
= dθ
4 2
9
Z
= (1 + cos (2θ)) dθ
8

9 1
= θ + sin (2θ) + C
8 2
9 9
= θ+ sin (2θ) + C
8 16
9 9
8 8
p q
4x 2
√
We have θ = sin−1 4x
, and cos θ = 1 − sin2 θ = 1 − 1

3 3 = 3 9 − 16x2 . We obtain
p
9 4x 9 4x 1
Z p
9 − 16x2 dx = sin−1 + 9 − 16x2 + C
8 3 8 3 3
√
9
sin−1 4x 1

= 2
8 3 + 2 x 9 − 16x + C ..
2 2

1 1 2
Z Z
3/2
dx = cos θ dθ
(4 − 25x2 )

2
2 3/2 5
4 − 25 5 sin θ
2 1
Z
= 3/2
cos θ dθ
43/2 (cos2 θ) 5
1 cos θ
Z
= dθ
20 cos3 θ
1
Z
= sec2 θ dθ
20
1
= tan θ + C.
20
p
2
q
5x 2
√
We have sin θ = 5x 1

2 , and cos θ = 1 − sin θ = 1− 2 = 2 4 − 25x2 . So tan θ =
5x/2
1
√ = √ 5x . We obtain
2 4−25x2 4−25x2

1 1 5x
Z
3/2
dx = √ +C
(4 − 25x2 ) 20 4 − 25x2
= √ x +C .
4 4−25x2
1 1
44. Let x = 3 sin θ, then dx = cos θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
3

1 1 1
Z Z
3/2
dx = cos θ dθ
(1 − 9x2 )
2 3/2 3
1 − 9 13 sin θ

1 1
Z
= 3/2 3 cos θ dθ
1 − sin2 θ
1 1
Z
= 3/2
cos θ dθ
3 (cos2 θ)
1 cos θ
Z
= dθ
3 cos3 θ
1
Z
= sec2 θ dθ
3
1
= tan θ + C.
3
p q
2 √
We have sin θ = 3x, and cos θ = 1 − sin2 θ = 1 − (3x) = 1 − 9x2 . So tan θ =
√ 3x . We obtain
1−9x2

1 1 3x
Z
3/2
dx = √ +C
(1 − 9x2 ) 3 1 − 9x2
= √ x +C .
1−9x2
2 2
45. Let x = 5 tan θ, then dx =sec2 θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
5
s
2
2 2
Z p Z
4 + 25x2 dx = 4 + 25 tan θ sec2 θ dθ
5 5
2 p
Z
5
2
Z q

=
5
2
Z
5
4
Z
= sec3 θ dθ
5

4 1 1
5 2 2
2 2
5 5
√ q 2 √
We have tan θ = 5x

2 1p 5x 2 1 p 5x
Z p
2
4 + 25x dx = 4 + 25x 2 + ln 2
4 + 25x + +C
5 2 2 5 2 2
√ √
4+25x2 +5x

= 12 x 4 + 25x2 + 52 ln 2 +C .
3 3
46. Let x = 4 sec2 θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
tan θ, then dx = 4
s 2
3 3
Z p Z
2 2
9 + 16x dx = 9 + 16 tan θ sec θ dθ
4 4
3 p
Z
4
3
Z q

=
4
3
Z
4
9
Z
= sec3 θ dθ
4

9 1 1
4 2 2
9 9
8 8
4x
√ q
4x 2 1
√
1 + tan2 θ =

We have tan θ = 3 , and sec θ = 1+ 3 = 3 9 + 16x2 . We obtain

9 1p 4x 9 1p 4x
Z p
9 + 16x2 dx = 9 + 16x2 + ln 9 + 16x2 + +C
8 3 3 8 3 3
1
√ 9
√
9+16x2 +4x

= 2
2 x 9 + 16x + 8 ln 3 +C .
dx 4 sec θ tan θ
Z Z
√ = q dθ
3 2
x x − 16 3 2
(4 sec θ) (4 sec θ) − 16
1 sec θ tan θ
Z
= √ dθ
16 sec θ 16 sec2 θ − 16
3
1 tan θ
Z
= √ dθ
64 sec2 θ sec2 θ − 1
1 tan θ
Z
= dθ
64 sec2 θ tan θ
1
Z
= cos2 θ dθ
64
1 1 + cos (2θ)
Z
= dθ
64 2

1 1
= θ + sin (2θ) + C
128 2
1 1
= θ+ (2 sin θ cos θ) + C
128 256
1 1
= θ+ sin θ cos θ + C.
128 128
−1 x
√ q
x 2
√
− 1 = 41 x2 − 16. So sin θ =

We have θ = sec 2
√ 4 , so tan θ = sec θ − 1 = 4
1 √
tan θ x2 −16 x2 −16
sec θ = 4
x = x , and cos θ = x4 . We obtain
4
√ !
dx 1 x 1 x2 − 16 4
Z
√ = sec−1 + +C
x x2 − 16
3 128 4 128 x x
√
1 x x2 −16
sec−1

= 128 4 + 32x2 +C .
dx sec θ tan θ
Z Z
√ = q dθ
3 2
x x −1 3 2
(sec θ) (sec θ) − 1
sec θ tan θ
Z
= √ dθ
sec3 θ sec2 θ − 1
tan θ
Z
= dθ
sec2 θ tan θ
Z
= cos2 θ dθ
1 + cos (2θ)
Z
= dθ
2

1 1
= θ + sin (2θ) + C
2 2
1 1
= θ + (2 sin θ cos θ) + C
2 4
1 1
2 2
√ √ √
x2 −1
We have θ = sec−1 x, so tan θ = sec2 θ − 1 = x2 − 1. So sin θ = tan θ
sec θ = x , and
1
cos θ = x . We obtain
√ !
dx 1 1 x2 − 1 1
Z
−1
√ = sec x + +C
3
x x −12 2 2 x x
√
1 x2 −1
= 2 sec−1 x + 2x2 +C .
49. Let x = sin θ, then dx = cos θ dθ. The lower limit of integration is θ = sin−1 0 = 0, and
the upper limit of integration is θ = sin−1 1 = π2 . We substitute and obtain
Z 1 p Z π/2 p
1 − x2 dx = 1 − sin2 θ (cos θ) dθ
0 0
Z π/2
= cos2 θ dθ
0
π/2
1 + cos (2θ)
Z
= dθ
0 2
π/2
1 1
= θ + sin (2θ)
2 2 0
π
1 π 1 1
= + sin 2 − 0 + sin (2(0))
2 2 2 2 2
1
= 4π .
50. Let x = 12 sin θ, then dx = 21 cos θ dθ. The lower limit of integration is θ = sin−1 (2(0)) = 0,
and the upper limit of integration is θ = sin−1 2 12 = π2 . We substitute and obtain

s 2
1/2 π/2
1 1
Z p Z
1 − 4x2 dx = 1−4 sin θ cos θ dθ
0 0 2 2
1 π/2 p
Z
= 1 − sin2 θ (cos θ) dθ
2 0
1 π/2
Z
= cos2 θ dθ
2 0
1 π/2 1 + cos (2θ)
Z
= dθ
2 0 2
π/2
1 1
= θ + sin (2θ)
4 2 0
π
1 π 1 1
= + sin 2 − 0 + sin (2(0))
4 2 2 2 2
1
= 8π .
51. Let x = tan θ, then dx = sec2 θ dθ. The lower limit of integration is θ = tan−1 0 = 0, and
the upper limit of integration is θ = tan−1 1 = π4 . We substitute and obtain
Z 1 p Z π/4 q
1 + (tan θ)2 sec2 θ dθ

1 + x2 dx =
0 0
Z π/4
0
Z π/4
= sec3 θ dθ
0
π/4
1 1
= sec θ tan θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ|
2 2 0

1 π π 1 π π 1 1
= sec tan + ln sec + tan − sec 0 tan 0 + ln |sec 0 + tan 0|
2 4 4 2 4 4 2 2
√ √
2+ln ( 2+1)
= 2 .
52. We evaluate the corresponding indefinite integral, and then apply the Fundamental Theo-
rem of Calculus. Let x = 3 tan θ, then dx = 3 sec2 θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
2
x2 (3 tan θ)
Z Z
3 sec2 θ dθ

√ dx = q
9 + x2 9 + (3 tan θ)
2
tan2 θ
Z
= 27 √ sec2 θ dθ
9 tan2 θ + 9
tan2 θ
Z
= 9 sec2 θ dθ
sec θ
Z
Z

= 9
Z

= 9
9 9
sec θ tan θ − ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C.
=
2 2
√ q 2 √
Since tan θ = x3 , sec θ = 1 + tan2 θ = 1 + x3 = 13 9 + x2 . So
x2 9 9
Z
√ dx = sec θ tan θ − ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C
9 + x2 2 2
p
9 1 2
x 9 1 p 2
x
= 9+x − ln 9+x + +C
2 3 3 2 3 3

1 p 9 1 1 p
= x x2 + 9 − ln x + x2 + 9 + C
2 2 3 3
By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,

2 2
x2

1 p 2 9 1 1p 2
Z

√ dx = x x + 9 − ln x + x + 9
0 9 + x2 2 2 3 3
p 0
1 9 1 1 p
= 2 22 + 9 − ln 2 + 22 + 9
2 2 3 3
p
1 2
9 1 1p 2
− 0 0 + 9 − ln 0 + 0 + 9
2 2 3 3
√ 1√

9 2
= 13 − ln 13 + −0
2 3 3
√ √
13 − 92 ln 13 13 + 32 .

=
rem of Calculus. Let x = 3 sec θ, then dx = 3 sec θ tan θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
x2 (3 sec θ)2
Z Z
x2 − 9 (3 sec θ)2 − 9
sec2 θ
Z
9 sec2 θ − 9
sec2 θ
Z
sec2 θ − 1
sec2 θ
Z
tan θ
Z
= 9 sec3 θ dθ
9 9
2 2
√ q
x 2
√
Since sec θ = x3 , tan θ = sec2 θ − 1 = − 1 = 31 x2 − 9. So

3
x2

9 1p 2 x 9 1 p 2 x
Z
√ dx = x −9 + ln x − 9 + + C
x2 − 9 2 3 3 2 3 3

1 p 2 9 1 p 2 x
= x x − 9 + ln x − 9 + + C.
2 2 3 3

Z 5 5
x2
p
1 9 1p 2 x
√ dx = x x2 − 9 + ln x − 9 +
4 x2 − 9 2 2 3 3 4
p p p
1 9 1 5 1 9 1p 2 4
= 5 52 − 9 + ln 52 − 9 + − 4 42 − 9 + ln 4 −9+
2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3
1√ √

9 9 4
= ln 3 + 10 − ln 7+ +2 7
2 2 3 3
9 9 √ 9 √
= ln 3 + 10 − ln 7 + 4 + ln 3 − 2 7
2 2 2
√ 9
√
= 10 − 2 7 + 9 ln 3 − 2 ln 4 + 7 .
rem of Calculus. Let x = 21 sec θ, then dx = 21 sec θ tan θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
2 1
x2 sec θ

1
Z Z
2
√ dx =
q sec θ tan θ dθ
4x2 − 1 2 2
4 12 sec θ − 1
1 sec2 θ
Z
= √ sec θ tan θ dθ
8 sec2 θ − 1
1 sec2 θ
Z
= √ sec θ tan θ dθ
8 sec2 θ − 1
1 sec2 θ
Z
= sec θ tan θ dθ
8 tan θ
1
Z
= sec3 θ dθ
8
1 1
16 16
√ q
2 √
Since sec θ = 2x, tan θ = sec2 θ − 1 = (2x) − 1 = 4x2 − 1. So
x2 1 1
Z p p
√ dx = (2x) 4x2 − 1 + ln 2x + 4x2 − 1 + C

4x2 − 1 16 16
1 p 2 1 p
= x 4x − 1 + ln 2x + 4x2 − 1 + C.

8 16
Z 2
x2

1 p 2 1 p 2
√ dx = x 4x − 1 + ln 2x + 4x2 − 1

1 4x2 − 1 8 16 1
q
1 1
q
2 2
= 2 4 (2) − 1 + ln 2 (2) + 4 (2) − 1

8 16

1 1
q q
2 2
− (1) 4 (1) − 1 + ln 2 (1) + 4 (1) − 1

8 16
√ √ √ 1√

1 1 1
= ln 15 + 4 + 15 − ln 3+2 + 3
16 4 16 8
1
√ 1
√ √ √
ln 3 + 2 − 81 3 + 41 15 .

= 16 ln 15 + 4 − 16
rem of Calculus. Let x = 4 sin θ, then dx = 4 cos θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
2
x2 (4 sin θ)
Z Z
3/2
dx = 3/2 (4 cos θ) dθ
(16 − x2 )

16 − (4 sin θ)2
sin2 θ
Z
= 64 cos θ dθ
(16 cos2 θ)3/2
sin2 θ cos θ
Z
= dθ
cos3 θ
Z
= tan2 θ dθ
Z
sec2 θ − 1 dθ

=
= tan θ − θ + C
sin θ
= − θ + C.
cos θ
p q 2 √
Since sin θ = x4 , cos θ = 1 − sin2 θ = 1 − x4 = 14 16 − x2 . So we have
x
x2 x
Z
3/2
dx = 1 √ 4 − sin−1 + C
2
(16 − x ) 4 16 − x2 4
x x
= √ − sin−1 + C.
16 − x2 4
Z 2 2
x2

x −1 x
3/2
dx = √ − sin
0 (16 − x2 ) 16 − x2 4 0

2 −1 2 0 −1 0
= √ − sin − √ − sin
16 − 22 4 4 − 02 4
√
3 π
= − −0
3 6
√
3 π
= 3 − 6 .
rem of Calculus. Let x = 5 sin θ, then dx = 5 cos θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
x2 (5 sin θ)2
Z Z
3/2
dx = 3/2 (5 cos θ) dθ
(25 − x2 )

2
25 − (5 sin θ)
sin2 θ
Z
= 125 3/2
cos θ dθ
(25 cos2 θ)
sin2 θ cos θ
Z
= dθ
cos3 θ
Z
= tan2 θ dθ
Z
sec2 θ − 1 dθ

=
= tan θ − θ + C.
p q
x 2
√ x
x
1 − sin2 θ = 1 − 1

Since sin θ = 5, cos θ = 5 = 5 25 − x2 . So tan θ = 1
√ 5
25−x2
=
5
√ x
25−x2
, and θ = sin−1 x5 . So
x2 x x
Z
3/2
dx = √ − sin−1 + C.
(25 − x2 ) 25 − x2 5

1 1
x2

x x
Z
3/2
dx = √ − sin−1
0 (25 − x2 ) 25 − x2 5 0

1 −1 1 0 −1 0
= √ − sin − √ − sin
25 − 12 5 25 − 02 5
1√

1
= 6 − sin−1 − (0)
12 5
√
1
= 12 6 − sin−1 15 .
x2 (3 tan θ)2
Z Z
3 sec2 θ dθ

dx = 2
9 + x2 9 + (3 tan θ)
tan2 θ
Z
= 27 sec2 θ dθ
9 tan2 θ + 9
tan2 θ
Z
= 3 sec2 θ dθ
sec2 θ
Z
= 3 tan2 θ dθ
Z
sec2 θ − 1 dθ

= 3
= 3 (tan θ − θ) + C.
Since tan θ = x3 , and θ = tan−1 x3 . So
x2 x x
Z
dx = 3 − tan−1 +C
9 + x2 3 3
x
= x − 3 tan−1 + C.
3
3
x2 x i3
Z h
dx = x − 3 tan−1
0 9 + x2 3 0

−1 3 −1 0
= 3 − 3 tan − 0 − 3 tan
3 3

3
= 3 − π − (0)
4
= 3 − 34 π .
2
x2 (5 tan θ)
Z Z
5 sec2 θ dθ

2
dx = 2
25 + x 25 + (5 tan θ)
tan2 θ
Z
= 125 sec2 θ dθ
25 tan2 θ + 25
tan2 θ
Z
= 5 sec2 θ dθ
sec2 θ
Z
= 5 tan2 θ dθ
Z

= 5
= 5 (tan θ − θ) + C.
x
Since tan θ = 5 and θ = tan−1 x5 , we have
x2 x x
Z
dx = 5 − tan−1 +C
25 + x2 5 5
x
= x − 5 tan−1 + C.
5
So by the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,
Z 1
x2 h x i1
2
dx = x − 5 tan−1
0 25 + x 5 0

1 0
= 1 − 5 tan−1 − 0 − 5 tan−1
5 5
1
= 1 − 5 tan−1 5 .
Applications and Extensions

R1 2
59. The volume is given by 0 π x21+4 dx. We evaluate the corresponding indefinite in-
tegral, and then apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Let x = 2 tan θ, then
dx = 2 sec2 θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
Z 2 !2
1 1
Z
2 sec2 θ dθ

π 2 dx = π 2
x +4 (2 tan θ) + 4
Z 2
1
= 2π sec2 θ dθ
4 sec2 θ
π sec2 θ
Z
= dθ
8 sec4 θ
π
Z
= cos2 θ dθ
8
π 1 + cos (2θ)
Z
= dθ
8 2
π
Z
= (1 + cos (2θ)) dθ
16

π 1
= θ + sin (2θ)
16 2
π
= (θ + sin θ cos θ) + C
16
π tan θ
= θ+ + C.
16 sec2 θ
x
√ q
x 2 1
√
tan2 θ + 1 = x2 + 4, and θ = tan−1 x2 . We

Since tan θ = 2, sec θ = 2 +1 = 2
have
2 !
x
1 π x
Z
−1 2
π 2 dx = tan + √ 2 + C
x +4 16 2 1
x2 + 4
2

π x 2x
= tan−1 + 2 + C.
16 2 x +4

1 2 1
1 π x 2x
Z
π dx = tan−1 + 2
0 x2 + 4 16 2 x +4 0
!! !!
π −1 1 2 (1) π −1 0 2 (0)
= tan + − tan +
16 2 (1)2 + 4 16 2 (0)2 + 4

π −1 1 2
= tan + −0
16 2 5
π π 1
= 40 + 16 tan−1 2 .
R 2 1 2 R2 1
60. The volume is given by 0 π √9−x 2
dx = π 0 9−x 2 dx. We evaluate the corresponding
indefinite integral, and then apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Let x = 3 sin θ,
then dx = 3 cos dθ. We substitute and obtain
1 1
Z Z
π dx = π (3 cos θ) dθ
9−x 2
9 − (3 sin θ)2
cos θ
Z
= 3π dθ
9 − 9 sin2 θ
π cos θ
Z
= dθ
3 cos2 θ
π
Z
= sec θ dθ
3
π
= ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C
3
π 1 + sin θ
= ln + C.
3 cos θ
q 2 √
Since sin θ = x3 , cos θ = 1 − x3 = 31 9 − x2 . So

1 π 1 + x3
Z
π dx = ln √ +C
9 − x2 3 13 9 − x2

π x + 3
= ln √ + C.
3 9 − x2

Z 2 2
1 π x + 3
π 2
dx = ln √
0 9−x 3 9 − x2 0

π 2 + 3 π 0 + 3
= ln √ − ln √
3 9 − 22 3 9 − 02
π √ π
= ln 5 − ln |1|

3 3
π
= 6 ln 5 .
√ 1 over the interval 0, 12 is

61. The average value of f (x) = 9−4x2
1/2 1/2
1 1 1
Z Z
f¯ = 1
√ dx = 2 √ dx.
2 −0 0 9 − 4x2 0 9 − 4x2
3
√
Use the substitution x = 2 sin θ, − π2
≤ θ ≤ π
Then dx = 23 cos θ dθ and
2. 9 − 4x2 =
p p √
9 − 9 sin2 θ = 3 1 − sin θ = 3 cos2 θ = 3 cos θ since − π2 < θ < π2 .
2
Since θ = sin−1 2x3 , the lower limit of integration becomes θ = sin

−1
0 = 0 and the upper
−1 1
limit of integration becomes u = sin 3 .
The integral becomes
Z 1/2 Z sin−1 13
1 1 3
2 √ dx = 2 cos θ dθ
0 9 − 4x2 0 3 cos θ 2
Z sin−1 31
= dθ
0
sin−1 31
= [θ]0
= sin−1 13 ≈ 0.340 .
1
R7√ R7√
62. The average value is given by 7−2 2
x2 − 4 dx = 15 2 x2 − 4 dx. We evaluate the
corresponding indefinite integral, and then apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
Let x = 2 sec θ, then dx = 2 sec θ tan θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
1 p 2 1
Z Z q
2
x − 4 dx = (2 sec θ) − 4 (2 sec θ tan θ) dθ
5 5
2 p
Z
= 4 sec2 θ − 4 sec θ tan θ dθ
5
4
Z
= sec θ tan2 θ dθ
5
4
Z

=
5

4 1 1
= sec θ tan θ − ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C.
5 2 2
q
x 2
√
Since sec θ = x2 , tan θ = 2 − 1 = 12 x2 − 4. So

1 p 2 4 1 x 1p 2 1 x 1p 2
Z

x − 4 dx = x − 4 − ln + x − 4 + C
5 5 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 p 2 1 1 p
= x x2 − 4 − ln x + x2 − 4 + C.
10 5 2 2

7 7
1 1 p 2 2 1 1p 2
Z p
x2 − 4 dx = x x − 4 − ln x + x − 4
5 2 10 5 2 2
2
1 p 2 1 1 p
= 7 72 − 4 − ln 7 + 72 − 4
10 5 2 2

1 p 2 1 1p 2
− 2 22 − 4 − ln 2 + 2 − 4
10 5 2 2
√ √

21 2 3 7
= 5 − ln 5+ − (0)
10 5 2 2
21
√ 2 3
√ 7

= 10 5 − 5 ln 2 5 + 2 .
1
R2
63. Since y = √9−x is nonnegative on the interval [0, 2], A = √ 1 dx is the area under
2 0 9−x2
1
the graph of y = √9−x 2
√
Use the substitution x = 3 sin θ, − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π2 . Then dx = 3 cos θ dθ and 9 − x2 =
p p √
9 − 9 sin2 θ = 3 1 − sin2 θ = 3 cos2 θ = 3 cos θ since − π2 < θ < π2 .
Since θ = sin−1 x3 , the lower limit of integration becomes θ = sin−1 0 = 0 and the upper
limit of integration becomes u = sin−1 23 .
2 sin−1 32
1 1
Z Z
A= √ dx = (3 cos θ dθ)
0 9 − x2 0 3 cos θ
Z sin−1 32
= dθ
0
sin−1 23
= [θ]0
= sin−1 23 .
√ R4 √
64. Since y = x2 16 − x2 is nonnegative on the interval [−4, 4], A = −4 x2 16 − x2 dx is the
√
area under the graph of y = x2 16 − x2 from x = −4 to x = 4.
√
Use the substitution x = 4 sin θ, − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π2 . Then dx = 4 cos θ dθ and 16 − x2 =
p p √
16 − 16 sin2 θ = 4 1 − sin2 θ = 4 cos2 θ = 4 cos θ since − π2 < θ < π2 .
Since θ = sin−1 x4 , the lower limit of integration becomes θ = sin−1 −4 = − π2 , and the

4
−1 4 π

upper limit of integration becomes u = sin 4 = 2.
Z 4 p Z π/2
2
16 sin2 θ (4 cos θ)(4 cos θ dθ)

A= 2
x 16 − x dx =
−4 −π/2
Z π/2
−π/2
π/2
1 1
Z
= 256 [1 − cos (2θ)] · [1 + cos (2θ)]dθ
−π/2 2 2
Z π/2
1 − cos2 (2θ) dθ

= 64
−π/2
π/2
1
Z
= 64 1 − [1 + cos (4θ)] dθ
−π/2 2
Z π/2
= 32 [1 − cos (4θ)]dθ
−π/2
π/2
1
= 32 θ − sin (4θ)
4 −π/2

π 1 1 1
= 32 − sin (2π) − − − sin (−2π) = 32π .
2 4 2 4
R5 2
65. The area under the graph is given by 3 √xx2 −1 dx. We evaluate the corresponding indefinite
integral, and then apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Let x = sec θ, then
dx = sec θ tan θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
x2 (sec θ)2
Z Z
√ dx = q (sec θ tan θ ) dθ
x2 − 1 (sec θ)2 − 1
sec2 θ
Z
= sec θ tan θ dθ
tan θ
Z
= sec3 θ dθ
1 1
2 2
√
Since sec θ = x, tan θ = x2 − 1. So
x2 1 p 1
Z p
√ dx = x x2 − 1 + ln x + x2 − 1 + C.

x2 − 1 2 2

Z 5
x2
p 1 p
1 2
1 p
2 2
1 p
2
√ dx = 5 5 − 1 + ln 5 + 5 − 1 − 3 3 − 1 + ln 3 + 3 − 1

3
2
x −1 2 2 2 2
1 √ √ 1 √ √

= ln 2 6 + 5 + 5 6 − ln 2 2 + 3 + 3 2
2 2
√ √ √ √
= 12 ln 2 6 + 5 − 21 ln 2 2 + 3 − 3 2 + 5 6 .

√ R1√
66. Since y = 16x2 + 9 is nonnegative on [0, 1], A = 0 16x2 + 9 dx is the area under the
√
graph of y = 16x2 + 9 from x = 0 to x = 1.
3
R√
Use the substitution x = tan θ, − π2 < θ < π2 , to evaluate
4 16x2 + 9 dx.
√ q √ √
Then dx = 43 sec2 θ dθ and 16x2 + 9 = 16 16 9
tan2 θ + 9 = 3 tan2 θ + 1 = 3 sec2 θ =

3 sec θ since − π2 < θ < π2 . Then

3 9
Z p Z Z
2
2
16x + 9 dx = (3 sec θ) sec θ dθ = sec3 θ dθ.
4 4
sec3 θ dθ using integration by parts.

R
Evaluate
Let u = sec θ and dv = sec2 θ dθ.
sec2 θ dθ = tan θ.
R
Then du = tan θ sec θ dx and v =
Now
Z Z Z
sec3 θ dθ = sec θ tan θ − (tan θ)(tan θ sec θ dx) = tan θ sec θ − tan2 θ sec θ dθ
Use the identity tan2 θ = sec2 θ − 1.

Z Z Z Z
sec3 θ dθ = tan θ sec θ − sec2 θ − 1 sec θ dθ = tan θ sec θ − sec3 θ dθ + sec θ dθ

sec3 θ dθ to both sides.

R
Add
Z Z
3
2 sec θ dθ = tan θ sec θ + sec θ dθ = tan θ sec θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C
and
1
Z
sec3 θ dθ = [tan θ sec θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ|] + C.
2
So,
9 9
Z
sec3 θ dθ = [tan θ sec θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ|] + C.
4 8
3
From x = 4 tan θ, when x = 0, tan θ = 0 and sec θ = 1.
4
√ q
4 2
tan2 θ + 1 = + 1 = ± 35 .

Also, when x = 1, tan θ = 3 and sec θ = 3
Since − π2 < θ < π

2, sec θ = 35 .
Finally,
1
9
Z
tan−1 (4/3)
p
A= 16x2 + 9 dx = [tan θ sec θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ|]tan−1 0
0 8

9 4 5 5 4
= · + ln + − [(0)(1) + ln (1 + 0)]
8 3 3 3 3
5 9
= 2 + 8 ln (3) .
y2
67. (a) The region enclosed by the hyperbola 9 − x2 = 1 and the line y = 4 is pictured
below.
q
y2
p
Solving the equation of the hyperbola for x, x = ± 9 − 1 = ± 31 y 2 − 9.
Using symmetry, the area enclosed by the hyperbola and the line y = 4 is given by
Z 4 p
1 2 4p 2
Z
A=2 2
y − 9 dy = y − 9 dy.
3 3 3 3
Rp
Use the substitution y = 3 sec θ (0 ≤ θ < π2 , π ≤ θ < 3π
2 ) to evaluate y 2 − 9 dy.
Then dy = 3 tan θ sec θ dθ and
p p p p
y 2 − 9 = 9 sec2 θ − 9 = 3 sec2 θ − 1 = 3 tan2 θ = 3 tan θ
π 3π
since 0 ≤ θ < 2 or π ≤ θ < 2 .
Then
Z p Z
y 2 − 9 dy = (3 tan θ)(3 tan θ sec θ dθ)
Z
Z

=9
Z
sec3 θ − sec θ dθ.

=9
Evaluate sec3 θ dθ using integration by parts.

R
Let u = sec θ and dv = sec2 θ dθ. R

Then du = tan θ sec θ dx and v = sec2 θ dθ = tan θ.
Now
Z Z Z
sec θ dθ = sec θ tan θ − (tan θ)(tan θ sec θ dx) = tan θ sec θ − tan2 θ sec θ dθ.
3

Z Z Z Z
3 2 3

sec θ dθ = tan θ sec θ− sec θ − 1 sec θ dθ = tan θ sec θ− sec θ dθ+ sec θ dθ.

R
Add
Z Z
2 sec3 θ dθ = tan θ sec θ + sec θ dθ = tan θ sec θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ|
and sec3 θ dθ = 12 [tan θ sec θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ|] + C.

R
Therefore,
Z p Z

2
y − 9 dy = 9

1
=9 [tan θ sec θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ|] − ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C
2
9
= [tan θ sec θ − ln |sec θ + tan θ|] + C
2" #
p y py 2 − 9
9 y2 − 9 y
= · − ln + +C

2 3 3 3 3
1 h p p i
= y y 2 − 9 − 9 ln y + y 2 − 9 − 9 ln 3 + C

2
1h p 2 p i
= y y − 9 − 9 ln y + y 2 − 9 + C after combining the constants.

2
So,
2 4p 2
Z
A= y − 9 dy
3 3
2 1h p p i4
= · y y 2 − 9 − 9 ln y + y 2 − 9

3 2 3
1 nh √ √ i o
= 4 7 − 9 ln 4 + 7 − [0 − 9 ln (3)]
3
1 √

3
= 4 7 + 9 ln √
3 4+ 7
√ √
4 7
= 3 − 3 ln 4+3 7
.
y2
(b) The region enclosed by the hyperbola 9 − x2 = 1 and the line y = −7 is pictured
below.
q
2
Solving the equation of the hyperbola for x, x = ± y9 − 1 = ± 31 y 2 − 9.
p
Using symmetry, the area enclosed by the hyperbola and the line y = −7 is given by
Z −3 p
1 2 −3 p 2
Z
A=2 y 2 − 9 dy = y − 9 dy.
−7 3 3 −7
Using the results from part (a),
So,
2 −3 p 2
Z
A= y − 9 dy
3 −7
2 1h p p i−3
= · y y 2 − 9 − 9 ln y + y 2 − 9

3 2 −7
1n h √ √ io
= [0 − 9 ln |−3|] − −7 40 − 9 ln −7 + 40

3"
√ #
1 √ 7 − 40
= 7 40 + 9 ln
3 3
" √ √ !#
1 √ 7 − 40 7 + 40
= 7 · 2 10 + 9 ln · √
3 3 7 + 40
√

1 9
= 14 10 + 9 ln √
3 3(7 + 40)
√
14 10 3
= + 3 ln √
3 7 + 40
√ √
14 10
= 3 − 3 ln 7+2310
.
68. (a) The region enclosed by the hyperbola and the line x = 6 is pictured below.
q
x2
Solving the equation of the hyperbola for y, y = ±4 9 − 1.
Using symmetry, the area enclosed by the hyperbola and the line x = 6 is given by
Z 6 r ! Z 6r 2
x2 x
A=2 4 − 1 dx = 8 − 1 dx.
3 9 3 9
Use the substitution u = x3 . Then du = dx 3 and dx = 3 du. The lower limit of

integration becomes u = 33 =1 and the upper limit of integration becomes u = 63 = 2.
So,
Z 6r 2 Z 2p Z 2p
x 2
A=8 − 1 dx = 8 u − 1(3 du) = 24 u2 − 1 du.
3 9 1 1
R√
Use the substitution u = sec θ (0 ≤ θ < π2 , π ≤ θ < 3π2 )√to evaluate u2 − 1 du.
√ √
Then du = tan θ sec θ dθ and u2 − 1 = sec2 θ − 1 = tan2 θ = tan θ since 0 ≤ θ <
π 3π
2 or π ≤ θ < 2 . Then
Z p Z
u2 − 1 du = (tan θ)(tan θ sec θ dθ)
Z
Z

=
Z

=

R
Let u = sec θ and dv = sec2 θ dθ. R

Now
Z Z Z
sec θ dθ = sec θ tan θ − (tan θ)(tan θ sec θ dθ) = tan θ sec θ − tan2 θ sec θ dθ.
3

Z Z Z Z
3 2 3


R
Add
Z Z
3
2 sec θ dθ = tan θ sec θ + sec θ dθ = tan θ sec θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ|
sec3 θ dθ = 12 [tan θ sec θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ|] + C.

R
and
Z p Z

u2 − 1 du =
1
= [tan θ sec θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ|] − ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C
2
1
2
1 hp 2 p i
= u − 1 (u) − ln u + u2 − 1 + C.

2
So,
2 hp i2
1
Z p p
A = 24 2
u − 1 du = 24 2 2
u − 1 (u) − ln u + u − 1

1 2 1
q q
(2)2 − 1 (2) − ln (2) + (2)2 − 1

= 12
q q
2 2
− 12 (1) − 1 (1) − ln (1) + (1) − 1

h √ √ i
= 12 2 3 − ln 2 + 3 − 12(0)

√ √
= 24 3 − 12 ln(2 + 3) .
(b) The region enclosed by the hyperbola and the line x = −8 is pictured below.
q
2
Solving the equation of the hyperbola for y, y = ±4 x9 − 1.
Using symmetry, the area enclosed by the hyperbola and the line x = −8 is given by
Z −3 r ! Z −3 r 2
x2 x
A=2 4 − 1 dx = 8 − 1 dx.
−8 9 −8 9
Use the substitution u = x3 . Then du = dx 3 and dx = 3 du. The lower limit of

integration becomes u = −8
3 and the upper limit of integration becomes u = −3
3 = −1.
So,
Z −3 r 2 Z −1 p Z −1 p
x
A=8 − 1 dx = 8 u2 − 1 (3 du) = 24 u2 − 1 du.
−8 9 −8/3 −8/3
R√
Use the substitution u = sec θ (0 ≤ θ < π2 , π ≤ θ < 3π2 ) to evaluate u2 − 1 du.
√ √ √
Then du = tan θ sec θ dθ and u2 − 1 = sec2 θ − 1 = tan2 θ = tan θ since 0 ≤ θ <
π 3π
2 or π ≤ θ < 2 . Then
Z p Z
u2 − 1 du = (tan θ)(tan θ sec θ dθ)
Z
Z

=
Z

=

R
Evaluate
R
Now
Z Z Z
sec3 θ dθ = sec θ tan θ − (tan θ)(tan θ sec θ dθ) = tan θ sec θ − tan2 θ sec θ dθ.

Z Z Z Z
3 2 3


R
Add
Z Z
3

R
and
Therefore,
Z p Z

u2 − 1 du =
1
= [tan θ sec θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ|] − ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C
2
1
2
1 hp 2 p i
= u − 1 (u) − ln u + u2 − 1 + C.

2
So,
−1 hp i−1
1
Z p p
A = 24 u2 − 1 du = 24 u2 − 1 (u) − ln u + u2 − 1

−8/3 2 −8/3
q q
2 2
= 12 (−1) − 1 (−1) − ln −1 + (−1) − 1
s  s 
2 2
8 8 8 8
− 12  − −1  − − ln − +
− − 1
3 3 3 3
" r r #
8 55 8 55
= 12(0) − 12 − − ln − +

3 9 3 9

√ !
32 √ 8 − 55 √ √
= 55 + 12 ln = 323 55 + 12 ln 8 − 55 − 12 ln 3 .
3 3
R5q 2 R5q
(5x − x2 ) dx = 0 1 + (5 − 2x)2 dx.
d
69. The length of the graph is given by L = 0 1 + dx
We evaluate the corresponding indefinite integral, and then apply the Fundamental The-
orem of Calculus. Let u = 5 − 2x, so du = −2 dx and dx = − 12 du. We substitute and
obtain

1
Z q Z p
2 2
1 + (5 − 2x) dx = 1 + u − du
2
1
Z p
= − 1 + u2 du.
2
Let u = tan θ, then du = sec2 θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
1 p
Z q Z
2
1 + (5 − 2x) dx = − 1 + tan2 θ sec2 θ dθ
2
1
Z
= − sec3 θ dθ
2
1 1
= − sec θ tan θ − ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C.
4 4
√ √
Since tan θ = u, sec θ = 1 + tan2 θ = 1 + u2 , and also substituting u = 5 − 2x, we
obtain
Z q
1p 1 p
1 + (5 − 2x)2 dx = 1 + u2 (u) − ln 1 + u2 + u + C

−
4 4
q
1 1
q
− (5 − 2x) 1 + (5 − 2x)2 − ln 1 + (5 − 2x)2 + (5 − 2x) + C.

=
4 4

5 q 5
1 1
Z q q
1 + (5 − 2x)2 dx − (5 − 2x) 1 + (5 − 2x)2 − ln 1 + (5 − 2x)2 + (5 − 2x)

=
0 4 4 0
 q 
2
q
2 ln 1 + (5 − 2 (5)) + 5 − 2 (5)
 (5 − 2 (5)) 1 + (5 − 2 (5)) 
= − − 
 4 4 
 q 
1 + (5 − 2 (0))2 + 5 − 2 (0)
q
2 ln
 (5 − 2 (0)) 1 + (5 − 2 (0)) 

− − − 
4 4 
5√ 1 √ 1 √ 5√
= 26 − ln 26 − 5 − − ln 26 + 5 − 26
4 4 4 4
√ √ √
1
= 4
ln 26 + 5 − 14 ln 26 − 5 + 52 26 .
70. The parabola x = 6y − 3y 2 = 3y(2 − y) lies to the right of the y-axis for y on the interval
0 ≤ y ≤ 2.
The length of the graph of the part of the parabola that lies in the first quadrant is given by
s 2 Z 2 q
Z 2 Z 2q
dx 2 2
L= 1+ = 1 + (6 − 6y) dy = 36(y − 1) + 1 dy.
0 dy 0 0
du
Begin with the substitution u = 6(y − 1). Then du = 6 dy and dy = 6 .
The lower limit of integration becomes u = 6(0 − 1) = −6 and the upper limit of integration
becomes u = 6(2 − 1) = 6. So,
2 6
1 6p 2

du
Z q p Z Z
2
L= 36(y − 1) + 1 dy =u2 + 1 = u + 1 du.
0 −6 6 6 −6
R√
Use the substitution u = tan θ, − π2 < θ < π2 , to evaluate u2 + 1 du.
√ √ √
Then du = sec2 θ dθ and u2 + 1 = tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ = sec θ since − π2 < θ < π
2.
Then Z p Z Z
u2 + 1 du = (sec θ) sec2 θ dθ = sec3 θ dθ.


R
Evaluate
R
Now
Z Z Z
sec3 θ dθ = sec θ tan θ − (tan θ)(tan θ sec θ dx) = tan θ sec θ − tan2 θ sec θ dθ.

Z Z Z Z
3 2 3

sec θ dθ = tan θ sec θ − sec θ − 1 sec θ dθ = tan θ sec θ − sec θ dθ + sec θ dθ.

R
Add
Z Z
3
and
1
Z
sec3 θ dθ = [tan θ sec θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ|].
2
So,
1
Z p Z
u + 1 du = sec3 θ dθ = [tan θ sec θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ|] + C.
2
2
√ q
2
From x = tan θ, tan θ = −6 when x = −6. Also, sec θ = tan2 θ + 1 = (−6) + 1 =
√
± 37.
√
Since − π2 < θ < π2 , sec θ = 37.
√ √ √
From x = tan θ, tan θ = 6 when x = 6. Also, sec θ = tan2 θ + 1 = 62 + 1 = ± 37.
√
Since − π2 < θ < π2 , sec θ = 37.
Finally,
1 6p 2 1 1
Z
tan−1 6
L= u + 1 du = · [tan θ sec θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ|]tan−1 (−6)
6 −6 6 2
1 nh √ √ i h √ √ io
= (6) 37 + ln 37 + 6 − (−6) 37 + ln 37 − 6
12
√ !
√ 1 37 + 6
= 37 + ln √
12 37 − 6
√ √
√ 1 37 + 6
37 − 6
= 37 + ln √ ·√
12 37 − 6

37 − 6

√ 1 1
= 37 + ln √

12 37 − 6 2
√ 1 √ −2
= 37 + ln 37 − 6
12
√ 1h √ i
= 37 + −2 ln 37 − 6
12
√ √
= 37 − 16 ln 37 − 6 .

2
71. (a) We equate x2 = 4 − y 2 with x2 = 1 − (y − 2) to get the points of intersection. We
obtain
4 − y2 = 1 − (y − 2)2
4 − y2 = −y 2 + 4y − 3
4 = 4y − 3
7
= y.
4
√
7 2 15 15
So x2 = 4 −

4 = 16 , and x = ± 4 . The area is given by
√ √
Z 15/4 hp p i Z 15/4 hp p i
A= √ 4 − x2 − 2 − 1 − x2 dx = 2 4 − x2 − 2 − 1 − x2 dx.
− 15/4 0
We expand to obtain
√ √ √
Z 15/4 p Z 15/4 p Z 15/4
A = 2 2
4 − x dx + 2 2
1 − x dx − 2 2 dx
0 0 0
√ √
Z 15/4 p Z 15/4 p √
= 2 4 − x2 dx + 2 1 − x2 dx − 15.
0 0
For the first integral, we evaluate the corresponding indefinite integral, and then
apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Let x = 2 sin θ, then dx = 2 cos θ dθ.
We substitute and obtain
Z p Z q
2 4 − x2 dx = 2 4 − (2 sin θ)2 (2 cos θ) dθ
Z p
Z
= 8 cos2 θ dθ
1 + cos (2θ)
Z
= 8 dθ
2
Z
= 4 (1 + cos (2θ)) dθ

1
= 4 θ + sin 2θ + C
2
= 4θ + 4 cos θ sin θ + C.
p q 2 √
Since sin θ = 2 , cos θ = 1 − sin θ = 1 − x2 = 12 4 − x2 , and θ = sin−1 x2 . We
x 2
obtain
p
x 1 x
Z p
2 4 − x2 dx = 4 sin−1 + 4 4 − x2 +C
2 2 2
x p
= 4 sin−1 + x 4 − x2 + C.
2

√
15/4 i√15/4
−1 x
Z p h p
2 4 − x2 dx = 4 sin +x 4−x 2
0 2 0
 v 
√ !
15
√ u √ !2
−1 4 15 u 15  −1 0
p
2
= 4 sin + t4 −
 − 4 sin +0 4−0

2 4 4 2
√ ! √ !
15 7 15
= 4 sin−1 + −0
8 16
√ ! √
15 7 15
= 4 sin−1 + .
8 16
For the second integral, we evaluate the corresponding indefinite integral, and then
apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Let x = sin θ, then dx = cos θ dθ. We
substitute and obtain
Z p Z p
2 2
1 − x dx = 2 1 − sin2 θ(cos θ) dθ
Z
= 2 cos2 θ dθ
1 + cos (2θ)
Z
= 2 dθ
2
Z
= (1 + cos (2θ)) dθ
1
= θ+ sin 2θ + C
2
= θ + cos θ sin θ + C.
p √
Since sin θ = x, cos θ = 1 − sin2 θ = 1 − x2 , and θ = sin−1 x. We obtain
Z p p
2 1 − x2 dx = sin−1 x + 1 − x2 (x) + C
p
= sin−1 x + x 1 − x2 + C.
√
Z 15/4 p h p i√15/4
−1
2 1 − x2 dx = sin x + x 1 − x2
0 0
 
√ √ u √ !2
v
 −1 15 15 t 15  −1
u p
= sin + 1−  − sin 0 + 0 1 − 02
4 4 4
√ !
√
15
−1 15
= sin + −0
4 16
√ √
−1 15 15
= sin + .
4 16
R √15/4 √ R √15/4 √ √ √ √
So we obtain A = 2 0 4 − x2 dx+2 0 1 − x2 dx− 15 = 4 sin−1 15
8 + 7 15
16 +
√ √ √ √ √ √
sin−1 415 + 1615 − 15 = sin−1 415 + 4 sin−1 815 − 21 15 .
(b) Here we subtract the area of the smaller lune from the area of the upper circle. We
obtain
√ √ !
2 −1 15 −1 15 1 √
A = π(1) − sin + 4 sin − 15
4 8 2
√ √ √
= π − sin−1 15
4 − 4 sin−1 15
8 + 1
2 15 .
R2 p
72. The force due to hydrostatic pressure is given by the integral −2 (1000(9.8)(3 − y)) 2 4 − y 2 dy.
We expand, and recognize the final integral as the area of a quarter-circle to obtain
Z 2 p Z 2p Z 2 p
(9800(3 − y)) 2 4 − y 2 dy = 58800 4 − y 2 dy − 196000 y 4 − y 2 dy
−2 −2 −2
pZ 2
= 117600 4 − y 2 dy − 0
0

1 2
= 117600 π(2)
4
= 117600π N .
73. Let u = x − 2, then du = dx. We substitute and obtain
dx du
Z Z
q = √
1 − (x − 2)
2 1 − u2
= sin−1 u + C
= sin−1 (x − 2) + C .
74. Let u = x + 2, then du = dx. We substitute and obtain

Z q Z p
2
4 − (x + 2) dx = 4 − u2 du.
Let u = 2 sin θ, then du = 2 cos θ dθ. We substitute and obtain

Z q Z q
2 2
4 − (x + 2) dx = 4 − (2 sin θ) (2 cos θ) dθ
Z p
Z
= 4 cos2 θ dθ
1 + cos (2θ)
Z
= 4 dθ
2
Z
= 2 (1 + cos (2θ)) dθ

1
= 2 θ + sin (2θ) + C
2
p q 2 √
We have θ = sin−1 u2 , so cos θ = 1 − sin2 θ = 1 − u2 = 21 4 − u2 . We obtain

Z q u u 1 p
2
4 − (x + 2) dx = 2 sin−1 +2 4 − u2 + C
2 2 2
u 1 p
= 2 sin−1 + u 4 − u2 + C.
2 2
And since u = x + 2, we have

Z q q
2 2
4 − (x + 2) dx = 2 sin−1 x+2
+ 21 (x + 2) 4 − (x + 2) + C .

2
√ dx 1
R
75. To evaluate , use the substitution u = 2x − 1. Then du = 2 dx, dx = 2 du,
(2x−1)2 −4
and
dx 1 1
1 1
Z Z Z
p = √ du = √ du.
2
(2x − 1) − 4 u −4 2
2 2 2
u −4
Use the substitution u = 2 sec θ (0 ≤ θ < π2 , π ≤ θ < 3π √ 1
R
2 ) to evaluate u2 −4
dx.
Then du = 2 tan θ sec θ dθ and
p p p p
u2 − 4 = 4 sec2 θ − 4 = 2 sec2 θ − 1 = 2 tan2 θ = 2 tan θ
π 3π
since 0 ≤ θ < 2 or π ≤ θ < 2 .
Therefore,
dx 1 1
Z Z
p = √ du
(2x − 1)2 − 4 2 u2 − 4
1 1
Z
= · 2 tan θ sec θ dθ
2 2 tan θ
1
Z
= sec θ dθ
2
1
= ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C
2
√
1 u u2 − 4
= ln + +C
2 2 2
√
1 u + u2 − 4
= ln +C
2 2
p
1 (2x − 1) + (2x − 1)2 − 4
= ln + C or, equivalently,
2 2
√
1 (2x−1)+ 4x2 −4x−3
2 ln 2 +C .
√dx
R
76. To evaluate , use the substitution u = 3x − 2.
(3x−2) (3x−2)2 +9
1 √dx √1 1 1 √1
R R R
Then du = 3 dx, dx = 3 du, and = u u2 +9 3 du = 3 u u2 +9
du.
(3x−2) (3x−2)2 +9
Use the substitution u = 3 tan θ, − π2 < θ < π2 , to evaluate u√u12 +9 du.

R
√ √ √ √
Then du = 3 sec2 θ dθ and u2 + 9 = 9 tan2 θ + 9 = 3 tan2 θ + 1 = 3 sec2 θ = 3 sec θ since
− π2 < θ < π2 .
Then
1 1 1 1 1 sec θ 1 sec θ 1
Z Z Z Z
2
√ du = 3 sec θ dθ = dθ = dθ.
3 u u2 + 9 3 (3 tan θ)(3 sec θ) 9 tan θ 9 1 tan θ
1 1 cos θ 1 1 1 1
Z Z Z
dθ = dθ = csc θ dθ = − ln |cot θ + csc θ| + C.
9 cos θ sin θ 9 sin θ 9 9
√ 1
Since u2 + 9 = 3 sec θ, cos θ = = √ 3 and
sec θ u2 +9
r r
p 9 u2 u
sin θ = 1 − cos2 θ = 1− 2 = = ±√ .
u +9 u2+9 2
u +9
√
u2 +9
Since − π2 < θ < π
2, sin θ = √ u
u2 +9
and sec θ = u .
1 3
Since u = 3 tan θ, cot θ = tan θ = u .
So,
√
dx 1 1 1 1 3 u2 + 9
Z Z
p = √ du = − ln |cot θ + csc θ|+C = − ln + + C.
2
(3x − 2) (3x − 2) + 9 3 u u2 + 9 9 9 u u

√dx 1 √u 1 3x−2

√
R
Using laws of logarithms, = − ln + C = − ln +C=

2
(3x−2) (3x−2) +9 9 3+ u2 +9 9 2
3+ (3x−2) +9
√
3+ (3x−2)2 +9
− 91 ln 3x−2
+ C by rationalizing the denominator.

77. Let u = ex , then du = ex dx. We substitute and obtain

Z p Z p
ex 25 − e2x dx = 25 − u2 du.
Let u = 5 sin θ, then du = 5 cos θ dθ. We substitute and obtain

Z p Z q
x 2x 2
e 25 − e dx = 25 − (5 sin θ) (5 cos θ) dθ
Z p
= 5 25 − 25 sin2 θ cos θ dθ
Z
= 25 cos2 θ dθ
1 + cos (2θ)
Z
= 25 dθ
2
25
Z
= (1 + cos (2θ)) dθ
2

25 1
= θ + sin (2θ) + C
2 2
25 25
= θ+ sin θ cos θ + C.
2 2
p q 2 √
We have θ = sin−1 u5 , so cos θ = 1 − sin2 θ = 1 − u5 = 51 25 − u2 . We obtain

25 u 25 u 1 p
Z p
x
e 25 − e2x dx = sin−1 + 2
25 − u + C
2 5 2 5 5
25 u 1 p
= sin−1 + u 25 − u2 + C.
2 5 2
And since u = ex , we have
√
Z
ex
p
ex 25 − e2x dx = 25
sin−1 + 12 ex 25 − e2x + C.

2 5
78. Let u = ex , then du = ex dx. We substitute and obtain

Z p Z p
ex 4 + e2x dx = 4 + u2 du.
Let u = 2 tan θ, then du = 2 sec2 θ dθ. We substitute and obtain

Z p Z q
x 2
4 + (2 tan θ) 2 sec2 θ dθ

2x
e 4 + e dx =
Z p
= 2 4 + 4 tan2 θ sec2 θ dθ
Z
= 2 (2 sec θ) sec2 θ dθ
Z
= 4 sec3 θ dθ

1 1
2 2
√ q √
We have tan θ = u2 , and sec θ = 1 + tan2 θ = 1 + (u/2)2 = 12 4 + u2 . We obtain
p p u
1 u 1
Z p
ex 4 + e2x dx = 2 4 + u2 + 2 ln 4 + u2 + +C
2 2 2 2
1 p p
= u 4 + u2 + 2 ln 4 + u2 + u − 2 ln 2 + C

2
1 p p
= u 4 + u2 + 2 ln 4 + u2 + u + C.

2
And since u = ex , we have
√ √
Z p
ex 4 + e2x dx = 12 ex 4 + e2x + 2 ln 4 + e2x + ex + C .

79. Let u = sin−1 x and dv = x dx. Then du = √1−x

1
2
dx and v = 12 x2 . We use integration by
parts and obtain
Z
1 2 −1 1 2 1
Z
x sin−1 x dx = x sin x − x √ dx
2 2 1 − x2
1 2 −1 1 x2
Z
= x sin x − √ dx.
2 2 1 − x2
Let x = sin θ, then dx = cos θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
1 2 −1 1 sin2 θ
Z Z
x sin−1 x dx = x sin x − p (cos θ) dθ
2 2 1 − sin2 θ
1 2 −1 1
Z
= x sin x − sin2 θ dθ
2 2
1 2 −1 1 1 − cos (2θ)
Z
= x sin x − dθ
2 2 2
1 2 −1 1
Z
= x sin x − (1 − cos (2θ)) dθ
2 4

1 2 −1 1 1
= x sin x − θ − sin 2θ + C
2 4 2
1 2 −1 1 1
= x sin x − θ + sin θ cos θ + C.
2 4 4
p √
We have θ = sin−1 x, and cos θ = 1 − sin2 θ = 1 − x2 . We obtain
√
Z
x sin−1 x dx = 12 x2 sin−1 x − 14 sin−1 x + 14 x 1 − x2 + C .
1
80. Let u = cos−1 x and dv = x dx. Then du = − √1−x 2
dx and v = 21 x2 . We use integration
by parts and obtain
Z
1 2 1 2 1
Z
−1 −1
x cos x dx = x cos x − x −√ dx
2 2 1 − x2
1 2 1 x2
Z
= x cos−1 x + √ dx.
2 2 1 − x2
Let x = sin θ, then dx = cos θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
1 2 1 sin2 θ
Z Z
−1 −1
x cos x dx = x cos x + p (cos θ) dθ
2 2 1 − sin2 θ
1 2 1
Z
= x cos−1 x + sin2 θ dθ
2 2
1 2 1 1 − cos (2θ)
Z
−1
= x cos x + dθ
2 2 2
1 2 1
Z
= x cos−1 x + (1 − cos (2θ)) dθ
2 4

1 2 −1 1 1
= x cos x + θ − sin 2θ + C
2 4 2
1 2 1 1
= x cos−1 x + θ − sin θ cos θ + C.
2 4 4
p √
We have θ = sin−1 x, and cos θ = 1 − sin2 θ = 1 − x2 . We obtain
√
Z
x cos−1 x dx = 12 x2 cos−1 x + 41 sin−1 x − 41 x 1 − x2 + C .
81. (a) Let x = a tan θ, then dx = a sec2 θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
Z p Z q
(a tan θ)2 + a2 a sec2 θ dθ

x2 + a2 dx =
Z
2
= a sec3 θ dθ

2 1 1
= a sec θ tan θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C
2 2
2
a
= (sec θ tan θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ|) + C.
2
√ q
x 2
√
We have tan θ = xa , and sec θ = tan2 θ + 1 = a + 1 = a1 x2 + a2 . We obtain
a2
p p
1 x 1 x
Z p
x2 + a2 dx = x2 + a2 + ln x2 + a2 + + C
2 a a a a
1 2
√
x+ a2 +x2 1 √
= 2 a ln a + 2 x a2 + x2 + C .
(b) Let x = a sinh θ, then dx = a cosh θ dθ. We substitute and obtain

Z p Z q
2 2 2
x + a dx = (a sinh θ) + a2 (a cosh θ) dθ
Z p
= a2 sinh2 θ + 1 cosh θ dθ
Z
= a 2
cosh2 θ dθ
2
eθ + e−θ
Z
= a2 dθ
2
a2
Z
e2θ + 2 + e−2θ dθ

=
4
a2 1 2θ

1
= e + 2θ − e−2θ + C
4 2 2
2
1 2 a 2θ
e − e−2θ + C

= a θ+
2 8
a2 eθ − e−θ
θ
e + e−θ

1 2
= a θ+ +C
2 2 2 2
1 2 a2
= a θ+ sinh θ cosh θ + C.
2 2
p
2
q
2 √
x
Since sinh θ = a , cosh θ = sinh θ + 1 = (x/a) + 1 = a1 x2 + a2 . We obtain
Z p
1 2 x a2 x 1 p
x2 + a2 dx = a sinh−1 + x2 + a2 + C
2 a 2 a a
1 2 −1 x
1
√
= 2 2
2 a sinh a + 2x a + x + C .
82. Since the ellipse is symmetric with respect to both the x-axis and y-axis, the total area A
of the ellipse is four times the area in the first quadrant, where 0 ≤ x ≤ a and 0 ≤ y ≤ b.
b
√
Express y as a function of x. y = a a2 − x2 .
√
So, the area A of the ellipse is four times the area under the graph of y = ab a2 − x2 on
Ra b√ a √
the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ a. That is, A = 4 0 a a2 − x2 dx = 4b
R
a 0 a2 − x2 dx.
Use the substitution x = a sin θ, − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π2 .
√ p p √
Then dx = a cos θ dθ and a2 − x2 = a2 − a2 sin2 θ = a 1 − sin2 θ = a cos2 θ =
a cos θ since − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π2 .
The lower limit of integration becomes θ = sin−1 (0) = 0, and the upper limit of integration
−1 a −1
(1) = π2 .

becomes u = sin a = sin
Then
a
4b
Z p
A= a2 − x2 dx
a 0
π/2
4b
Z
= (a cos θ)(a cos θ dθ)
a 0
Z π/2
= 4ab cos2 θ dθ
0
π/2
1
Z
= 4ab [1 + cos (2θ)]dθ
0 2
π/2
1
= 2ab θ + sin (2θ)
2 0

π 1 1
= 2ab + sin (π) − 0 + sin (0) = πab .
2 2 2
83. Let x = a sin θ, then dx = a cos θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
dx a cos θ
Z Z
√ = q dθ
a2 − x2 a2 − (a sin θ)
2
a cos θ
Z
= p dθ
a2 − a2 sin2 θ
1 a cos θ
Z
= p dθ
a 1 − sin2 θ
cos θ
Z
= dθ
cos θ
= θ+C
= sin−1 xa + C .

84. Let x = a tan θ, then dx = a sec2 θ dθ. We substitute and obtain

dx a sec2 θ
Z Z
= 2 dθ
a2 + x2 a2 + (a tan θ)
a sec2 θ
Z
= dθ
a2 + a2 tan2 θ
1 sec2 θ
Z
= dθ
a sec2 θ
1
= θ+C
a
= a1 tan−1 xa + C .

85. Let x = a sec θ, then dx = a sec θ tan θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
dx a sec θ tan θ
Z Z
√ = q dθ
2
x x −a 2 2
a sec θ (a sec θ) − a2
1 tan θ
Z
= √ dθ
a sec2 θ − 1
1 tan θ
Z
= dθ
a tan θ
1
= θ+C
a
= a1 sec−1 xa + C .

dx 1
Z Z
√ = q (a sec θ tan θ) dθ
x2 − a2 (a sec θ)2 − a2
sec θ tan θ
Z
= dθ
tan θ
Z
= sec θ dθ
=ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C.

√ q
x 2
√
We have sec θ = xa , and tan θ = sec2 θ − 1 = a − 1 = a1 x2 − a2 . We obtain

dx x 1p
Z

√ = ln + 2 2
x − a + C
2
x −a 2 a a
√
2 2
= ln x+ xa −a + C .

87. Let x = a tan θ, then dx = a sec2 θ dθ. We substitute and obtain

1 1
Z Z
a sec2 θ dθ

√ dx = q
2
x +a 2 2
(a tan θ) + a2
sec2 θ
Z
= dθ
sec θ
Z
= sec θ dθ
=
ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C1 .
x
√ q
x 2
√
2
We have tan θ = a , and sec θ = tan θ + 1 = a + 1 = a1 x2 + a2 . We obtain
p
1 1 x
Z
√ dx = ln 2 2
x + a + + C1
x2 + a2 a a
p
= ln x + x2 + a2 − ln |a| + C1

√
= ln x + x2 + a2 + C ,
where C = − ln |a| + C1 .
Challenge Problems
2 2
88. We complete the square: 3x − x2 = 94 − x2 − 3x + 49 = 32 − x − 23 . Then

dx dx
Z Z
√ = q 2 .
3x − x 2 3 2
− x− 3
2 2
Let u = x − 23 , then du = dx. We substitute, use the result of problem 92, and obtain
dx du
Z Z
√ = q
3x − x2 3 2
− u2
2

u
= sin−1 +C
(3/2)
!
−1 2 x − 23
= sin +C
3
= sin−1 2x−3

3 +C .
Z p Z q
x2 − a2 dx = (a sec θ)2 − a2 (a sec θ tan θ) dθ
Z
= a2 (tan θ)(sec θ tan θ) dθ
Z
= a2 tan2 θ sec θ dθ
Z
2

= a
Z
= a2 sec3 θ − sec θ dθ

2 1 1
= a sec θ tan θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ| − ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C
2 2

2 1 1
= a sec θ tan θ − ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C.
2 2
√ q
x 2
√
We have sec θ = xa , and tan θ = sec2 θ − 1 = a − 1 = a1 x2 − a2 . We obtain
p
1 x 1 1 x 1 p 2
Z p
2

x2 − a2 dx = a 2 2
x − a − ln + 2
x − a + C
2 a a 2 a a
1 p 2 1 p 1
= x x − a2 − a ln x + x2 − a2 + a2 ln |a| + C
2
2 2 2
1
√ 1 2
√
= 2x x2 − a2 − a ln x + x2 − a2 + C .
2
90. Let u = sinh−1 x

a, so x = a sinh u, and dx = a cosh u du. We substitute and obtain
dx a cosh u
Z Z
√ = q du
2
x +a 2 2
(a sinh u) + a2
cosh u
Z
= p du
sinh2 u + 1
cosh u
Z
= du
cosh u
= u+C
x
= sinh−1 + C.
a
√
From the identity sinh−1 x = ln x + x2 + 1 we obtain

dx x
Z q
2
√ = ln + (x/a) + 1 + C
x2 + a2 a

x 1p 2 2
= ln + x +a +C
a a
√
2 2
= ln x+ xa +a + C .
91. Let u = tan x, then du = sec2 x dx. We substitute and obtain
sec2 x du
Z Z
√ dx = √
2 2
u − 6u + 8
tan x − 6 tan x + 8
du
Z
= √
2
u − 6u + 9 − 1
du
Z
= q .
2
(u − 3) − 1
Let y = u − 3, then dy = du We substitute and obtain
sec2 x dy
Z Z
√ dx = p .
2
tan x − 6 tan x + 8 y2 − 1
Let y = sec θ, then dy = sec θ tan θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
sec2 x sec θ tan θ

Z Z
√ dx = √ dθ
tan2 x − 6 tan x + 8 sec2 θ − 1
sec θ tan θ
Z
= dθ
tan θ
Z
= sec θ dθ
√ p
We have sec θ = y, and tan θ = sec2 θ − 1 = y 2 − 1. We obtain
sec2 x
Z p
√ dx = ln

+ y 2 − 1 + C.
tan2 x − 6 tan x + 8
y
Since y = u − 3 = tan x − 3, we now have
sec2 x
Z q
2
√ dx = ln tan x − 3 + (tan x − 3) − 1 + C

2
tan x − 6 tan x + 8
√
= ln tan x − 3 + tan2 x − 6 tan x + 8 + C .

R
R3√
1. To evaluate 0 9 − x2 dx, use the substitution x = 3 sin θ, − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π2 .
√ p p √
Then dx = 3 cos θ dθ and 9 − x2 = 9 − 9 sin2 θ = 3 1 − sin2 θ = 3 cos2 θ = 3 cos θ since
π π
−2 ≤ θ ≤ 2.
The lower limit of integration becomes θ = sin−1 0 = 0, and the upper limit of integration
becomes θ = sin−1 33 = π2 .
Z 3 p Z π/2 Z π/2
2
9 − x dx = (3 cos θ)(3 cos θ dθ) = 9 cos2 θ dθ
0 0 0
π/2 π/2
1 9 1 9 h π
Z i
9
=9 [1 + cos (2θ)]dθ = θ + sin (2θ) = + 0 − (0 + 0) = 4π .
0 2 2 2 0 2 2
The answer is C.
R √16−x2
2. To evaluate x2 dx, use the substitution x = 4 sin θ, − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π2 .
√ p p √
Then dx = 4 cos θ dθ and 16 − x2 = 16 − 16 sin2 θ = 4 1 − sin2 θ = 4 cos2 θ =
π π
4 cos θ since − 2 ≤ θ ≤ 2 .
Z √
16 − x2 4 cos θ
Z Z Z
2
csc2 θ − 1 dθ = − cot θ − θ + C.

dx = 2 (4 cos θ dθ) = cot θ dθ =
x2 (4 sin θ)
r
√ √ 2
Since 16 − x2 = 4 cos θ, sec θ = √ 4 , tan θ = sec2 θ − 1 = √ 4 −1 =
16−x2 16−x2
√ √
2 16−x2
x
± √16−x 2
, and cot θ = ± 16−x
x . Since − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π
2, cot θ = x .
Since x = 4 sin θ, θ = sin−1 x4 .

Z √ √
16 − x2
− sin−1 x4 + C .
2
Therefore, 2
dx = −cot θ − θ + C = − 16−x
x
x
The answer is D.
R1 1 π π
3. To evaluate 0 (x2 +1) 3/2 dx, use the substitution x = tan θ, − 2 < θ < 2.
√ √ √
Then dx = sec2 θ dθ and x2 + 1 = tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ = sec θ since − π2 < θ < π
2.
The lower limit of integration becomes θ = tan−1 0 = 0, and the upper limit of integration
becomes θ = tan−1 1 = π4 .
R1 R π/4 R π/4 R π/4 √

1 1 1 π/4 2
So, 0 (x2 +1)3/2 dx = 0 sec3 θ sec2 θ dθ = 0 sec θ = 0 cos θ = [sin θ]0 = 2 .
The answer is B.
√ R4 √
x2 −4 x2 −4
4. Since y = x is nonnegative on [2, 4], A = 2 x dx is the area under the graph of
√
x2 −4
y= x from x = 2 to x = 4.
R √x2 −4
Use the substitution x = 2 sec θ (0 ≤ θ < π2 , π ≤ θ < 3π
2 ) to evaluate x dx.
√ √ √ √
Then dx = 2 tan θ sec θ dθ and x2 − 4 = 4 sec2 θ − 4 = 2 sec2 θ − 1 = 2 tan2 θ =
2 tan θ since 0 ≤ θ < π2 or π ≤ θ < 3π
2 .
2
The lower limit of integration becomes θ = sec−1 2 = 0, and the upper limit of integration
becomes θ = sec−1 42 = sec−1 2 = π3 .
4
√ Z π/3
x2 − 4

2 tan θ
Z
Then A = dx = (2 tan θ sec θ dθ)
2 x 0 2 sec θ
Z π/3
=2 tan2 θ dθ
0
Z π/3
sec2 θ − 1 dθ

=2
0
π/3
= 2[tan θ − θ]0
h√ π i √
− (0 − 0) = 2 3 − π3 .

=2 3−
3
The answer is A.
1
tan θ, − π2 < θ < π √ dx
R
5. Use the substitution x = 3 2, to evaluate 1+9x2
.
√ q 2 √ √
Then dx = 13 sec2 θ dθ and 1 + 9x2 = 1+9 1
3 tan θ = 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ =
sec θ since − π2 < θ < π2 .
1 2 √
√ dx 3 sec θ dθ 1 1 1
R R R
Then 1+9x2
dx = sec θ = 3 sec θ dθ = 3 ln |sec θ + tan θ|+C = 3 ln 1 + 9x2 + 3x + C .
The answer is D.
√ R2 √
6. (a) Since f (x) = 4x2 + 1 is nonnegative on [−1, 2], A = −1 4x2 + 1 dx is the area
under the graph of f from x = −1 to x = 2.
R2 √
Use the substitution x = 21 tan θ, − π2 < θ < π2 , to evaluate −1 4x2 + 1 dx.
√ q √ √
Then dx = 21 sec2 θ dθ and 4x2 + 1 = 4 41 tan2 θ + 1 = tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ =

sec θ since − π2 < θ < π2 .

1 1
Z p Z Z
2
Then 2
4x + 1 dx = (sec θ) sec θ dθ = sec3 θ dθ.
2 2
R

R
Now sec3 θ dθ = sec θ tan θ − (tan θ)(tan θ sec θ dx) = tan θ sec θ − tan2 θ sec θ dθ.
R R R

Z Z Z Z
sec3 θ dθ = tan θ sec θ − sec2 θ − 1 sec θ dθ = tan θ sec θ − sec3 θ dθ + sec θ dθ.

Add sec3 θ dθ to both sides.

R
Z Z
3
2 sec θ dθ = tan θ sec θ + sec θ dθ = tan θ sec θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C

R
and
1 1
Z p Z
So, 2
4x + 1 dx = sec3 θ dθ = [tan θ sec θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ|] + C.
2 4
√
From x = 12 tan θ, when x = −1, tan θ = −2 and sec θ = 5.
√
From x = 12 tan θ, when x = 2, tan θ = 4 and sec θ = 17.
2
1
Z
tan−1 (4)
p
Finally, A = 4x2 + 1 dx = [tan θ sec θ + ln |sec θ + tan θ|]tan−1 (−2)
−1 4
1 nh √ √ i h √ √ io
= 4 17 + ln 17 + 4 − −2 5 + ln 5−2
4
√ √ √ √
= 14 4 17 + ln 17 + 4 + 2 5 − ln 5 − 2 .

(b) The region is pictured below. Rotate the region about the x-axis.
Using the method of disks, the volume is given by

Z 2 Z 2 p 2
2
V =π [f (x)] dx = π 4x2 + 1 dx
−1 1
Z 2
4x2 + 1 dx

=π
1
2
4x3

=π +x
3 −1

32 −4
=π +2 − + (−1)
3 3
= 15π .
7.4 Integrands Containing ax2 + bx + c 7-145
(c) The region is shown below. Rotate the region about the y-axis.
Using the method of shells, the volume is given by

Z 1 Z 1 p
V = 2π xf (x) dx = 2π x 4x2 + 1 dx.
0 0
Now use the substitution u = 4x2 + 1. Then du = 8x dx and x dx = du

8 .
2
The lower limit of integration becomes u = 4 · 0 + 1 = 1, and the upper limit of
integration becomes u = 4 · 12 + 1 = 5.
Z 1 p
Then V = 2π x 4x2 + 1 dx
0
Z 1 p
= 2π 4x2 + 1(x dx)
0
Z 5
√ du
= 2π u
1 8
π 5√
Z
= u du
4 1
5
π u3/2

= 3
4 2 1
√
= π6 5 5 − 1 .

7.4 Integrands Containing ax2 + bx + c

Skill Building
2
1. We complete the square: x2 + 4x + 5 = (x + 2) + 1. Then we let u = x + 2, so du = dx,
and we obtain
dx dx
Z Z
2
= 2
x + 4x + 5 (x + 2) + 1
du
Z
= 2
u +1
= tan−1 u + C
= tan−1 (x + 2) + C .
2
and we obtain
dx dx
Z Z
= 2
x2 + 2x + 5 (x + 1) + 4
du
Z
=
u2 + 22
1 u
= tan−1 + C
2 2
1 −1 x+1

= 2 tan 2 +C .
2
and we obtain
dx dx
Z Z
2
= 2
x + 4x + 8 (x + 2) + 4
du
Z
=
u2 + 22
1 u
= tan−1 + C
2 2
1 −1 x+2

= 2 tan 2 +C .
2
4. We complete the square: x2 − 6x + 10 = (x − 3) + 1. Then we let u = x − 3, so du = dx,
and we obtain
dx dx
Z Z
= 2
x2 − 6x + 10 (x − 3) + 1
du
Z
= 2
u +1
= tan−1 u + C
= tan−1 (x − 3) + C .
2
5. We complete the square: 3 + 2x + 2x2 = 2 x + 12 + 25 . Then we let u = x + 1
2 to obtain
2 dx 2 dx
Z Z
2
= 2
3 + 2x + 2x 2 x + 21 + 25
du
Z
= 2
2u + 25
2
du
Z
= √ 2
u2 + 25

2 u
= √ tan−1 √ +C
5 5/2
√ !
2 5 −1 2 x + 21
= tan √ +C
5 5
√
= 2 5 5 tan−1 2x+1 √
5
+C .
2
and we obtain
3 dx dx
Z Z
= 3 2
x2 + 6x + 10 (x + 3) + 1
du
Z
= 3
u2 + 1
= 3 tan−1 u + C
= 3 tan−1 (x + 3) + C .
7. We force the the derivative of the denominator to appear in the numerator. We then
2
complete the square with 2x2 + 2x + 3 = 2 x + 21 + 25 , and let u = x + 12 , so du = dx.
We obtain
Z 1 1
x dx 4 (4x + 2) − 2
Z
= dx
2x2 + 2x + 3 2x2 + 2x + 3
1 4x + 2 1 dx
Z Z
= dx −
4 2x2 + 2x + 3 2 2x2 + 2x + 3
1 2 1 dx
Z
= ln 2x + 2x + 3 − 2
4 2 2x + 2x + 3
1 1 dx
Z
2
= ln 2x + 2x + 3 − 2
4 2 2 x + 21 + 25
1 1 du
Z
= ln 2x2 + 2x + 3 − √ 2
4 4
u2 + 25

1 1 2 u
= ln 2x2 + 2x + 3 − √ tan−1 √ +C
4 4 5 5/2
√ !
1 2
5 −1 2 x + 12
= ln 2x + 2x + 3 − tan √ +C
4 10 5
√
= 14 ln 2x2 + 2x + 3 − 105 tan−1 2x+1 √
5
+C .
2
complete the square with x2 + 6x + 10 = (x + 3) + 1, and let u = x + 3, so du = dx. We
obtain
Z 3
3x dx 2 (2x + 6) − 9
Z
= dx
x2 + 6x + 10 x2 + 6x + 10
3 (2x + 6) dx
Z Z
= 2
dx − 9 2
2 x + 6x + 10 x + 6x + 10
3 2 dx
Z

= ln x + 6x + 10 − 9 2
2 (x + 3) + 1
3 du
Z
ln x2 + 6x + 10 − 9

=
2 u2 + 1
3
ln x2 + 6x + 10 − 9 tan−1 u + C

=
2
= 32 ln x2 + 6x + 10 − 9 tan−1 (x + 3) + C .

9. We complete the square: 8 + 2x − x2 = 9 − (x − 1)2 . Then we let u = x − 1 to obtain

dx dx
Z Z
√ = p
8 + 2x − x2 9 − (x − 1)2
du
Z
= √
3 − u2
2
u
= sin−1 +C
3
= sin−1 x−1

3 +C .
2
10. We complete the square: 5 − 4x − 2x2 = 7 − 2(x + 1) . Then we let u = x + 1, so du = dx,
and we obtain
dx dx
Z Z
√ = q
5 − 4x − 2x 2 2
7 − 2(x + 1)
du
Z
= √
7 − 2u2
1 du
Z
= √ r
2 √ 2
14
2 − u2
√
2 u
= sin−1 √ +C
2 14/2
√ √
2 −1 14(x+1)
= 2 sin 7 +C .
2
11. We complete the square: 4x − x2 = 4 − (x − 2) . Then we let u = x − 2, so du = dx, and
we obtain
dx dx
Z Z
√ = q
4x − x2 2
4 − (x − 2)
du
Z
= √
22 − u2
u
= sin−1 +C
2
= sin−1 x−2

2 +C .
2
12. We complete the square: x2 − 6x − 10 = (x − 3) − 19. Then we let u = x − 3, so du = dx,
and we obtain
dx dx
Z Z
√ = q
x2 − 6x − 10 2
(x − 3) − 19
du
Z
= q √ 2
u2 − 19
p
= ln u + u2 − 19 + C (from problem 90, Section 7.3)

q
2
= ln (x − 3) + (x − 3) − 19 + C
√
= ln x − 3 + x2 − 6x − 10 + C .
2
and we obtain
dx dx
Z Z
√ = q
(x + 1) x2 + 2x + 2 2
(x + 1) (x + 1) + 1
du
Z
= √
u u2 + 12
√
u2 + 1 − 1
= ln +C

u
q
2
(x + 1) + 1 − 1

= ln +C
x+1

√
2
= ln x +2x+2−1 +C .

x+1
2
and we obtain
dx dx
Z Z
√ = q
(x − 4) x2 − 8x + 17 (x − 4) (x − 4)2 + 1
du
Z
= √
u u2 + 12
√
u2 + 1 − 1
= ln +C

u
q
2
(x − 4) + 1 − 1

= ln +C
x−4

√
2
= ln x −8x+17−1 +C .

x−4
15. We complete the square: 24 − 2x − x2 = 25 − (x + 1)2 . Then we let u = x + 1, so du = dx,

and we obtain
dx dx
Z Z
√ = p
24 − 2x − x2 25 − (x + 1)2
du
Z
= √
5 − u2
2
u
= sin−1 +C
5
= sin−1 x+1

5 +C .
2
16. We complete the square: 9x2 + 6x + 10 = 9 x + 13 + 9. Then we let u = x + 1
3 to obtain
dx dx
Z Z
√ = q
2
9x + 6x + 10 2
9 x + 31 + 9
1 du
Z
= √
3 u + 12
2
1 p
= ln u + u2 + 1 + C
3  
s
2
1  1 1
= ln x + + x+ + 1 + C
3 3 3
r !
1 1 2 10
= ln x + + x2 + x + +C
3 3 3 9
√
= 13 ln 3x + 1 + 9x2 + 6x + 10 + C .

17. We force the the derivative of the denominator to appear in the numerator, and obtain
two integrals.
1
x −5 2 (2x − 2) − 4
Z Z
√ dx = √ dx
x2 − 2x + 5 x2 − 2x + 5
1 (2x − 2) dx
Z Z
= √ dx − 4 q .
2 x2 − 2x + 5 (x − 1)2 + 4
Now for the first integral let w = x2 − 2x + 5, so dw = (2x − 2) dx. In the second integral,
complete the square with x2 − 2x + 5 = (x − 1)2 + 4. ; and let u = x − 1, so du = dx. We
obtain
1 du
Z Z
= w−1/2 dw − 4 √
2 u + 22
2
1 √ p
= 2 w − 4 ln u + u2 + 4 + C
2
p q
2
= x2 − 2x + 5 − 4 ln x − 1 + (x − 1) + 4 + C
√ √
= x2 − 2x + 5 − 4 ln x − 1 + x2 − 2x + 5 + C .
2
complete the square with x2 − 4x + 3 = (x − 2) − 1, and let u = x − 2,so du = dx. We
obtain
1
x +1 2 (2x − 4) + 3
Z Z
dx = dx
x2 − 4x + 3 x2 − 4x + 3
1 (2x − 4) dx
Z Z
= dx + 3 2
2 x2 − 4x + 3 (x − 2) − 1
1 2 du
Z

= ln x − 4x + 3 + 3
2 u2 − 1

1 2 1 1
= ln x − 4x + 3 + 3 ln |u − 1| − ln |u + 1| + C
2 2 2

1 2 1 1
= ln x − 4x + 3 + 3 ln |(x − 2) − 1| − ln |(x − 2) + 1| + C
2 2 2
1 3 3

= 2
2 ln x − 4x + 3 + 2 ln |x − 3| − 2 ln |x − 1| + C .
2
19. We complete the square: x2 − 2x + 5 = (x − 1) + 4, and let u = x − 1 to obtain
3 3
dx dx
Z Z
√ = q
2
x − 2x + 5 2
1 1 (x − 1) + 4
2
du
Z
= √
0 u + 22
2
h p iu=2
= ln u + u2 + 4
p u=0 p
= ln 2 + 22 + 4 − ln 0 + 02 + 4
√
= ln 2 2 + 2 − ln 2
√
= ln 2 + 1 .
2
20. We complete the square: 2x − x2 = 1 − (x − 1) . Then we let u = x − 1 to obtain
1 1
x2 dx x2 dx
Z Z
√ = q
1/2 2x − x2 1/2 1 − (x − 1)2
0 2
(u + 1)
Z
= √ du
−1/2 1 − u2
0
u2 + 2u + 1
Z
= √ du
−1/2 1 − u2
0 Z 0 Z 0
u2 2u 1
Z
= √ du + √ du + √ du
1−u 2 1−u 2 1 − u2
−1/2 −1/2 −1/2
0 Z 0
u2 2u
Z
0
du + sin−1 u −1/2

= √ du + √
1−u 2 1−u 2
−1/2 −1/2
0 2 Z 0
u 2u π
Z
= √ du + √ du + .
−1/2 1 − u2 −1/2 1 − u 2 6
For the first integral we let u = sin θ, then we have

Z 0 Z 0
u2 sin2 θ
√ du = cos θ dθ
−1/2 1 − u2 −π/6 cos θ
1 0
Z
= (1 − cos (2θ)) dθ
2 −π/6
0
1 1
= θ − sin 2θ
2 2 −π/6
1 1√
= π− 3.
12 8
And for the second integral we let w = 1 − u2 to obtain
Z 0 Z 1
2u
√ du = w−1/2 (− dw)
1 − u 2
−1/2 3/4
√ 1
= −2 w 3/4
√
= 3 − 2.
And so we obtain
1
x2 dx 1√ √

1 π
Z
√ = π− 3 + 3−2 +
1/2 2x − x2 12 8 6
1 7
√
= 4π + 8 3 − 2 .
2
21. We complete the square: e2x + ex + 1 = ex + 12 + 43 . Then we let u = ex + 1
2 to obtain
ex dx ex dx
Z Z
√ = q
e2x + ex + 1 2
ex + 21 + 43
du
Z
= r √ 2
3
u2 + 2
r !
3
= ln u + u2 + +C
4
 s 
2
x 1 x
1 3
= ln e + +
 e + + +C
2 2 4
1
√
ln ex +

= 2 + e2x + ex + 1 + C .
2
22. We complete the square: sin2 x + 4 sin x + 3 = (sin x + 2) − 1. Then we let u = sin x + 2
to obtain
cos x dx cos x dx
Z Z
p = q
2 2
sin x + 4 sin x + 3 (sin x + 2) − 1
du
Z
= √
u2 − 1
p
= ln u + u2 − 1 + C

q
2
= ln sin x + 2 + (sin x + 2) − 1 + C
p
= ln sin x + 2 + sin2 x + 4 sin x + 3 + C .
23. We force the the derivative of the quadratic to appear in the numerator.
2x − 3 −(4 − 2x) + 1
Z Z
√ dx = √ dx
4x − x2 − 3 4x − x2 − 3
4 − 2x 1
Z Z
= − √ dx + q dx.
2
4x − x − 3 2
1 − (x − 2)
For the first integral let w = 4x − x2 − 3 so dw = (4 − 2x) dx. In the second integral,
2
complete the square with 4x − x2 − 3 = 1 − (x − 2) , and let u = x − 2, so du = dx. We
obtain
2x − 3 du
Z Z Z
√ dx = − w−1/2 dw + √
2
4x − x − 3 1 − u2
√ −1
= − 2 w + sin u + C
√
= −2 4x − x2 − 3 + sin−1 (x − 2) + C .
1
x +3 2 (2x + 2) + 2
Z Z
√ dx = √ dx
2
x + 2x + 2 x2 + 2x + 2
1 2x + 2 dx
Z Z
= √ dx + 2 q .
2 x2 + 2x + 2 2
(x + 1) + 1
For the first integral we let w = x2 + 2x + 2 so dw = (2x + 2) dx. In the second integral,
we complete the square with x2 + 2x + 2 = (x + 1)2 + 1, and let u = x + 1, so du = dx.
We obtain
x +3 1 du
Z Z Z
√ dx = w−1/2 dw + 2 √
2
x + 2x + 2 2 u2 + 1
1 √ p
= 2 w + 2 ln u + u2 + 1 + C
2
p q
2
= x2 + 2x + 2 + 2 ln x + 1 + (x + 1) + 1 + C
√ √
= x2 + 2x + 2 + 2 ln x + 1 + x2 + 2x + 2 + C .
2
and obtain
dx dx
Z Z
3/2
= 3/2
2

(x − 2x + 10) 2
(x − 1) + 9
du
Z
= .
(u + 9)3/2
2
Let u = 3 tan θ, then du = 3 sec2 θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
dx 3 sec2 θ
Z Z
3/2
= 3/2 dθ
(x2 − 2x + 10)

2
(3 tan θ) + 9
sec2 θ
Z
= 3 3/2 dθ
9 tan2 θ + 9
1 sec2 θ
Z
= dθ
9 sec3 θ
1
Z
= cos θ dθ
9
1
= sin θ + C.
9
√ q 2 √
We have tan θ = u3 , so cot θ = u3 , and csc θ = 1 + cot2 θ = 1 + u3 = 1
u u2 + 9. So
sin θ = √uu2 +9 and we obtain
dx 1 u
Z
3/2
= √ +C
(x2 − 2x + 10) 9 u2 + 9
x−1
= q +C
2
9 (x − 1) + 9
= √ x−1 +C .
9 x2 −2x+10
2
26. We complete the square: x2 − 2x + 10 = (x − 1) + 9. Then we let u = x − 1 to obtain
dx dx
Z Z
√ = q
2
x − 2x + 10 (x − 1)2 + 9
du
Z
= √
u + 32
2
p
= ln u + u2 + 9 + C
q
2
= ln x − 1 + (x − 1) + 9 + C
√
= ln x − 1 + x2 − 2x + 10 + C .
2
27. We complete the square: x2 + 2x − 3 = (x + 1) − 4. Then we let u = x + 1, so du = dx,
and we obtain
dx dx
Z Z
√ = q
2
x + 2x − 3 (x + 1)2 − 4
du
Z
= √
u2 − 4
p
= ln u + u2 − 4 + C

q
2
= ln x + 1 + (x + 1) − 4 + C

√
= ln x + 1 + x2 + 2x − 3 + C .
2
28. We complete the square: x2 − 4x − 1 = (x − 2) − 5. Then we let u = x − 2, so du = dx,
so we obtain
Z p Z q
2 2
x x − 4x − 1 dx = x (x − 2) − 5 dx
Z p
= (u + 2) u2 − 5 du
Z p Z p
= 2
u u − 5 du + 2 u2 − 5 du.
With the first integral, let w = u2 − 5, so dw = 2 du, and we obtain

1 √
Z p Z
u u2 − 5 du = w dw
2

1 2 3
= w2 + C
2 3
1 2 3
= u − 5 2 + C.
3
√ √
And for the second integral, let u = 5 sec θ, so du = 5 sec θ tan θ dθ, and we obtain
Z p Z p √
u2 − 5 du = 5 sec2 θ − 5 5 sec θ tan θ dθ
Z
= 5 sec θ tan2 θ dθ
Z

= 5

1 1
= 5 sec θ tan θ − ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C
2 2
r 2 r !
u2

1 u u 1 u
= 5 √ − 1 − ln √ + − 1 + C

2 5 5 2 5 5
1 p 5 p
= u u2 − 5 − ln u2 − 5 + u + C.

2 2
So we obtain
p
1 2 1 5 p
Z p
3
x x2 − 4x − 1 dx = u − 5 2 + 2 u u2 − 5 − ln u2 − 5 + u + C

3 2 2
23
2
(x − 2) − 5 q
2
= + (x − 2) (x − 2) − 5
3
q
2
−5 ln x − 2 + (x − 2) − 5 + C
3
(x2 −4x−1) 2 √ √
= 3 + (x − 2) x2 − 4x − 1 − 5 ln x − 2 + x2 − 4x − 1 + C .
2
29. We complete the square: 5 + 4x − x2 = 9 − (x − 2) . Then we let u = x − 2, so du = dx,
and we obtain
Z √
q
2
5 + 4x − x2
Z 9 − (x − 2)
dx = dx
x−2 x−2
√
9 − u2
Z
= du.
u
Let u = 3 sin θ, so du = 3 cos θ, and we have
Z √
q
2
5 + 4x − x2
Z 9 − (3 sin θ)
dx = (3 cos θ) dθ
x−2 3 sin θ
cos2 θ
Z
= 3 dθ
sin θ
1 − sin2 θ
Z
= 3 dθ
sin θ
Z
= 3 (csc θ − sin θ) dθ
= 3(− ln |csc θ + cot θ| + cos θ) + C

3 √9 − u2 1 p
!
= 3 − ln + + 9 − u2 + C

u u 3
q
9 − (x − 2)2 q

3
= −3 ln + + 9 − (x − 2)2 + C
x − 2 x − 2

√ √
= 3 ln |x − 2| − 3 ln 3 + 5 + 4x − x2 + 5 + 4x − x2 + C .
30. We complete the square: 5 + 4x − x2 = 9 − (x − 2)2 . Then we let u = x − 2, so du = dx,

and we obtain
Z p Z q
2
5 + 4x − x dx = 9 − (x − 2)2 dx
Z p
= 9 − u2 du.
Let u = 3 sin θ, so du = 3 cos θ, and we obtain

Z p Z q
5 + 4x − x2 dx = 9 − (3 sin θ)2 (3 cos θ) dθ
Z
= 9 cos2 θ dθ
9
Z
= (1 + cos (2θ)) dθ
2

9 1
= θ + sin 2θ + C
2 2
9
2
u u √ 9 − u2
!!
9
= sin−1 + +C
2 3 3 3
9 u 1 p
= sin−1 + u 9 − u2 + C
2 3 2

9 x−2 1
q
= sin −1
+ (x − 2) 9 − (x − 2)2 + C
2 3 2
√
= 92 sin−1 x−2 + 12 (x − 2) 5 + 4x − x2 + C .

3
Z 1
x dx 2 (2x + 2) − 1
Z
√ = √ dx
2
x + 2x − 3 x2 + 2x − 3
1 2x + 2 dx
Z Z
= √ dx − q .
2 2
x + 2x − 3 2
(x + 1) − 4
In the first integral, let w = x2 + 2x − 3, so dw = (2x + 2) dx. In the second integral,

2
complete the square with x2 + 2x − 3 = (x + 1) − 4, and let u = x + 1, so du = dx. We
obtain
x dx 1 du
Z Z Z
√ = w−1/2 dw − √
2
x + 2x − 3 2 u2 − 4
1 √ p
= 2 w − ln u + u2 − 4 + C

2
q
2
p
= 2
x + 2x − 3 − ln x + 1 + (x + 1) − 4 + C

√ √
= x2 + 2x − 3 − ln x + 1 + x2 + 2x − 3 + C .
Z 1
x dx 2 (2x − 4) + 2
Z
√ = √ dx
2
x − 4x + 3 x2 − 4x + 3
1 2x − 4 dx
Z Z
= √ dx + 2 q .
2 x2 − 4x + 3 (x − 2)2 − 1
In the first integral let w = x2 − 4x + 3, so dw = (2x − 4) dx. In the second integral,

complete the square with x2 − 4x + 3 = (x − 2)2 − 1, and let u = x − 2, so du = dx. We
obtain
x dx 1 du
Z Z Z
−1/2
√ = w dw + 2 √
2
x − 4x + 3 2 u2 − 1
1 √ p
= 2 w + 2 ln u + u2 − 1 + C

2
p q
x2 − 4x + 3 + 2 ln x − 2 + (x − 2)2 − 1 + C

=
√ √
= x2 − 4x + 3 + 2 ln x − 2 + x2 − 4x + 3 + C .

33. Let u = x + h, then
dx du
Z Z
q = √ .
2
(x + h) + k u2 + k
We then apply the result of problem 87, section 7.3, to obtain

dx
Z h p i
q = ln u + u2 + k + C
(x + h)2 + k
q
2
= ln (x + h) + k + x + h + C .
b 2 b2 b 2 2
34. We complete the square: ax2 + bx + c = a x + 2a − b −4ac

+ c − 4a = a x + 2a 4a . Then
b
let u = x + 2a , so du = dx, and we obtain
dx dx
Z Z
√ = q
2
ax + bx + c b 2 2
− b −4ac

a x + 2a 4a
du
Z
= q
2
au2 − b −4ac
4a
du
Z
= q
2 −4ac
a u2 − b 4a 2
1 du
Z
2
= √ r 2 (using a > 0 and b − 4ac > 0)
a √
2
b −4ac
u2 − 2a

√
v !2
u
1 u 2
b − 4ac
= √ ln u + tu2 − +C

a 2a

s
2 2

1 b b b − 4ac
= √ ln x + + x+ − + C.
a 2a 2a 4a2
And then we rewrite this and obtain

r
dx 1 b b c
Z
√ = √ ln x +
2
+ x + x+ +C
ax2 + bx + c a 2a a a

1 b 1 p
2

= √ ln x +
+√ ax + bx + c + C
a 2a a
√ √
ax + √b + ax2 + bx + c

1 2 a
= √ ln √ +C

a a
√ √

1 b p 1
= √ ln ax + √ + ax2 + bx + c − √ ln a + C
a 2 a a
√ √
= √1a ln ax2 + bx + c + ax + 2√b a + C .

Challenge Problems
35. We rewrite
s q
2
s
r 2 (a + x)
a+x (a + x) (a + x) (a + x) a+x
= = 2 2
= √ =√ .
a−x (a − x) (a + x) a −x 2
a −x 2 a2 − x2
Then we obtain
Z r
a+x a+x
Z
dx = √ dx
a−x a2 − x2
a x
Z Z
= √ dx + √ dx.
2
a −x 2 a − x2
2
Let u = a2 − x2 , so du = −2x dx. Then we have
− 12 du
Z r
a+x x
Z
dx = a sin−1 + √
a−x a u
−1 x √
= a sin − u+C
a
√
= a sin−1 xa − a2 − x2 + C .
R
1
dx contains the quadratic expression x2 + 6x + 13.
R
1. The integrand of x2 +6x+13
So, we complete the square in the denominator.

1 1 1
Z Z Z
dx = dx = dx.
x2 + 6x + 13 (x2 + 6x + 9) + (13 − 9) (x + 3)2 + 4
1 1
R R
Now use the substitution u = x + 3. Then du = dx and x2 +6x+13 dx = (x+3)2 +4 dx =
R 1 1 −1 u 1 −1 x+3
u2 +4 du = 2 tan 2 + C = 2 tan 2 +C .
The answer is B.
R2 x
2. To evaluate −1 x2 +2x+10 dx, use a manipulation that causes the derivative of the denom-
inator to appear in the numerator.
Z 2
1 2 (2x + 2) − 2 1 2
Z 2
x 2x + 2 1
Z Z
2 + 2x + 10
dx = 2 + 2x + 10
dx = 2 + 2x + 10
dx − 2 + 2x + 10
dx.
−1 x 2 −1 x 2 −1 x −1 x
R2 2x+2
To evaluate −1 x2 +2x+10 dx, use the substitution u = x2 + 2x + 10. Then du = (2x + 2) dx.
The lower limit of integration becomes u = (−1)2 + 2(−1) + 10 = 9, and the upper limit
of integration becomes u = 22 + 2(2) + 10 = 18.
Z 2 Z 18
2x + 2 1
Then 2
dx = du = [ln |u|]18
9 = ln 18 − ln 9 = ln 2.
−1 x + 2x + 10 9 u
R2 1
The integrand of −1 x2 +2x+10 dx contains the quadratic expression x2 + 2x + 10.
Z 2 Z 2 Z 2
1 1 1
2
dx = 2
dx = 2
dx.
−1 x + 2x + 10 −1 (x + 2x + 1) + (10 − 1) −1 (x + 1) + 9
Now use the substitution u = x + 1. Then du = dx. The lower limit of integration becomes
u = −1 + 1 = 0, and the upper limit of integration becomes u = 2 + 1 = 3.
Z 2 Z 2 Z 3
1 1 1 1 h −1 u i3
Then 2
dx = 2
dx = 2
du = tan
−1 x + 2x + 10 −1 (x + 1) + 9 0 u +9 3 3 0
1 1 π
π
= tan−1 1 − tan−1 0 =

−0 = .
3 3 4 12
Z 2
1 2
Z 2
x 2x + 2 1
Z
So, 2
dx = 2
dx − 2
dx = 12 ln 2 − 12
π
.
−1 x + 2x + 10 2 −1 x + 2x + 10 −1 x + 2x + 10
The answer is D.
7.5 Integration of Rational Functions Using Partial

Fractions; The Logistic Model
1. (a) less than
2. True
3. True
D
4. False, the term (x+1)4
is also needed
Skill Building
x2 +1
5. Apply polynomial division to x+1 .
x−1
(x + 1) x2 + 0x + 1
− (x2 + x)
−x + 1
− (−x − 1)
2
The quotient is x − 1 and the remainder is 2.
7.5 Integration of Rational Functions Using Partial Fractions; 7-161
The Logistic Model
Therefore,
x2 + 1 2
= x−1+ (x+1) .
x+1
x2 +4
6. Apply polynomial division to x−2 .
x+2
2
(x − 2) x + 0x + 4
−(x2 − 2x)
2x + 4
−(2x − 4)
8
The quotient is x + 2 and the remainder is 8.

Therefore,
x2 + 4 8
= x+2+ x−2 .
x−2
x3 +3x−4
7. Apply polynomial division to x−2 .
x2 + 2x + 7
(x − 2) x + 0x2 + 3x − 4
3
−(x3 − 2x2 )
2x2 + 3x
−(2x2 − 4x)
7x − 4
−(7x − 14)
10
The quotient is x2 + 2x + 7 and the remainder is 10.

Therefore,
x3 + 3x − 4 10
= x2 + 2x + 7 + x−2 .
x−2
x3 −3x2 +4
x2 − 6x + 18
(x + 3) x − 3x2 + 0x + 4
3
−(x3 + 3x2 )
−6x2 + 0x
−(−6x2 − 18x)
18x + 4
−(18x + 54)
−50
The quotient is x2 − 6x + 18 and the remainder is −50.

Therefore,
x3 − 3x2 + 4 50
= x2 − 6x + 18 − x+3 .
x+3
2x3 +3x2 −17x−27

9. Apply polynomial division to x2 −9 .
2x + 3
(x2 − 9) 2x3 + 3x2 − 17x − 27
−(2x3 − 18x)
2
3x + x − 27
−(3x2 − 27)
x
The quotient is 2x + 3 and the remainder is x.
Therefore,
2x3 + 3x2 − 17x − 27 x
= 2x + 3 + x2 −9 .
x2 − 9
3x3 −2x2 −3x+2
10. Apply polynomial division to x2 −1 .
3x − 2
(x2 − 1) 3x3 − 2x2 − 3x + 2
−(3x3 − 3x)
−2x2 +2
−(−2x2 + 2)
0
The quotient is 3x − 2 and the remainder is 0.
Therefore,
3x3 − 2x2 − 3x + 2
= 3x − 2 .
x2 − 1
3x3 −2x2 −3x+2 x2 (3x−2)−(3x−2) (x2 −1)(3x−2)
Also, note that x2 −1 = x2 −1 = x2 −1 = 3x − 2 .
x4 −1 x4 −1
11. Apply polynomial division to x(x+4) = x2 +4x .
x2 − 4x + 16
2
(x + 4x) x + 0x + 0x2 + 0x − 1
4 3
−(x4 + 4x3 )
−4x3 + 0x2
−(−4x3 − 16x2 )
16x2 + 0x
−(16x2 + 64x)
−64x − 1
The quotient is x2 − 4x + 16 and the remainder is −64x − 1.
Therefore,
x4 − 1
= x2 − 4x + 16 − x64x+1
2 +4x .
x(x + 4)
x4 +x2 +1 x4 +x2 +1
12. Apply polynomial division to x(x−2) = x2 −2x .
x2 + 2x + 5
2
(x − 2x) x + 0x + x2 + 0x + 1
4 3
−(x4 − 2x3 )
2x3 + x2
−(2x3 − 4x2 )
5x2 + 0x
−(5x2 − 10x)
10x + 1
The quotient is x2 + 2x + 5 and the remainder is 10x + 1.
The Logistic Model
Therefore,
x4 + x2 + 1 10x+1
= x2 + 2x + 5 + x(x−2) .
x(x − 2)
2x4 +x2 −2
13. Apply polynomial division to x2 +4 .
2x2 −7
2
(x + 4) 2x + 0x + x2 + 0x − 2
4 3
−(2x4 + 8x2 )
−7x2 −2
−(−7x2 − 28)
26
The quotient is 2x2 − 7 and the remainder is 26.

Therefore,
2x4 + x2 − 2 26
= 2x2 − 7 + x2 +4 .
x2 + 4
3x4 +x2
3x2 − 26
2
(x + 9) 3x + 0x + x2 + 0x + 0
4 3
−(3x4 + 27x2 )
−26x2
−(−26x2 − 234)
234
The quotient is 3x2 − 26 and the remainder is 234.

Therefore,
3x4 + x2 234
= 3x2 − 26 + x2 +9 .
x2 + 9
15. We use long division to obtain
Z 2 Z
x +1 2
dx = x−1+ dx
x+1 x+1
1 2
= 2x − x + 2 ln |x + 1| + C .

Z 2 Z
x +4 8
dx = x+2+ dx
x−2 x−2
1 2
= 2x + 2x + 8 ln |x − 2| + C .

Z 3 Z
x + 3x − 4 2 10
dx = x + 2x + 7 + dx
x−2 x−2
1 3
= 3x + x2 + 7x + 10 ln |x − 2| + C .

Z 3
x − 3x2 + 4
Z
2 50
dx = x − 6x + 18 − dx
x+3 x+3
1 3
= 3x − 3x2 + 18x − 50 ln |x + 3| + C .
2x3 +3x2 −17x−27 2x3 +3x2 −17x−27

R
19. To evaluate x2 −9 dx, apply polynomial division to x2 −9 .
2x + 3
(x2 − 9) 2x3 + 3x2 − 17x − 27
−(2x3 − 18x)
3x2 + x − 27
− (3x2 − 27)
x
The quotient is 2x + 3 and the remainder is x.
2x3 +3x2 −17x−27 x
So, x2 −9 = 2x + 3 + x2 −9 .
Therefore,
3x3 − 2x2 − 3x + 2
Z
x
Z
1

dx = 2x + 3 + 2 dx = x2 + 3x + 2 ln x2 − 9 + C .
x2 − 1 x −9
3x3 −2x2 −3x+2 3x3 −2x2 −3x+2

R
20. To evaluate x2 −1 dx, apply polynomial division to x2 −1 .
3x − 2
(x2 − 1) 3x3 − 2x2 − 3x + 2
−(3x3 − 3x)
2
−2x +2
−(−2x2 + 2)
0
The quotient is 3x − 2 and the remainder is 0.
3x3 −2x2 −3x+2
So, x2 −1 = 3x − 2.
3x3 −2x2 −3x+2 x2 (3x−2)−(3x−2) (x2 −1)(3x−2)
Also, note that x2 −1 = x2 −1 = x2 −1 = 3x − 2.
Therefore,
3x3 − 2x2 − 3x + 2
Z Z
3 2
dx = (3x − 2) dx = 2x − 2x + C .
x2 − 1
21. We use partial fractions to obtain

1 A B
= +
(x − 2)(x + 1) x−2 x+1
1 = A(x + 1) + B(x − 2)
When x = −1 we obtain B = − 31 , and when x = 2 we have A = 13 . So we obtain

Z
1 1/3 1/3
Z
dx = − dx
(x − 2)(x + 1) x−2 x+1
1 1
= 3 ln |x − 2| − 3 ln |x + 1| + C .
The Logistic Model

1 A B
= +
(x + 4)(x − 1) x+4 x−1
1 = A(x − 1) + B(x + 4)
When x = 1 we obtain B = 51 , and when x = −4 we have A = − 15 . So we obtain

Z
1 −1/5 1/5
Z
dx = + dx
(x + 4)(x − 1) x+4 x−1
= − 15 ln |x + 4| + 1
5 ln |x − 1| + C .

x A B
= +
(x − 1)(x − 2) x−1 x−2
x = A(x − 2) + B(x − 1)
When x = 2 we obtain B = 2, and when x = 1 we have A = −1. So we obtain
Z
x dx 1 2
Z
= − + dx
(x − 1)(x − 2) x−1 x−2
= − ln |x − 1| + 2 ln |x − 2| + C .

3x A B
= +
(x + 2)(x − 4) x+2 x−4
3x = A(x − 4) + B(x + 2)
When x = 4 we obtain B = 2, and when x = −2 we have A = 1. So we obtain
Z
3x dx 1 2
Z
= + dx
(x + 2)(x − 4) x+2 x−4
= ln |x + 2| + 2 ln |x − 4| + C .

x A B
= +
(3x − 2)(2x + 1) 3x − 2 2x + 1
x = A(2x + 1) + B(3x − 2)
When x = − 12 we obtain B = 17 , and when x = 23 we have A = 72 . So we obtain

Z
x dx 2/7 1/7
Z
= + dx
(3x − 2)(2x + 1) 3x − 2 2x + 1
2 1
= 21 ln |3x − 2| + 14 ln |2x + 1| + C .

1 A B
= +
(2x + 3)(4x − 1) 2x + 3 4x − 1
1 = A(4x − 1) + B(2x + 3)
1
When x = 4 we obtain B = 72 , and when x = − 23 we have A = − 71 . So we obtain
Z
dx −1/7 2/7
Z
= + dx
(2x + 3)(4x − 1) 2x + 3 4x − 1
1 1
= − 14 ln |2x + 3| + 14 ln |4x − 1| + C .

x−3 A B C
= + +
(x + 2)(x + 1)2 x + 2 x + 1 (x + 1)2
2
x−3 = A(x + 1) + B(x + 1)(x + 2) + C(x + 2)
When x = −1 we obtain C = −4, and when x = −2 we have A = −5. When x = 0 we
obtain B = 5. So we obtain
!
x−3 −5 5 −4
Z Z
2 dx = + +
x + 2 x + 1 (x + 1)2
dx
(x + 2)(x + 1)
−5 5 −4
Z Z Z
= dx + dx + 2 dx
x+2 x+1 (x + 1)
4
= −5 ln |x + 2| + 5 ln |x + 1| + x+1 +C .

x+1 A B C
= + + 2
x2 (x − 2) x−2 x x
x+1 = Ax2 + Bx(x − 2) + C(x − 2)
When x = 0 we obtain C = −1/2, and when x = 2 we have A = 3/4. When x = 1 we
obtain B = −3/4. So we obtain
Z
x+1 3/4 −3/4 −1/2
Z
dx = + + dx
x2 (x − 2) x−2 x x2
3/4 −3/4 −1/2
Z Z Z
= dx + dx + dx
x−2 x x2
3 3 1
= 4 ln |x − 2| − 4 ln |x| + 2x +C .

x2 A B C
2 = + +
(x − 1) (x + 1) x + 1 x − 1 (x − 1)2
2
x2 = A(x − 1) + B(x − 1)(x + 1) + C(x + 1)
When x = 1 we obtain C = 1/2, and when x = −1 we have A = 1/4. When x = 0 we
obtain B = 3/4. So we obtain
!
x2 1/4 3/4 1/2
Z Z
dx = + + dx
(x − 1)2 (x + 1) x + 1 x − 1 (x − 1)2
1/4 3/4 1/2
Z Z Z
= dx + dx + 2 dx
x+1 x−1 (x − 1)
1 3 1
= 4 ln |x + 1| + 4 ln |x − 1| − 2(x−1) +C .
The Logistic Model

x2 + x A B C
2 = + +
(x + 2)(x − 1) x + 2 x − 1 (x − 1)2
2
x2 + x = A(x − 1) + B(x − 1)(x + 2) + C(x + 2)
When x = 1 we obtain C = 2/3, and when x = −2 we have A = 2/9. When x = 0 we
obtain B = 7/9. So we obtain
!
x2 + x 2/9 7/9 2/3
Z Z
2 dx = + +
x + 2 x − 1 (x − 1)2
dx
(x + 2)(x − 1)
2/9 7/9 2/3
Z Z Z
= dx + dx + 2 dx
x+2 x−1 (x − 1)
2 7 2
= 9 ln |x + 2| + 9 ln |x − 1| − 3(x−1) +C .

1 A Bx + C
= + 2
x(x2 + 1) x x +1
2

1 = A x + 1 + (Bx + C)x
When x = 0 we obtain A = 1. So
= (1) x2 + 1 + (Bx + C)x

1
1 = (B + 1)x2 + Cx + 1
Equating coefficients, we obtain B = −1 and C = 0. We now have
Z
dx 1 −x
Z
= + dx
x(x2 + 1) x x2 + 1
1 −x
Z Z
= dx + 2
dx
x x +1
= ln |x| − 12 ln x2 + 1 + C .


1 A Bx + C
= + 2
(x + 1)(x2 + 4) x+1 x +4
2

1 = A x + 4 + (Bx + C)(x + 1)
When x = −1 we obtain A = 1/5. So
= (1/5) x2 + 4 + (Bx + C)(x + 1)

1

1 2 4
1 = B+ x + (B + C)x + C +
5 5
Equating coefficients, we obtain B = −1/5 and C = 1/5. We now have
Z
dx 1/5 −(1/5)x + 1/5
Z
= + dx
(x + 1)(x2 + 4) x+1 x2 + 4
1/5 −(1/5)x 1/5
Z Z Z
= dx + 2
dx + 2
dx
x+1 x +4 x +4
1
= 15 ln |x + 1| − 10 ln x2 + 4 + 101
tan−1 x2 + C .


x2 + 2x + 3 A Bx + C
= +
(x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 4) x + 1 x2 + 2x + 4
x2 + 2x + 3 = A x2 + 2x + 4 + (Bx + C)(x + 1)

When x = −1 we obtain A = 2/3. So
x2 + 2x + 3 = A x2 + 2x + 4 + (Bx + C)(x + 1)

2 2 4 8
x2 + 2x + 3 = B+ x + B+C + x+ C +
3 3 3
Equating coefficients, we obtain B = 1/3 and C = 1/3. We now have
x2 + 2x + 3
Z
2/3 (1/3)x + 1/3
Z
dx = + dx
(x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 4) x+1 x2 + 2x + 4
2/3 1 2x + 2
Z Z
= dx + dx
x+1 6 x2 + 2x + 4
= 23 ln |x + 1| + 16 ln x2 + 2x + 4 + C .


x2 − 11x − 18 A Bx + C
+ 2 =
x(x2 + 3x + 3) x x + 3x + 3
x2 − 11x − 18 = A x2 + 3x + 3 + (Bx + C)x

When x = 0 we obtain A = −6. So

x2 − 11x − 18 = A x2 + 3x + 3 + (Bx + C)x

x2 − 11x − 18 = (B − 6)x2 + (C − 18)x − 18

Equating coefficients, we obtain B = 7 and C = 7. We now have
Z 2 Z
x − 11x − 18 −6 7x + 7
dx = + dx
x(x2 + 3x + 3) x x2 + 3x + 3
Z 7 7
−6 2 (2x + 3) − 2
Z
= dx + 2
dx
x x + 3x + 3
−6 7 2x + 3 7 1
Z Z Z
= dx + dx − √ 2 dx
x 2 x2 + 3x + 3 2 2
x + 23 + 23

!
7 2
7 1 −1 x + 32
= −6 ln |x| + ln x + 3x + 3 − √ tan √ +C
2 2 3 3
2 2
√ √
3(2x+3)
−6 ln |x| + 27 ln x2 + 3x + 3 − 7 3 3 tan−1

= 3 +C .
35. We expand to obtain

2x + 1 2x 1
Z Z Z
2 dx = 2 dx + 2 dx
(x2 + 16) (x2 + 16) (x2 + 16)
1 1
Z
= − 2
+ 2 dx.
x + 16 (x2 + 16)
The Logistic Model
Let x = 4 tan θ to obtain

2x + 1 1 4 sec2 θ
Z Z
2 2 dx = − x2 + 16 +
256 sec4 θ
dθ
(x + 16)
1 1
Z
= − 2 + cos2 θ dθ
x + 16 64
1 1
Z
= − 2 + (1 + cos 2θ) dθ
x + 16 128

1 1 1
= − 2 + θ + sin 2θ + C
x + 16 128 2
1 1 1
= − 2 + θ+ cos θ sin θ + C
x + 16 128 128
1 1 x 1 4 x
= − 2 + tan−1 + √ √ +C
x + 16 128 4 128 x2 + 16 x2 + 16
1 1
tan−1 x4 + 32(x2x+16) + C .

= − x2 +16 + 128
x2 + 2x + 3 Ax + B Cx + D
2 = +
(x2 + 4) x2 + 4 (x2 + 4)2
x2 + 2x + 3 (Ax + B) x2 + 4 + (Cx + D)

=
2
x + 2x + 3 = Ax3 + Bx2 + (4A + C)x + (4B + D).
Equating coefficients, we obtain A = 0, B = 1, C = 2, and D = −1, so
Z 2 !
x + 2x + 3 1 2x − 1
Z
2 dx = +
x2 + 4 (x2 + 4)2
dx
(x2 + 4)
1 2x 1
Z Z Z
= dx + 2 dx − 2 dx
x2 + 4 (x2 + 4) (x2 + 4)
1 x 1 1
Z
= tan−1 − 2 − 2 dx.
2 2 x +4 2
(x + 4)

Z 2
x + 2x + 3 1 −1 x 1 2 sec2 θ
Z
dx = tan − − dθ
(x2 + 4)2 2 2 x2 + 4 16 sec4 θ
1 x 1 1
Z
= tan−1 − 2 − cos2 θ dθ
2 2 x +4 8
1 −1 x 1 1
Z
= tan − 2 − (1 + cos 2θ) dθ
2 2 x + 4 16

1 x 1 1 1
= tan−1 − 2 − θ + sin 2θ + C
2 2 x + 4 16 2
1 x 1 1 1
= tan−1 − 2 − θ− cos θ sin θ + C
2 2 x + 4 16 16
1 x 1 1 x 1 2 x
= tan−1 − 2 − tan−1 − √ √ +C
2 2 x + 4 16 2 16 x2 + 4 x2 + 4
7
tan−1 x2 − x21+4 − 8(x2x+4) + C .

= 16
x3 Ax + B Cx + D Ex + F
3 = 2
+ 2 + 3
(x2 + 16) x + 16 2
(x + 16) (x2 + 16)
2
x3 (Ax + B) x2 + 16 + (Cx + D) x2 + 16 + Ex + F

=
3
x = Ax5 + Bx4 + (32A + C)x3 + (32B + D)x2
+ (256A + 16C + E)x + (256B + F + 16D).
Equating coefficients, we obtain A = 0, B = 0, C = 1, D = 0, E = −16, and F = 0. So
!
x3 dx x (−16)x
Z Z
3 = 2 + 3 dx
(x2 + 16) (x2 + 16) (x2 + 16)
x x
Z Z
= 2 dx − 16 3 dx
2
(x + 16) 2
(x + 16)
1 4
= − + +C .
2(x2 + 16) (x2 + 16)2
x2 Ax + B Cx + D Ex + F
3 = + 2 + 3
(x2 + 4) x2 + 4 2
(x + 4) (x2 + 4)
2
x2 = (Ax + B) x2 + 4 + (Cx + D) x2 + 4 + Ex + F

x2 = Ax5 + Bx4 + (8A + C)x3 + (8B + D)x2 + (16A + 4C + E)x + (16B + F + 4D).
Equating coefficients, we obtain A = 0, B = 0, C = 0, D = 1, E = 0, and F = −4. So
!
x2 dx 1 −4
Z Z
3 = 2 + 3 dx.
(x2 + 4) (x2 + 4) (x2 + 4)
The Logistic Model

!
x2 dx 1 −4
Z Z
2 sec2 θ dθ

3 = 2 + 3
(x2 + 4) 4 tan2 θ + 4 4 tan2 θ + 4

Z
1 −4
2 sec2 θ dθ

= 4
+ 6
16 sec θ 64 sec θ
Z
1 1 1
sec2 θ dθ

= 4
− 6
8 sec θ sec θ
1
Z
cos2 θ − cos4 θ dθ

=
8
Z " 2 #
1 1 + cos (2θ) 1 + cos (2θ)
= − dθ
8 2 2
1 + cos (2θ) 1 + 2 cos (2θ) + cos2 (2θ)
Z
1
= − dθ
8 2 4
1 cos2 (2θ)
Z
1
= − dθ
8 4 4
Z
1 1 + cos (4θ)
= 1− dθ
32 2
1
Z
= (1 − cos (4θ)) dθ
64

1 1
= θ − sin (4θ) + C
64 4

1 1
= θ − sin (2θ) cos (2θ) + C
64 2
1
θ − sin θ cos θ 2 cos2 θ − 1 + C

=
64 !!
2
1 −1 x
x 2 2
= tan −√ √ 2 √ −1 +C
64 2 x2 + 4 x2 + 4 x2 + 4
1 x x(x2 −4)
tan−1

= 64 2 + 32(x2 +4)2
+C .

x x A B
= = +
x2 + 2x − 3 (x + 3)(x − 1) x+3 x−1
x = A(x − 1) + B(x + 3)
When x = 1 we obtain B = 1/4, and when x = −3 we have A = 3/4. So we obtain
Z
x dx 3/4 1/4
Z
= + dx
x2 + 2x − 3 x+3 x−1
3 1
= 4 ln |x + 3| + 4 ln |x − 1| + C .

x2 − x − 8 x2 − x − 8 A B C
= = + +
(x + 1)(x2 + 5x + 6) (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) x+1 x+2 x+3
x2 − x − 8 = A(x + 2)(x + 3) + B(x + 1)(x + 3) + C(x + 1)(x + 2)
When x = −3 we obtain C = 2, when x = −2 we have B = 2, and when x = −1 we have

A = −3. So we obtain
x2 − x − 8
Z
−3 2 2
Z
dx = + + dx
(x + 1)(x2 + 5x + 6) x+1 x+2 x+3
= −3 ln |x + 1| + 2 ln |x + 2| + 2 ln |x + 3| + C .
10x2 + 2x A B Cx + D
2 = + 2 + 2
(x − 1) (x2 + 2) x − 1 (x − 1) x +2
2 2
A(x − 1) x + 2 + B x2 + 2 + (Cx + D)(x − 1)
2

10x + 2x =
When x = 1 we obtain B = 4. We expand and obtain
10x2 + 2x = A(x − 1) x2 + 2 + 4 x2 + 2 + (Cx + D)(x − 1)2

10x2 + 2x = (A + C)x3 + (−A − 2C + D + 4)x2 + (2A + C − 2D)x + (−2A + D + 8)

Equating coefficients, we have
0 = A+C
10 = −A − 2C + D + 4
2 = 2A + C − 2D
0 = −2A + D + 8
We obtain A = −C, so 10 = −(−C) − 2C + D + 4 = D − C + 4 and D = 6 + C. Then
0 = −2A + D + 8 = −2(−C) + (6 + C) + 8 = 3C + 14, and C = −14/3. We now obtain
A = 14/3, and D = 4/3. So
!
10x2 + 2x 14/3 4 (−14/3)x + 4/3
Z Z
dx = + + dx
(x − 1)2 (x2 + 2) x − 1 (x − 1)2 x2 + 2
14/3 4 14 x 4 dx
Z Z Z Z
= dx + 2 dx − 3 2+2
dx + 2+2
x−1 (x − 1) x 3 x
2√2 √
= 143 ln |x − 1| − 4
x−1 − 7
3 ln x2
+ 2 + 3 tan−1 2x
2 +C .

x+4 A B Cx + D
= + 2+ 2
x2 (x2 + 4) x x x +4
Ax x + 4 + B x2 + 4 + (Cx + D)x2
2

x+4 =
x + 4 = Ax x2 + 4 + 1 x2 + 4 + (Cx + D)x2

x+4 = (A + C)x3 + (D + 1)x2 + 4Ax + 4

0 = A+C
0 = D+1
1 = 4A
The Logistic Model
We obtain A = 1/4, C = −1/4, and D = −1. So

Z
x+4 1/4 1 (−1/4)x − 1
Z
dx = + 2+ dx
x2 (x2 + 4) x x x2 + 4
1/4 1 1 x dx
Z Z Z Z
= dx + 2
dx − 2
dx − 2
x x 4 x +4 x +4
1 1 1 2
1 −1 x

= 4 ln |x| − x − 8 ln x + 4 − 2 tan 2 +C .

7x + 3 7x + 3 A B C
= = + +
x3 − 2x2 − 3x x(x + 1)(x − 3) x x+1 x−3
7x + 3 = A(x + 1)(x − 3) + Bx(x − 3) + Cx(x + 1)
When x = 3 we obtain C = 2, when x = −1, we get B = −1, and when x = 0, we have
A = −1. So
Z
7x + 3 −1 −1 2
Z
dx = + + dx
x3 − 2x2 − 3x x x+1 x−3
−1 −1 2
Z Z Z
= dx + dx + dx
x x+1 x−3
= − ln |x| − ln |x + 1| + 2 ln |x − 3| + C .
(x + 1) x4 − x3 + x2 − x + 1

x5 + 1
=
x6 − x4 x4 (x − 1)(x + 1)
x4 − x3 + x2 − x + 1 A B C D E
= + 2+ 3+ 4 +
x4 (x − 1) x x x x x−1
x4 − x3 + x2 − x + 1 = Ax3 (x − 1) + Bx2 (x − 1) + Cx(x − 1) + D(x − 1) + Ex4
When x = 1 we obtain E = 1, and when x = 0, we have D = −1. So
x4 − x3 + x2 − x + 1 = Ax3 (x − 1) + Bx2 (x − 1) + Cx(x − 1) + (−1)(x − 1) + (1)x4

x4 − x3 + x2 − x + 1 = (A + 1)x4 + (B − A)x3 + (C − B)x2 + (−C − 1)x + 1.
Equating coefficients, we obtain A = 0, B = −1, and C = 0. We now integrate
x5 + 1
Z
−1 −1 1
Z
dx = + 4 + dx
x6 − x4 x2 x x−1
−1 −1 1
Z Z Z
= dx + dx + dx
x2 x4 x−1
1 1
= x + 3x3 + ln |x − 1| + C .
x2 A B C
2 = + +
(x − 2)(x − 1) x − 2 x − 1 (x − 1)2
2
x2 = A(x − 1) + B(x − 2)(x − 1) + C(x − 2).
When x = 1 we obtain C = −1, and when x = 2, we have A = 4. So

2
x2 = 4(x − 1) + B(x − 2)(x − 1) + (−1)(x − 2)
x2 = (B + 4)x2 + (−3B − 9)x + (2B + 6).
Equating coefficients, we obtain B = −3. We now obtain
!
x2 4 −3 −1
Z Z
2 dx = + + dx
(x − 2)(x − 1) x − 2 x − 1 (x − 1)2
4 −3 −1
Z Z Z
= dx + dx + 2 dx
x−2 x−1 (x − 1)
1
= 4 ln |x − 2| − 3 ln |x − 1| + x−1 +C .
x2 + 1 A B C
= + +
(x + 3)(x − 1)2 x + 3 x − 1 (x − 1)2
2
x2 + 1 = A(x − 1) + B(x + 3)(x − 1) + C(x + 3).
When x = 1 we obtain C = 1/2, and when x = −3, we have A = 5/8. So

2
x2 + 1 = (5/8)(x − 1) + B(x + 3)(x − 1) + (1/2)(x + 3)

5 2 3 17
x2 + 1 = B+ x + 2B − x+ − 3B .
8 4 8
Equating coefficients, we obtain B = 3/8. We now obtain

!
x2 + 1 5/8 3/8 1/2
Z Z
dx = + + dx
(x + 3)(x − 1)2 x + 3 x − 1 (x − 1)2
5/8 3/8 1/2
Z Z Z
= dx + dx + 2 dx
x+3 x−1 (x − 1)
5 3 1
= 8 ln |x + 3| + 8 ln |x − 1| − 2(x−1) +C .

2x + 1 2x + 1 A Bx + C
= = + 2
x3 − 1 2
(x − 1)(x + x + 1) x−1 x +x+1
= A x2 + x + 1 + (Bx + C)(x − 1).

2x + 1
(1) x2 + x + 1 + (Bx + C)(x − 1)

2x + 1 =
2x + 1 = (B + 1)x2 + (C − B + 1)x + (1 − C).
The Logistic Model
Equating coefficients, we obtain B = −1, and C = 0. We now obtain

Z
2x + 1 1 −x
Z
dx = + dx
x3 − 1 x − 1 x2 + x + 1
1 − 21 (2x + 1) + 12
Z Z
= dx + dx
x−1 x2 + x + 1
1 1 2x + 1 1 1
Z Z Z
= dx − 2
dx + √ 2 dx
x−1 2 x +x+1 2 2
x + 21 + 23

√ √
3(2x+1)
= ln |x − 1| − 12 ln x2 + x + 1 + 33 tan−1 3 +C .

1 1 A Bx + C
= = + 2
x3 −8 (x − 2)(x2
+ 2x + 4) x − 2 x + 2x + 4
2

1 = A x + 2x + 4 + (Bx + C)(x − 2).
1
When x = 2 we obtain A = 12 . So

1
x2 + 2x + 4 + (Bx + C)(x − 2)

1 =
12

1 2 1 1
1 = B+ x + C − 2B + x+ − 2C .
12 6 3
Equating coefficients, we obtain B = −1 −1
12 , and C = 3 . We now obtain
Z 1 1
− 12 x − 13

dx
Z
12
= + dx
x3 − 8 x − 2 x2 + 2x + 4
1 Z −1 1
24 (2x + 2) − 4
Z
12
= dx + 2
dx
x−2 x + 2x + 4
1
1 2x + 2 1 1
Z Z Z
12
= dx − dx − √ 2 dx
x−2 24 x2 + 2x + 4 4 2
(x + 1) + 3
√ √
1 1 3(x+1)
ln x2 + 2x + 4 − 123 tan−1

= 12 ln |x − 2| − 24 3 +C .

1 1 A B
= = +
x2 − 9 (x − 3)(x + 3) x−3 x+3
1 = A(x + 3) + B(x − 3).
Z 1 Z 1
dx 1/6 −1/6
2
= + dx
0 x −9 0 x−3 x+3
1
1 1
= ln |x − 3| − ln |x + 3|
6 6 0

1 1 1 1
= ln |1 − 3| − ln |1 + 3| − ln |0 − 3| − ln |0 + 3|
6 6 6 6
= − 61 ln 2 .

1 1 A B
= = +
x2 − 25 (x − 5)(x + 5) x−5 x+5
1 = A(x + 5) + B(x − 5).
−1 1
When x = −5 we obtain B = 10 , and when x = 5 we have A = 10 . So we obtain
4 4 1 −1
dx
Z Z
10 10
= + dx
2 x2 − 25 2 x−5 x+5
4
1 1
= ln |x − 5| − ln |x + 5|
10 10 2

1 1 1 1
= ln |4 − 5| − ln |4 + 5| − ln |2 − 5| − ln |2 + 5|
10 10 10 10
1 3
= 10 ln 7 − 10 ln 3 .

1 −1 A B
= = +
16 − x2 (x − 4)(x + 4) x−4 x+4
−1 = A(x + 4) + B(x − 4).
When x = −4 we obtain B = 18 , and when x = 4 we have A = −1

8 . So we obtain
3 3
dx −1/8 1/8
Z Z
= + dx
−2 16 − x2 −2 x−4 x+4
3
−1 1
= ln |x − 4| + ln |x + 4|
8 8 −2

−1 1 −1 1
= ln |3 − 4| + ln |3 + 4| − ln |−2 − 4| + ln |−2 + 4|
8 8 8 8
1 1 1
= ln 7 − ln 2 + ln 6 = 18 ln 21 .
8 8 8

1 −1 A B
= = +
9 − x2 (x − 3)(x + 3) x−3 x+3
−1 = A(x + 3) + B(x − 3).
When x = −3 we obtain B = 61 , and when x = 3 we have A = −1

6 . So we obtain
2 2
dx −1/6 1/6
Z Z
= + dx
1 9 − x2 1 x−3 x+3
2
−1 1
= ln |x − 3| + ln |x + 3|
6 6 1

−1 1 −1 1
= ln |2 − 3| + ln |2 + 3| − ln |1 − 3| + ln |1 + 3|
6 6 6 6
1 1
= 6 ln 5 − 6 ln 2 .
The Logistic Model
53. Let x = sin θ, and substitute to obtain

cos θ dx dx
Z Z Z
dθ = = .
sin2 θ + sin θ − 6 x2 + x − 6 (x − 2)(x + 3)
We use partial fractions to obtain
1 A B
= +
(x − 2)(x + 3) x−2 x+3
1 = A(x + 3) + B(x − 2)

Z
cos θ 1/5 −1/5
Z
dθ = + dx
sin2 θ + sin θ − 6 x−2 x+3
1 1
= ln |x − 2| − ln |x + 3| + C
5 5
1 1
= 5 ln (2 − sin θ) − 5 ln (sin θ + 3) + C .
54. Let u = cos x, and substitute to obtain

sin x −du −du
Z Z Z
2
dx = 2
= .
cos x − 2 cos x − 8 u − 2x − 8 (u − 4)(u + 2)
−1 A B
= +
(u − 4)(u + 2) u−4 u+2
−1 = A(u + 2) + B(u − 4)
When u = −2 we obtain B = 16 , and when u = 4 we have A = − 61 . So we obtain

Z
sin x −1/6 1/6
Z
dx = + du
cos2 x − 2 cos x − 8 u−4 u+2
1 1
= − ln |u − 4| + ln |u + 2| + C
6 6
= − 61 ln (4 − cos x) + 1
6 ln (cos x + 2) + C .
55. Let x = cos θ, and substitute to obtain

sin θ −dx −dx
Z Z Z
3
dθ = 3
= .
cos θ + cos θ x +x x(x2 + 1)
−1 A Bx + C
= + 2
x(x2 + 1) x x +1
= A x2 + 1 + (Bx + C)x

−1
When x = 0 we obtain A = −1. So

−1 = (−1) x2 + 1 + (Bx + C)x

−1 = (B − 1)x2 + Cx − 1
Equating coefficients, we obtain B = 1 and C = 0. We now have

Z
sin θ −1 x
Z
dθ = + 2 dx
cos3 θ + cos θ x x +1
−1 x
Z Z
= dx + dx
x x2 + 1
1
= − ln |x| + ln x2 + 1 + C

2
1
ln cos2 θ + 1 + C .

= − ln |cos θ| + 2
56. Let x = sin θ, and substitute to obtain

4 cos θ 4 dx 4dx
Z Z Z
dθ = = .
sin3 θ + 2 sin θ x3 + 2x x(x2 + 2)
4 A Bx + C
= + 2
x(x2 + 2) x x +2
2

4 = A x + 2 + (Bx + C)x
2 x2 + 2 + (Bx + C)x

4 =
4 = (B + 2)x2 + Cx + 4
Z
4 cos θ 2 −2x
Z
dθ = + dx
cos3 θ + cos θ x x2 + 2
1 2x
Z Z
= 2 dx − dx
x x2 + 2
= 2 ln |x| − ln x2 + 2 + C

2 ln |sin θ| − ln sin2 θ + 2 + C .

=
57. Let x = et , and substitute to obtain

et dx dx
Z Z Z
dt = = .
e2t + et − 2 x2 + x − 2 (x − 1)(x + 2)
1 A B
= +
(x − 1)(x + 2) x−1 x+2
1 = A(x + 2) + B(x − 1)
et
Z
1/3 −1/3
Z
dt = + dx
e2t + et − 2 x−1 x+2
1/3 −1/3
Z Z
= dx + dx
x−1 x+2
1 1
= ln |x − 1| − ln |x + 2| + C
3 3
1 1
= 3 ln |et − 1| − 3 ln (et + 2) + C .
The Logistic Model
58. Let y = ex , and substitute to obtain

ex dy dy
Z Z Z
dx = = .
e2x + ex − 6 y2 + y − 6 (y − 2)(y + 3)

1 A B
= +
(y − 2)(y + 3) y−2 y+3
1 = A(y + 3) + B(y − 2)
When y = −3 we obtain B = − 51 , and when y = 2 we have A = 51 . So we obtain
ex
Z
1/5 −1/5
Z
dx = + dy
e2x + ex − 6 y−2 y+3
1/5 −1/5
Z Z
= dy + dy
y−2 y+3
1 1
= ln |y − 2| − ln |y + 3| + C
5 5
1 1
= 5 ln |ex − 2| − 5 ln (ex + 3) + C .
59. Let y = ex , and substitute to obtain

ex dy dy
Z Z Z
dx = = .
e2x − 1 y2 − 1 (y − 1)(y + 1)

1 A B
= +
(y − 1)(y + 1) y−1 y+1
1 = A(y + 1) + B(y − 1)
ex
Z
1/2 −1/2
Z
dx = + dy
e2x − 1 y−1 y+1
1/2 −1/2
Z Z
= dy + dy
y−1 y+1
1 1
= ln |y − 1| − ln |y + 1| + C
2 2
1 1
= 2 ln |ex − 1| − 2 ln (ex + 1) + C .
60. We rewrite the integral as

dx ex
Z Z
= dx.
e − e−x
x e2x − 1
Let y = ex , and substitute to obtain
dx dy dy
Z Z Z
x −x
dx = 2
= .
e −e y −1 (y − 1)(y + 1)

1 A B
= +
(y − 1)(y + 1) y−1 y+1
1 = A(y + 1) + B(y − 1)

Z
dx 1/2 −1/2
Z
= + dy
ex − e−x y−1 y+1
1/2 −1/2
Z Z
= dy + dy
y−1 y+1
1 1
= ln |y − 1| − ln |y + 1| + C
2 2
1 1
= 2 ln |ex − 1| − 2 ln (ex + 1) + C .

dt et
Z Z
= dt.
e2t + 1 et (e2t + 1)
Let x = et , and substitute to obtain

dt dx
Z Z
= .
e2t + 1 x(x2 + 1)
1 A Bx + C
= + 2
x(x2 + 1) x x +1
2

1 = A x + 1 + (Bx + C)x
(1) x2 + 1 + (Bx + C)x

1 =
1 = (B + 1)x2 + Cx + 1
Z
dt 1 −x
Z
= + dx
e2t + 1 x x2 + 1
1 −x
Z Z
= dx + dx
x x2 + 1
1
= ln |x| − ln x2 + 1 + C

2
1
= ln e − ln e2t + 1 + C
t

2
1
= t − 2 ln e2t + 1 + C .


dt et
Z Z
= dt.
e3t + et e2t (e2t + 1)
The Logistic Model
Let x = et , and substitute to obtain

dt dx
Z Z
= .
e3t + et x2 (x2 + 1)
1 A B Cx + D
= + 2+ 2
x2 (x2 + 1) x x x +1
= Ax x + 1 + B x2 + 1 + (Cx + D)x2
2

1
1 = Ax x2 + 1 + (1) x2 + 1 + (Cx + D)x2

1 = (A + C)x3 + (D + 1)x2 + Ax + 1
Equating coefficients, we obtain A = 0, C = 0, and D = −1. So
Z
dt 1 −1
Z
= + dx
e3t + et x2 x2 + 1
1 dx
Z Z
= 2
dx − 2
x x +1
1 −1
= − − tan x + C
x
= −e−t − tan−1 (et ) + C .
63. Let u = sin x − 1, and substitute to obtain

sin x cos x u+1
Z Z
2 dx = du
(sin x − 1) u2
Z
1 −2
= +u du
u
1
= ln |u| − + C
u
1
= ln |sin x − 1| − sin x−1 +C .
64. Let u = cos x − 2, and substitute to obtain

cos x sin x − (u + 2)
Z Z
2 dx = du
(cos x − 2) u2
Z
1
= − − 2u−2 du
u
2
= − ln |u| + + C
u
2
= − ln (2 − cos x) + cos x−2 +C .
65. Let u = sin x, and substitute to obtain

cos x du
Z Z
2 dx = .
2
sin x + 9 (u2 + 9)2
Let u = 3 tan θ, and substitute to obtain
cos x 3 sec2 θ dθ
Z Z
2 dx = 2
sin2 x + 9

(3 tan θ)2 + 9
1
Z
= cos2 θ dθ
27
1 1 + cos (2θ)
Z
= dθ
27 2

1 1
= θ + sin (2θ) + C
54 2
1 u 1
= tan−1 + sin θ cos θ + C
54 3 54
1 u 1 tan θ
= tan−1 + + C.
54 3 54 sec2 θ
√ q
u 2
√
Since tan θ = u3 , sec θ = tan2 θ + 1 = 3 + 1 = 13 u2 + 9, and we have
u
cos x 1 u 1
Z
2 dx = tan−1 + √
3
2 + C
sin2 x + 9 54 3 54 1
u 2+9
3
1 u 1 u
= tan−1 + +C
54 3 18 u2 + 9
1 sin x 1 sin x
= 54 tan−1 3 + 18 sin2 x+9 +C .
66. Let u = cos x, and substitute to obtain

sin x −du
Z Z
2 dx = .
(cos2 x + 4) (u2 + 4)2
Let u = 2 tan θ, and substitute to obtain
sin x −2 sec2 θ dθ
Z Z
2 dx = 2
(cos2 x + 4)

2
(2 tan θ) + 4
−1
Z
= cos2 θ dθ
8
−1 1 + cos (2θ)
Z
= dθ
8 2

−1 1
= θ + sin (2θ) + C
16 2
−1 −1 u −1
= tan + sin θ cos θ + C
16 2 16
−1 u −1 tan θ
= tan−1 + + C.
16 2 16 sec2 θ
The Logistic Model
√ q
u 2
√
Since tan θ = u2 , sec θ = tan2 θ + 1 = 1

2 +1= 2 u2 + 4, and we have
u
sin x −1 u −1
Z
2 dx = tan−1 + √
2
2 + C
(cos2 x + 4) 16 2 16 1
u 2 + 4
2
−1 u 1 u
= tan−1 − +C
16 2 8 u2 + 4
−1 cos x 1 cos x
= 16 tan−1 2 − 8 cos2 x+4 +C .
67. The area under the graph is given by

Z 5 Z 5
4 4
A= 2−4
dx = dx.
3 x 3 (x + 2)(x − 2)

4 A B
= +
(x + 2)(x − 2) x+2 x−2
4 = A(x − 2) + B(x + 2)
When x = 2 we obtain B = 1, and when x = −2 we have A = −1. So we obtain
Z 5
−1 1
A = + dx
3 x+2 x−2
5
= [− ln (x + 2) + ln (x − 2)]3
= − ln (5 + 2) + ln (5 − 2) − (− ln (3 + 2) + ln (3 − 2))
= ln 3 + ln 5 − ln 7 = ln 15
7 .

6
x−4
Z
A= 2 dx.
4 (x + 3)
Let u = x + 3 to obtain
9
(u − 3) − 4
Z
A = du
7 u2
Z 9
1 7
= − 2 du
7 u u
9
7
= ln u +
u 7

7 7
= ln 9 + − ln 7 +
9 7
2
= ln 9 − ln 7 − 9 .

Z 2 Z 2
8 8
A= 3+1
dx = 2 − x + 1)
dx.
0 x 0 (x + 1)(x

8 A Bx + C
= +
(x + 1)(x2 − x + 1) x + 1 x2 − x + 1
A x2 − x + 1 + (Bx + C)(x + 1).

8 =
When x = −1 we obtain A = 8/3. We expand and obtain
8 = (8/3) x2 − x + 1 + (Bx + C)(x + 1)

8 2 8 8
8 = B+ x + B+C − x+ C + .
3 3 3
Equating coefficients, we have B = −8/3 and C = 16/3. We now have

Z 2
8/3 (−8/3)x + 16/3
A = + dx
0 x+1 x2 − x + 1
2 Z 2
8 (−4/3)(2x − 1)x + 4
= ln (x + 1) + dx
3 0 0 x2 − x + 1
4 2 2x − 1
Z 2
8 8 dx
Z
= ln (2 + 1) − ln (0 + 1) − dx + 4 √ 2
3 3 3 0 x2 − x + 1 2
x − 12 + 23
0

" √ √ !#2
8 4 2
2 2 3 −1 3(2x − 1)
= ln 3 − ln x − x + 1 0 + 4 tan
3 3 3 3
0
8 4
ln 3 − ln 22 − 2 + 1 − ln 02 − 0 + 1

=
3 " 3
√ √ ! √ √ !#
2 3 −1 3(2(2) − 1) 2 3 3(2(0) − 1)
+4 tan − tan−1
3 3 3 3
√
4 4 3
= 3 ln 3 + 3 π .
70. The volume is given by

5 2 5
4 16
Z Z
V = π 2 dx = π 2 2 dx.
3 x −4 3 (x − 2) (x + 2)

16 A B C D
2 2 = + + +
(x − 2) (x + 2) x − 2 (x − 2)2 x + 2 (x + 2)2
2 2 2 2
16 = A(x − 2)(x + 2) + B(x + 2) + C(x − 2) (x + 2) + D(x − 2) .
When x = −2 we obtain D = 1, and when x = 2 we have B = 1. We expand and obtain
16 = A(x − 2)(x + 2)2 + (1)(x + 2)2 + C(x − 2)2 (x + 2) + (1)(x − 2)2

16 = (A + C)x3 + (2A − 2C + 2)x2 + (−4A − 4C)x + (8C − 8A + 8).
The Logistic Model
Equating coefficients, we have A + C = 0 and 2A − 2C + 2 = 0. So C = −A, and

2A − 2(−A) + 2 = 4A + 2 = 0. We obtain A = −1/2 and C = 1/2. We now have
Z 5 !
−1/2 1 1/2 1
V = π + + + dx
3 x − 2 (x − 2)2 x + 2 (x + 2)2
Z 5 Z 5 Z 5 Z 5 !
−1/2 1 1/2 1
= π dx + 2 dx + dx + 2 dx
3 x−2 3 (x − 2) 3 x+2 3 (x + 2)
5 5 5 5 !
1 1 1 1
= π − ln (x − 2) + − + ln (x + 2) + −
2 3 x−2 3 2 3 x+2 3

1 1 1 1
= π − ln (5 − 2) − − ln (3 − 2) + − − −
2 2 5−2 3−2

1 1 1 1
+ ln (5 + 2) − ln (3 + 2) + − − −
2 2 5+2 3+2
= π 21 ln 7 − 12 ln 5 − 21 ln 3 + 105
76

.
71. The arc length of the graph of y = ln x from x = 1 to x = e is given by

Z e√ 2
s 2 s 2
Z e Z e
dy 1 x +1
L= 1+ dx = 1+ dx = dx.
1 dx 1 x 1 x
√
x2 +1
R
To evaluate x dx, use the substitution x = tan θ.
π
Since x > 0, 0 < θ < 2.
√ √ √ π
Then dx = sec2 θ dθ and x2 + 1 = tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ = sec θ since 0 < θ < 2.
π
The lower limit of integration becomes θ = tan−1 1 = 4, and the upper limit of integration
becomes θ = tan−1 e.
So,
Z √ 2
x +1 sec θ
Z
dx = sec2 θ dθ
x tan θ
Z
= (tan θ sec θ + csc θ) dθ
= sec θ − ln |cot θ + csc θ| + C.

√
Since 0 < θ < π2 and tan θ = x, sec θ = x2 + 1, cot θ = tan 1 1
θ = x,
√ q √
2
and csc θ = cot2 θ + 1 = x12 + 1 = xx+1 .
So,
Z √
x2 + 1
dx = sec θ − ln |cot θ + csc θ| + C
x
1 √x2 + 1

p
2
= x + 1 − ln +

+C

x x
1 + √x2 + 1

p
= x2 + 1 − ln + C.

x
Therefore,
e
√ "
1 + √x2 + 1 e
#
x2 + 1
Z p
L= dx = x2 + 1 − ln

x x

1
1
" √ !#
h√
p 1+ e +12 √ i
= e2 + 1 − ln − 2 − ln 1 + 2
e
hp p i h√ √ i
= e2 + 1 − ln 1 + e2 + 1 + ln(e) − 2 − ln 1 + 2
√ √ √
= 1 − 2 + e2 + 1 + ln 1+1+ √ 2
2
e +1
.

72. (a) The logistic model dW W
dt = −0.057W 1 − 14,656,248 is expressed in the form dW
dt =
W

kW 1 − M where k is the maximum growth rate and M is the carrying capacity.
Therefore, the carrying capacity is M = 14,656,248 farmers .
(b) The maximum yearly growth rate is k = −0.057 Since k < 0, we can also say that
the maximum yearly decay rate is k = 0.057 .
(c) At the inflection point, the number of farmers is one-half the carrying capacity, 12 M =
7,328,124 farmers .
73. (a) Since the rate of change of the number of people with the flu P with respect to
time t (in days) is proportional to the product of P and 50 − P , the differential
equation can be written as dPdt = CP (50 − P ). The differential equation can also
dP P
be written in the form dt = kP 1 − M where M = 50 is the carrying capac-
ity and k = 0.15 is the maximum growth rate. The differential equation becomes
dP P

dt = 0.15P 1 − 50 with P (0) = 1 .
(b) The initial number of people

with the flu M
is P0 = 1. The solution to the differential
equation dP
dt = kP 1 − P
M is P (t) = 1+ae−kt
where k = 0.15, M = 50, and a =
M−P0 50−1 50
P0 = 1 = 49. Therefore, P (t) = 1+49e−0.15t .
(c) Find t so that P (t) = 25.

50
= 25
1 + 49e−0.15t
50
−1
e−0.15t = 25
49
50
−1

25
−0.15t = ln
49

1 1 1
t=− ln = ln 49 ≈ 29.945 days .
0.15 49 0.15
The Logistic Model
(d) Find t so that P (t) = 0.80(50).

50
= 40
1 + 49e−0.15t
50
−1
e−0.15t = 40
49

0.25
−0.15t = ln
49

1 0.25
t=− ln ≈ 35.187 days
0.15 49
74. (a) Since the rate of change of the fruit fly population P with respect to time t (in days) is
P
proportional to the product of P and 1 − 230 , the differential equation can be written
dP P
as dt = kP 1 − M . This is the logistic growth model dP P

dt = kP 1 − M where k is
the maximum growth rate and M is the carrying capacity. We are given the maximum
growth rate k = 0.37 and a carrying capacity of M = 230 fruit flies. The differential
equation becomes dP P

dt = 0.37P 1 − 230 with P (0) = 4 .
(b) The initial population size is P0 = 4 fruit flies. The solution to the differential equation
dP P M M−P0

dt = kP 1 − M is P (t) = 1+ae −kt where k = 0.37, M = 230, and a = P0 =
230−4 230
4 = 56.5. Therefore, P (t) = 1+56.5e−0.37t .
(c) Find t so that P (t) = 115.
230
= 115
1 + 56.5e−0.37t
230
−1
e−0.37t = 115
56.5
230
115 − 1

−0.37t = ln
56.5
230
−1

1
t=− ln 115 = 10.903 days .
0.37 56.5
(d) Find t so that P (t) = 180.
230
= 180
1 + 56.5e−0.37t
230
−1
e−0.37t = 180
56.5
230
−1

−0.37t = ln 180
56.5
230
180 − 1

1
t=− ln = 14.365 days .
0.37 56.5
75. (a) We test possible rational roots, and obtain that the zeros of q are −4, −2, and 3 .
(b) From part (a), we obtain q(x) = (x + 4) (x + 2)(x − 3).
(c) We use partial fractions to obtain
3x − 7 A B C
= + +
x3 + 3x2 − 10x − 24 x+2 x−3 x+4
3x − 7 = A(x − 3)(x + 4) + B(x + 2)(x + 4) + C(x + 2)(x − 3).
2
When x = −4 we obtain C = −19/14. When x = 3 we get B = 35 . And when
13
x = −2, we have A = 10 . We now obtain
Z
3x − 7 13/10 2/35 −19/14
Z
dx = + + dx
x3 + 3x2 − 10x − 24 x+2 x−3 x+4
13/10 2/35 −19/14
Z Z Z
= dx + dx + dx
x+2 x−3 x+4
13 2 19
= 10 ln |x + 2| + 35 ln |x − 3| − 14 ln |x + 4| + C .
Challenge Problems
√ 1
76. Let u = x, du = √
2 x
dx, so dx = 2u du. We obtain
x dx u2
Z Z
√ = (2u) du
3+ x 3+u
u3
Z
= 2 du.
u+3
Let y = u + 3, then we have
x dx (y − 3)3
Z Z
√ = 2 dy
3+ x y
Z 3
y − 9y 2 + 27y − 27
= 2 dy
y
Z
27
= 2 y 2 − 9y + 27 − dy
y

1 3 9 2
= 2 y − y + 27y − 27 ln |y| + C
3 2
2 3 2
= (u + 3) − 9(u + 3) + 54(u + 3) − 54 ln |u + 3| + C
3
2 √ 3 √ 2 √ √
= 3 ( x + 3) − 9( x + 3) + 54( x + 3) − 54 ln ( x + 3) + C .
√ 1
77. Let u = x, du = √
2 x
dx, so dx = 2u du. We obtain
dx 2u
Z Z
√ = du.
x+2 u+2
Let y = u + 2, then we have

dx y−2
Z Z
√ = 2 du
x+2 y
Z
2
= 2 1− dy
y
= 2(y − 2 ln |y|) + C
= 2(u + 2) − 4 ln |u + 2| + C
√ √
= 2 x − 4 ln ( x + 2) + C .
The Logistic Model
√ 1
78. Let u = 3
x, du = 3x2/3
dx, so dx = 3u2 du. We obtain
dx 3u2
Z Z
√ = du
x− x3
u3 − u
3u
Z
= du
u2 − 1
3u
Z
= du.
(u − 1)(u + 1)
3u A B
= +
(u − 1)(u + 1) u−1 u+1
3u = A(u + 1) + B(u − 1).
When u = −1 we obtain B = 3/2, and when u = 1 we have A = 3/2. We now obtain
Z
dx 3/2 3/2
Z
√ = + du
x− 3x u−1 u+1
3 3
= ln |u − 1| + ln |u + 1| + C
2 2
√ √
= 2 ln | x − 1| + 23 ln | 3 x + 1| + C .
3 3
√ 1
79. Let u = 3
x, du = 3x2/3
x dx u3
Z Z
3u2 du

√ =
3
x−1 u−1
u5
Z
= 3 du.
u−1
Let y = u − 1, then we have
x dx (y + 1)5
Z Z
√ = 3 dy
3
x−1 y
Z 5
y + 5y 4 + 10y 3 + 10y 2 + 5y + 1
= 3 dy
y
Z
1
= 3 y 4 + 5y 3 + 10y 2 + 10y + 5 + dy
y

1 5 5 4 10 3 2
= 3 y + y + y + 5y + 5y + ln |y| + C
5 4 3
3 5 15 4 3 2
= (u − 1) + (u − 1) + 10(u − 1) + 15(u − 1) + 15(u − 1) + 3 ln |u − 1| + C
5 4
3 5 3 4 3
= u + u + u3 + u2 + 3u + 3 ln |u − 1| + C
5 4 2
3 5/3
x + x + x + 3 x2/3 + 3x1/3 + 3 ln x1/3 − 1 + C .
3 4/3

= 5 4 2
1
80. Let u = x1/6 , du = 6x5/6
dx 6u5
Z Z
√ √ = du
x+ x3
u3 + u2
6u3
Z
= du.
u+1
Let y = u + 1, and substitute to obtain

3
dx 6(y − 1)
Z Z
√ √ = dy
x+ 3x y
6y 3 − 18y 2 + 18y − 6
Z
= dy
y
Z
6
= 6y 2 − 18y + 18 − dy
y
= 2y 3 − 9y 2 + 18y − 6 ln |y| + C
3 2
= 2(u + 1) − 9(u + 1) + 18(u + 1) − 6 ln |u + 1| + C
= 2u3 − 3u2 + 6u − 6 ln |u + 1| + C
√ √
= 2 x − 3 3 x + 6x1/6 − 6 ln x1/6 + 1 + C .
1
81. Let u = x1/6 , du = 6x5/6
dx 6u5
Z Z
√ √ = du
3 x− 3x 3u3 − u2
6u3
Z
= du.
3u − 1
Let y = 3u − 1, and substitute to obtain
y+1 3

dx 6 1
Z Z
3
√ √ = dy
3 x− 3x y 3
Z 2 3 2 2 2 2
9y + 3y + 3y + 9
= dy
3y
Z
2 2 2 2 2
= y + y+ + dy
27 9 9 27y
2 3 1 2 2 2
= y + y + y+ ln |y| + C
81 9 9 27
2 3 1 2 2 2
= (3u − 1) + (3u − 1) + (3u − 1) + ln |3u − 1| + C
81 9 9 27
2 3 1 2 2 2
= u + u + u+ ln |3u − 1| + C
3 3 9 27
2 1/2
x + 1 x1/3 + 2 x1/6 + 2 ln 3x1/6 − 1 + C .

= 3 3 9 27
82. Let u = 2 + 3x, and substitute to obtain

1
dx du
Z Z
3
√ = √
3
2 + 3x 3
u
1
Z
= u−1/3 du
3

1 3 2/3
= u +C
3 2
1 2/3
= 2 (2 + 3x) +C .
The Logistic Model
83. Let u = 1 + 2x, and substitute to obtain

1
dx du
Z Z
2
√ = √
4
1 + 2x 4
u
1
Z
= u−1/4 du
2

1 4 3/4
= u +C
2 3
2 3/4
= 3 (1 + 2x) +C .
84. Let u = 1 + x, and substitute to obtain
x dx (u − 1) du
Z Z
3/4
=
(1 + x) u3/4
Z
= u1/4 − u−3/4 du
4 5/4
= u − 4u1/4 + C
5
4 5/4 1/4
= 5 (1 + x) − 4(1 + x) +C .
85. Let u = 1 + x, and substitute to obtain

dx du
Z Z
2/3
=
(1 + x) u2/3
Z
= u−2/3 du
= 3u1/3 + C
1/3
= 3(1 + x) +C .
√ 1
86. Let u = 3
x, du = 3x2/3
Z √
x+1 u+1 2
3
Z
√ dx = 3u du.
3
x−1 u−1
Let y = u − 1, then we have

Z √
x+1 (y + 1) + 1
3
Z
2
√ dx = 3 (y + 1) dy
3
x−1 y
2
(y + 2) (y + 1)
Z
= 3 dy
y
Z 3
y + 4y 2 + 5y + 2
= 3 dy
y

2
Z
= 3 y 2 + 4y + 5 + dy
y

1 3 1 2
= 3 y +4 y + 5y + 2 ln |y| + C
3 2

1 3 1 2
= 3 (u − 1) + 4 (u − 1) + 5 (u − 1) + 2 ln |u − 1| + C
3 2
= u3 + 3u2 + 6u + 6 ln |u − 1| + C
√ √
= x + 3x2/3 + 6 3 x + 6 ln | 3 x − 1| + C .
1
87. Let u = x1/6 , du = 6x5/6
dx 6u5
Z Z
√ √ 2 = 2 du
x(1 + 3 x) u3 (1 + u2 )
1 + u2 − 1
Z
= 6 2 du
(1 + u2 )
!
1 1
Z
= 6 − 2 du
1 + u2 (1 + u2 )
1
Z
= 6 tan−1 u − 6 2 du.
(1 + u2 )
In the last integral, let u = tan θ, and substitute to obtain
1 sec2 θ
Z Z
2 du = dθ
(1 + u2 ) sec4 θ
Z
= cos2 θ dθ
1
Z
= (1 + cos (2θ)) dθ
2

1 1
= θ + sin 2θ + C
2 2
1 1
= θ + sin θ cos θ + C
2 2
1 −1 1 u 1
= tan u + √ √ +C
2 2 1 + u2 1 + u2
1 u
= tan−1 u + 2
+ C.
2 2(u + 1)
The Logistic Model
We now obtain

dx 1 u
Z
√ √ 2 = 6 tan−1 u − 6 tan−1 u + +C
x(1 + 3 x) 2 2(u2 + 1)
3u
= 3 tan−1 u − 2 +C
u +1
x1/6
= 3 tan−1 x1/6 − 3 x1/3

+1
+C .
88. With the substitution z = tan x2 , sin x = 2z

1+z 2 , and dx = 2 dz
1+z 2 we obtain
dx 1 2 dz
Z Z
= 2z
1 − sin x 1− 1+z 2
1 + z2
dz
Z
= 2
1 − 2z + z 2
Z
= 2 (1 − z)−2 dz
= 2(1 − z)−1 + C
2
= 1−tan x +C .
2

1+z 2 , and dx = 2 dz
1+z 2 we obtain
dx 1 2 dz
Z Z
= 2z
1 + sin x 1+ 1+z 2
1 + z2
dz
Z
= 2
1 + 2z + z 2
Z
−2
= 2 (1 + z) dz
−1
= −2(1 + z) +C
2
= − 1+tan x +C .
2
1−z 2
90. With the substitution z = tan x2 , cos x = 1+z 2 , and dx = 2 dz
1+z 2 we obtain
dx 1 2 dz
Z Z
= 1−z 2
1 − cos x 1− 1+z 2
1 + z2
dz
Z
=
z2
1
= − +C
z
1
= − +C
tan x2
= − cot x2 + C .
1−z 2
1+z 2 we obtain
dx 1 2 dz
Z Z
= 1−z 2 1 + z 2
3 + 2 cos x 3 + 2 1+z 2
dz
Z
= 2 √ 2
+ z2 5
√ √ !
2 5 −1 5
= tan z +C
5 5
√ √
2 5 −1 5 x
= 5 tan 5 tan 2 +C .
1−z 2
1+z 2 , cos x = 1+z 2 , and dx = 2 dz
1+z 2 we obtain
dx 1 2 dz
Z Z
= 1−z 2
sin x + cos x 2z
1+z 2 + 1+z 2
1 + z2
2 dz
Z
=
−z 2 + 2z + 1
−2 dz
Z
=
z 2 − 2z − 1
−2 dz
Z
= √ √ .
z− 1+ 2 z− 1− 2

−2 A B
√ √ = √ + √
z− 1+ 2 z− 1− 2 z− 1+ 2 z− 1− 2
√ √
−2 = A z− 1− 2 +B z− 1+ 2 .
√ √ √ √
When z = 1 − 2 we obtain B = 2/2, and when z = 1 + 2 we have A = − 2/2. So
we obtain
√ √ !
dx − 2/2 2/2
Z Z
= √ + √ dx
sin x + cos x z− 1+ 2 z− 1− 2
√ √
2 √ 2 √
= − ln z − 1 − 2 + ln z − 1 + 2 + C
2 2
√ √ √ √
= − 22 ln tan x2 − 1 − 2 + 22 ln tan x2 − 1 + 2 + C .

1−z 2
1+z 2 , cos x = 1+z 2 , and dx = 2 dz
1+z 2 we obtain
dx 1 2 dz
Z Z
=
1 − sin x + cos x 1− 2z
1+z 2 + 1−z 2
1+z 2
1 + z2
dz
Z
=
1−z
= − ln |1 − z|
− ln 1 − tan x2 + C .

=
The Logistic Model
94. Let u = 3 + cos x, substitute to obtain

sin x dx −du
Z Z
=
3 + cos x u
= − ln |u| + C
= − ln (3 + cos x) + C.
95. With the substitution z = tan x2 , tan x = 2z

1−z 2 , and dx = 2 dz
1+z 2 we obtain
2
dx
Z Z
1+z 2
= 2z dz
tan x − 1 1−z 2 − 1
2 1 − z2
Z
= dz
(1 + z 2 )(2z − (1 − z 2 ))
2 1 − z2
Z
= dz.
(z 2 + 1)(z 2 + 2z − 1)
2 1 − z2

Az + B Cz + D
= + 2
(z 2 + 1)(z 2 + 2z − 1) z2 + 1 z + 2z − 1
−2z 2 + 2 = (Az + B) z 2 + 2z − 1 + (Cz + D) z 2 + 1

−2z 2 + 2 = (A + C)z 3 + (2A + B + D)z 2 + (2B − A + C)z + (D − B).

A+C = 0
2A + B + D = −2
2B − A + C = 0
D−B = 2.
We solve this system and obtain A = −1, B = −1, C = 1, and D = 1. So
Z
dx z+1 z+1
Z
= − dz
tan x − 1 z 2 + 2z − 1 z 2 + 1
1 2(z + 1) 1 2z 1
Z Z Z
= 2
− 2
dz − 2
dz
2 z + 2z − 1 2 z +1 z +1
1 2 1
ln z + 2z − 1 − ln z 2 + 1 − tan−1 z + C

=
2 2
1
2 x
+ 2 tan x − 1 − 1 ln tan2 x + 1 − x

= 2ln tan

2 2 2 2 2 +C .

1+z 2 , tan x = 2z
1−z 2 , and dx = 2 dz
1+z 2 we obtain
2
dx
Z Z
1+z 2
= 2z 2z dz
tan x − sin x 1−z 2 − 1+z 2
2 1 − z2
Z
= dz
2z((1 + z 2 ) − (1 − z 2 ))
2 1 − z2
Z
= dz
4z 3
Z
1 −3 1
= z − dz
2 z

1 1 −2
= − z − ln |z| + C
2 2
− 14 cot2 x2 − 21 ln tan x2 + C .

=
1+z 2
97. With the substitution z = tan x2 , sec x = 1−z 2 , tan x = 2z
1−z 2 , and dx = 2 dz
1+z 2 we obtain
1+z 2 2
sec x dx
Z Z
1−z 2 1+z 2
= 2z dz
tan x − 2 1−z 2 − 2
1
Z
= dz
z − (1 − z 2 )
1
Z
= dz
z2 + z − 1
1
Z
= 1
√ 1
√ dz.
z − − 21 5 − 12

z− 2 5− 2

1 A B
1
√ 1
√ = √ + √
z − − 21 5 − 12 1 1
z − − 2 5 − 12
1

z− 2 5− 2 z− 5− 2 2
1√ 1√

1 1
1 = A z− − 5− +B z− 5− .
2 2 2 2
√ √ √ √
When z = − 21 5 − 12 we obtain B = − 5/5, and when z = 21 5 − 21 we have A = 5/5.
So we obtain
√ √ !
sec x dx 5/5 − 5/5
Z Z
= √ + √ dz
tan x − 2 z − 12 5 − 12 z − − 21 5 − 21
√ √
1√ 1√

5 1 5 1
= ln z − 5− − ln z − − 5− +C
5 2 2 5 2 2
√
5
x 1
√ 1
√5 x 1
√ 1

= 5 ln tan 2 − 2 5 + 2 − 5 ln tan 2 + 2 5 + 2 + C .

The Logistic Model
1−z 2
1+z 2 , cot x = 2z , and dx = 2 dz
1+z 2 we obtain
1−z 2
cot x dx 2
Z Z
2z
= 2z dz
1 + sin x 1 + 1+z 2 1 + z2
Z 1−z 2
z
= dz
1 + z2 +
2z
(1 − z)(1 + z)
Z
= 2 dz
z(1 + z)
1−z
Z
= dz.
z(1 + z)

1−z A B
= +
z(1 + z) z 1+z
1−z = A(1 + z) + Bz.
When z = −1, we have B = −2, and when z = 0, A = 1. We now obtain
Z
cot x dx 1 −2
Z
= + dz
1 + sin x z 1+z
= ln |z| − 2 ln |1 + z| + C
= ln tan x2 − 2 ln 1 + tan x2 + C .

1+z 2
1+z 2 , sec x = 1−z 2 , and dx = 2 dz
1+z 2 we obtain
1+z 2 2
sec x dx
Z Z
1−z 2 1+z 2
= 2z dz
1 + sin x 1 + 1+z 2
−2 1 + z 2
Z
= 3 dz.
(z − 1)(z + 1)
−2 1 + z 2

A B C D
3 = + + 2 + 3
(z − 1)(z + 1) z − 1 z + 1 (z + 1) (z + 1)
3 2
−2 1 + z 2 = A(z + 1) + B(z − 1)(z + 1) + C(z − 1)(z + 1) + D(z − 1).

When z = −1, we have D = 2, and when z = 1, A = −1/2. We now obtain

3 2
−2z 2 − 2 = (−1/2)(z + 1) + B(z − 1)(z + 1) + C(z − 1)(z + 1) + 2(z − 1)

1 3 3 2 1 5
−2z 2 − 2 = B− z + B+C − z + −B z− B+C + .
2 2 2 2
Equating coefficients, we obtain B = 1/2 and C = −1. We now have

!
sec x dx −1/2 1/2 −1 2
Z Z
= + + + dz
1 + sin x z − 1 z + 1 (z + 1)2 (z + 1)3
−1/2 1/2 −1 2
Z Z Z Z
= dz + dz + 2 dz + 3 dz
z−1 z+1 (z + 1) (z + 1)
1 1 1 1
= − ln |z − 1| + ln |z + 1| + − +C
2 2 z + 1 (z + 1)2
= − 12 ln tan x2 − 1 + 12 ln tan x2 + 1 + tan 1x +1 − 1

2 + C .
2 (tan x2 +1)

1+z 2 , and dx = 2 dz
1+z 2 we obtain
π/2 1
dx 1 2 dz
Z Z
= 2z
0 sin x + 1 0 1+z 2 + 1 1 + z2
1
dz
Z
= 2
0 1 + 2z + z 2
Z 1
−2
= 2 (1 + z) dz
0
h i1
−1
= −2(1 + z)
0

−1 −1
= −2(1 + 1) − −2(1 + 0)
= 1.
1+z 2
101. With the substitution z = tan x2 , csc x = 2z , tan x = 2z
1−z 2 , and dx = 2 dz
1+z 2 , we obtain
√
π/3 1+z 2 2
3/3
csc x
Z Z
2z 1+z 2
dx = 2z dz
π/4 3 + 4 tan x tan (π/8) 3 + 4 1−z 2
Z √3/3 1 2

z 1−z
= 2
dz
tan (π/8) 3(1 − z ) + 8z
√
Z 3/3 2
z −1
= dz.
tan (π/8) z(3z + 1)(z − 3)
z2 − 1 A B C
= + +
z(3z + 1)(z − 3) z 3z + 1 z − 3
z2 − 1 = A(3z + 1)(z − 3) + Bz(z − 3) + Cz(3z + 1).
The Logistic Model
When z = 0, we have A = 1/3, when z = −1/3, B = −4/5, and when z = 3, C = 4/15.

We now obtain
Z π/3 Z √3/3
csc x 1/3 −4/5 4/15
dx = + + dz
π/4 3 + 4 tan x tan (π/8) z 3z + 1 z − 3
√3/3
1 4 4
= ln z − ln (3z + 1) + ln (3 − z)
3 15 15 tan (π/8)
√ √ ! √ !
1 3 4 3 4 3
= ln − ln 3 +1 + ln 3 −
3 3 15 3 15 3

1 π 4 π 4 π
− ln tan − ln 3 tan + 1 + ln 3 − tan .
3 8 15 8 15 8
√ √ √ √ √ √
= 13 ln 33 − 31 ln 2 − 1 − 15 4 4 4 4 3

ln 3 + 1 − 15 ln 4 − 2 + 15 ln 3 2 − 2 + 15 ln 3 − 3 .
1−z 2
1+z 2 we obtain
2
π/2 1 1−z 2
cos x dx
Z Z
1+z 2 1+z 2
= 1−z 2
dz
0 2 − cos x 0 2 − 1+z 2
Z 1
2 1 − z2

= dz
0 (1 + z 2 )(2(1 + z 2 ) − (1 − z 2 ))
1
2 1 − z2
Z
= dz.
0 (z 2 + 1)(3z 2 + 1)
2 1 − z2

Az + B Cz + D
= + 2
(z 2 + 1)(3z 2 + 1) z2 + 1 3z + 1
2
= (Az + B) 3z 2 + 1 + (Cz + D) z 2 + 1

2 1−z
2 − 2z 2 = (3A + C)z 3 + (3B + D)z 2 + (A + C)z + (B + D).
Equating coefficients, we obtain
3A + C = 0
3B + D = −2
A+C = 0
B+D = 2.
We solve this system, and obtain A = 0, B = −2, C = 0, and D = 4. So
Z π/2 Z 1
cos x dx 2 4
= − 2 + dz
0 2 − cos x 0 z + 1 3z 2 + 1
Z 1
1 4 1 1
Z
= −2 2
dz + √ 2 dz
0 z +1 3 0 2
z + 33
" √
√ 1
#
1 4 3
= −2 tan−1 z 0 + tan−1

3z
3
0
√ √ 4√3 √
−1 −1 4 3 −1

tan−1

= −2 tan 1 − −2 tan 0 + tan 3(1) − 3(0)
3 3
√
4 3
= 9 π − 21 π .
103. With the substitution z = tan x2 , tan x = 2z

1−z 2 , and dx = 2 dz
1+z 2 we obtain
π/4 tan (π/8) 2

4 dx 4 1+z
Z Z
2
= 2z dz
0 tan x + 1 0 1−z 2 +1
tan (π/8)
8 1 − z2
Z
= dz
0 (1 + z 2 )(2z + (1 − z 2 ))
tan (π/8)
8 z2 − 1
Z
= dz.
0 (z + 1)(z 2 − 2z − 1)
2
8 z2 − 1

Az + B Cz + D
= + 2
(z 2 + 1)(z 2 − 2z − 1) z2 + 1 z − 2z − 1
8 z 2 − 1 = (Az + B) z 2 − 2z − 1 + (Cz + D) z 2 + 1

8z 2 − 8 = (A + C)z 3 + (B − 2A + D)z 2 + (C − 2B − A)z + (D − B).

Equating coefficients, we obtain
A+C = 0
B − 2A + D = 8
−A − 2B + C = 0
−B + D = −8.
We solve this system, and obtain A = −4, B = 4, C = 4, and D = −4. We now have
π/2 tan (π/8)
4 dx −4z + 4 4z − 4
Z Z
= + dz
0 tan x + 1 0 z2 + 1 z 2 − 2z − 1
Z tan (π/8) Z tan (π/8) Z tan (π/8)
2z 1 2z − 2
= −2 2+1
dz + 4 2+1
dz + 2 2 − 2z − 1
dz
0 z 0 z 0 z
tan (π/8) tan (π/8) tan (π/8)
−2 ln z 2 + 1 0 + 4 tan−1 z 0 + 2 ln 1 + 2z − z 2 0

=
−2 ln tan2 (π/8) + 1 − (−2) ln 02 + 1 + 4 tan−1 (tan (π/8)) − 4 tan−1 0

=

2
+2 ln 1 + 2 tan (π/8) − tan2 (π/8) − 2 ln 1 + 2(0) − (0)

√ √ √
2 2
1
= −2 ln 2 − 1 + 1 + 4 π + 2 ln 1 + 2 2 − 1 − 2−1
8
√ !
2 2−2 1
= 2 ln √ + π
2− 2 2
√ 1
= 2 ln 2 + π
2
= ln 2 + π2 .
The Logistic Model
1+z 2
104. With the substitution z = tan x2 , csc x = 2z , and dx = 2 dz
1+z 2 , we obtain
1 + z2 2
Z Z
csc x dx = dz
2z 1 + z 2
1
Z
= dz
z
= ln |z| + C
x
= ln tan + C

2
sin x

2
= ln +C
cos x2
q
1−cos x
2
= ln q +C
1+cos x
2
q
1−cos x
= ln 1+cos x +C .
105. We simplify as follows

s
r 2
1 − cos x (1 − cos x)
ln = ln
1 + cos x (1 + cos x)(1 − cos x)
1 − cos x
= ln √
1 − cos2 x
1 − cos x
= ln √ 2
sin x
1 − cos x
= ln
|sin x|

1 − cos x
= ln

sin x

1 cos x
= ln
−
sin x sin x
= ln |csc x − cot x| .
106. The domain of the function given by tanh−1 (x) is the interval (−1, 1), so the function
given by tanh−1 (x) is not an antiderivative of 1−x
1
2 on the interval [2, 3]. We use partial
fractions to obtain
1 −1 A B
2
= 2
= +
1−x x −1 x−1 x+1
−1 = A(x + 1) + B(x − 1).
When x = −1 we obtain B = 21 , and when x = 1 we have A = − 21 . So we obtain

Z 3 Z 3
1 −1/2 1/2
2
dx = + dx
2 1−x 2 x−1 x+1
3
1 1
= − ln |x − 1| + ln |x + 1|
2 2 2

1 1 1 1
= − ln |3 − 1| + ln |3 + 1| − − ln |2 − 1| + ln |2 + 1|
2 2 2 2
ln 2−ln 3
= 2 .
107. We simplify as follows

1 + sin x2

1 + tan x2

x
cos 2
ln =
ln sin x

1 − tan x2 1 − 2

cos x2

2 x
1 + sin 2
x x
sin 2 cos 2
= ln sin2 x

1 − sin x cos 2

x
2 2
x
1 + 1−cos

2
sin x
= ln 2
1−cos x

1 − sin2 x
2
1 + 1−cos x

sin x
= ln
1 − 1−cos
sin x
x

sin x + 1 − cos x
= ln
sin x − 1 + cos x

tan x + sec x − 1 sec x + tan x
= ln
tan x − sec x + 1 sec x + tan x

(tan x + sec x − 1)(sec x + tan x)
= ln
(tan x − sec x + 1)(sec x + tan x)

= ln 2 2

tan x sec x + tan x − sec x − sec x tan x + sec x + tan x

= ln
−1 + sec x + tan x
= ln |sec x + tan x| .
√ √
108. We factor 1 + x4 = x2 + 2x + 1 x2 − 2x + 1 , and use partial fractions to obtain

1 Ax + B Cx + D
= √ + √
1 + x4 x2 2
+ 2x + 1 x − 2x + 1
√ √
1 = (Ax + B) x2 − 2x + 1 + (Cx + D) x2 + 2x + 1
√ √ √ √
1 = (A + C)x3 + B + D − 2A + 2C x2 + A + C − 2B + 2D x + (B + D).
We solve the system
A+C = 0
√ √
B + D − 2A + 2C = 0
√ √
A + C − 2B + 2D = 0
B+D = 1
√ √
and obtain A = 2/4, B = 1/2, C = − 2/4, and D = 1/2. We now obtain
The Logistic Model
√ √ !
1 2/4 x + 1/2 − 2/4 x + 1/2
Z Z
dx = √ + √ dx
1 + x4 x2 + 2x + 1 x2 − 2x + 1
 √ √
√ √ 
2/8 2x + 2 + 14 − 82 2x − 2 + 14
Z
=  √ + √  dx
x2 + 2x + 1 x2 − 2x + 1
√ Z √
2 2x + 2 1 dx
Z
= √ dx + √ 2 √ 2
8 2
x + 2x + 1 4

x + 22 + 22
√ Z √
2 2x − 2 1 dx
Z
− √ dx + √ 2 √ 2
8 x2 − 2x + 1 4

x − 22 + 22
√
2
√ √
2
√ √
2
√ √
2
√
ln x2 + tan−1 ln x2 − tan−1

= 8 2x + 1 + 4 2x + 1 − 8 2x + 1 + 4 2x − 1 + C .
R
x2 +6
x−1
(x + 1) x2 + 0x + 6
−(x2 + x)
−x + 6
−(−x − 1)
7
The quotient is x − 1 and the remainder is 7.
x2 +6 7
R x2 +6
R 7

x2
Therefore, x+1 = x−1+ x+1 and x+1 dx = x−1+ x+1 dx = 2 − x + 7 ln |x + 1| + C .
The answer is C.
2x2
2. Apply polynomial division to 1+x2 .
2
2 2
(x + 1) 2x + 0x + 0
−(2x2 + 2)
−2
The quotient is 2 and the remainder is −2.

2x2 2
R 2x2 R 2

Therefore, 1+x 2 = 2 − 1+x2 and 1+x2 dx = 2− 1+x2 dx = 2x − 2 tan−1 x + C.
R1 2x2
1 π π
dx = 2x − 2 tan−1 x 0 = 2 − 2

So, 0 1+x2 4 − (0 − 0) = 2 − 2 .
The answer is B.
x4 +3x2 −2
x2 +2
2
(x + 1) x + 0x + 3x2 + 0x − 2
4 3
−(x4 + x2 )
2x2 + 0x − 2
−(2x2 + 2)
−4
The quotient is x2 + 2 and the remainder is −4.

4 2 R x4 +3x2 −2 R 2
Therefore, x +3x
2
x +1
−2
= x2
+ 2 − 2
4
x +1 and 2
x +1 dx = x +2− 4
x2 +1 dx =
3
x
3 + 2x − 4tan−1 x + C .
The answer is D.
R2
4. The average value of f (x) = x+2
x+1 over the closed interval [0, 2] is f¯ = 1
2−0
x+2
0 x+1 dx.
Use algebraic manipulation to rewrite x+2

x+1 in a form whose antiderivative is recognizable:
x+2 (x + 1) + 1 x+1 1 1
= = + =1+ .
x+1 x+1 x+1 x+1 x+1
Z 2
1 2
Z
1 x+2 1 1 2
So, f¯ = dx = 1+ dx = (x + ln |x + 1|)0
2−0 0 x+1 2 0 x+1 2
1
= [(2 + ln 3) − (0 + ln 1)] = 1 + 12 ln 3 .
2
The answer is C.
5. To evaluate x212−9 dx, notice the integrand is a proper rational function in lowest terms.
R
Begin by factoring the denominator: x2 − 9 = (x + 3)(x − 3). Since the factors are linear
12 A B
and distinct, this is a Case 1 type integrand and can be written as (x+3)(x−3) = x+3 + x−3 .
Clear the fractions by multiplying both sides of the equation by (x + 3)(x − 3).
12 = A(x − 3) + B(x + 3).
Grouping like terms, 12 = (A + B)x + (−3A + 3B).

This is an identity in x, so the coefficients of like powers of x must be equal.
A+B =0
−3A + 3B = 12
This is a system of two equations containing two variables.

After solving this system, the solution is A = −2 and B = 2.
12 −2 2
R −2
and x212−9 dx = 2
R
So, (x+3)(x−3) = x+3 + x−3 x+3 + x−3 dx.

= −2 ln |x + 3| + 2 ln |x − 3| + C = 2 ln x−3
x+3 + C .

The answer is A.
The Logistic Model
3x
R
6. To evaluate (x−2)(x+1) dx, notice the integrand is a proper rational function in lowest
terms.
Since the factors are linear and distinct, this is a Case 1 type integrand and can be written
3x A B
as (x−2)(x+1) = x−2 + x+1 .
Clear the fractions by multiplying both sides of the equation by (x − 2)(x + 1).
3x = A(x + 1) + B(x − 2).
Grouping like terms, 3x = (A + B)x + (A − 2B).

A+B =3
A − 2B = 0

After solving this system, the solution is A = 2 and B = 1.
3x 2 1
R 3x
R 2 1

So, (x−2)(x+1) = x−2 + x+1 and (x−2)(x+1) dx = x−2 + x+1 dx =
2 ln |x − 2| + ln |x + 1| + C .
The answer is D.
R x+6
7. To evaluate x(x+2) dx, notice the integrand is a proper rational function in lowest terms.
Since the factors are linear and distinct, this is a Case 1 type integrand and can be written
x+6
as x(x+2) = A B
x + x+2 .
Clear the fractions by multiplying both sides of the equation by x(x + 2).
x + 6 = A(x + 2) + Bx
Grouping like terms, x + 6 = (A + B)x + 2A.

A+B =1
2A = 6

Since 2A = 6, A = 3 and B = 1 − 3 = −2.
x+6
R 3
= x3 − x+2
2
R x+6 2
So, x(x+2) and x(x+2) dx = x − x+2 dx = 3 ln |x| − 2 ln |x + 2| + C .
The answer is C.
R1
8. To evaluate 0 x22x−1
+3x+2 dx, notice the integrand is a proper rational function in lowest
terms. Begin by factoring the denominator: x2 + 3x + 2 = (x + 1)(x + 2). Since the
factors are linear and distinct, this is a Case 1 type integrand and can be written as
2x−1 A B
(x+1)(x+2) = x+1 + x+2 .
Clear the fractions by multiplying both sides of the equation by (x + 1)(x + 2).
2x − 1 = A(x + 2) + B(x + 1).
Grouping like terms, 2x − 1 = (A + B)x + (2A + B).


A+B =2
2A + B = −1
2x−1 −3 5
R1 R 1 −3
So, (x+1)(x+2) = x+1 + x+2 and 0 x22x−1
+3x+2 dx = 0 x+1 + 5
x+2 dx =
1
[−3 ln |x + 1| + 5 ln |x + 2|]0 = (−3 ln 2 + 5 ln 3) − (−3 ln 1 + 5 ln 2) = −8 ln 2 + 5 ln 3.
The answer is D.
9. Express the logistic model dP P dP P

dt = P 3 − 2000 in the form dt = kP 1 − M to find the
carrying capacity.

dP P P
=P 3− = 3P 1 − .
dt 2000 6000
Therefore, the carrying capacity is M = 6000 .
The answer is C.
10. Express the logistic model dP dP P

dt = 0.0005P (800 − P ) in the form dt = kP 1 − M to find
the carrying capacity M and the maximum population growth rate k.

dP P P
= 0.0005P (800 − P ) = 0.0005(800) 1 − = 0.4 1 − .
dt 800 800
(a) The carrying capacity is M = 800 .
(b) The maximum population growth rate is = 0.4 or 40% .
(c) At the inflection point, the size of the population is given by one-half the carrying
capacity. Therefore, the size of the population is 400 at the inflection point.
11. (a) The size of the insect population at time t follows a logistic growth model dPdt =
P

kP 1 − M where k is the maximum growth rate and M is the carrying capacity.
We are given the daily maximum growth rate of k = 0.20, a carrying capacity of
M = 600,000 insects, and an initial population size of 100 insects. The differential

equation becomes dPdt = 0.20P 1 − P
600,000 with P (0) = 100 insects.
(b) The initial population size is P0 = 100 insects.

The solution to the differential equation dP P M

dt = kP 1 − M is P (t) = 1+ae−kt where
k = 0.20, M = 600,000, and a = M−P P0
0
= 600,000−100
100 = 5999. Therefore,
600,000
P (t) = 1+5999e−0.20t .
(c) Find t so that P (t) = 100,000.
600,000
= 100,000
1 + 5999e−0.20t
600,000
100,000 − 1 5
e−0.20t = =
5999 5999
5
−0.20t = ln
5999

1 5
t=− ln = 35.449 days .
0.20 5999
The population of insects will exceed 100,000 on the 35th day.
7.6 Approximating Integrals: The Trapezoidal Rule, 7-207
Trapezoidal Sums, Simpson’s Rule
7.6 Approximating Integrals: The Trapezoidal Rule,

1. True
2. True
Skill Building
6−0
3. When n = 3 we have ∆x = 3 = 2. So the Trapezoidal Rule provides the approximation
6
∆x
Z
f (x) dx ≈ [f (0) + 2f (2) + 2f (4) + f (6)]
0 2
2
= (6 + 2(3) + 2(3) + 4)
2
= 22 .
6−0
When n = 6 we have ∆x = 6 = 1. So the Trapezoidal Rule provides the approximation
6
∆x
Z
f (x) dx ≈ [f (0) + 2f (1) + 2f (2) + 2f (3) + 2f (4) + 2f (5) + f (6)]
0 2
1
= (6 + 2(3) + 2(3) + 2(4) + 2(3) + 2(2) + 4)
2
= 20 .
5−1
4. When n = 2 we have ∆x = 2 = 2. So the Trapezoidal Rule provides the approximation
5
∆x
Z
f (x) dx ≈ [f (1) + 2f (3) + f (5)]
1 2
2
= (0 + 2(3) + 6)
2
= 12 .
5−1
When n = 4 we have ∆x = 4 = 1. So the Trapezoidal Rule provides the approximation
5
∆x
Z
f (x) dx ≈ [f (1) + 2f (2) + 2f (3) + 2f (4) + f (5)]
1 2
1
= (0 + 2(2.5) + 2(3) + 2(6) + 6)
2
29
= 2 = 14.5 .
6−0
5. When n = 2 we have ∆x = 2 = 3. So Simpson’s Rule provides the approximation
6
∆x
Z
f (x) dx ≈ [f (0) + 4f (3) + f (6)]
0 3
3
= (6 + 4(4) + 4)
3
= 26 .
When n = 6 we have ∆x = 6−06 = 1. So Simpson’s Rule provides the approximation

Z 6
∆x
f (x) dx ≈ [f (0) + 4f (1) + 2f (2) + 4f (3) + 2f (4) + 4f (5) + f (6)]
0 3
1
= (6 + 4(3) + 2(3) + 4(4) + 2(3) + 4(2) + 4)
3
58
= 3 .
6. When n = 2 we have ∆x = 5−12 = 2. So Simpson’s Rule provides the approximation

Z 5
∆x
f (x) dx ≈ [f (1) + 4f (3) + f (5)]
1 3
2
= (0 + 4(3) + 6)
3
= 12 .
When n = 4 we have ∆x = 5−1
4 = 1. So Simpson’s Rule provides the approximation
Z 5
∆x
f (x) dx ≈ [f (1) + 4f (2) + 2f (3) + 4f (4) + f (5)]
1 3
1
= (0 + 4(2.5) + 2(3) + 4(6) + 6)
3
46
= 3 .
7. (a) With n = 3 we have ∆x = π−π/2

3 = π/6. So the Trapezoidal Rule provides the
approximation
Z π
sin x ∆x π 2π 5π
dx ≈ f + 2f + 2f + f (π)
π/2 x 2 2 3 6
π 2π 5π
π/6 sin 2 sin 3 sin 6

sin π
= π + 2 2π + 2 5π +
2 2 3
π
" √ # 6
π 2 3 3 6
= + + +0
12 π 2 π 5π
≈ 0.483 .
d sin x d2 sin x
= − x12(sin x − x cos x), and dx − x13 x2 sin x − 2 sin x + 2x cos x .

(b) We have dx x 2 x =
The graph of |f ′′ (x)| = − x13 x2 sin x − 2 sin x + 2x cos x shows

that the maximum
occurs at x = π, and so M = − π13 π 2 sin π − 2 sin π + 2π cos π = π22 . We obtain
3
(π − π/2) π22

Error ≤ 2 ≈ 0.007
12(3)
0.3
0.2
0.1 |f ''(x)|
0.0
1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
(c) We require
3 2

(π − π/2) π2 π
Error ≤ 2 = < 0.0001
12(n) 48n2
π 2
< n
48(0.0001)
π
r
< n
48(0.0001)
25. 58 < n
So we need n = 26 .
8. (a) With n = 3 we have ∆x = 2π−3π/2

3 = π/6. So the Trapezoidal Rule provides the
approximation
Z 2π
cos x ∆x 3π 5π 11π
dx ≈ f + 2f + 2f + f (2π)
3π/2 x 2 2 3 6
π/6 cos 3π cos 5π cos 11π

2 3 6 cos (2π)
= 3π + 2 5π + 2 11π +
2 2 3
2π
" √ # 6
π 3 6 3 1
= 0+ + +
12 5π 11 π 2π
≈ 0.1704 .
d cos x d2 cos x
= − x12 (cos 1 2

(b) We have dx x x + x sin x), and dx 2 x = x 3 2 cos x − x cos x + 2x sin x .
The graph of |f ′′ (x)| = x13 2 cos x − x2 cos x + 2x sin x shows that the maximum

M < 0.2. We obtain
(2π − 3π/2)3 (0.2)
Error ≤ 2 ≈ 0.0072
12(3)
0.3
0.2 |f ''(x)|
0.1
0.0
4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2
(c) We require
3
(2π − 3π/2) (0.2) π3
Error ≤ 2 = < 0.0001
12(n) 480n2
π3
< n2
0.0001(480)
s
π3
< n
0.0001(480)
25. 42 < n
So we need n = 26 .
9. (a) With n = 4 we have ∆x = 1−0 1

4 = 4 . So the Trapezoidal Rule provides the approxi-
mation
Z 1
2 ∆x 1 1 3
e−x dx ≈ f (0) + 2f + 2f + 2f + f (1)
0 2 4 2 4
1/4 h −(0)2 1 2 1 2 3 2
i
+ 2e−( 4 ) + 2e−( 2 ) + 2e−( 4 ) + e−(1)
2
= e
2
1h 1 1 9
i
= 1 + 2e− 16 + 2e− 4 + 2e− 16 + e−1
8
≈ 0.743 .

d 2 2
d2 2 2 2
(b) We have dxe−x = −2xe−x , and dx 2 e−x = 4x2 e−x − 2e−x . The graph of
2

2
|f ′′ (x)| = 4x2 e−x − 2e−x shows that the maximum M = 2. We obtain

3
(1 − 0) (2) 1
Error ≤ 2 =
12(4) 96
2 |f ''(x)|
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
(c) We require
3
(1 − 0) (2) 1
Error ≤ 2 = < 0.0001
12(n) 6n2
1
< n2
6(0.0001)
s
1
< n
6(0.0001)
40. 82 < n
So we need n = 41 .
10. (a) With n = 4 we have ∆x = 1−0 1

mation
Z 1
2 ∆x 1 1 3
ex dx ≈ f (0) + 2f + 2f + 2f + f (1)
0 2 4 2 4
1/4 (0)2
h 2 2 2
i
+ 2e( 4 ) + 2e( 2 ) + 2e( 4 ) + e(1)
1 1 3 2
= e
2
1h 1 1 9
i
= 1 + 2e 16 + 2e 4 + 2e 16 + e
8
≈ 1.491 .
2 2
d 2
d2 2 2
(b) We have dx ex = 2xex , and dx 2 ex = 2ex + 4x2 ex . The graph of |f ′′ (x)| =
2
x 2 2 2
2e + 4x2 ex shows that the maximum M = 2e + 4(1) e1 ≈ 16. 31. We obtain
3
(1 − 0) (16. 31)
Error ≤ 2 ≈ 0.085
12(4)
20
10 |f ''(x)|
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
(c) We require
(1 − 0)3 (16. 31) 1. 359

Error ≤ 2 = < 0.0001
12(n) n2
1. 359
< n2
r 0.0001
1. 359
< n
0.0001
116. 6 < n
So we need n = 117 .
11. (a) With n = 4 we have ∆x = 0−(−1)

4 = 14 . So the Trapezoidal Rule provides the
approximation
Z 0
dx ∆x −3 −1 −1
√ ≈ f (−1) + 2f + 2f + 2f + f (0)
−1 1 − x3 2 4 2 4

1/4  1 1 1
= q + 2q + 2q
2
1 − (−1)3 1 − (−3/4)3 1 − (−1/2)3

1 1
+ 2q +q 
3
1 − (−1/4) 1 − (0)3
1 1√ 16 √ 4√ 16 √

= 2+ 91 + 2+ 65 + 1
8 2 91 3 65
≈ 0.907 .
3x(5x3 +4)

d √ 1 3x2 d2 √ 1
(b) We have dx 1−x3
= 3 , and dx2 1−x3
= 5 . The graph of
2(1−x3 ) 2 4(1−x3 ) 2
3x (5x 3
+4)
|f ′′ (x)| = 5
shows that the maximum M ≤ 1. We obtain
4(1−x3 ) 2
3
(0 − (−1)) (1) 1
Error ≤ 2 =
12(4) 192
1.0
|f ''(x)| 0.5
0.0
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0
(c) We require
(0 − (−1))3 (1) 1
Error ≤ 2 = < 0.0001
12(n) 12n2
1
< n2
0.0001(12)
s
1
< n
0.0001(12)
28. 87 < n
So we need n = 29 .
12. (a) With n = 3 we have ∆x = 1−0 1

mation
Z 1
dx ∆x 1 2
√ ≈ f (0) + 2f + 2f + f (1)
0 1 + x3 2 3 3
 
1/3  1 1 1 1
= q + 2q + 2q +q

2 3 1 3 2 3
1 + (0) 1+ 3 1+ 3 1 + (1)3
3√ 6√ 1√

1
= 1+ 21 + 105 + 2
6 7 35 2
≈ 0.9046 .
3x(5x3 −4)

d √ 1 −3x2 d2 √ 1
(b) We have dx 1+x3
= 3 , and dx2 1+x3
= 5 . The graph of
2(1+x3 ) 2 4(1+x3 ) 2
3x (5x 3
+4)
|f ′′ (x)| = 5
shows that the maximum M ≤ 1. We obtain
4(1−x3 ) 2
3
(1 − 0) (1)
Error ≤ 2 ≈ 0.0052
12(4)
1.0
0.5 |f ''(x)|
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
(c) We require
(1 − 0)3 (1) 1
Error ≤ 2 = < 0.0001
12(n) 12n2
1
< n2
0.0001(12)
s
1
< n
0.0001(12)
28. 87 < n
So we need n = 29 .
2−1
13. (a) With n = 4 we have ∆x = 4 = 14 . So Simpson’s Rule provides the approximation
2
ex

∆x 5 3 7
Z
dx ≈ f (1) + 4f + 2f + 4f + f (2)
1 x 3 4 2 4
1/4 e1 e5/4 e3/2 e7/4 e2

= +4 +2 +4 +
3 1 5/4 3/2 7/4 2

1 16 5 4 3 16 7 1
= e + e 4 + e 2 + e 4 + e2
12 5 3 7 2
≈ 3.059 .
d4 ex 1 x
4 3 2
4
(4)dx4 x = x5 e x − 4x + 12x − 24x + 24 . The graph of f (x) shows
(b) We have
M ≤ f (1) = 9e. We obtain
5
(2 − 1) (9e)
Error ≤ ≈ 5. 309 × 10−4
180(4)4
30
20
|f ''''(x)|
10
0
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
(c) We require
5
(2 − 1) (9e)
Error ≤ 4 < 0.0001
180(n)
9e
< n4
0.0001(180)
s
9e
4
< n
0.0001(180)
6. 072 < n
Since n must be even, we need n = 8 .
14. (a) With n = 4 we have ∆x = 2π−3π/2

4 = π8 . So Simpson’s Rule provides the approxima-
tion
Z 2π
cos x ∆x 3π 13π 7π 15π
dx ≈ f + 4f + 2f + 4f + f (2π)
3π/2 x 3 2 8 4 8

π/8 cos (3π/2) cos (13π/8) cos (7π/4) cos (15π/8) cos (2π)
= +4 +2 +4 +
3 3π/2 13π/8 7π/4 15π/8 2π
≈ 0.1759 .
d4 cos x
= x15 24 cos x − 12x2 cos x + x4 cos x − 4x3 sin x + 24x sin x . The

(b) We have dx 4 x

graph of f 4 (x) shows M ≤ 0.2. We obtain
5
(2π − 3π/2) (0.2)
Error ≤ 4 ≈ 4. 151 × 10−5
180(4)
0.2
0.1
|f ''''(x)|
0.0
4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2
(c) We require
5
(2π − 3π/2) (0.2) 1. 063 × 10−2
Error ≤ 4 = < 0.0001
180(n) n4
−2
1. 063 × 10
< n4
r 0.0001
−2
4 1. 063 × 10
< n
0.0001
3. 211 < n

1−0
1
∆x 1 1 3
Z
2
e−x dx ≈ f (0) + 4f + 2f + 4f + f (1)
0 3 4 2 4
1/4 −(0)2
h 2 2 2 2
i
= e + 4e−(1/4) + 2e−(1/2) + 4e−(3/4) + e−(1)
3
1 h 1 1 9
i
= 1 + 4e− 16 + 2e− 4 + 4e− 16 + e−1
12
≈ 0.747 .

d4 2 2
e−x = 4e−x 4x4 − 12x2 + 3 . The graph of f 4 (x) shows M ≤ 12.

(b) We have dx 4
We obtain
5
(1 − 0) (12)
Error ≤ 4 ≈ 2.604 × 10−4
180(4)
15
10 |f ''''(x)|
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
(c) We require
(1 − 0)5 (12) 1
Error ≤ 4 = < 0.0001
180(n) 15n4
1 4
< n
0.0001(15)
s
1
4
< n
0.0001(15)
5. 081 < n
We need n = 6 .
1−0
1
∆x 1 1 3
Z
2
ex dx ≈ f (0) + 4f + 2f + 4f + f (1)
0 3 4 2 4
1/4 (0)2
h 2 2 2 2
i
= e + 4e(1/4) + 2e(1/2) + 4e(3/4) + e(1)
3
1 h 1 1 9
i
= 1 + 4e 16 + 2e 4 + 4e 16 + e
12
≈ 1.464 .
2
d4 2
ex = 4ex 4x4 + 12x2 + 3 . The graph of f 4 (x) shows M = 76e ≈

(b) We have dx 4
206. 6. We obtain
5
(1 − 0) (76e)
Error ≤ 4 ≈ 4. 483 × 10−3
180(4)
200
100 |f ''''(x)|
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
(c) We require
(1 − 0)5 (76e) 1. 148

Error ≤ 4 ≈ 4 < 0.0001
180(n) (n)
1. 148
< n4
r 0.0001
4 1. 148
< n
0.0001
10. 35 < n

0−(−1)
0
dx ∆x −3 −1 −1
Z
√ ≈ f (−1) + 4f + 2f + 4f + f (0)
−1 1 − x3 3 4 2 4

1/4  1 1 1
= q + 4q + 2q
3 3 3
1 − (−1) 1 − (−3/4) 1 − (−1/2)3

1 1
+4 q +q 
3 3
1 − (−1/4) 1 − (0)
√ √ 4√ 32 √

1 1 32
= 2+ 91 + 2+ 65 + 1
12 2 91 3 65
≈ 0.910 .
135x2 (7x6 +40x3 +16)

d4 √ 1

(b) We have dx4 1−x3
= 9 . The graph of f 4 (x) shows M ≤ 15. We
16(1−x3 ) 2
obtain
5
(0 − (−1)) (15)
Error ≤ ≈ 3. 255 × 10−4
180(4)4
15
10
|f ''''(x)|
5
0
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0
(c) We require
5
(0 − (−1)) (15) 1
Error ≤ 4 = 4 < 0.0001
180(n) 12(n)
1
< n4
0.0001(12)
s
1
4
< n
0.0001(12)
5. 373 < n
We need n = 6 .
1−0
1
dx ∆x 1 1 3
Z
√ ≈ f (0) + 4f + 2f + 4f + f (1)
0 1 + x2 3 4 2 4

1/4  1 1 1
= q + 4q + 2q
3 2 2 2
1 + (0) 1 + (1/4) 1 + (1/2)

1 1
+4 q +q 
2 2
1 + (3/4) 1 + (1)
16 √ 4√ 16 1 √

1
= 1+ 17 + 5+ + 2
12 17 5 5 2
≈ 0.8814 .

d4 √ 1 24x4 −72x2 +9

(b) We have dx4 1+x2
= 9 . The graph of f 4 (x) shows M = 9. We obtain
(x2 +1) 2
5
(1 − 0) (9) 1
Error ≤ 4 = ≈ 1. 953 × 10−4
180(4) 5120
10
5 |f ''''(x)|
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
(c) We require
5
(1 − 0) (9) 1
Error ≤ 4 = 4 < 0.0001
180(n) 20(n)
1
< n4
0.0001(20)
√4
500 < n
4.729 < n
We need n = 6 .
R2 2
19. (a) 1 dx
x = [ln x]1 = ln 2 − ln 1 = ln 2.
(b) With n = 5 we have ∆x = 2−1 1
mation
Z 2
dx ∆x 6 7 8 9
≈ f (1) + 2f + 2f + 2f + 2f + f (2)
1 x 2 5 5 5 5

1/5 1 1 1 1 1 1
= +2 +2 +2 +2 +
2 1 6/5 7/5 8/5 9/5 2

1 5 10 5 10 1
= 1+ + + + +
10 3 7 4 9 2
1753
=
2520
≈ 0.6956 .
(c) With n = 6 we have ∆x = 2−1 1
6 = 6 . So Simpson’s Rule provides the approximation
Z 2
dx ∆x 7 4 3 5 11
≈ f (1) + 4f + 2f + 4f + 2f + 4f + f (2)
1 x 3 6 3 2 3 6

1/6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= +4 +2 +4 +2 +4 +
3 1 7/6 4/3 3/2 5/3 11/6 2

1 1 24 3 8 6 24 1
= + + + + + +
18 1 7 2 3 5 11 2
14 411
=
20 790
≈ 0.6932 .
R 4.4
20. The area is given by the integral 2 f (x) dx, which we approximate by Simpson’s Rule,
with ∆x = 0.4.
Z 4.4
∆x
f (x) dx ≈ [f (2.0) + 4f (2.4) + 2f (2.8) + 4f (3.2) + 2f (3.6) + 4f (4.0) + f (4.4)]
2 3
0.4
= [3.03 + 4(4.61) + 2(5.80) + 4(6.59) + 2(7.76) + 4(8.46) + 9.19]
3
≈ 15.73 .
r
R π/2
dy
2 R π/2 q 2 R π/2 √
21. The arc length is given by 0 1+ dx dx = 0 1 + (cos x) dx = 0 1 + cos2 x dx.
(a) With n = 4 we have ∆x = (π/2)−0

tion
Z π/2 p π
2
∆x π π 3π
1 − cos x dx ≈ f (0) + 4f + 2f + 4f +f
0 3 8 4 8 2
p r r
π/8 π π
= 1 + cos2 0 + 4 1 + cos2 + 2 1 + cos2
3 8 4
r r #
3π π
+4 1 + cos2 + 1 + cos2
8 2
≈ 1.910 .
(π/2)−0 π
(b) With n = 3 we have ∆x = 3 = 6. So the Trapezoidal Rule provides the
approximation
π/2
∆x h π π π i
Z p
1 − cos2 x dx ≈ f (0) + 2f + 2f +f
0 2 6 3 2
r r r
π/6 p 2 2
π 2
π 2
π
= 1 + cos 0 + 2 1 + cos + 2 1 + cos + 1 + cos
2 6 3 2
≈ 1. 910 .
r
R4 2 R4q R4√
22. The arc length is given by 0
1+ dy
dx dx = 0
1 + (ex )2 dx = 0 1 + e2x dx.
4−0
(a) With n = 4 we have ∆x = 4 = 1. So Simpson’s Rule provides the approximation
4
∆x
Z p
1 + e2x dx ≈ [f (0) + 4f (1) + 2f (2) + 4f (3) + f (4)]
0 3
1 hp p p p p i
= 1 + e2(0) + 4 1 + e2(1) + 2 1 + e2(2) + 4 1 + e2(3) + 1 + e2(4)
3
≈ 54.32 .
(b) With n = 8 we have ∆x = 4−0 1

mation
Z 4p
∆x
1 + e2x dx ≈ [f (0) + 2f (1/2) + 2f (1) + 2f (3/2) + 2f (2)
0 2
+2f (5/2) + 2f (3) + 2f (7/2) + f (4)]
1 p q q
2( 12 )
+ 2 1 + e2( 2 )
p 3
2 2(0) 2(1)
= 1+e +2 1+e +2 1+e
2
q q
+ 2 1 + e2(2) + 2 1 + e2( 2 ) + 2 1 + e2(3) + 2 1 + e2( 2 ) + 1 + e2(4)
p 5
p 7
p
≈ 55.17 .
R 2.5
23. The work is given by the integral 1 p dV , which we approximate by Simpson’s Rule, with
∆V = 0.25.
Z 2.5
∆V
p dV ≈ [f (1.0) + 4f (1.25) + 2f (1.5) + 4f (1.75) + 2f (2.0) + 4f (2.25) + f (2.5)]
1 3
0.25
= [68.7 + 4(55.0) + 2(45.8) + 4(39.3) + 2(34.4) + 4(30.5) + 27.5]
3
≈ 62.983 inch-pounds .
R 50
24. The work is given by the integral 0 F dx, which we approximate by the Trapezoidal Rule,
with ∆x = 5.
Z 50
∆x
F dx ≈ [f (0) + 2f (5) + 2f (10) + 2f (15) + 2f (20)
0 2
+2f (25) + f (30) + 2f (35) + 2f (40) + 2f (45) + f (50)]
5
= [100 + 2(80) + 2(66) + 2(56) + 2(50) + 2(45) + 2(40) + 2(36) + 2(33) + 2(30) + 28]
2
= 2500 .
R 150
S dx, which we approximate by the Trapezoidal
Rule, with ∆x = 25.
150
∆x
Z
S dx ≈ [f (0) + 2f (25) + 2f (50) + 2f (75) + 2f (100) + 2f (125) + f (150)]
0 2
25
= [105 + 2(118) + 2(142) + 2(120) + 2(110) + 2(90) + 78]
2
≈ 16, 787.5 m3 .
26. Let y represent

R 20 the vertical distance of the pond at position x. Then the area is given by
the integral 0 y dx, which we approximate by Simpson’s Rule, with ∆x = 5.
20
∆x
Z
y dx ≈ [f (0) + 4f (5) + 2f (10) + 4f (15) + f (20)]
0 3
5
= [0 + 4(12) + 2(19) + 4(13) + 2(13) + 0]
3
≈ 273.3 ft2 .
R 25
27. The volume is given by the integral 0 A dx. We first approximate by the Trapezoidal
Rule, with ∆x = 2.5.
Z 25
∆x
A dx ≈ [f (0) + 2f (2.5) + 2f (5.0) + 2f (7.5) + 2f (10) + 2f (12.5)
0 2
+2f (15.0) + 2f (17.5) + 2f (20) + 2f (22.5) + f (25)]
2.5
= [0 + 2(2510) + 2(3860) + 2(4870) + 2(5160) + 2(5590)
2
+2(5810) + 2(6210) + 2(6890) + 2(7680) + 8270]
≈ 131, 787.5 m3 .
We next approximate by Simpson’s Rule.

Z 25
∆x
A dx ≈ [f (0) + 4f (2.5) + 2f (5.0) + 4f (7.5) + 2f (10) + 4f (12.5)
0 3
+2f (15.0) + 4f (17.5) + 2f (20) + 4f (22.5) + f (25)]
2.5
= [0 + 4(2510) + 2(3860) + 4(4870) + 2(5160) + 4(5590)
3
+2(5810) + 4(6210) + 2(6890) + 4(7680) + 8270]
≈ 132, 625 m3 .
R 80
28. The area is given by the integral 0 y dx. We approximate by the Trapezoidal Rule, with
∆x = 10.
Z 80
∆x
y dx ≈ [f (0) + 2f (10) + 2f (20) + 2f (30) + 2f (40)+
0 2
+2f (50) + 2f (60) + 2f (70) + f (80)]
10
= [5 + 2(10) + 2(13.2) + 2(15)
2
+2(15.6) + 2(12) + 2(6) + 2(4) + 0]
≈ 783.0 m2 .
R8
29. The volume is given by the integral 2 πy 2 dx. We approximate by the Trapezoidal Rule,
with ∆x = 2.
Z 8
∆x
πy 2 dx ≈ [f (2) + 2f (4) + 2f (6) + f (8)]
2 2
2h 2 2 2 2
i
= π (1) + 2π(3) + 2π(3.5) + π (3)
2
≈ 164.934 .
R3
30. The distance traveled is given by the integral 0
v dt.
(a) We approximate by the Trapezoidal Rule, with ∆t = 0.5.

Z 3
∆t
v dt ≈ [f (0) + 2f (0.5) + 2f (1) + 2f (1.5) + 2f (2) + 2f (2.5) + f (3)]
0 2
0.5
= [5.1 + 2(5.3) + 2(5.6) + 2(6.1) + 2(6.8) + 2(6.7) + 6.5]
2
= 18.15 m .
(b) We approximate by Simpson’s Rule, with ∆t = 0.5.

3
∆t
Z
v dt ≈ [f (0) + 4f (0.5) + 2f (1) + 4f (1.5) + 2f (2) + 4f (2.5) + f (3)]
0 3
0.5
= [5.1 + 4(5.3) + 2(5.6) + 4(6.1) + 2(6.8) + 4(6.7) + 6.5]
3
= 18. 13 m .
R1 2
31. The volume is given by 0 π sin−1 y dy.
1−0
(a) With n = 4 we have ∆y = 4 = 41 . Using the disk method, Simpson’s Rule provides
the approximation
1
∆y 1 1 3
Z
2
π sin−1 y dy ≈ f (0) + 4f + 2f + 4f + f (1)
0 3 4 2 4
" 2 ! 2 !
1/4 −1
2 −1 1 −1 1
= π sin 0 + 4 π sin + 2 π sin
3 4 2
2 ! #
3 2
+ 4 π sin−1 + π sin−1 1
4
≈ 1.6095 .
π/2−0 π
Using the shell method, we have ∆x = 4 = 8. Simpson’s Rule provides the
approximation
Z π/2
2πx (1 − sin x) dx
0
π
∆x π π 3π
≈ f (0) + 4f + 2f + 4f +f
3 8 4 8 2
π/8 h π π π π
= 2π (0) (1 − sin (0)) + 4 2π 1 − sin + 2 2π 1 − sin
3 8 8 4 4
3π 3π π π
+ 4 2π 1 − sin + 2π 1 − sin
8 8 2 2
≈ 1.4709 .
1−0 1
(b) With n = 3 we have ∆y = 3 = 3. Using the disk method, Trapezoidal Rule
provides the approximation
Z 1 2
π sin−1 y dy
0

∆y 1 2
≈ f (0) + 2f + 2f + f (1)
2 3 3
" 2 ! 2 ! #
1/3 −1
−1 1 −1 2 −1
2
= π sin 0 + 2 π sin + 2 π sin + π sin 1
2 3 3
≈ 1.9705 .
π/2−0 π
Using the shell method, we have ∆x = 3 = 6. The Trapezoidal Rule provides
the approximation
π/2
∆x h π π π i
Z
2πx (1 − sin x) dx ≈ f (0) + 2f + 2f +f
0 2 6 3 2
π/6 h π π
= 2π (0) (1 − sin (0)) + 2 2π 1 − sin
2 6 6 i
π π π π
+ 2 2π 1 − sin + 2π 1 − sin
3 3 2 2
≈ 1.3228 .
R8q 2
32. The arc length is given by 0 1 + (dy/dx) dx. We use implicit differentiation, and obtain
9x2 + 100y 2 = 900

dy
18x + 200y = 0
dx
dy 9x
= − .
dx 100y
2 2
dy 9x 81x2 81x2 9x2
So dx = − 100y = 100(100y 2 ) = 100(900−9x2 ) = 100(100−x2 ) , and
s
8 8
9x2
Z q Z
1 + (dy/dx)2 dx = 1+ dx
0 0 100(100 − x2 )
8
r
1 10000 − 91x2
Z
= dx.
0 10 100 − x2
8−0
The Trapezoidal Rule, with n = 4 and ∆x = 4 = 2 is used.
8
∆x
Z q
2
1 + (dy/dx) dx ≈ [f (0) + 2f (2) + 2f (4) + 2f (6) + f (8)]
0 2
"s 2
s
2
!
2 1 10000 − 91(0) 10000 − 91(2)
= 2 +2 2
2 10 100 − (0) 100 − (2)
s ! s ! s #
2 2 2
10000 − 91(4) 10000 − 91(6) 10000 − 91(8)
+2 2 +2 2 + 2
100 − (4) 100 − (6) 100 − (8)
≈ 8.148 .
33. (a) With n = 6 we have ∆x = π−0 π

mation
Z π
∆x π π π 2π 5π
f (x) dx ≈ f (0) + 2f + 2f + 2f + 2f + 2f + f (2π)
0 2 6 3 2 3 6

π/6 sin (π/6) sin (π/3) sin (π/2)
= 1+2 +2 +2
2 π/6 π/3 π/2

sin (2π/3) sin (5π/6) sin (2π)
+2 +2 +
2π/3 5π/6 2π
≈ 1.845 .
(b) Simpson’s Rule provides the approximation

Z π
∆x π π π 2π 5π
f (x) dx ≈ f (0) + 4f + 2f + 4f + 2f + 4f + f (2π)
0 3 6 3 2 3 6

π/6 sin (π/6) sin (π/3) sin (π/2)
= 1+4 +2 +4
3 π/6 π/3 π/2

sin (2π/3) sin (5π/6) sin (2π)
+2 +4 +
2π/3 5π/6 2π
≈ 1.852 .
34. (a) With n = 20 we have ∆x = 1−(−1)

20
1
= 10 . So the Trapezoidal Rule provides the
approximation
Z 1
2 ∆x
5e−x dx ≈ [f (−1) + 2f (−0.9) + · · · + 2f (0.9) + f (1)]
−1 2
1/10 h −(−1)2 2
2
2
i
= 5e + 2 5e−(−0.9) + · · · + 2 5e−(0.9) + 5e−(1)
2
≈ 7. 462 .
(b) Simpson’s Rule provides the approximation

Z 1
2 ∆x
5e−x dx ≈ [f (−1) + 4f (−0.9) + 2f (−0.8) + · · · + 4f (0.9) + f (1)]
−1 3
1 h
2 2 2
= 10 5e−(−1) + 4 5e−(−0.9) + 2 5e−(−0.9)
3 i
2 2
+ · · · + 4 5e−(0.9) + 5e−(1)
≈ 7. 468 .
R1 2
(c) Using a CAS, we obtain −1 5e−x dx ≈ 7.468 .
Challenge Problems
35. Since Tn = 21 (Ln + Rn ) where Ln is the Riemann Sum using left endpoints, and Rn is the
Riemann Sum using right endpoints, we have
1
lim Tn = lim (Ln + Rn )
n→∞ n→∞ 2
1 1
= lim Ln + lim Rn
2 n→∞ 2 n→∞
1 b 1 b
Z Z
= f (x) dx + f (x) dx
2 a 2 a
Z b
= f (x) dx.
a
d4
36. Since f (4) (x) = dx 3 2

4 Ax + Bx + Cx + D = 0, we have M = 0, and the error obtained
using Simpson’s Rule satisfies
(b − a)5 (0)
Error ≤ = 0.
180n4
Rb
So an approximation using Simpson’s Rule, with any n, gives the exact value of a
f (x) dx.
R
R4
1. Since y = x3 is nonnegative on [0, 4], 0 x3 dx is the area under the graph of y = x3 from
x = 0 to x = 4. Partition [0, 4] into four subintervals, each of equal width: [0, 1], [1, 2], [2, 3],
and [3, 4].
The width of each subinterval is ∆x = 1.
Now apply the Trapezoidal Rule:
Z 4
1 1 1 1
x3 dx ≈ [f (0) + f (1)]∆x + [f (1) + f (2)]∆x + [f (2) + f (3)]∆x + [f (3) + f (4)]∆x
0 2 2 2 2
1
= [f (0) + 2f (1) + 2f (2) + 2f (3) + f (4)]∆x
2
1
= 03 + 2 13 + 2 23 + 2 33 + 43 (1) = 68 .

2
The answer is B.
2. Partition [0, 30] into three subintervals, each of equal width: [0, 10], [10, 20], and [20, 30].
Z 30
1 1 1
f (x) dx ≈ [f (0) + f (10)]∆x + [f (10) + f (20)]∆x + [f (20) + f (30)]∆x
0 2 2 2
1
= [f (0) + 2f (10) + 2f (20) + f (30)](10)
2
1
= [16 + 2(12) + 2(c) + 6](10)
2
= 230 + 10c.
R 30
Since the estimate of 0 f (x) dx using the Trapezoidal Rule is 310, then 230 + 10c = 310,
and c = 8 .
The answer is B.
3. Partition [−2, 6] into four subintervals, each of equal width: [−2, 0], [0, 2], [2, 4], and [4, 6].
Z 6
2 1 1 1 1
ex dx ≈ [f (−2) + f (0)]∆x + [f (0) + f (2)]∆x + [f (2) + f (4)]∆x + [f (4) + f (6)]∆x
−2 2 2 2 2
1
= [f (−2) + 2f (0) + 2f (2) + 2f (4) + f (6)]∆x
2
1 4
= e + 2 · e0 + 2 · e4 + 2 · e16 + e36 (2)

2
= 2 + 3e4 + 2e16 + e36 .
The answer is A.
4. The
R 12 total volume V of water in the tank after 12 hours is given by the definite integral
′
0
V (t) dt.
R 12
Approximate 0 V ′ (t) dt using the Trapezoidal Rule with n = 4.
Partition [0, 12] into four subintervals: [0, 2], [2, 5], [5, 10], and [10, 12].
∆t1 = 2 − 0 = 2, ∆t2 = 5 − 2 = 3, ∆t3 = 10 − 5 = 5, and ∆t4 = 12 − 10 = 2.
Z 12
1 1 1
V ′ (t) dt ≈ [f (0) + f (2)]∆t1 + [f (2) + f (5)]∆t2 + [f (5) + f (10)]∆t3
0 2 2 2
1
+ [f (10) + f (12)]∆t4
2
1 1 1 1
= (16 + 12)(2) + (12 + 10)(3) + (10 + 12)(5) + (12 + 8)(2)
2 2 2 2
= 28 + 33 + 55 + 20 = 136 .
The answer is C.
4−0
5. (a) Partition the interval [0, 4] into four subintervals of equal width ∆x = 4 = 1.
The four subintervals are [0, 1], [1, 2], [2, 3], and [3, 4].
In each subinterval, choose ui as the left endpoint of the ith interval.
Then u1 = 0, u2 = 1, u3 = 2, and u4 = 3.
Z 4 4
1 X 1
dx ≈ ∆x
0 1+x
3
i=1
1 + u3i
= [f (0) + f (1) + f (2) + f (3)]∆x

1 1 1
= 1+ + + · 1 ≈ 1.647
2 9 28
(b) Partition the interval [0, 4] into four subintervals of equal width ∆x = 4−0
4 = 1.
In each subinterval, choose ui as the right endpoint of the ith interval.
Then u1 = 1, u2 = 2, u3 = 3, and u4 = 4.
Z 4 4
1 X 1
dx ≈ ∆x
0 1+x
3
i=1
1 + u3i
= [f (1) + f (2) + f (3) + f (4)]∆x

1 1 1 1
= + + + · 1 ≈ 0.662
2 9 28 65
(c) Partition the interval [0, 4] into four subintervals of equal width ∆x = 4−0
4 = 1.
Z 4
1 1 1 1
3
dx ≈ [f (0) + f (1)]∆x + [f (1) + f (2)]∆x + [f (2) + f (3)]∆x
0 1 + x 2 2 2
1
+ [f (3) + f (4)]∆x
2
1
= [f (0) + 2f (1) + 2f (2) + 2f (3) + f (4)]∆x
2
1 1 1 1 1
= 1+2 +2 +2 + (1)
2 2 9 28 65
≈ 1.155 .
7.7 Improper Integrals

1. (c), an improper
2. (b) diverges
3. False
4. True
5. False
Rt
6. lim− a f (x) dx
t→b
Skill Building
7. The integral is improper , since upper limit of integration is ∞.
8. The integral is not improper , since the function f (x) = x3 is continuous on the closed
interval [0, 5].
1
9. The integral is not improper , since the function f (x) = x−1 is continuous on the closed
interval [2, 3].
1
10. The integral is improper , since the function f (x) = x−1 is undefined, at the endpoint
x = 1.
1
11. The integral is improper , since the function f (x) = x is undefined, at the endpoint x = 0.
1
12. The integral is not improper , since the function f (x) = x2 +1 is continuous on the closed
interval [−1, 1].
x
13. The integral is improper , since the function f (x) = x2 −1 is undefined, at the endpoint
x = 1.
14. The integral is improper , since the upper limit of integration is ∞.
15. We evaluate
∞ b
dx dx
Z Z
= lim
1 x3 b→∞ 1 x3
b
1
= lim − 2
b→∞ 2x 1
" !#
1 1
= lim − 2 − − 2
b→∞ 2b 2(1)

1 1
= lim − 2
b→∞ 2 2b
1
= .
2
1
The improper integral converges to 2 .
7.7 Improper Integrals 7-229
16. We evaluate
−10 −10
dx dx
Z Z
= lim
−∞ x2 a→−∞ a x2
−10
1
= lim −
a→−∞
a x

1 1
= lim − − −
a→−∞ −10 a

1 1
= lim +
a→−∞ a 10
1
= .
10
1
17. We evaluate
Z ∞ Z b
2x
e dx = lim e2x dx
0 b→∞ 0
b
1 2x
= lim e
b→∞ 2 0

1 2(b) 1 2(0)
= lim e − e
b→∞ 2 2

1 2b 1
= lim e −
b→∞ 2 2
= ∞.
The improper integral diverges .
18. We evaluate
Z ∞ Z b
−x
e dx = lim e−x dx
0 b→∞ 0
b
lim −e−x 0

=
b→∞
= lim −e−b − −e−0

b→∞
= lim 1 − e−b

b→∞
= 1.
19. We evaluate
−1 −1
4 4
Z Z
dx = lim dx
−∞ x a→−∞ a x
−1
= lim [4 ln |x|]a
a→−∞
= lim [4 ln |−1| − 4 ln |a|]
a→−∞
= lim [−4 ln |a|]
a→−∞
= −∞.
20. We evaluate
∞ b
4 4
Z Z
dx = lim dx
1 x b→∞ 1 x
b
= lim [4 ln |x|]1
b→∞
= lim [4 ln |b| − 4 ln |1|]
b→∞
= lim [4 ln |b|]
b→∞
= ∞.
21. We evaluate
∞ b
dx dx
Z Z
4 = lim 4
3 (x − 1) b→∞ 3 (x − 1)
" #b
1
= lim − 3
b→∞ 3(x − 1) 3
" !#
1 1
= lim − 3 − − 3
b→∞ 3(b − 1) 3(3 − 1)
" #
1 1
= lim −
b→∞ 24 3(b − 1)3
1
= .
24
1
22. We evaluate
0 0
dx dx
Z Z
4 = lim 4
−∞ (x − 1) a→−∞ a (x − 1)
" #0
1
= lim −
a→−∞ 3(x − 1)3 a
" !#
1 1
= lim − 3 − − 3
a→−∞ 3(0 − 1) 3(a − 1)
" #
1 1
= lim 3 +
a→−∞ 3(a − 1) 3
1
= .
3
1
23. We evaluate
Z ∞ 0 Z b
dx dx dx
Z
2+4
= lim + lim
−∞ x a→−∞ a x2 + 4 b→∞ 0 x2 + 4
0 b
1 x 1 x
= lim tan−1 + lim tan−1
a→−∞ 2 2 a b→∞ 2 2 0

1 0 1 a 1 b 1 0
= lim tan−1 − tan−1 + lim tan−1 − tan−1
a→−∞ 2 2 2 2 b→∞ 2 2 2 2

1 a 1 b
= lim − tan−1 + lim tan−1
a→−∞ 2 2 b→∞ 2 2
−1 π 1 π
= − +
2 2 2 2
π
=
2
π
24. We evaluate
Z ∞ 0 Z b
dx dx dx
Z
2
= lim + lim
−∞ x +1 a→−∞ a x2 + 1 2
b→∞ 0 x + 1
−1 0 b
lim tan x a + lim tan−1 x 0

=
a→−∞ b→∞
lim tan−1 0 − tan−1 a + lim tan−1 b − tan−1 0

=
a→−∞ b→∞
lim − tan−1 a + lim tan−1 b

=
a→−∞ b→∞
π π
= − − +
2 2
= π.
The improper integral converges to π .
25. We evaluate
1 1
dx dx
Z Z
= lim
0 x2 a→0+ a x
2
1
1
= lim −
a→0+ x a

1 1
= lim − − −
a→0+ 1 a

1
= lim −1
a→0+ a
= ∞.

26. We evaluate
1 1
dx dx
Z Z
= lim
0 x3 a→0+ a x3
1
1
= lim − 2
a→0+ 2x a
" #
1 1
= lim − 2 − − 2a2
a→0+ 2(1)

1 1
= lim −
a→0+ 2a2 2
= ∞.
27. We evaluate
1 1
dx dx
Z Z
= lim
0 x a→0+ a x
= lim [ln |x|]1a
a→0+
= lim [ln |1| − ln |a|]
a→0+
= lim [− ln |a|]
a→0+
= ∞.
28. We evaluate
6 6
dx dx
Z Z
= lim+
4 x−4 a→4 a x−4
6
= lim [ln |x − 4|]a
a→4+
= lim [ln |6 − 4| − ln |a − 4|]
a→4+
= lim [ln 2 − ln |a − 4|]
a→4+
= ∞.
29. We evaluate
4 b
dx dx
Z Z
√ = lim− √
0 4−x b→4 0 4−x
√ b
= lim −2 4 − x 0
b→4−
h √ √ i
= lim −2 4 − b − −2 4 − 0
b→4−
h √ i
= lim 4 − 2 4 − b
b→4−
= 4.

30. Let u = 5 − x and substitute to obtain

Z 5 Z 0
x dx (5 − u) (−du)
√ = √
1 5−x 4 u
Z 4
= 5u−1/2 − u1/2 du
0
Z 4
= lim 5u−1/2 − u1/2 du
a→0+ a
4
√

2 3
= lim 10 u − u 2
a→0+ 3 a
√ √

2 3 2 3
= lim 10 4 − (4) − 10 a − a
2 2
a→0+ 3 3
√

2 3 44
= lim a 2 − 10 a +
a→0+ 3 3
44
= .
3
44
31. We split the integral into two improper integrals:

Z 1 Z 0 Z 1
dx dx dx
√ = √ + √ .
−1
3
x −1
3
x 0
3
x
We consider
0 b
dx dx
Z Z
√ = lim− √
−1
3
x b→0 −1
3
x
b
3 2
= lim x3
b→0− 2 −1

3 2 3 2
= lim b 3 − (−1) 3
b→0− 2 2

3 2 3
= lim b3 −
b→0− 2 2
3
= − .
2
And
1 1
dx dx
Z Z
√ = √ lim
0
3
x a
3
x a→0+
1
3 2
= lim+ x 3
a→0 2 a

3 2 3 2
= lim (1) − (a)
3 3
a→0+ 2 2

3 3 2
= lim+ − a3
a→0 2 2
3
= .
2
R 1 dx 3 3
3 x converges to − 2 +
We conclude that the improper integral −1 √ 2 = 0.

Z 3 Z 2 Z 3
dx dx dx
2 = 2 + 2.
0 (x − 2) 0 (x − 2) 2 (x − 2)
We consider
2 b
dx dx
Z Z
2 = lim
0 (x − 2) (x − 2)2 b→2− 0
b
1
= lim− −
b→2 x−2 0

1 1
= lim − − −
b→2− b−2 0−2

1 1
= lim− − −
b→2 b−2 2
= ∞.
R 3 dx
We conclude that the improper integral 0 (x−2) 2 diverges .
33. We evaluate
Z ∞ Z b
cos x dx = lim cos x dx
0 b→∞ 0
b
= lim [sin x]0
b→∞
= lim [sin b − sin 0]
b→∞
= lim [sin b] .
b→∞
Since this limit does not exist, the improper integral diverges .
34. We evaluate
Z ∞ Z b
sin (πx) dx = lim sin (πx) dx
0 b→∞ 0
b
1
= lim − cos (πx)
b→∞ π 0

1 1
= lim − cos (πb) − − cos (π(0))
b→∞ π π

1 1
= lim − cos πb .
b→∞ π π
Since this limit does not exist, the improper integral diverges .
35. We evaluate
Z 0 Z 0
ex dx = lim ex dx
−∞ a→−∞ a
0
= lim [ex ]a
a→−∞
lim e0 − ea

=
a→−∞
= lim [1 − ea ]
a→−∞
= 1−0
= 1.
36. We evaluate
Z 0 Z 0
−x
e dx = lim e−x dx
−∞ a→−∞ a
0
−e−x

= lim a
a→−∞
−0
− −e−a

= lim −e
a→−∞
lim −1 + e−a

=
a→−∞
= ∞.
37. Let u = x2 and substitute

Z π/2 Z π2 /4 1
x dx 2 du
2
=
0 sin x 0 sin u
Z π2 /4
1
= csc u du
2 0
Z 2
1 π /4
= lim+ csc u du
a→0 2 a
π2 /4
1
= lim − ln |csc u + cot u|
a→0+ 2 a
π2 π 2

1 1
= lim − ln csc + cot + ln |csc a + cot a|
a→0+ 2 4 4 2
π2 π 2

1 1
= lim − ln csc + cot + ln |csc a + cot a|
a→0+ 2 4 4 2
= ∞.
38. We evaluate
1 1
ln x dx ln x dx
Z Z
= lim
0 x a→0+ a x
1
1 2
= lim ln x
a→0+ 2 a

1 2 1
= lim ln 1 − ln2 a
a→0+ 2 2

1
= lim − ln2 a
a→0+ 2
= −∞

39. We evaluate
Z 1 b
dx dx
Z
2
= lim−
0 1−x b→1 0 (1 − x)(1 + x)
Z b
1 1
= lim − dx
b→1− 0 2(x + 1) 2(x − 1)
b
1 1
= lim ln (x + 1) − ln |x − 1|
b→1− 2 2 0

1 1 1 1
= lim ln (b + 1) − ln |b − 1| − ln (0 + 1) − ln |0 − 1|
b→1− 2 2 2 2

1 1
= lim ln (b + 1) − ln |b − 1|
b→1− 2 2
= ∞.
40. We evaluate
2 2
dx dx
Z Z
√ = lim √
1 x2 − 1 a→1+ a x2 − 1
h p i2
= lim ln x + x2 − 1 (by Formula 55)

a→1+ a
h p p i
= lim ln 2 + 22 − 1 − ln a + a2 − 1

a→1+
h √ p i
= lim ln 3 + 2 − ln a + a2 − 1

a→1+
√
= ln 3+2 .
√
The improper integral converges to ln 3+2 .
x
41. The function f (x) = √1−x 2
is continuous on [0, 1) but is not defined at x = 1, so
R1 x
0
√
1−x2
dx is an improper integral.
1 Z b
x
Z
−1/2
√ dx = lim− 1 − x2 x dx
1−x2 b→1
0 0
1 hp ib
= − lim 1 − x2
2 b→1− 0
1 p √
= − lim− 1 − b2 − 1 − 0 = 1.
2 b→1
R1
Therefore, √ x dx converges to 1 .
0 1−x2
1
R4
42. The function f (x) = √4−x is continuous on [0, 4) but is not defined at x = 4, so √1 dx
0 4−x
is an improper integral.
Z 4 Z b
1 −1/2
√ dx = lim (4 − x) dx
0 4−x b→4−
0
h ib
= −2 lim− (4 − x)1/2
b→4 0
√ √
= −2 lim− 4 − b − 4 − 0 = −2(0 − 2) = 4.
b→4
R4
Therefore, √1 dx converges to 4 .
0 4−x
43. We evaluate
Z π/4 Z b
tan (2x) dx = lim
π
tan (2x) dx
0 b→ 4 − 0
b
1
= lim− ln |sec 2x|
b→ π
4
2 0

1
= lim ln |sec 2b|
b→ π
4
− 2
= ∞.
44. We evaluate
Z π/2 Z π/2
csc x dx = lim+ csc x dx
0 a→0 a
π/2
= lim [− ln |csc x + cot x|]a
a→0+
= lim (ln |csc a + cot a|)
a→0+
= ∞.
R ∞ x dx √
45. To evaluate 0 (x+1) 5/2 , use the substitution u = x + 1. Then x = u2 −1 and dx = 2u du.
√
The lower bound becomes u = 0 + 1 = 1.
For the upper bound, as x approaches ∞, u also approaches ∞.
The improper integral becomes
Z ∞ Z ∞ 2 Z ∞ 3 Z ∞
x dx (u − 1)2u du u −u 1 1
= =2 du = 2 − 4 du.
0 (x + 1)5/2 1 u5 1 u5 1 u2 u
By definition,
Z ∞ Z b b
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 − du = 2 lim − du = 2 lim − +
1 u2 u4 b→∞ 1 u2 u4 b→∞ u 3u3 1

1 1 1 4
= 2 lim − + 3 − −1 + = .
b→∞ b 3b 3 3
R ∞ x dx 4
Therefore, 0 (x+1) 5/2 converges to 3 .
46. We evaluate
∞ b
dx dx
Z Z
√ = lim √
2 x x2 − 1 b→∞ 2
2 x x −1
−1 b
= lim sec x 2
b→∞
lim sec−1 b − sec−1 2

=
b→∞
π π
= −
2 3
π
= .
6
π

Z ∞ Z 0 Z ∞
dx dx dx
2
= 2
+ 2
.
−∞ x + 4x + 5 −∞ x + 4x + 5 0 x + 4x + 5
We consider
∞ b
dx dx
Z Z
2
= lim
0 x + 4x + 5 b→∞ 0 x2 + 4x + 5
b
dx
Z
= lim 2
b→∞ 0 (x + 2) + 1
−1 b
= lim tan (x + 2) 0
b→∞
lim tan−1 (b + 2) − tan−1 (0 + 2)

=
b→∞
π
= − tan−1 2.
2
We now determine
Z 0 0
dx dx
Z
= lim
−∞ x2 + 4x + 5 a→−∞ a x2 + 4x + 5
0
dx
Z
= lim 2
a→−∞
a (x + 2) + 1
−1 0
= lim tan (x + 2) a
a→−∞
lim tan−1 (0 + 2) − tan−1 (a + 2)

=
a→−∞
π
= tan−1 2 − −
2
−1 π
= tan 2 + .
2
R∞ dx
= π2 − tan−1 2 +

We conclude that the improper integral converges, with −∞ x2 +4x+5
tan−1 2 + π2 = π .


Z ∞ Z 0 Z ∞
dx dx dx
x −x
= x −x
+ .
−∞ e + e −∞ e + e 0 e + e−x
x
We consider
∞ b
dx dx
Z Z
= lim
0 ex + e−x b→∞ 0 ex + e−x
b
ex dx
Z
= lim .
b→∞ 0 e2x +1
x
Let u = e , and substitute to obtain
Z ∞ eb
dx du
Z
x + e−x
= lim 2+1
0 e b→∞ 1 u
−1 eb
= lim tan u 1
b→∞
= lim tan−1 eb − tan−1 1

b→∞
π π
= −
2 4
π
= .
4
We now determine
0 0
dx dx
Z Z
= lim
−∞ ex + e−x a→−∞ a ex + e−x
0
ex dx
Z
= lim .
a→−∞ a e2x +1
x
Let u = e , and substitute to obtain
Z 0 1
dx du
Z
x −x
= lim
−∞ e + e a→−∞ u2 + 1
ea
1
lim tan−1 u ea

=
a→−∞
lim tan−1 1 − tan−1 ea

=
a→−∞
π
= − (0)
4
π
= .
4
R∞ dx π
π
π
We conclude that the improper integral converges, with −∞ ex +e−x
= 4 + 4 = 2 .
49. We evaluate
2 2
dx dx
Z Z
√ = √
lim
−∞ 4−x 4−x
a→−∞
a
√ 2
= lim −2 4 − x a
a→−∞
√ √
= lim −2 4 − 2 − −2 4 − a
a→−∞
h √ √ i
= lim 2 4 − a − 2 2
a→−∞
= ∞.
50. We evaluate
1 Z 1
x dx x dx
Z
√ = lim √
−∞ 2−x a→−∞ a 2−x
Let u = 2 − x and substitute to obtain
Z 1 Z 1
x dx (2 − u)
√ = lim √ (−du)
−∞ 2−x a→−∞ 2−a u
Z 1
= − lim 2u−1/2 − u1/2 du
a→−∞ 2−a
1
√

2 3
= − lim 4 u − u2
a→−∞ 3 2−a
√ √

2 3 2 3
= − lim 4 1 − (1) 2 − 4 2 − a − (2 − a) 2
a→−∞ 3 3
√

2 3 10
= − lim (2 − a) 2 − 4 2 − a +
a→−∞ 3 3
√

2 10
= − lim 2 − a (2 − a) − 4 +
a→−∞ 3 3
= −∞.
51. We evaluate
4 4
2x dx 2x dx
Z Z
√ = lim √
2
3
x2 − 4 a→2+ a
3
x2 − 4
2/3 4

3 2
= lim+ x −4
a→2 2 a

3 2 2/3 3 2 2/3
= lim+ 4 −4 − a −4
a→2 2 2

1/3 3 2/3
= lim+ 3(18) − a2 − 4
a→2 2
√
3
= 3 18 .
√
The improper integral converges to 3 3 18 .
52. We evaluate
π π
1 1
Z Z
dx = lim dx
0 1 − cos x a→0+ 1 − cos x
Z aπ
1 + cos x
= lim dx
a→0+ sin2 x
Z aπ
csc2 x + csc x cot x dx

= lim
a→0+ a
π
= lim [− cot x − csc x]a
a→0+
π
cos x + 1
= lim −
a→0+ sin x a
π
(cos x + 1)(cos x − 1)
= lim −
a→0+ sin x(cos x − 1) a
2 π
sin x
= lim
a→0+ sin x(cos x − 1) a
π
sin x
= lim
a→0+ cos x − 1 a

sin π sin a
= lim −
a→0+ cos π − 1 cos a − 1

sin a
= lim −
a→0+ cos a − 1

cos a + 1
= lim
a→0+ sin a
= ∞.

Z 1 Z 0 Z 1
dx dx dx
3
= 3
+ 3
.
−1 x −1 x 0 x
We consider
0 b
dx dx
Z Z
= lim
−1 x3 b→0− −1 x3
b
1
= lim −
b→0− 2x2 −1
" !#
1 1
= lim − 2− − 2
b→0− 2b 2(−1)

1 1
= lim− − 2
b→0 2 2b
−∞. =
R1 dx
We conclude that the improper integral −1 x3 diverges .

2 1 2
dx dx dx
Z Z Z
= + .
0 x−1 0 x−1 1 x−1
We consider
1 b
dx dx
Z Z
= lim
0 x−1 b→1− 0 x−1
= lim [ln |x − 1|]b0
b→1−
= lim [ln |b − 1| − ln |0 − 1|]
b→1−
= lim [ln |b − 1|]
b→1−
−∞. =
R 2 dx
We conclude that the improper integral 0 x−1 diverges .

Z 2 Z 1 Z 2
dx dx dx
1/3
= 1/3
+ 1/3
.
0 (x − 1) 0 (x − 1) 1 (x − 1)
We consider
1 b
dx dx
Z Z
1/3
= lim− 1/3
0 (x − 1) b→1 0 (x − 1)
b
3 2
= lim−
(x − 1) 3
b→1 2 0

3 2 3 2
= lim− (b − 1) − (0 − 1)
3 3
b→1 2 2

3 2 3
= lim (b − 1) 3 −
b→1− 2 2
3
= − .
2
And
2 2
dx dx
Z Z
1/3
= lim
1 (x − 1) (x − 1)1/3 a→1+ a
2
3 2
= lim+ (x − 1) 3
a→1 2 a

3 2 3 2
= lim (2 − 1) − (a − 1)
3 3
a→1+ 2 2

3 3 2
= lim+ − (a − 1) 3
a→1 2 2
3
= .
2
R2 dx 3 3
We conclude that the improper integral 0 (x−1) 1/3 converges to − 2 + 2 = 0.

Z 1 Z 0 Z 1
dx dx dx
5/3
= 5/3
+ 5/3
.
−1 x −1 x 0 x
We consider
0 b
dx dx
Z Z
= lim−
−1 x5/3 b→0 −1 x5/3
b
3
= lim − 2
b→0− 2x 3 −1
" !#
3 3
= lim − 2 − − 2
b→0− 2b 3 2(−1) 3

3 3
= lim− − 2
b→0 2 2b 3
−∞. =
R1 dx
We conclude that the improper integral −1 x5/3
diverges .
57. We evaluate
2 b
dx dx
Z Z
3/4
= lim 3/4
1 (2 − x) b→2− 1 (2 − x)
h ib
1/4
= lim− −4(2 − x)
b→2 1
h i
1/4 1/4
= lim− −4(2 − b) − −4(2 − 1)
b→2
h √
4
i
= lim− 4 − 4 2 − b
b→2
= 4.

58. We evaluate
4 4
dx dx
Z Z
√ = lim √
0 8x − x2 a→0+ a 8x − x2
Z 4
dx
= lim+ q
a→0 a 16 − (4 − x)2
4
4−x
= lim+ − sin−1
a→0 4
a
−1 4−4 4−a
= lim − sin − − sin−1
a→0+ 4 4

4−a
= lim sin−1
a→0+ 4
π
= .
2
π
2x
59. The function f (x) = (x2 −1) 3/2 is continuous on (1, 3] but is not defined at x = 1, so
R 3 2x dx
1 (x2 −1)3/2 is an improper integral.
3 3
2x dx
Z Z
−3/2
3/2
= lim+ x2 − 1 (2x dx)
1 (x2 − 1) b→1 b
h −1/2 i3
= −2 lim x2 − 1
b→1+ b

1 1
= −2 lim+ √ −√
b→1 8 2
b −1
Since
3
1 2x dx 1 1
Z
lim √ = ∞, 3/2
= −2 lim+ √ −√ = ∞.
b→1+ b2 − 1 1 (x2 − 1) b→1 8 b2 − 1
Therefore,
3
2x dx
Z
3/2
diverges .
1 (x2 − 1)
60. We evaluate
3 b
x dx x dx
Z Z
= lim
0 (9 − x2 )3/2 b→3− 0 (9 − x2 )3/2
h −1/2 ib
= lim 9 − x2
b→3− 0
h −1/2 i
2 −1/2
− 9 − 02

= lim− 9−b
b→3

−1/2 1
= lim− 9 − b2 −
b→3 3
= ∞.

61. We evaluate
Z ∞ Z b
−x2 2
xe dx = lim xe−x dx
0 b→∞ 0
b
1 2
= lim − e−x
b→∞ 2 0

1 −b2 1 2
= lim − e − − e−0
b→∞ 2 2

1 1 −b 2
= lim − e
b→∞ 2 2
1
= .
2
1
62. We evaluate, using formula 125,

Z ∞ Z b
e−x sin x dx = lim e−x sin x dx
0 b→∞ 0
b
1 −x
= lim e (− sin x − cos x)
b→∞ 2 0

1 −b 1 −0
= lim e (− sin b − cos b) − e (− sin 0 − cos 0)
b→∞ 2 2

1 1 −b
= lim − e (cos b + sin b)
b→∞ 2 2
1
= .
2
1
63. (a) We have

1 1 1
√ ≥√ = .
2
x −1 x2 x
R∞ 1 R∞
By the comparison test, since p = 1 and 1 x dx diverges, we conclude that 1 √ 1 dx
x2 −1
diverges .
64. (a) We have

2 2 2
√ >√ = .
2
x −4 x 2 x
R∞ 1 R∞
By the comparison test, since p = 1 and 2 x dx diverges, we conclude that 2 √ 2 dx
x2 −4
diverges .
65. (a) We have

1 + e−x 1
≥ .
x x
R∞ R∞ 1+e−x
By the comparison test, since p = 1 and 1 x1 dx diverges, we conclude that 1 x dx
diverges .
66. (a) For x ≥ 1, we have

1
e−x ≤
x
so
3e−x 3
≤ 2.
x x
R∞ 3
By the comparison test, since p = 2 and 1 x2 dx converges, we conclude that
R ∞ 3e−x
1 x dx converges .
(b) Using a CAS we obtain
∞
3e−x
Z
dx ≈ 0.6582 .
1 x
67. (a) We have
sin2 x ≤ 1
so
sin2 x 1
≤ 2.
x2 x
R∞
R ∞ sin2 x
1 x2 dx converges .
∞
sin2 x
Z
dx ≈ 0.673 .
1 x2
68. (a) We have
cos2 x ≤ 1
so
cos2 x 1
≤ 2.
x2 x
R∞
R ∞ cos2 x
1 x2 dx converges .
∞
cos2 x
Z
dx ≈ 0.3265 .
1 x2
69. (a) We have
1 1 1
√ ≤ √ = 3/2 .
(x + 1) x x x x
R∞ 1
By the comparison test, since p = 32 and 1 x3/2 dx converges, we conclude that
R∞ 1 √
1 (x+1) x
dx converges .
∞
1
Z
π
√ dx = 2 .
1 (x + 1) x
70. (a) We have
1 1 1
√ ≤ √ = 2.
x 1+x 2 x x2 x
R∞ 1
R∞
√1
1 x 1+x2 dx converges .
∞
1
Z
√ dx ≈ 0.8814 .
1 x 1 + x2

R∞ 1 1

71. The area is given by the improper integral 0 x+1 − x+2 dx. We evaluate
∞ b
1 1 1 1
Z Z
− dx = lim − dx
0 x+1 x+2 b→∞ 0 x+1 x+2
b
= lim [ln |x + 1| − ln |x + 2|]0
b→∞
= lim [ln |b + 1| − ln |b + 2| − (ln |0 + 1| − ln |0 + 2|)]
b→∞
= lim [ln 2 + ln |b + 1| − ln |b + 2|]
b→∞

b + 1
= lim ln 2 + ln
b→∞ b + 2
= ln 2 .
R∞ 1
72. The area is given by the improper integral 0 1+x 2 dx. We evaluate
Z ∞ Z b
1 1
2
dx = lim 2
dx
0 1+x b→∞ 0 1+x
b
= lim tan−1 x 0

b→∞
= lim tan−1 b − tan−1 0

b→∞
= lim tan−1 b

b→∞
π
= 2 .
R∞ 2
73. The volume is given by the improper integral 0 π(e−x ) dx. We evaluate
Z ∞ Z b
−x 2
πe−2x dx

π e dx = lim
0 b→∞ 0
b
1
= lim − πe−2x
b→∞ 2 0

1 −2b 1
= lim − πe − − πe−2(0)
b→∞ 2 2

1 1
= lim π − πe−2b
b→∞ 2 2
π
= 2 .
R ∞ 1 2
74. The volume is given by the improper integral 1 π
√
x
dx. We evaluate
∞ 2 b
1 1
Z Z
π √ dx = lim π dx
1 x b→∞ 1 x
b
= lim [π ln |x|]1
b→∞
= lim [π ln |b| − π ln |1|]
b→∞
= lim [π ln b]
b→∞
= ∞.
So the volume of the solid of revolution is not defined .
R∞ 3 R0 8a3
R ∞ 8a3
75. The area is given by the improper integral −∞ x28a +4a2 dx = −∞ x2 +4a2 dx+ 0 x2 +4a2 dx.
We evaluate first
Z 0 Z 0
8a3 8a3
2 2
dx = lim dx
−∞ x + 4a t→−∞ t x + 4a2
2
x 0
3 1 −1

= lim 8a tan
t→−∞ 2a 2a
t
3 1 −1 0 3 1 −1 t

= lim 8a tan − 8a tan
t→−∞ 2a 2a 2a 2a

t
= lim −4a2 tan−1
t→−∞ 2a
2
π
= −4a −
2
= 2πa2 .
We next evaluate
Z ∞ t
8a3 8a3
Z
dx = lim dx
0 x + 4a2
2 t→∞ 0 x2
+ 4a2
x t
3 1 −1

= lim 8a tan
t→∞ 2a 2a
0
3 1 −1 t 3 1 −1 0

= lim 8a tan − 8a tan
t→∞ 2a 2a 2a 2a

2 −1 t
= lim 4a tan
t→∞ 2a
π
= 4a2
2
= 2πa2 .
So the area under the graph is 2πa2 + 2πa2 = 4πa2 .
76. (a) One can consider the total reaction as the rate of reaction times time. When the rate
is not constant, the total reaction is given by the integral of the rate of reaction for
t ≥ 0. This integral is equal to the area under the graph of y = r(t) on [0, ∞).
(b) We evaluate the improper integral
Z ∞ Z ∞
2
r(t) dt = te−t dt
0 0
Z b
2
= lim te−t dt
b→∞ 0
b
1 2
= lim − e−t
b→∞ 2 0

1 −b2 1 −02
= lim − e − − e
b→∞ 2 2

1 1 −b2
= lim − e
b→∞ 2 2
1
= .
2
1
So the total reaction is 2 .
77. (a) We have R(t) = 100, and r = 0.08. So the present value of the asset is given by the
improper integral
Z ∞ Z b
−rt
R(t)e dt = lim 100e−(0.08)t dt
0 b→∞ 0
b
100 −0.08t
= lim e
b→∞ −0.08 0

100 −0.08b 100 −0.08(0)
= lim e − e
b→∞ −0.08 −0.08
−0.08b

= lim 1250 − 1250e
b→∞
= 1250.
The present value of the asset is $1250.00.
(b) Now with R(t) = 1000 + 80t, and r = 0.07, the present value of the asset is given by
the improper integral
Z ∞ Z b
R(t)e−rt dt = lim (1000 + 80t)e−(0.07)t dt
0 b→∞ 0
" #
Z b Z b
= lim 1000 e−(0.07)t dt + 80 te−at dt
b→∞ 0 0
" !#b
1 1
= lim 1000 e−0.07t + 80 − e−(0.07)t ((0.07)t + 1)
b→∞ −0.07 (0.07)2
" ! 0
1 1
= lim 1000 e−0.07b + 80 − 2e
−(0.07)b
((0.07)b + 1)
b→∞ −0.07 (0.07)
!!#
1 −0.07(0) 1 −(0.07)(0)
− 1000 e + 80 − 2e ((0.07)(0) + 1)
−0.07 (0.07)
" !
1000 −0.07b 1 −(0.07)b
= lim e + 80 − e ((0.07)b + 1)
b→∞ −0.07 (0.07)2
!#
1000 80
− −
−0.07 (0.07)2
!
1000 80
= − −
−0.07 (0.07)2
≈ 30, 612.
The present value of the asset is approximately $30, 612 .

78. We evaluate the improper integral

Z ∞ Z b 2
Ri2 dt = lim R Ie−Rt/L dt
0 b→∞ 0
Z b
= lim RI 2 e−2Rt/L dt
b→∞ 0
b
RI 2 −2Rt/L

= lim e
b→∞ −2R/L 0

1 2 −2Rb/L 1
= lim − LI e − − LI 2 e−2R(0)/L
b→∞ 2 2

1 2 1 2 −2Rb/L
= lim LI − LI e
b→∞ 2 2
1 2
= 2 LI .

2πN Ir ∞ dy 2πN Ir b
dy
Z Z
3/2
= lim 3/2
10 x (r2 + y 2 ) 10 b→∞ x (r2 + y 2 )
" #b
2πN Ir 1 y
= lim (by Formula 61)
10 b→∞ r2 r2 + y 2
p
x

2πN Ir 1 b 1 x
= lim √ − 2√
10 b→∞ r2 r2 + b2 r r2 + x2
 
2πN Ir 1 1 1 x
= lim  q − 2√ 
10 b→∞ r2 2 r r2 + x2
(r/b) + 1

2πN Ir 1 x
= 1 − √
10 r2 r2 + x2

πN I
= 5r 1 − √r2x+x2 .
80. We evaluate the improper integral by splitting into two integrals.

"Z #
rIm ∞ 0 Z ∞
dy rIm dy dy
Z
= +
10 −∞ (r2 + y 2 )3/2 10 −∞ (r2 + y 2 )
3/2
0 (r2 + y 2 )
3/2
We first evaluate
Z 0 0
dy dy
Z
3/2
= lim 3/2
−∞ (r2 + y2) a→−∞ a (r2 + y2)
" #0
1 y
= lim 2
p (by Formula 61)
a→−∞ r r + y2
2
a

1 0 1 a
= lim √ − 2√
a→−∞ r2 2
r +0 2 r r + a2
2
 
1
= lim  q 
a→−∞ 2
r2 1 + (r/a)
1
= .
r2
And we evaluate
Z ∞ b
dy dy
Z
3/2
= lim 3/2
0 (r2 + y2) b→∞ 0 (r2 + y2)
" #b
1 y
= lim (by Formula 61)
r2 r2 + y 2
p
b→∞
0

1 b 1 0
= lim 2
√ − 2√
b→∞ r 2
r +b 2 r r + 02
2
 
1
= lim  q 
b→∞ 2 2
r 1 + (r/b)
1
= .
r2
So
∞
rIm dy rIm 1 1
Z
= +
10 −∞ (r2 + y 2 )
3/2 10 r2 r2
mI
= 5r .
R∞
81. We have W = 1 F (r) dr, where F is the force acting on an object. So we evaluate the
improper integral
Z ∞ Z b
GmM
F (r) dr = lim dr
1 b→∞ 1 r2
b
GmM
= lim −
b→∞ r 1

GmM GmM
= lim − − −
b→∞ b 1

GmM
= lim GmM −
b→∞ b
= GmM .
R1
82. If α ≥ 0, then 0
xα dx converges as an ordinary definite integral. If −1 < α < 0, then
Z 1 Z 1
α
x dx = lim+ xα dx
0 a→0 a
1
xα+1

= lim
a→0+ α+1 a
1α+1 aα+1

= lim −
a→0+ α+1 α+1
1
, =
α+1
and the improper integral converges. If α = −1, then
Z 1 Z 1
xα dx = lim+ x−1 dx
0 a→0 a
1
= lim [ln |x|]a
a→0+
= lim [ln |1| − ln |a|]
a→0+
= ∞,
and the improper integral diverges. And if α < −1,

Z 1 Z 1
α
x dx = lim+ xα dx
0 a→0 a
1
xα+1

= lim
a→0+ α+1 a
1α+1 aα+1

= lim −
a→0+ α+1 α+1
= ∞,
R1
and the improper integral diverges. So 0
xα dx converges for −1 < α .
Z ∞ Z b
xe−x dx = lim xe−x dx.
0 b→∞ 0
Let u = x, du = dx, and dv = e−x dx, v = −e−x , and use integration by parts.
Z ∞ " Z b #
−x −x b −x

xe dx = lim x −e 0
− −e dx
0 b→∞ 0
" #
Z b
= lim −be−b + e−x dx
b→∞ 0
h b i
lim −be−b + −e−x 0

=
b→∞
= lim −be−b + −e−b − −e−0

b→∞
= lim −be−b + 1 − e−b

b→∞
= 1.

Z 1 Z 1
x ln x dx = lim+ x ln x dx.
0 a→0 a
Let u = ln x, du = x1 dx, and dv = x dx, v = 12 x2 , and use integration by parts.

Z 1 " 1 Z 1 #
1 2 1 2 1
x ln x dx = lim (ln x) x − x dx
0 a→0 + 2 a a 2 x
1 1

1
Z
= lim − a2 ln a − x dx
a→0+ 2 2 a
" 1 #
1 2 1 1 2
= lim − a ln a − x
a→0+ 2 2 2 a

1 2 1 1 1 2
= lim+ − a ln a − − a
a→0 2 2 2 2

1 2 1 2 1
= lim a − a ln a −
a→0+ 4 2 4
= − 14 .

Z ∞ Z b
e−x cos x dx = lim e−x cos x dx.
0 b→∞ 0
We use integration by parts to obtain formula 126, and so

∞ b
1 −x
Z
e−x cos x dx = e (− cos x + sin x)
lim
0 b→∞ 2 0

1 −b 1 −0
= lim e (− cos b + sin b) − e (− cos 0 + sin 0)
b→∞ 2 2

1 1 −b
= lim − e (cos b − sin b)
b→∞ 2 2
1
= 2 .

Z ∞ Z b
tan−1 x dx = lim tan−1 x dx.
0 b→∞ 0
1
Let u = tan−1 x, du = 1+x2 dx, and dv = dx, v = x, and use integration by parts.
" #
∞ b
1
Z Z
−1
−1
b
tan x dx = lim x tan x 0− dx x
0 b→∞ 0 1 + x2
" #
b

−1 1 2
= lim b tan b − ln x + 1
b→∞ 2 0

1
lim b tan−1 b − ln b2 + 1

=
b→∞ 2
= ∞,
and the improper integral diverges .

R∞ dx dx
Rb
87. By definition, 0
= lim 3/2 .
(x2 +4)3/2 b→∞ 0 (x +4)
2
dx
use the substitution x = 2 tan θ, − π2 < θ < π
R
To evaluate (x2 +4)3/2
, 2.
√ √ √
Then dx = 2 sec2 θ dθ and x2 + 4 = 4 tan2 θ + 4 = 2 sec2 θ = 2 sec θ since − π2 < θ < π
2.
π−
When x = 0, 2 tan θ = 0 and so θ = 0. As x → ∞, tan θ → ∞ and so θ → 2 .
So,
∞ Z b Z b Z b
dx dx 1 1
Z
2
= lim = lim 2 sec θ dθ = lim cos θ dθ
0 (x2 + 4)3/2 b→∞ 0 (x2 + 4)3/2 b→π/2 0 8 sec3 θ 4 b→π/2 0
1 1 1 1
= lim [sin θ]b0 = lim (sin b − 0) = (1 − 0) = .
4 b→π/2 4 b→π/2 4 4
R∞ dx 1
Therefore, 0 (x2 +4)3/2
converges to 4 .
R∞ 1
Rb 1
88. By definition, 4 dx = lim dx.
(x2 −9)3/2 b→∞ 4 (x −9)
2 3/2
1 π
R
Use the substitution x = 3 sec θ to evaluate (x2 −9)3/2
dx. Since x ≥ 0, 0 ≤ θ < 2.
Then dx = 3 tan θ sec θ dθ and

3/2 3/2
(x2 − 9)3/2 = (9 sec2 θ − 9)3/2 = 9(sec2 θ − 1) = 9 tan2 θ = 27 tan3 θ.

Then
Z

1 1 1 1
Z Z
dx = 3 (3 tan θ sec θ dθ) = · sec θ dθ
(x − 9)3/2
2 27 tan θ 9 tan2 θ
1 cos2 θ 1 1 cos θ 1 1 1
Z Z Z
= 2 · dθ = · dθ = cot θ · csc θ dθ = − csc θ + C.
9 sin θ cos θ 9 sin θ sin θ 9 9
√ q q
x2 −9
Since x = 3 sec θ, we have cos θ = x3 and sin θ = 1 − cos2 θ = 1 − x92 = x2 =
√
x2 −9
± x .
√
π x2 −9 √ x
Since 0 ≤ θ < 2, sin θ > 0. So, sin θ = x and csc θ = x2 −9
.
So,
1 1 x
Z
dx = − √ + C,
(x2 − 9)3/2 9 x2 − 9
and
Z ∞ b b
1 1 1 1 x
Z
dx = − lim dx = − lim √
4 (x2 − 9)3/2 9 b→∞ 2
4 (x − 9)
3/2 9 b→∞ x2 − 9 4
√
1 b 4 1 4 1 4 4 7 1
= − lim √ −√ =− 1− √ =− + √ = − .
9 b→∞ b2 − 9 7 9 7 9 9 7 63 9
R∞ √
1 4 7 1
Therefore, 4 (x2 −9)3/2
dx converges to 63 − 9 .
R∞ dx
Rb dx
√ = lim √ .
(x+1) 2x+x2 b→∞ 1 (x+1) 2x+x
2
dx
begin by completing the square on the expression 2x + x2 .
R
To evaluate √
(x+1) 2x+x2
,
2
2x + x2 = x2 + 2x + 1 − 1 = (x + 1) − 1.
The integral becomes (x+1)dx √dx 2 .

R R
√
2x+x 2
=
(x+1) (x+1) −1
dx √dx
R R
Use the substitution u = x + 1. Then du = dx and √
(x+1) 2x+x2
= =
(x+1) (x+1)2 −1
√du
R
u u2 −1
= arcsec u + C = arcsec(x + 1) + C.
So,
∞ b
dx dx
Z Z
b
√ = lim √ = lim [arcsec(x + 1)]1
1 (x + 1) 2x + x2 b→∞ 1 (x + 1) 2x + x
2 b→∞
π π π
= lim [arcsec(b + 1) − arcsec(2)] = − = .
b→∞ 2 3 6
R∞ dx π
Therefore, 1
√
(x+1) 2x+x2
converges to 6 .
R∞ dx
Rb dx
√ = lim √ .
(x+2)2 4x+x2 b→∞ 2 (x+2) 4x+x
2 2
dx
begin by completing the square on the expression 4x + x2 .
R
To evaluate √
(x+2)2 4x+x2
,
4x + x2 = x2 + 4x + 4 − 4 = (x + 2)2 − 4.
dx √dx
R R
The integral becomes √
(x+2)2 4x+x2
= .
(x+2)2 (x+2)2 −4
dx √dx
R R
Use the substitution u = x + 2. Then du = dx and √
(x+2)2 4x+x2
= =
(x+2)2 (x+2)2 −4
√du
R
u2 u2 −4
.
√du π
R
Use the substitution u = 2 sec θ to evaluate u2 u2 −4
. Since x ≥ 0, 0 ≤ θ < 2.
Then du = 2 tan θ sec θ dθ and

p p p p π
u2 − 4 = 4 sec2 θ − 4 = 2 sec2 θ − 1 = 2 tan2 θ = 2 tan θ since 0 ≤ θ < .
2
Then
Z
du 2 tan θ sec θ dθ 1 1 1 1
Z Z Z
√ = 2
= dθ = cos θ dθ = sin θ + C.
u u2 − 4
2 (4 sec θ)(2 tan θ) 4 sec θ 4 4
2
√ q
2
q
u2 −4
Since u = 2 sec θ, we have cos θ = u and sin θ = 1 − cos2 θ = 1 − u2 = u2 =
√
u2 −4
± u .
√
π u2 −4
Since 0 ≤ θ < 2, sin θ > 0. So, sin θ = u .
So,
√ p √
dx du 1 u2 − 4 (x + 2)2 − 4 4x + x2
Z Z
√ = √ = +C= +C= +C
(x + 2)2 4x + x2 u2 u2 − 4 4 u 4(x + 2) 4(x + 2)
and
"√ #b "√ √ #
∞ b
dx dx 4x + x2 4b + b2 12
Z Z
√ = lim √ = lim = lim − .
2 (x + 2) 4x + x2
2 b→∞ 2 (x + 2) 4x + x2
2 b→∞ 4(x + 2) b→∞ 4(b + 2) 16
2
Note that
√ √ q
4

√
4b + b2 1 4b + b2
1
1 b + 1 1 0+1

1
b
lim = lim · 1 = lim  2
= = .
b→∞ 4(b + 2) 4 b→∞ b + 2 4 b→∞ 1+ b 4 1+0 4
b
So, "√
∞
√ # √ √
dx 4b + b2 12 1 2 3 1 3
Z
√ = lim − = − = − .
2 (x + 2) 4x + x2
2 b→∞ 4(b + 2) 16 4 16 4 8
R∞ √
dx 1 3
Therefore, 2 (x+2)2
√
4x+x2
converges to 4 − 8 .

Z ∞ Z b
sin x dx = lim sin x dx
0 b→∞ 0
b
= lim [− cos x]0
b→∞
= lim [− cos b − (− cos 0)]
b→∞
= lim [1 − cos b] .
b→∞
R∞
Since this limit does not exist, the improper integral 0 sin x dx diverges . We now
evaluate the improper integral
Z 0 Z 0
sin x dx = lim sin x dx
−∞ a→−∞ a
0
= lim [− cos x]a
a→−∞
= lim [− cos 0 − (− cos a)]
a→−∞
= lim [cos a − 1] .
a→−∞
R0
Since this limit does not exist, the improper integral −∞ sin x dx diverges . We now
determine
Z t
t
lim sin x dx = lim [cos x]−t
t→∞ −t t→∞
= lim [cos t − (cos (−t))]

t→∞
= lim [cos t − cos (t)]
t→∞
= lim [0]
t→∞
= 0.
1/π
92. If we let f (x) = x + 1+x2 , then
∞ b
1/π 1/π
Z Z
x+ dx = lim x+ dx
0 1 + x2 b→∞ 0 1 + x2
b
1 2 1 −1
= lim x + tan x
b→∞ 2 π
0
1 2 1
= lim b + tan−1 b
b→∞ 2 π
= ∞,
so this integral diverges. And
Z 0 0
1/π
Z
x dx = lim x+ dx
∞ a→−∞ a 1 + x2
0
1 2 1 −1
= lim x + tan x
a→−∞ 2 π a

1 2 1 −1
= lim − a − tan a
a→−∞ 2 π
= −∞,
so this integral also diverges. But

t t
1/π 1 2 1
Z
lim x+ dx = lim x + tan−1 x
t→∞ −t 1 + x2 t→∞ 2 π −t

1 2 1 −1 1 2 1 −1
= lim t + tan t − (−t) + tan (−t)
t→∞ 2 π 2 π

2
= lim tan−1 t
t→∞ π
= 1.
93. Since
1 1 1
√ ≥√ = √
2 + sin x 2+1 3
R∞ 1
R∞ 1
for all x, and since 0 3 dx diverges, by the Comparison Test, 0
√
2+sin x
dx diverges.
94. Since for x ≥ 2

ln x ln 2 ln 2
√ ≥ √ =
x2 − 1 x2 x
R∞ ln 2 ∞
√ln x dx diverges.
R
and 2 x dx diverges, by the Comparison Test, 2 x2 −1
95. (a) We evaluate the improper integral, and let u = xn , du = nxn−1 dx, dv = e−x dx, and
v = −e−x . We obtain
Z ∞ Z b
n −x
x e dx = lim xn e−x dx
0 b→∞
"0 Z b #
−x b
n n−1 −x

= lim x −e 0
− nx −e dx
b→∞ 0
" #
Z b
= lim −bn e−b + n xn−1 e−x dx
b→∞ 0
" Z #
b
lim −bn e−b + lim n−1 −x

= n x e dx
b→∞ b→∞ 0
"Z #
b
= 0 + n lim xn−1 e−x dx
b→∞ 0
Z ∞
= n xn−1 e−x dx.
0
(b) Using part (a) repeatedly, we obtain

Z ∞ Z ∞
n −x
x e dx = n xn−1 e−x dx
0 0
Z ∞
= n(n − 1) xn−2 e−x dx
0
= ··· Z ∞
= [n(n − 1) · · · 1] e−x dx
0
Z b
= (n!) lim e−x dx
b→∞ 0
b
= (n!) lim −e−x 0

b→∞
= (n!) lim −e−b − −e−0

b→∞
= (n!) lim 1 − e−b

b→∞
= n!.
96. We evaluate the improper integral, and obtain for p 6= 1

∞ b
dx dx
Z Z
p = lim p
e x(ln x) b→∞
e x(ln x)
1−p b
ln x
= lim
b→∞ 1−p e
1−p
b ln1−p e

ln
= lim −
b→∞ 1−p 1−p
1−p
ln b 1
= lim − .
b→∞ 1−p 1−p
If p > 1, then 1 − p < 0, and

∞ 1−p
dx ln b 1 1
Z
p = lim − = .
e x(ln x) b→∞ 1−p 1−p p−1
If p < 1, then 1 − p > 0, and

∞ 1−p
dx ln b 1
Z
= lim − = ∞.
e x(ln x)p b→∞ 1−p 1−p
And if p = 1, we have
∞ b
dx dx
Z Z
= lim
e x(ln x)p b→∞ e x ln x
= lim [ln (ln x)]be
b→∞
= lim [ln (ln b) − ln (ln e)]
b→∞
= lim [ln (ln b) − 0]
b→∞
= ∞.
R∞ dx
So e x(ln x)p converges if p > 1, and diverges if p ≤ 1.

b b
dx dx
Z Z
p = lim p
a (x − a) t→a+ t (x − a)
" #b
1−p
(x − a)
= lim
t→a+ 1−p
t
" #
1−p 1−p
(b − a) (t − a)
= lim − .
t→a+ 1−p 1−p
If p > 1, then 1 − p < 0, and

" #
b 1−p 1−p
dx (b − a) (t − a)
Z
p = lim+ − = ∞.
a (x − a) t→a 1−p 1−p
If 0 < p < 1, then 1 − p > 0, and

" #
b 1−p 1−p 1−p
dx (b − a) (t − a) (b − a)
Z
p = lim − = .
a (x − a) t→a+ 1−p 1−p 1−p
b b
dx dx
Z Z
p = lim
a (x − a) t→a+ t x−a
b
= lim [ln |x − a|]t
t→a+
= lim [ln |b − a| − ln |t − a|]
t→a+
= ∞.
Rb dx
So a (x−a)p
converges if 0 < p < 1, and diverges if p ≥ 1.

b t
dx dx
Z Z
p = lim p
a (b − x) t→b− a (b − x)
" #t
1−p
−(b − x)
= lim
t→b− 1−p
a
" !#
1−p 1−p
−(b − t) (b − a)
= lim − − .
t→b− 1−p 1−p
If p > 1, then 1 − p < 0, and

" !#
b 1−p 1−p
dx −(b − t) (b − a)
Z
p = lim− − − = ∞.
a (b − x) t→b 1−p 1−p
If 0 < p < 1, then 1 − p > 0, and

" !#
Z b 1−p 1−p 1−p
dx −(b − t) (b − a) (b − a)
p = lim− − − = .
a (b − x) t→b 1−p 1−p 1−p
b t
dx dx
Z Z
p = lim
a (b − x) t→b− a b−x
= lim [− ln |b − x|]ta
t→b−
= lim [− ln |b − t| − (− ln |b − a|)]
t→b−
= ∞.
Rb dx
So a (b−x)p converges if 0 < p < 1, and diverges if p ≥ 1.
1
R b dx 1
99. If p = 0, then (x−a)p= 1 for all x in (a, b], and so a (x−a) p = b − a. Likewise,
(b−a)p = 1
R b dx 1 1
for all x in [a, b), so a (b−x)p = 1. And if p < 0, then (x−a) p and
(b−a)p are continuous
R b dx R b dx
on [a, b], so the integrals a (x−a) p and
a (b−x)p are ordinary definite integrals, and hence
R 2 dx R2 h i2
converge. For example, 1 (x−1)−1 = 1 (x − 1) dx = 12 (x − 1)2 = 21 .
1
R∞ R∞
100. Suppose a g(x) dx diverges, then since g(x) ≥ 0, we know that a g(x) dx = ∞. If M is
any real number, then there exists b such that for every b ≤ t,
Z b Z b Z t
M≤ g(x) dx ≤ f (x) dx ≤ f (x) dx.
a a a
Rt R∞
So lim f (x) dx = ∞, by definition of an infinite limit. So a f (x) dx diverges.
t→∞ a R∞ R∞
Now suppose a f (x) dx converges. Then a g(x) dx must also converge, since from the
R∞
above, we otherwise would conclude that a f (x) dx diverges.
101. We evaluate, for s > 0,
Z ∞
L {f (x)} = e−sx f (x) dx
0
Z ∞
= e−sx x dx
0
Z b
= lim e−sx x dx
b→∞ 0
b
1 −sx
= lim − 2 e (sx + 1)
b→∞ s 0

1 −bs 1 −(0)s
= lim − 2 e (bs + 1) − − 2 e ((0)s + 1)
b→∞ s s

1 1
= lim − 2 e−bs (bs + 1)
b→∞ s2 s
1
= s2 .

Z ∞
0
Z ∞
= e−sx cos x dx
0
Z b
= lim e−sx cos x dx
b→∞ 0
b
e−xs (sin x − s cos x)

= lim
b→∞ s2 + 1 0
e−bs (sin b − s cos b) e−(0)s (sin (0) − s cos (0))

= lim −
b→∞ s2 + 1 s2 + 1

s sin b − s cos b
= lim + e−bs
b→∞ s2 + 1 s2 + 1
s
= s2 +1 .

Z ∞
0
Z ∞
= e−sx sin x dx
0
Z b
= lim e−sx sin x dx
b→∞ 0
b
−e−sx (cos x + s sin x)

= lim
b→∞ s2 + 1 0
−e−bs (cos b + s sin b) −e−(0)s (cos (0) + s sin (0))

= lim −
b→∞ s2 + 1 s2 + 1

1 cos b + s sin b
= lim 2
− e−bs
b→∞ s + 1 s2 + 1
1
= s2 +1 .

Z ∞
0
Z ∞
= e−sx ex dx
0
Z b
= lim ex(1−s) dx
b→∞ 0
b
ex(1−s)

= lim
b→∞ 1−s 0
b(1−s)
e(0)(1−s)

e
= lim −
b→∞ 1−s 1−s
−b(s−1)

1 e
= lim −
b→∞ s − 1 s−1
1
= s−1 .
R∞
But for s ≤ 1, 0 e−sx ex dx diverges.
105. We evaluate, for s > a,

Z ∞
0
Z ∞
= e−sx eax dx
0
Z b
= lim ex(a−s) dx
b→∞ 0
b
ex(a−s)

= lim
b→∞ a−s 0
eb(a−s) e0(a−s)

= lim −
b→∞ a−s a−s
e−b(s−a)

1
= lim −
b→∞ a−s a−s
1
= s−a .
R∞
But for s ≤ a, 0
e−sx ex dx diverges.
Z ∞
0
Z ∞
= e−sx (1) dx
0
Z b
= lim e−sx dx
b→∞ 0
b
1
= lim − e−sx
b→∞ s 0

1 −bs 1
= lim − e − − e−(0)s
b→∞ s s

1 1 −bs
= lim − e
b→∞ s s
1
= s .
Challenge Problems
R1q 2
107. The arc length is given by 0 1 + (dy/dx) dx. We differentiate, and obtain
dy d p √
= x − x2 − sin−1 x
dx dx
1 −1/2 1 1
= x − x2 (1 − 2x) − q √
2 √ 22 x
1 − ( x)
1 − 2x 1
= √ − √
2 x−x 2 2 x − x2
−x
= √ .
x − x2
So
s 2
−x
q
2
1 + (dy/dx) = 1+ √
x − x2
r
x2
= 1+
x − x2
1
= √ .
1−x
We now evaluate the improper integral.
Z 1 Z b
1 −1/2
√ dx = lim− (1 − x) dx
0 1−x b→1 0
√ b
= lim− −2 1 − x 0
b→1
h √ √ i
= lim− −2 1 − b − −2 1 − 0
b→1
h √ i
= lim 2 − 2 1 − b
b→1−
= 2.

Z a Z a
(x−ex ) x
e dx = lim ex e−e dx.
−∞ x→−∞ x
x x
Let u = e , then du = e dx, and we obtain
Z a Z ea
x
e(x−e ) dx = lim e−u du
−∞ x→−∞ ex
−u ea
= lim −e ex
x→−∞
h a
x
i
= lim −e−e − −e−e
x→−∞
h x a
i
= lim e−e − e−e
x→−∞
a
= 1 − e−e .

Z ∞ Z 0 Z x
(x−ex ) x −ex x
e dx = lim e e dx + lim ex e−e dx.
−∞ x→−∞ x x→∞ 0
x x
For the first integral, let u = e , then du = e dx, and we obtain
Z 0 Z 1
x
lim ex e−e dx = lim e−u du
x→−∞ x x→−∞ ex
1
−e−u ex

= lim
x→−∞
h x
i
= lim −e−1 − −e−e
x→−∞
h x i
= lim e−e − e−1
x→−∞
1
= 1− .
e
For the second integral, let u = ex , then du = ex dx, and we obtain

Z x Z ex
x
lim ex e−e dx = lim e−u du
x→∞ 0 x→∞ 1
ex
lim −e−u 1

=
x→∞
h x i
= lim −e−e − −e−1
x→∞
h x
i
= lim e−1 − e−e
x→∞
1
= .
e
So we have ∞
1 1
Z
(x−ex )
e dx = 1 − + = 1.
−∞ e e
R ln 2 R∞
110. (a) We need to show that 0
e−x dx = ln 2
e−x dx. For the first integral we have
Z ln 2 −x ln 2
e−x dx = −e 0
0
−e− ln 2 − −e−0

=
1
= − +1
2
1
= .
2
The improper integral is determined next,
Z ∞ Z b
e−x dx = lim e−x dx
ln 2 b→∞ ln 2
b
lim −e−x ln 2

=
b→∞
lim −e−b − −e− ln 2

=
b→∞

1
= lim − e−b
b→∞ 2
1
= −0
2
1
= .
2
So the areas are equal.
(b) The volume obtained by rotating the first region about the x-axis is
Z ln 2 Z ln 2
−x 2
πe−2x dx

π e dx =
0 0
h π iln 2
= − e−2x
2 0
π −2(ln 2) π −2(0)
= − e − − e
2 2
3π
= .
8
The volume obtained by rotating the second region about the x-axis is given by the
improper integral
Z ∞ Z b
−x 2
πe−2x dx

π e dx = lim
ln 2 b→∞ ln 2
h π ib
= lim − e−2x
b→∞ 2 ln 2
h π π i
−2b
= lim − e − − e−2 ln 2
b→∞ 2 2

1 1 −2b
= lim π − πe
b→∞ 8 2
π
= .
8
So the volume of the first solid is three times the volume of the second solid.
111. Since a < b, f (x) ≥ 0 for all x. The integral of f is 0 outside of the interval [a, b], and so
we have Z ∞ Z b
1 1
f (x) dx = dx = (b − a) = 1.
−∞ a b−a b−a
We conclude that f is a probability density function.
112. We have f (x) ≥ 0 for all x. The integral of f is 0 for x < 0, and so we have
Z ∞ Z ∞
1 −x/a
f (x) dx = e dx
−∞ 0 a
Z b
1 −x/a
= lim e dx
b→∞ 0 a
h 1
ib
= lim −e− a x
b→∞ 0
h 1
1
i
−a b
= lim −e − −e− a (0)
b→∞
h 1
i
= lim 1 − e− a b
b→∞
= 1.
We conclude that f is a probability density function.
113. We need to evaluate
∞ b
1
Z Z
xf (x) dx = x dx
−∞ a b−a
Z b
1
= x dx
b−a a

1 1 2 1 2
= b − a
b−a 2 2
(b − a)(b + a)
=
2(b − a)
a+b
= .
2
a+b
The mean of f is µ = 2 .

Z ∞ ∞
1 −x/a
Z
xf (x) dx = xe dx
−∞ 0 a
Z b
1 −x/a
= lim xe dx
b→∞ 0 a
h 1
ib
= lim −e− a x (a + x)
b→∞ 0
h 1
1
i
−a b
= lim −e (a + b) − −e− a (0) (a + 0)
b→∞
h 1
i
= lim a − e− a b (a + b)
b→∞
= a.
The mean of f is µ = a .
Z ∞ b
2
a+b 1
Z
2
(x − µ) f (x) dx = x− dx
−∞ a 2 b − a
Z b 2
1 a+b
= x− dx
b−a a 2
" 3 #b
1 1 a+b
= x−
b−a 3 2
a
" 3 3 #
1 1 a+b 1 a+b
= b− − a−
b−a 3 2 3 2
" 3 3 #
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= b− a − a− b
b−a 3 2 2 3 2 2
1 h
3
i
= 2(b − a)
24(b − a)
2
(b − a)
= .
12
(b−a)2 b−a
The variance of f is σ 2 = 12 . The standard deviation is σ = √ .
2 3

Z ∞ ∞
1
Z
2 2
(x − µ) f (x) dx = (x − a) e−x/a dx
−∞ 0 a
Z b
1
= lim (x − a)2 e−x/a dx
b→∞ 0 a
h 1 ib
= lim −e− a x a2 + x2
b→∞ 0
h 1 −10 2 i
−a b 2
= lim −e a + b − −e a a + 02
2
b→∞
h 1 i
= lim a2 − e− a b a2 + b2
b→∞
= a2 .
The variance of f is σ 2 = a2 . The standard deviation is σ = a.

AP
R
Practice Problems
x+2 x+2
1. The function f (x) = x2 +4x−12 = (x+6)(x−2) is continuous on [0, 2) but is not defined at
R 2 x+2
x = 2, so 0 x2 +4x−12 dx is an improper integral.
2 b
x+2 x+2
Z Z
2
dx = lim dx.
0 x + 4x − 12 b→2− 0 x2 + 4x − 12
Now use the
R substitution uR= x2 +4x−12. So, du = (2x + 4) dx = 2(x + 2) dx, (x + 2) dx =
du x+2 1 du 1 1 2
2 , and x2 +4x−12 dx = u 2 = 2 ln |u| + C = 2 ln x + 4x − 12 + C.

Z 2 Z b
x+2 x+2
Therefore, 2
dx = lim 2
dx
0 x + 4x − 12 b→2 0 x + 4x − 12
−
b

1 2
= lim ln x + 4x − 12
b→2− 2 0
1 2
= lim ln b + 4b − 12 − ln 12 .
2 b→2−
R2 x+2
Since lim− b2 + 4b − 12 = 0+ , lim− ln b2 + 4b − 12 = ∞ and so 0 x2 +4x−12 dx diverges .
b→2 b→2
The answer is D.
2. The function f (x) = x23 is continuous for x ≥ 1.
R∞ Rb
By definition, 1 x23 dx = lim 1 x23 dx.
b→∞
b b
2
Z Z
lim dx = 2 lim x−3 dx
b→∞ 1 x3 b→∞ 1
b
x−2

= 2 lim
b→∞ −2 1

1
= − lim −1
b→∞ b2
= −(0 − 1) = 1 .
The answer is B.
8x
3. The function f (x) = √
3
8−x2
is continuous for x ≥ 3.
R∞ 8x
R b 8x
By definition, 3
√
3 dx = lim √
3 dx.
8−x2 b→∞ 3 8−x2
b b
8x
Z Z
−1/3
lim √
3
= −4 lim 8 − x2 (−2x dx)
b→∞ 3 8 − x2 b→∞ 3
b
3
= −4 lim (8 − x2 )2/3
b→∞ 3 2
h i
= −6 lim (8 − b2 )2/3 − 1 .
b→∞
s 2 h 2/3 i
2 2/3 3
Since lim (8 − b ) = lim (8 − b2 ) = ∞, −6 lim 8 − b2 − 1 = −∞ and so
b→∞ b→∞ b→∞
R ∞ 8x
3
√
3
8−x2
dx diverges .
The answer is D.
2
4. The function f (x) = xex is continuous for x ≤ 0.
R0 2 R0 2
By definition, −∞ xex dx = lim b xex dx.
b→−∞
0 0 h 2 i0
1 1 1
Z Z
2 2 2
lim xex dx = lim ex (2x dx) = lim ex = lim e0 − eb .
b→−∞ b 2 b→−∞ b 2 b→−∞ b 2 b→−∞
2
2
R0 2
1
Since lim eb = ∞, lim
2 b→−∞ e0 − eb = −∞ and so −∞ xex dx diverges .
b→−∞
The answer is D.
1
5. The function f (x) = x (ln x)2
is continuous for x ≥ 2.
R∞ 1
Rb
1
By definition, 2 x (ln x)2
dx = lim 2 dx.
b→∞ 2 x (ln x)
To evaluate x (ln1 x)2 dx, use the substitution u = ln x. Then du = 1

R
x dx, dx = x du, and
−1
1
dx = xu1 2 (x du) = u−2 du = u−1 + C = − ln1x + C.
R R R
x (ln x)2
∞ b b
1 1 1 1 1
Z Z
So, 2 dx = b→∞
lim 2 dx = b→∞
lim − = − lim −
2 x (ln x) 2 x (ln x) ln x 2 b→∞ ln b ln 2

1
=− 0− = ln12 .
ln 2
The answer is A.
1
R1 1
6. The function f (x) = √4
x
is continuous on (0, 1] but is not defined at x = 0, so 0 √
4
x
dx is
an improper integral.
Z 1 Z 1 3/4 1 √
1 −1/4 x 4
4
4
3 = (1 − 0) = 4 .
√ dx = lim x dx = lim 3 = lim 1 − b 3
0
4
x b→0+ b b→0+
4 b
3 b→0+ 3
The answer is C.
1 2
R∞ 2 R∞
7. Using the method of disks, the volume is given by V = π 1 (y) dx = π 1 x2 dx =
R∞
π 1 x14 dx.
R∞ Rb
By definition, 1 x14 dx = lim 1 x14 dx.
b→∞
∞ b
1 1
Z Z
dx = lim dx
1 x4 b→∞ 1 x4
Z b
= lim x−4 dx
b→∞ 1
b
x−3

= lim
b→∞ −3 1

1 1
= − lim −1
3 b→∞ b3
1 1
= − (0 − 1) = .
3 3
R∞ 1 1 π
The volume is V = π 1 x4 dx = π · 3 = 3 .
7.8 Integration Using Tables and Computer

Algebra Systems
Skill Building
1. We use Integral 123,
eax
Z
eax cos bx dx = (a cos bx + b sin bx) + C,
a2 + b2
with a = 2 and b = 1. We obtain
e2x
Z
e2x cos x dx = (2 cos x + sin x) + C
22 + 12
1 2x
= 5 e (2 cos x + sin x) + C .
2. First let u = 2x + 3, so x = u−3 1

2 and 2 du = dx, and substitute to obtain
1
Z Z
u−3
e 5x+1
sin (2x + 3) dx = e5( 2 )+1 sin u du
2
1
Z
5 13
= e 2 u− 2 sin u du
2
1 − 13
Z
5
= e 2 e 2 u sin u du.
2
We now use Integral 122,
eax
Z
eax sin bx dx = (a sin bx − b cos bx) + C,
a2 + b2
5
with a = 2 and b = 1. We obtain
5 !
e2u

1 − 13 1 − 13 5
Z
5
e 2 e 2u sin u du = e 2 sin u − cos u +C
2 2 5 2 2

2 + 12
5 !
e 2 (2x+3)

1 − 13 5
= e 2 sin (2x + 3) − cos (2x + 3) +C
2 5 2 2

2 + 12
2 5x+1 5

= 29 e 2 sin (2x + 3) − cos (2x + 3) + C .
3. Use Integral 31 with a = 2, b = 3, and n = 4.
(2 + 3x)5 2 + 3x

2
Z
x(2 + 3x)4 dx = − +C
32 4+2 4+1
(2+3x)5 2+3x 2

= 9 6 − 5 +C
7.8 Integration Using Tables and Computer Algebra Systems 7-269
4. Use Integral 27 with a = 5 and b = 2.

x 5 1
Z
2 dx = 22 (5 + 2x) + 22 ln |5 + 2x| + C
(5 + 2x)
5 1
= 4(5+2x) + 4 ln |5 + 2x| + C
x2 dx 2
Z
8 · 62 − (4 · 6 · 3)x + 3 · 32 x2 6 + 3x + C
√
√ = 2
6 + 3x 15 · 3
2
288 − 72x + 27x2 6 + 3x + C
√
=
135
2
32 − 8x + 3x2 6 + 3x + C
√
= 45

Z √
1+x √ dx
Z
dx = 2 1 + x + √ .
x 1+x
Use Integral 43 with a = 1 > 0 and b = 1 to evaluate √dx

R
1+x
.
√
dx 1 + x − 1
Z
√ = ln √
+ C.
1+x 1 + x + 1
So, Z √
1+x √ √
dx = 2 1 + x + ln √1+x−1 +C

x 1+x+1
7. Use Integral 50 with a = 2. Then a2 = 4 and

Z √ 2
x +4 √ √
2

dx = x2 + 4 − 2 ln 2+ xx +4 + C

x
x2 √ √
Z
dx = x2 x2 − 9 + 9

√ 2 ln x + x2 − 9 + C
2
x −9

dx
Z
3/2
= − 4√xx2 −4 + C
2
(x − 4)
x 3 · 34
Z
3/2 p p
x2 + 9 dx = 2x2 + 5 · 9 x2 + 9 + ln x + x2 + 9 + C

8 8
√
= x8 2x2 + 45 x2 + 9 + 243
√
8 ln x +
x2 + 9 + C
11. Use Integral 120 with m = 3 and n = 2.
x3+1 (ln x)2 2 x4 (ln x)2 1

Z Z Z
3 2 3 2−1
x (ln x) dx = − x (ln x) dx = − x3 ln x dx
3+1 3+1 4 2
Use Integral 117 with n = 3 to evaluate x3 ln x dx.

R
3+1
x4

x 1 1
Z
3
x ln x dx = ln x − +C = ln x − +C
3+1 3+1 4 4
So,
x4 (ln x)2 1 x4

1
Z
x4 (ln x)2 x4
x3 (ln x)2 dx = 1

− ln x − +C = 4 − 8 ln x − 4 +C
4 2 4 4
12. Use Integral 119.

dx
Z
= ln |ln x| + C
x ln x

xp 2 16
Z p p
x2 − 16 dx = x − 16 − ln x + x2 − 16 + C

2 2
√ √
= x2 x2 − 16 − 8 ln x + x2 − 16 + C

√
Z √ 2
x +3 √ √ √ √
2

dx = x2 + 3 − 3 ln 3+ xx +3 + C

x
√
15. Use Integral 67 with a = 6 . Then a2 = 6 and
√
x 3/2 (3 · 6)x p 3( 6)4 x
Z
3/2
6 − x2 dx = 6 − x2 + 6 − x2 + sin−1 √ + C
4 8 8 6
3/2 √ √
−1 x 6
= x4 6 − x2 + 94 x 6 − x2 + 27

2 sin 6 +C
√
dx √
Z
2
√ dx = − 10−x
10x +C
x2 10 − x2
17. Use Integral 69 with a = 5.
52

x − 5p 5−x
Z p
2 2 −1
10x − x dx = (2 · 5)x − x + cos +C
2 2 5
√
= x−5 10x − x2 + 25 −1 5−x

2 2 cos 5 +C

p
dx (2 · 3)x − x2 √
Z
2
√ =− + C = − 6x−x
3x +C
x 6x − x2 3x
sin [(3 + 8)x] sin [(3 − 8)x] sin (11x) sin (−5x)
Z
cos (3x) cos (8x) dx = + +C = + +C
2(3 + 8) 2(3 − 8) 22 (−10)
sin (−5x) sin (5x)
Since sin (−5x) = − sin (5x), (−10) = 10 and the integral becomes
Z
sin (11x) sin (5x)
cos (3x) cos (8x) dx = 22 + 10 +C .
20. Use Integral 94 with m = 2 and n = 5.
sin [(2 + 5)x] sin [(2 − 5)x] sin (7x) sin (−3x)
Z
sin (2x) sin (5x) dx = − + +C = + +C
2(2 + 5) 2(2 − 5) 14 (−6)
sin (−3x) sin (3x)
Since sin (−3x) = − sin (3x), (−6) = 6 and the integral becomes
Z
sin (2x) sin (5x) dx = − sin14
(7x)
+ sin (3x)
6 +C
21. Use Integral 109. Z

x2 +1
x tan−1 x dx = 2 tan−1 x − x
2 +C
22. Use Integral 107.

√
Z
2x2 −1
x sin−1 x dx = 4 sin−1 x + x 1−x2
4 +C
23. Use Integral 117 with n = 4.

4+1
x 1
Z
4 x5 1

x ln x dx = ln x − +C = 5 ln x − 5 +C
4+1 4+1
24. Use Integral 116 with n = 3.

Z Z Z
(ln x)3 dx = x (ln x)3 − 3 (ln x)3−1 dx = x (ln x)3 − 3 (ln x)2 dx
Use Integral 116 with n = 2 to evaluate (ln x)2 dx.

R
Z Z Z
(ln x)3 dx = x (ln x)3 − 3 x (ln x)2 − 2 ln x dx + C = x (ln x)3 − 3x (ln x)2 + 6 ln x dx + C
R
Finally, use Integral 5 to evaluate ln x dx.
Z
(ln x)3 dx = x (ln x)3 − 3x (ln x)2 + 6(x ln x − x) + C
= x (ln x)3 − 3x (ln x)2 + 6x ln x − 6x + C

sinh (2x)
sinh2 x dx = 4 − x
2 +C

tanh2 x dx = x − tanh x + C
27. Use Integral 79 with n = 2 and a = 4.

p
dx (2 · 4)x − x2 2−1 dx
Z Z
√ = 2
+ √ +C
2
x 8x − x 2 4(1 − 2 · 2)x (2 · 2 − 1) · 4 x2−1 8x − x2
√
8x − x2 1 dx
Z
=− 2
+ √ +C
12x 12 x 8x − x2
dx
R
Use Integral 76 with a = 4 to evaluate x√8x−x 2.
p √
dx (2 · 4)x − x2 8x − x2
Z
√ =− +C =−
x 8x − x2 4x 4x
So, the integral becomes
√ " √ #
dx 8x − x2 1 8x − x2 √ √
Z
8x−x2 8x−x2
√ =− 2
+ − + C = − 12x2 − 48x +C
2
x 8x − x2 12x 12 4x

Z √ p
12x − x2 2 (2 · 6)x − x2

−1 6−x
dx = − − cos +C
x2 x 6
√
2
= − 2 12x−x − cos−1 6−x

x 6 +C
29. Use Integral 36 with n = 2 and a = 2. Then a2 = 4 and

" #
dx 1 x dx
Z Z
2 = 2(2 − 1) · 4 2−1 + (2 · 2 − 3) 2−1 + C
(4 + x2 ) (4 + x2 ) (4 + x2 )

1 x dx
Z
= + +C
8 4 + x2 4 + x2
R dx
Use Integral 17 with a = 2 to evaluate 4+x 2.
dx 1 x
Z
2
= tan−1 + C
4+x 2 2
So,
dx
Z
1 x 1 x
2 = 8 4+x2 + 2 tan−1 2 +C .
(4 + x2 )
30. Use Integral 37 recursively with a = 5 and n = 3. Then a2 = 25 and

" #
dx 1 x dx
Z Z
3 = 2(3 − 1) · 25 − 3−1 − (2 · 3 − 3) 3−1 + C
(x2 − 25) (x2 − 25) (x2 − 25)
" #
1 x dx
Z
= − −3
100 (x2 − 25)2 (x2 − 25)2
dx
R
Use Integral 37 with a = 5 and n = 2 to evaluate (x2 −25)2
.
" #
dx 1 x dx
Z Z
2 = 2(2 − 1) · 25 − 2−1 − (2 · 2 − 3) 2−1 + C
(x2 − 25) (x2 − 25) (x2 − 25)

1 x dx
Z
= − 2 − +C
50 x − 25 x2 − 25
So,
( )
dx 1 x 1 x dx
Z Z
2 3 = 100 − 2 − 3 50 − x2 − 25 − x2 − 25
(x − 25) (x2 − 25)
" #
1 x 3x 3 dx
Z
= − + +
100 (x2 − 25)2 50(x2 − 25) 50 x2 − 25

dx 1
ln x−5 1
ln x−5
R
Using Integral 35 with a = 5, = x+5 + C = x+5 + C.

x2 −25 2·5 10
Finally,
" #
dx 1 x 3x 3 1 x − 5
Z
3 = 100 − 2 + 50(x2 − 25) + 50 · 10 ln x + 5 + C

(x2 − 25) (x2 − 25)
h i
1 x 3x 3 x−5
= 100 − (x2 −25) 2 + 50(x2 −25) + 500 ln x+5 + C

x sinh x dx = x cosh x − sinh x + C
32. Using Integral 134 with n = 2,

Z Z
x2 sinh x dx = x2 cosh x − 2 x cosh x dx.
Using Integral 133, Z

x cosh x dx = x sinh x − cosh x + C.
So,
Z Z
x2 sinh x dx = x2 cosh x − 2 x cosh x dx
= x2 cosh x − 2(x sinh x − cosh x) + C

= x2 cosh x − 2x sinh x + 2 cosh x + C
√
33. Begin
p with the substitution
√ u = x + 1. Then x = u − 1, dx = du, and 4x + 5 =
4(u − 1) + 5 = 4u + 1.
√ √
Z Z
(x + 1) 4x + 5 dx = u 4u + 1 du.
Use Integral 38 with a = 1 and b = 4.

√ 2 1
Z
u 4u + 1 du = (12u − 2)(1 + 4u)3/2 + C = (6u − 1)(1 + 4u)3/2 + C
15 · 16 60
So, using u = x + 1,
√ 1
Z
(x + 1) 4x + 5 dx = [6(x + 1) − 1][1 + 4(x + 1)]3/2 + C
60
1 3/2
= 60 (6x + 5)(4x + 5) +C
34. To evaluate [(2x+3)dx2 −1]3/2 , use the substitution u = 2x + 3. Then du = 2 dx, dx = du

R
2 ,
du
and [(2x+3)dx2 −1]3/2 = (u2 −1) 1 du
R R 2
R
3/2 = 2 .
(u2 −1)3/2
Use Integral 59 with a = 1. Then a = 1 and

du u
Z
3/2
= −√ + C.
2 2
u −1
(u − 1)
So,

dx 1 du 1 u
Z Z
= = −√ + C = − 12 √ 2x+32 + C
[(2x + 3)2 − 1]3/2 2 (u2 − 1)3/2 2 u2 − 1 (2x+3) −1
2
35. We complete the square, and write 3x − x2 = 94 − x − 23 . Then substitute u = x − 32 ,
split the integral, and use symmetry to obtain
Z 2 Z 2
x3 x3
√ dx = q 2 dx
1 3x − x2 1 9
− x− 3 4 2
1
3 3

u+
Z 2
= q 2 du
− 12 9 2
4 −u
1
u3 + 92 u2 + 27
4 u+
27
Z 2
8
= q du
− 12 9 2
4 −u
1 Z 12 9 2 27
u3 + 27 4 u 2u + 8
Z 2
= q du + q du
1 9 2 1 9 2
−2
4 − u −2
4 − u
Z 12
− 29 49 − u2 + 27

2
= 0+2 q du
9 2
0
4 − u
Z 12 r Z 12
9 1
= −9 − u2 du + 27 q du.
0 4 0 9
− u24
Now use Integrals 60 and 16 to get

" r #1/2 1/2
2 9
x3

u 9 u u
Z
−1
√ dx = −9 4
− u2 + sin 3 + 27 sin−1 3
1 3x − x2 2 4 2 2 0 2 0
 s !
1 2 1
r
9 1 9 2 0 9 9 2 (0)
= −9  2 − + sin−1 2
− − 02 + sin−1 
2 4 2 8 3 2 4 4 3
!
1

−1 2 2 −1 2 (0)
+ 27 sin − sin
3 3
√ !
2 9 −1 1 1
= −9 + sin − 0 + 27 sin−1 − 0
4 8 3 3
√
= 135
8 sin−1 1
3 − 9 2
4 .
36. We use Integral 57, √

dx x2 + a2
Z
√ =− + C,
x2 x2 + a2 a2 x
√
with a = 2. We obtain
Z e e
dx dx
Z
√ = √ 2 q
1 x x2 + 2
2
x2 x2 + 1 2
 q √ 2 e
x2 + 2
= − √ 2 
2 x
1
√ √ !
e2 + 2 12 + 2
= − − −
2e 2(1)
√ √
e2 +2 3
= − 2e + 2 .
37. (a) Using a CAS we obtain

Z
e2x
e2x cos x dx = 5 (sin x + 2 cos x) + C .
(b) We obtained in problem 1,

Z
e2x sin x dx = 1 2x
5 e (2 cos x + sin x) + C .
(c) Since
e2x 1
(sin x + 2 cos x) = e2x (2 cos x + sin x)
5 5
we see that the results are equivalent.

Z
e5x+1 sin (2x + 3) dx = − 29
1 5x+1
e (2 cos (2x + 3) − 5 sin (2x + 3)) + C .

Z
e2x sin x dx = 2 5x+1 5

29 e 2 sin (2x + 3) − cos (2x + 3) + C .
(c) Since

1 5x+1 2 5x+1 5
− e (2 cos (2x + 3) − 5 sin (2x + 3)) = − e cos (2x + 3) − sin (2x + 3)
29 29 2

2 5x+1 5
= e sin (2x + 3) − cos (2x + 3)
29 2
39. Refer to the integral in exercise 3. Using WoLframAlpha,
Z
x (2 + 3x)4 dx = 27 6 216 5 4 3 2
2 x + 5 x + 54x + 32x + 8x + constant
A screenshot is shown below.
40. Refer to the integral in exercise 4. Using WolframAlpha,

x
Z h i
1 5
dx = 4 2x+5 + log (2x + 5) + constant
(5 + 2x)2
where log (x) is the natural logarithm.


x2 √
Z
dx = 215x+2 3x2 − 8x + 32 + constant

√ √
3
6 + 3x

Z √
1+x √ √ √
dx = 2 x + 1 + log 1 − x + 1 − log 1 + x + 1 + constant
x

Z √
4 + x2 √ √
dx = x2 + 4 − 2 log x2 + 4 + 2 + 2 log (x) + constant
x
x2 √
Z
dx = 12 x2 − 9x + 9 log x2 − 9 + x + constant
√
√
−9 + x 2


dx
Z
3/2
= − 4√xx2 −4 + constant
(−4 + x2 )

√
Z
3/2
9 + x2 dx = 18 x x2 + 9 2x2 + 45 + 243 sinh−1 x

3 + constant

Z
x3 log2 (x) dx = 32 x 8 log2 (x) − 4 log (x) + 1 + constant
1 4



1
Z
dx = log [log (x)] + C
x log (x)


√ √
Z p
−16 + x2 dx = 12 x x2 − 16 − 8 log x2 − 16 + x + constant



Z √
3 + x2 √ √ √ √ √
dx = x2 + 3 − 3 log 3 x2 + 3 + 3 + 3 log (x) + constant
x

√
Z
3/2 −1 √
6 − x2 dx = 272 sin x
6
− 41 x 6 − x2 (x2 − 15) + constant

dx √
Z
2
√ dx = − 10−x
10x + constant
2
x 10 − x 2

Z p √ √ √ √ √
−(x−10)x[ x−10(x−5) x−50 log ( x−10+ x)]
10x − x2 dx = √ √
2 x−10 x
+ constant


√
1
Z
−(x−6)x
√ dx = − 3x + constant
x 6x − x2

Z
1 1
cos (3x) cos (8x) dx = 10 sin (5x) + 22 sin (11x) + constant .

Z
sin (2x) sin (5x) dx = 16 sin (3x) − 14
1
sin (7x) + constant

Z
x tan−1 x dx = 12 x2 + 1 tan−1 x − x + constant


Z
x sin−1 x dx = 14 1 − x2 x + (2x2 − 1) sin−1 (x) + constant
√

Z
x4 log (x) dx = 25
1 5
x [5 log (x) − 1] + constant


Z
log3 (x) dx = x log3 (x) − 3 log2 (x) + 6 log (x) − 6 + constant



Z
sinh2 (x) dx = 14 [sinh (2x) − 2x] + constant

Z
tanh2 x dx = x − tanh x + constant


√
1
Z
−(x−8)x(x+4)
√ dx = − 48x2 + constant
x2 8x − x2

Z √ √ √ √ √
12x − x2 2[x− x−12 x log ( x−12+ x)−12]
dx = √ + constant
x 2 −(x−12)x

1
Z h
1 2x −1 x
i
2 dx = 16 x 2 +4 + tan 2 + constant
(4 + x2 )
10x (3x2 −125)

1 +3 log (5−x)−3 log (x+5)
Z
(x2 −25)2
3 dx = 50,000 + constant
(x2 − 25)


Z
x sinh (x) dx = x cosh (x) − sinh (x) + constant

Z
x2 sinh x dx = x2 + 2 cosh x − 2x sinh (x) + constant


√
Z
(x + 1) 4x + 5 dx = 60 1
(4x + 5)3/2 (6x + 5) + constant

1
Z
3/2
dx = − 4√x2x+3
2 +3x+2 + constant
[−1 + (2x + 3)2 ]

2 √
x3
Z
√ dx = 135
8 sin−1 1
3 − 9
4 2.
1 3x − x2

Z e
dx √
√ = 135
8 sin−1 1
3 − 9
4 2.
1 x2 x2 + 2
(c) Since
135 −1 1 9 √ 135 1 9√
sin − 2= sin−1 − 2
8 3 4 8 3 4
e √ √
dx
Z
1
√ = 2 3 − 12 e−1 e2 + 2 .
1 x2 x2 + 2
Chapter 7 Review Exercises 7-283

Z e √ √
dx 2
√ = − e2e+2 + 2
3
.
1 x2 2
x +2
(c) Since
1√ 1 p 1 p 1√
3 − e−1 e2 + 2 = − e−1 e2 + 2 + 3
2 2 2√ √ 2
e2 + 2 3
= − +
2e 2
73. Using a CAS we obtain Z p Z p
1 + x3 dx = x3 + 1 dx
and we conclude that this integral cannot be expressed using elementary functions.
74. Using a CAS we obtain
√ 2 √
Z
1 + sin x dx = (sin x − 1) sin x + 1 + C
cos x
and we conclude that this integral can be expressed using elementary functions.
1√
Z
2
e−x dx = πerf(x) + C
2
cos x
Z
dx = Ci(x) + C
x
1
Z
x tan x dx = ix2 − idilog ieix − iπ tan−1 eix − idilog −ieix + C

2
√ √ √ √
Z

1 + ex dx = 2 ex + 1 + ln ex + 1 − 1 − ln ex + 1 + 1 + C .
Chapter 7 Review Exercises

2
1. We complete the square: x2 + 4x + 20 = (x + 2) + 16. Then we let u = x + 2 to obtain
dx dx
Z Z
= 2
x2 + 4x + 20 (x + 2) + 42
du
Z
=
u + 42
2
1 u
= tan−1 + C
4 4
1 −1 x+2

= 4 tan 4 +C .
2. We rewrite the integral to obtain the derivative of the denominator, complete the square
2
with y 2 + y + 1 = y + 21 + 43 , and let u = y + 12 to obtain
1 1
y +1 2 (2y + 1) + 2
Z Z
2
dy = dy
y +y+1 y2 + y + 1
1 2y + 1 1 dx
Z Z
= dx +
2 y2 + y + 1 2 1 2 3

y+2 + 4
1 1 du
Z
= ln y 2 + y + 1 + √ 2
2 2
u2 + 23

1 1 2 u
= ln y 2 + y + 1 + √ tan−1 √ +C
2 2 3 3/2
1 1 2y + 1
ln y 2 + y + 1 + √ tan−1 √

= +C
2 3 3
√3 √
1 2 −1 3(2y+1)
= 2 ln y + y + 1 + 3 tan 3 +C .
3. Factor out sec φ tan φ. Then let u = sec φ, so du = sec φ tan φ dφ. We substitute and obtain
Z Z
sec3 φ tan φ dφ = sec2 φ sec φ tan φ dφ
Z
= u2 du
1 3
= u +C
3
1
= 3 sec3 φ + C .
4. We use the identity cot2 θ = csc2 θ − 1.

Z Z
2
csc2 θ − 1 csc θ dθ

cot θ csc θ dφ =
Z Z
= csc3 θ dθ − csc θ dθ
1 1
= − csc θ cot θ + ln |csc θ − cot θ|
2 2
− ln |csc θ − cot θ| + C (using Formulas 89 and 14)
= − 21 csc θ cot θ − 1
2 ln |csc θ − cot θ| + C .
5. Factor out sin φ and use the identity sin2 φ = 1 − cos2 φ.

Z Z
sin3 φ dφ = sin2 φ sin φ dφ
Z
1 − cos2 φ sin φ dφ.

=
Let u = cos φ, then du = − sin φ dφ, so sin φ dφ = −du. We substitute and obtain
Z Z
sin3 φ dφ = 1 − u2 (−du)

Z
u2 − 1 du

=
1 3
= u −u+C
3
1
= 3 cos3 φ − cos φ + C .
x2 (2 sin θ)2
Z Z
4 − x2 4 − (2 sin θ)2
sin2 θ
Z
= 8 p cos θ dθ
4 − 4 sin2 θ
sin2 θ
Z
= 4 cos θ dθ
cos θ
Z
= 4 sin2 θ dθ
1 − cos (2θ)
Z
= 4 dθ
2
Z
= 2 (1 − cos (2θ)) dθ

1
= 2 θ − sin 2θ + C
2
= 2θ − 2 sin θ cos θ + C.
p q
2 √
We have θ = sin−1 x2 , and cos θ = 1 − sin2 θ = 1 − (x/2) = 12 4 − x2 . We obtain

x2 x 1 p
−1 x
Z
√ dx = 2 sin −2 4−x +C2
4 − x2 2 2 2
√
= 2 sin−1 x2 − 21 x 4 − x2 + C .

7. Let u = x + 2, so du = dx, then substitute.

dx dx
Z Z
q = √
(x + 2)2 − 1 u2 − 1
Let u = sec θ, then du = sec θ tan θ dθ. We substitute and obtain

dx sec θ tan θ dθ
Z Z
q = √
2
(x + 2) − 1 sec2 θ − 1
sec θ tan θ dθ
Z
=
tan θ
Z
= sec θ dθ
√ √ q
2
We have sec θ = u = x + 2, so tan θ = sec2 θ − 1 = u2 − 1 = (x + 2) − 1. We obtain

dx
Z q
2
q = ln x + 2 + (x + 2) − 1 + C .
(x + 2)2 − 1
8. We use integration by parts with u = x and dv = sin (2x) dx. Then du = dx and v =
1 1
2 (− cos (2x)) = − 2 cos (2x). We obtain
π/4 π/4 Z π/4

1 1
Z
x sin (2x) dx = x − cos (2x) − − cos (2x) dx
0 2 0 0 2
1 π/4

1 π π 1
Z
= − cos 2 − − (0) cos (2(0)) + cos (2x) dx
2 4 4 2 2 0
π/4
1 1
= 0+ sin 2x
2 2 0
π 1 1
1 1
= sin 2 − sin 2(0)
2 2 4 2 2
1
= 4 .
9. We use integration by parts with u = v and dw = csc2 w dw. Then du = dv and w =

− cot v. We obtain
Z Z
2
v csc v dv = v(− cot v) − (− cot v) dv
Z
= −v cot v + cot v dv
= −v cot v + ln |sin v| + C .
Z Z
sin2 x cos3 x dx = sin2 x cos2 x cos x dx
Z
sin2 x 1 − sin2 x cos x dx.

=

Z Z
sin2 x cos3 x dx = u2 1 − u2 du

Z
u2 − u4 du

=
1 3 1 5
= u − u +C
3 5
= 1
3 sin3 x − 1
5 sin5 x + C .

Z Z 3/2
2 3/2 2

4−x dx = 4 − (2 sin θ) (2 cos θ) dθ
Z
3
Z
= 16 cos4 θ dθ
Z 2
1 + cos (2θ)
= 16 dθ
2
Z
1 + 2 cos (2θ) + cos2 (2θ) dθ

= 4
1 + cos (4θ)
Z
= 4(θ + sin (2θ)) + 4 dθ
2
1
= 4θ + 4 sin (2θ) + 2θ + sin (4θ) + C
2
= 6θ + 8 sin θ cos θ + sin (2θ) cos (2θ) + C
= 6θ + 8 sin θ cos θ + 2 sin θ cos θ 1 − 2 sin2 θ + C.

p q
2 √

2
Z x x 1 p
2 3/2 −1

4−x dx = 6 sin +8 4−x 2
2 2 2

x 1p x 2
+2 4−x 2 1−2 +C
2 2 2
√ √
6 sin−1 x2 + 2x 4 − x2 + 14 x 4 − x2 2 − x2 + C .

=
3x2 + 1 3x2 + 1
=
x3 + 2x2 − 3x x(x + 3)(x − 1)
A B C
= + +
x x+3 x−1
3x2 + 1 = A(x + 3)(x − 1) + Bx(x − 1) + Cx(x + 3).
When x = 1 we obtain C = 1, when x = −3, we have B = 7/3, and when x = 0, we obtain

A = −1/3. So
3x2 + 1
Z
−1/3 7/3 1
Z
dx = + + dx
x3 + 2x2 − 3x x x+3 x−1
−1/3 7/3 1
Z Z Z
= dx + dx + dx
x x+3 x−1
= − 13 ln |x| + 7
3 ln |x + 3| + ln |x − 1| + C .
13. Let u = et , so du = et dt. We substitute to obtain

e2t et
Z Z
dt = et dt
et − 2 et − 2
u
Z
= du
u−2
u−2+2
Z
= du
u−2
Z
2
= 1+ du
u−2
= u + 2 ln |u − 2| + C
= et + 2 ln |et − 2| + C .
14. We rewrite the integral, and obtain

dy dy
Z Z
2
= 2.
5 + 4y + 4y 4 + (1 + 2y)
Let u = 1 + 2y, so du = 2 dy, and substitute:
1
dy 2 du
Z Z
=
5 + 4y + 4y 2 22 + u2

1 1 u
= tan−1 + C
2 2 2
1 1+2y
= 4 tan−1 2 +C .

x x
4
=
x − 16 (x2 − 4) (x2 + 4)
x
=
(x − 2) (x + 2) (x2 + 4)
A B Cx + D
= + + 2
x−2 x+2 x +4
so
x = A (x + 2) x2 + 4 + B (x − 2) x2 + 4 + (Cx + D) (x − 2) (x + 2) .

Let x = 2 to obtain A = 1/16, and x = −2 to get B = 1/16. We now have

1 1
(x + 2) x2 + 4 + (x − 2) x2 + 4 + (Cx + D) (x − 2) (x + 2)

x =
16
16

1 3 2 1
x = C+ x + Dx + − 4C x − 4D.
8 2
Equating coefficients, we obtain C = −1/8 and D = 0. So
Z
x dx 1/16 1/16 (−1/8) x
Z
= + + dx
x4 − 16 x−2 x+2 x2 + 4
1 1 1
ln |x − 2| + ln |x + 2| − ln x2 + 4 + C

=
16 16 16
1 2 1 2

= ln x − 4 −
ln x + 4 + C
16 16
2
1
= 16 ln xx2 −4
+4 + C .

16. Let y = x2 , so dy = 2x dx and xdx = 21 dy. We substitute and obtain

Z Z
2 2
x3 ex dx = x2 ex x dx
1
Z
= yey dy
2
1
Z
= yey dy.
2
We use integration by parts with u = y, du = dy, dv = ey dy, and v = ey . We obtain

1
Z Z
3 x2 y y
x e dx = ye − e dy
2
1
= (yey − ey ) + C
2
1 2 x2 2
= 2x e − 21 ex + C .
17. Let u = y + 1, so du = dy and y = u − 1. We substitute and obtain

2
y 2 dy (u − 1) du
Z Z
3 =
(y + 1) u3
Z 2
u − 2u + 1
= du
u3
Z
1
= − 2u−2 + u−3 du
u
2 1
= ln |u| + − 2 + C
u 2u
2 1
= ln |y + 1| + y+1 − 2(y+1)2
+C .

dx 5 sec2 θ
Z Z
√ = q dθ
x2 x2 + 25 (5 tan θ)2 (5 tan θ)2 + 25
1 sec2 θ
Z
= √ dθ
5 tan2 θ 25 tan2 θ + 25
1 sec2 θ
Z
= dθ
25 tan2 θ sec θ
1 sec θ
Z
= dθ
25 tan2 θ
1 cos θ
Z
= dθ.
25 sin2 θ
dx 1 1
Z Z
√ = du
x2 x2 + 25 25 u2

1 1
= − +C
25 u
1
= − csc θ + C.
25
√ q
5 2
√

x = x x2 + 25. We
obtain
dx 1 1p 2
Z
√ = − x + 25 + C
2 2
x x + 25 25 x
√
x2 +25
= − 25x +C .
19. We use integration by parts with u = x and dv = sec2 x dx. Then du = dx and v = tan x.
We obtain
Z Z
x sec2 x dx = x tan x − tan x dx
= x tan x − ln |sec x| + C .

20. We complete the square: 16 + 4x − 2x2 = 2 8 + 2x − x2 = 2 9 − (x − 1)2 . Then we let

u = (x − 1) to obtain
dx dx
Z Z
√ = r
16 + 4x − 2x2 2

2 9 − (x − 1)
1 du
Z
= √ √
2 3 − u2
2
1 u
= √ sin−1 +C
2 3
√
2 −1 x−1

= 2 sin 3 +C .
−1
21. We use integration by parts with u = ln (1 − y), du = 1−y dy, dv = dy, and v = y. We
obtain
Z
−1
Z
ln (1 − y) dy = y ln (1 − y) − y dy
1−y
−y
Z
= y ln (1 − y) − dy
1−y
(1 − y) − 1
Z
= y ln (1 − y) − dy
1−y
Z
1
= y ln (1 − y) − 1− dy
1−y
= y ln (1 − y) − y − ln (1 − y) + C .
x3 − 2x − 1 Ax + B Cx + D
2 = + 2
(x2 + 1) x2 + 1 (x2 + 1)
x3 − 2x − 1 = (Ax + B) x2 + 1 + Cx + D

x3 − 2x − 1 = Ax3 + Bx2 + (A + C)x + (B + D).

We equate coefficients, and obtain A = 1, B = 0, C = −3, and D = −1. We now have

Z 3 !
x − 2x − 1 x 3x + 1
Z
2 dx = −
x2 + 1 (x2 + 1)2
dx
(x2 + 1)
1 x 1
Z Z
ln x2 + 1 − 3

= 2 dx − 2 dx
2 (x2 + 1) (x2 + 1)
1 3 1
Z
ln x2 + 1 +

= − 2 dx.
2 2(x2 + 1) (x2 + 1)
For the remaining integral, we let x = tan θ, and obtain
1 sec2 θ
Z Z
2 dx = dθ
(x2 + 1) sec4 θ
Z
= cos2 θ dθ
1
Z
= (1 + cos (2θ)) dθ
2

1 1
= θ + sin 2θ + C
2 2
1
2
1 tan θ
= θ+ + C.
2 sec2 θ
√ √
Since x = tan θ, sec θ = tan2 θ + 1 = x2 + 1, and we have
1 1 1 x
Z
2 dx = tan−1 x + √ 2 + C
2
(x + 1) 2 2 2
x +1
1 1 x
= tan−1 x + + C.
2 2 x2 + 1
And so we obtain
Z 3
x − 2x − 1 1 3 1 1 x
ln x2 + 1 + tan−1 x −

2 dx = 2 2(x2 +1) − 2 2 x2 +1 +C .
(x2 + 1)

3x2 + 2 3x2 + 2
=
x3 − x2 x2 (x − 1)
A B C
= + 2+
x x x−1
3x2 + 2 = Ax(x − 1) + B(x − 1) + Cx2 .
Let x = 1 to obtain C = 5. Let x = 0 to get B = −2. Then
3x2 + 2 = Ax(x − 1) + (−2)(x − 1) + 5x2
3x2 + 2 = (A + 5)x2 + (−A − 2)x + 2.
We equate coefficients and determine A = −2. We now have
3x2 + 2
Z
−2 −2 5
Z
dx = + 2 + dx
x3 − x2 x x x−1
2
= −2 ln |x| + x + 5 ln |x − 1| + C .
p p
24. Let y = 2/3 tan θ, then dy = 2/3 sec2 θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
p
dy 2/3 sec2 θ dθ
Z Z
p = r
2 + 3y 2 p 2
2+3 2/3 tan θ
Z p
2/3 sec2 θ dθ
= √
2
Z 2 + 2 tan θ
1 1
sec2 θ dθ

= √
3 sec θ
1
Z
= √ sec θ dθ
3
1
= √ ln |sec θ + tan θ| + C.
3
√ √ p
We have tan θ = 3/2y, and sec θ = 1 + tan2 θ = 1 + (3/2)y 2 = 22 2 + 3y 2 . We
p p
obtain
√
dy 1 2p
Z p
p = √ ln
2
2 + 3y + 3/2y + C

2 + 3y 2 3 2
√ √
1 2p 6
= √ ln 2 + 3y 2 + y + C

3 2 2
√
3
p √
= ln

4 + 6y 2+ 6y + C .
3
25. We use integration by parts with u = sin−1 x, du = √1−x

1
2
dx, dv = x2 dx, and v = 13 x3 .
We obtain
Z
1 3 −1 1 3 1
Z
x2 sin−1 x dx = x sin x − x √ dx
3 3 1 − x2
1 3 −1 1 x2
Z
= x sin x − √ x dx.
3 3 1 − x2
Now let u = 1 − x2 , so du = −2x dx, x dx = − 21 du, and x2 = 1 − u. We substitute and

obtain

1 3 −1 1 1−u 1
Z Z
2 −1
x sin x dx = x sin x − √ − du
3 3 u 2
1 3 −1 1
Z
= x sin x + u−1/2 − u1/2 du
3 6
1 √

1 3 −1 2
= x sin x + 2 u − u3/2 + C
3 6 3
√ 3/2
= 13 x3 sin−1 x + 31 1 − x2 − 91 1 − x2 +C .
4 4
26. Let x = 3 sec2 θ dθ. We substitute and obtain
tan θ, then dx = 3
s
2
4 4
Z p Z
16 + 9x2 dx = 16 + 9 tan θ sec2 θ dθ
3 3
4
Z p
= 16 + 16 tan2 θ sec2 θ dθ
3
4
Z
3
16
Z
= sec3 θ dθ
3

16 1 1
3 2 2
8 8
3 3
√ q 2 √
We have tan θ = 3x

8 1p 3x 8 1p 3x
Z p
16 + 9x2 dx = 16 + 9x2 + ln 16 + 9x2 + +C
3 4 4 3 4 4
1 p 8 p 8
= x 16 + 9x2 + ln 16 + 9x2 + 3x − ln 4 + C

2 3 3
1
√ 8
√
= 2
x 16 + 9x + ln 16 + 9x + 3x + C .
2
2 3

1 1
=
x2 + 2x 2(x + 2)
A B
= +
x x+2
1 = A(x + 2) + Bx.
When x = −2 we obtain B = −1/2, and when x = 0, we have A = 1/2. So
Z
dx 1/2 −1/2
Z
= + dx
x2 + 2x x x+2
1 1
= ln |x| − ln |x + 2| + C
2 2

= 12 ln x+2
x
+C .
28. We use formula 105, with m = 4, n = 4, and we have

sin3 y cos5 y 4 − 1
Z Z
4 4
sin y cos y dy = − + sin4−2 y cos4 y dy
4+4 4+4
sin3 y cos5 y 3
Z
= − + sin2 y cos4 y dy.
8 8
With m = 2, n = 4 we have
sin3 y cos5 y 3 sin y cos5 y 2 − 1
Z Z
sin4 y cos4 y dy = − + − + sin2−2 y cos4 y dy
8 8 2+4 2+4
3 5 5
sin y cos y sin y cos y 1
Z
= − − + cos4 y dy.
8 16 16
We now can use formula 91, and obtain
sin3 y cos5 y sin y cos5 y

1 1 4−1
Z Z
4 4 3 2
sin y cos y dy = − − + cos y sin y + cos y dy
8 16 16 4 4
sin3 y cos5 y sin y cos5 y cos3 y sin y 3
Z
= − − + + cos2 y dy.
8 16 64 64
Finally, from formula 85, we have
sin3 y cos5 y sin y cos5 y cos3 y sin y

3 y sin 2y
Z
sin4 y cos4 y dy = − − + + + +C
8 16 64 64 2 4
3
y cos5 y sin y cos5 y cos3 y sin y
= − sin 8 − 16 + 64 + 3y
128 + 3 sin 2y
256 +C .

w−2 w−2
=
1 − w2 (1 − w)(1 + w)
A B
= +
1−w 1+w
w−2 = A(1 + w) + B(1 − w).
Let w = −1 to obtain B = −3/2, and let w = 1 to obtain A = −1/2. We now have
Z
w−2 −1/2 −3/2
Z
dw = + dw
1 − w2 1−w 1+w
1 3
= 2 ln |1 − w| − 2 ln |1 + w| + C .
30. Let u = x2 − 4, so du = 2x dx, and x dx = 21 du. We substitute and obtain

x 1 1
Z Z
√ dx = √ du
x2 − 4 u 2
1
Z
= u−1/2 du
2
1 √
= 2 u +C
2
√
= x2 − 4 + C .
√ 1
31. Let u = x, so du = √ dx and √1 dx = 2 du. We substitute and obtain
2 x x
1 √
Z Z
√ cos2 x dx cos2 u (2) du

=
x
1 + cos (2u)
Z
= 2 du
2
Z
= (1 + cos (2u)) du
1
= u+ sin (2u) + C
2
= u + sin u cos u + C
√ √ √
= x + sin x cos x + C .
32. We use formula 96, and obtain

π
sin π2 − π x

π sin 2 + π x
Z
sin x sin (πx) dx = − π + +C
2 π2 − π

2 2 2 +π
3π
sin − π2 x

sin 2 x
= − + +C
3π −π
sin ( 3π
2 x) sin ( π
2 x)
= − 3π + π +C .
33. We use formula 98, and obtain
cos (1 + 2)x cos (1 − 2)x

Z
sin x cos (2x) dx = − − +C
2(1 + 2) 2(1 − 2)
1 1
= 2 cos x − 6 cos (3x) + C .
0 π
34. Let x = 2 cos θ, so dx = −2 sin θ dθ, and the limits of integration are θ = cos−1 2 = 2 and
θ = cos−1 12 = π3 . We substitute and obtain
1 π/3 2
x2 (2 cos θ)
Z Z
√ dx = q (−2 sin θ) dθ
0 4 − x2 π/2 4 − (2 cos θ)
2
π/3
cos2 θ sin θ
Z
= −8 dθ
π/2 2 sin θ
Z π/2
= 4 cos2 θ dθ
π/3
π/2
1 + cos 2θ
Z
= 4 dθ
π/3 2
Z π/2
= 2 (1 + cos 2θ) dθ
π/3
π/2
1
= 2 θ + sin 2θ
2 π/3
π
π 1 π π 1
= 2 + sin 2 − + sin 2
2 2 2 3 2 3
1√

1 1
= 2 π− π+ 3
2 3 4
1 1
√
= 3π − 2 3 .
1
35. Let u = 1 + x2 , then du = 2x dx, so x dx = du. The lower limit of integration is
2
2
√ 2
u = 1 + 0 = 1, and the upper limit becomes u = 1 + 3 = 4. We substitute to obtain
√
3 4 1
x dx du
Z Z
2
√ = √
0 1 + x2 1 u
4
1 −1/2
Z
= u du
1 2
h i4
= u1/2
1
= 41/2 − 11/2
= 1.
36. (a) Let u = 2x, so du = 2 dx. We substitute and obtain

cos2 2x 1
Z Z
−3
dx = cos2 u (sin u) du.
sin3 2x 2
We use Formula 105 with m = −3 and n = 2, and obtain
!
−3+1
cos2 2x 1 (sin u) cos2−1 u 2−1
Z Z
2−2 −3
dx = + cos u (sin u) du
sin3 2x 2 −3 + 2 −3 + 2
− cos u 1
Z
= − csc3 u du.
2 sin2 u 2
Next use Formula 89, and we have
cos2 2x

− cos u 1 1 1
Z
dx = − − csc u cot u + ln |csc u − cot u| + C
sin3 2x 2 sin2 u 2 2 2
1 1 1
= − cos 2x csc2 2x + csc 2x cot 2x − ln |csc 2x − cot 2x| + C.
2 4 4
cos2 2x
Z
3
dx = − 41 cos (2x)
sin2 (2x)
− 1
cos (2x) − 1
ln |csc (2x) − cot (2x)| + C .
sin3 2x 4 4
(c) We simplify the first two terms of the antiderivative in part (a),
1 1 1 1
− cos 2x csc2 2x + csc 2x cot 2x = − cos 2x csc2 2x + csc 2x (cos 2x csc 2x)
2 4 2 4
1 1
= − cos 2x csc 2x + csc2 2x cos 2x
2
2 4
1 2
= − cos (2x) csc (2x) .
4
And likewise, in part (b), we obtain
1 cos (2x) 1 − sin2 (2x)

1 cos3 (2x) 1 1
− − cos (2x) = − − cos (2x)
4 sin2 (2x) 4 4 2
sin (2x) 4
1 1 1
= − cos (2x) csc2 (2x) + cos (2x) − cos (2x)
4 4 4
1 2
= − cos (2x) csc (2x) .
4
And so adding the same logarithm terms, we see that our results above are equal.
1 1
37. We integrate by parts, with u = tan−1 x, du = 1+x n
2 dx, dv = x dx, and v = n+1 x
n+1
.
We obtain
Z
1 1 1
Z
xn tan−1 x dx = xn+1 tan−1 x − xn+1 dx
n+1 n+1 1 + x2
xn+1 1 xn+1
Z
= tan−1 x − dx.
n+1 n+1 1 + x2
1/2
38. We integrate by parts, with u = xn , du = nxn−1 dx, dv = (ax + b) dx, and v =
2 3/2
3a (ax + b) . We obtain
Z
2 2
Z
n 1/2 n 3/2 3/2
nxn−1 dx

x (ax + b) dx = (x ) (ax + b) − (ax + b)
3a 3a
2xn 2n
Z
3/2 1/2
xn−1 dx

= (ax + b) − (ax + b)(ax + b)
3a 3a
2xn 3/2
= (ax + b)
3a Z
2n
Z
(ax)(ax + b)1/2 xn−1 dx + (b)(ax + b)1/2 xn−1 dx

−
3a
2xn 2n 2bn
Z Z
3/2 1/2
= (ax + b) − n
x (ax + b) dx − xn−1 (ax + b)1/2 dx.
3a 3 3a
We add 2n x (ax + b)1/2 dx to each side and obtain

R n
3
2xn
Z
2n 2bn
Z
1/2 3/2 1/2
1+ xn (ax + b) dx = (ax + b) − xn−1 (ax + b) dx
3 3a 3a
2xn
Z
2n + 3 2bn
Z
n 1/2 3/2 1/2
x (ax + b) dx = (ax + b) − xn−1 (ax + b) dx
3 3a 3a
3 2xn 3 2bn
Z Z
n 1/2 3/2 1/2
x (ax + b) dx = (ax + b) − xn−1 (ax + b) dx
2n + 3 3a 2n + 3 3a
2xn 2bn
Z
= (ax + b)3/2 − xn−1 (ax + b)1/2 dx
(2n + 3)a (2n + 3)a
39. We evaluate √
∞ b
e− x
Z Z
1/2
√ dx = lim x−1/2 e−x dx.
1 x b→∞ 1
Let u = x1/2 , then du = 21 x−1/2 dx. We substitute to obtain

√
∞ b1/2
e− x
Z Z
√ dx = lim 2e−u du
1 x b→∞ 1
b1/2
lim −2e−u 1

=
b→∞
h 1/2 i
= lim −2e−b − −2e−1
b→∞
h 1/2
i
= lim −2e−b + 2e−1
b→∞
2
= .
e
2
The improper integral converges to e .
40. We evaluate √
1 Z 1
sin x
Z
√ dx = lim x−1/2 sin x1/2 dx.
0 x a→0+ a
Let u = x1/2
, then du = 21 x−1/2 dx. We substitute to obtain
1 √ 1
sin x
Z Z
√ dx = lim √
2 sin u du
0 x a→0+ a
= lim [−2 cos u]1√a

a→0+
√
= lim+ −2 cos 1 − −2 cos a
a→0
√
= lim+ −2 cos 1 + 2 cos a
a→0
= −2 cos 1 + 2(1)
= 2 − 2 cos 1.
The improper integral converges to 2 − 2 cos 1 .
41. We evaluate
1 b
x dx x dx
Z Z
√ = lim √ .
0 1 − x2 b→1− 0 1 − x2
2
Let u = 1 − x and substitute to obtain
1−b2
1
x dx − 21 du
Z Z
√ = lim √
0 1 − x2 b→1− 1 u
Z 1−b2
1
= lim − u−1/2 du
b→1− 2 1
1−b2
1 √

= lim − 2 u
b→1− 2 1
√ 1−b2
= lim − u 1
b→1−
h p √ i
= lim − 1 − b2 − − 1
b→1−
= 1.

42. We evaluate Z 0 Z 0
x
xe dx = lim xex dx.
−∞ a→−∞ a
We let u = x, du = dx, dv = ex dx, and v = ex and integrate by parts to obtain

Z 0 Z 0
x x 0 x
xe dx = lim [xe ]a − e dx
−∞ a→−∞ a

0
= lim −aea − [ex ]a
a→−∞
lim −aea − e0 − ea

=
a→−∞
= −1.
The improper integral converges to −1 .

43. We evaluate
π/2 b
sin x
Z Z
dx = lim tan x dx
0 cos x b→(π/2)− 0
b
= lim [ln |sec x|]0
b→(π/2)−
= lim [ln |sec b| − ln |sec 0|]

b→(π/2)−
= lim [ln |sec b|]

b→(π/2)−
= ∞.
44. We evaluate √ Z b√
∞
1 + x1/8 1 + x1/8
Z
dx = lim dx.
1 x3/4 b→∞ 1 x3/4
7
Let u = 1 + x1/8 , then du = 18 x−7/8 dx, so dx = 8(u − 1) du. We substitute and obtain
Z ∞√ Z 1+b1/8 √
1 + x1/8 u 7
3/4
dx = lim 6 8(u − 1) du
1 x b→∞ 2 (u − 1)
Z 1+b1/8
√
= lim 8 u (u − 1) du
b→∞ 2
Z 1+b1/8
= lim 8 u3/2 − u1/2 du
b→∞ 2

16 25 3
1+b1/8
= lim 3u − 5u 2
b→∞ 15 2

16 52 3 16 5 3

1/8 1/8 2
= lim 3 1+b −5 1+b − 3(2) − 5(2)
2 2
b→∞ 15 15

16 3 16 5 3

1/8 2 1/8
= lim 1+b 3 1+b −5 − 3(2) − 5(2)
2 2
b→∞ 15 15
= ∞.
45. Since
1 + e−x 1
≥
x x
R∞ 1
R∞ 1+e−x
for all x, and since 1 x dx diverges, by the Comparison Test, 1 x dx diverges .
46. Since
x x 1
3 ≤ = 2
(1 + x) x3 x
R∞ 1
R∞ x
for all x > 0, and since 0 x2 dx converges, by the Comparison Test, 0 (1+x)3
dx
converges .
47. We use integration by parts with u = x2 and dv = cos x dx. Then

Z Z
x2 cos x dx = x2 sin x − 2x sin x dx.
Then f (x) = x2 sin x .

Re 2
48. (a) The volume is given by the integral 1 π(ln x) dx. We use integration by parts with
2 2 ln x
u = (ln x) and dv = π dx. Then du = x dx and v = πx. We obtain
Z e ie Z e
2
h
2 2 ln x
π(ln x) dx = (ln x) (πx) − (πx) dx
1 1 1 x
h i Z e
2 2
= (ln e) (πe) − (ln 1) (π(1)) − 2π ln x dx
1
Z e
= πe − 2π ln x dx.
1
1
We use integration by parts again with u = ln x and dv = dx. Then du = x dx and
v = x. We obtain
Z e Z e
2 e 1
π(ln x) dx = πe − 2π [(ln x)x]1 − x dx
1 1 x
Z e
= πe − 2π [(ln e)e − (ln 1)1] − dx
1
= πe − 2π(e − (e − 1))
= πe − 2π .
Re
(b) The volume is given by the integral 1 2πx ln x dx. We use integration by parts with
u = ln x and dv = 2πx dx. Then du = x1 dx and v = πx2 . We obtain
Z e Z e
2 e
2
1
2πx ln x dx = (ln x) πx 1 − πx dx
1 1 x
h i Z e
2
2
= (ln e) πe − (ln 1) π(1) −π x dx
1
e
1
= πe2 − π x2
2 1

2 1 2 1 2
= πe − π e − (1)
2 2
1
= 2 πe
2
+ 21 π .
r
R π/2
dy
2 R π/2 q 2 R π/2 √
49. The arc length is given by 0 1+ dx dx = 0 1 + (cos x) dx = 0 1 + cos2 x dx.
(π/2)−0 π
(a) With n = 3 we have ∆x = 3 = 6. So the Trapezoidal Rule provides the
approximation
π/2
∆x h π π π i
Z p
1 + cos2 x dx ≈ f (0) + 2f + 2f +f
0 2 6 3 2
r r r
π/6 p 2 2
π 2
π π
= 1 + cos 0 + 2 1 + cos + 2 1 + cos + 1 + cos2
2 6 3 2
≈ 1. 910 .
(b) With n = 4 we have ∆x = (π/2)−0

tion
Z π/2 p π
2
∆x π π 3π
1 + cos x dx ≈ f (0) + 4f + 2f + 4f +f
0 3 8 4 8 2
p r r
π/8 π π
= 1 + cos2 0 + 4 1 + cos2 + 2 1 + cos2
3 8 4
r r #
3π π
+4 1 + cos2 + 1 + cos2
8 2
≈ 1.910 .
R4
50. The distance traveled is given by the integral 1 v dt. We approximate by the Trapezoidal
Rule, with ∆t = 0.5.
4
∆t
Z
v dx ≈ [f (1) + 2f (1.5) + 2f (2) + 2f (2.5) + 2f (3) + 2f (3.5) + f (4)]
1 2
0.5
= [3 + 2(4.3) + 2(4.6) + 2(5.1) + 2(5.8) + 2(6.2) + 6.6]
2
= 15.4 meters .
51. The area is given by the improper integral

Z 1 Z 1
−2/3
x dx = lim+ x−2/3 dx
0 a→0 a
h i1
= lim 3x1/3
a→0+ a
h i
= lim 3(1) − 3(a)1/3
1/3
a→0+
= 3.
The area of the region is 3 .

52. The volume is given by the improper integral
Z 1 2 Z 1
π x−2/3 dx = lim+ πx−4/3 dx
0 a→0 a
h i1
= lim+ −3πx−1/3
a→0 a
h i
−1/3 −1/3
= lim+ −3π(1) − −3π(a)
a→0
= ∞.
The improper integral diverges, so the volume does not exist .
53. Express the logistic model dP dP P

dt = 0.0024P (100 − P ) in the form dt = kP 1 − M where
M is the carrying capacity and k is the maximum population growth rate.

dP P P
= 0.0024P (100 − P ) = 0.0024 · 100P 1 − = 0.24P 1 −
dt 100 100
(a) The carrying capacity is M = 100 .

(b) The maximum population growth rate is k = 0.24 .
(c) At the inflection point, the size of the population is given by one-half the carrying
54. Partition [2, 10] into four subintervals [2, 3], [3, 5], [5, 8], and [8, 10].
The widths of the four intervals are
∆x1 = 3 − 2 = 1, ∆x2 = 5 − 3 = 2, ∆x3 = 8 − 5 = 3, and ∆x4 = 10 − 8 = 2.
Z 10
1 1 1
f (x) dx ≈ [f (2) + f (3)]∆x1 + [f (3) + f (5)]∆x2 + [f (5) + f (8)]∆x3
2 2 2 2
1
+ [f (8) + f (10)]∆x4
2
1 1 1 1
= [0 + 5](1) + [5 + 2](2) + [2 + (−1)](3) + [−1 + 2](2)
2 2 2 2
5 14 3 2
= + + + = 12 .
2 2 2 2
AP
R
Review Problems
1. Use the identity cos2 θ = 12 [1 + cos (2θ)].

1 1 1
Z Z
cos2 x dx = [1 + cos (2x)] dx = x + sin (2x) + C = 1
2x + 1
4 sin (2x) + C
2 2 2
The answer is B.
x3 +2x2 −3x+5
R
2. Apply polynomial division to x+4 dx.
3 2
x +2x −3x+5
Apply polynomial division to x+4 .
x2 − 2x + 5
(x + 4) x3 + 2x2 − 3x + 5
−(x3 + 4x2 )
−2x2 − 3x
−(−2x2 − 8x)
5x + 5
−(5x + 20)
−15
The quotient is x2 − 2x + 5 and the remainder is −15.

x3 + 2x2 − 3x + 5 15
So, = x2 − 2x + 5 − .
x+4 x+4
Z 3
x + 2x2 − 3x + 5
Z
2 15
Therefore, dx = x − 2x + 5 − dx
x+4 x+4
1 3
= 3x − x2 + 5x − 15 ln |x + 4| + C .
The answer is A.
3. Partition [0, 2] into five subintervals, each of equal width: [0, 0.4], [0.4, 0.8], [0.8, 1.2], [1.2, 1.6]
and [1.6, 2.0].
The width of each subinterval is ∆x = 0.4.

Z 2
1 1 1
f (x) dx ≈ [f (0) + f (0.4)]∆x + [f (0.4) + f (0.8)]∆x + [f (0.8) + f (1.2)]∆x
0 2 2 2
1 1
+ [f (1.2) + f (1.6)]∆x + [f (1.6) + f (2.0)]∆x
2 2
1
= [f (0) + 2f (0.4) + 2f (0.8) + 2f (1.2) + 2f (1.6) + f (2.0)]∆x
2
1
= [3 + 2(4) + 2(4) + 2(6) + 2(8) + 10](0.4) = 57 5 .
2
The answer is C.
1
dx contains the quadratic expression x2 − 2x + 2.
R
4. The integrand of x2 −2x+2
1 1 1
Z Z Z
2
dx = 2
dx = dx.
x − 2x + 2 (x − 2x + 1) + (2 − 1) (x − 1)2 + 1
1 1
R R
Now use the substitution u = x − 1. Then du = dx and x2 −2x+2 dx = (x−1)2 +1 dx =
R 1 −1
u2 +1 du = tan u + C = tan−1 (x − 1) + C .
The answer is C.
5. Partition [0, 10] into four subintervals [0, 1], [1, 4], [4, 8], and [8, 10].
The widths of the four intervals are
∆x1 = 1 − 0 = 1, ∆x2 = 4 − 1 = 3, ∆x3 = 8 − 4 = 4, and ∆x4 = 10 − 8 = 2.
Z 10
1 1 1
f (x) dx ≈ [f (0) + f (1)]∆x1 + [f (1) + f (4)]∆x2 + [f (4) + f (8)]∆x3
0 2 2 2
1
+ [f (8) + f (10)]∆x4
2
1 1 1 1
= [4 + 5](1) + [5 + 10](3) + [10 + 12](4) + [12 + 8](2)
2 2 2 2
9 45 88 40
= + + + = 91 .
2 2 2 2
The answer is D.
R
6. Evaluate x cos (πx) dx using integration by parts.
Let u = x and dv = cos (πx) dx.
Then du = dx and v = cos (πx) dx = π1 sin x.
R
Z
1 1
Z
So x cos (πx) dx = x sin (πx) − sin (πx) dx
π π

x 1 x 1 1
Z
= sin (πx) − sin (πx) dx = sin (πx) − − cos (πx) + C
π π π π π
x 1
= π sin (πx) + π2 cos (πx) + C .
The answer is B.
x csc2 x dx using integration by parts.

R
7. Evaluate
Let u = x and dv = csc2 x dx.
Then du = dx and v = csc2 x dx = − cot x.
R
Z Z Z
2
Now x csc x dx = x (− cot x) − (− cot x)(dx) = −x cot x + cot x dx.
cotRx dx = cos x
R R
To evaluate R x dx,
sin use the substitution u = sin x. Then du = cos x dx,
and cot x dx = sin x dx = sin1 x (cos x dx) = u1 du = ln |u| + C = ln |sin x| + C.
cos x
R R
Z Z
So, x csc2 x dx = −x cot x + cot x dx = −x cot x + ln |sin x| + C .
The answer is D.
x
8. The function f (x) = (x2 +1)3 is continuous for x ≥ 1.
R∞ x
Rb x
By definition, 1 (x2 +1)3 dx = lim 3 dx.
b→∞ 1 (x +1)
2
∞ b
x x
Z Z
3 dx = lim dx
1 (x2 + 1) b→∞ 1 (x2 + 1)3
b
1
Z
−3
= lim x2 + 1 (2x dx)
2 b→∞ 1
"−2 #b
1 x2 + 1
= lim
2 b→∞ −2
1
" #
1 1 1
= − lim −
4 b→∞ (b2 + 1)2 4

1 1 1
=− 0− = 16 .
4 4
The answer is B.
9. The function f (x) = lnxx is continuous on (0, 10] but is not defined at x = 0.
R 10
So, 0 lnxx dx is an improper integral.
Z 10 Z 10
ln x ln x
dx = lim+ dx
0 x b→0 b x
To evaluate lnxx dx, use the substitution u = ln x. Then du = x1 dx, and
R
u2 (ln x)2
Z
ln x 1
Z Z
dx = ln x dx = u du = +C = + C.
x x 2 2
Z 10 Z 10
ln x ln x
dx = lim+ dx
0 x b→0 b x
2 10
" #
(ln x)
= lim+
b→0 2
b
1 h i
= lim (ln 10) − (ln b)2 .
2
2 b→0+
2
2 R 10
Since lim+ (ln b) = lim+ ln b = ∞, 0 lnxx dx diverges .
b→0 b→0
The answer is D.
2x+4
R
10. To evaluate (x−1)(x−3) dx, notice the integrand is a proper rational function in lowest
terms. Since the factors are linear and distinct, this is a Case 1 type integrand and can be
2x+4 A B
written as (x−1)(x−3) = x−1 + x−3 .
Clear the fractions by multiplying both sides of the equation by (x − 1)(x − 3).
2x + 4 = A (x − 3) + B(x − 1).
Grouping like terms, 2x + 4 = (A + B)x + (−3A − B).

A+B =2
−3A − B = 4

2x+4 3 5
R 2x+4
R 3 5

So, (x−1)(x−3) = − x−1 + x−3 and (x−1)(x−3) dx = − x−1 + x−3 dx =
−3 ln |x − 1| + 5 ln |x − 3| + C .
The answer is B.
1
dx, use the substitution x = 4 sin θ, − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π
R
11. To evaluate x2 √16−x 2 2.
√ p p √
Then dx = 4 cos θ dθ and 16 − x2 = 16 − 16 sin2 θ = 4 1 − sin2 θ = 4 cos2 θ =
4 cos θ since − π2 < θ < π2 .
1 1 1 1
Z Z Z
√ dx = 2 (4 cos θ dθ) = csc2 θ dθ = − cot θ + C.
2
x 16 − x 2 (4 sin θ) 4 cos θ 16 16
r
√ 4
√ 2
Since 16 − x2 = 4 cos θ, sec θ = √16−x , tan θ = sec 2θ−1 = √ 4 −1 =
2 16−x 2
√
x 16−x2
± √16−x 2
, and cot θ = ± x .
√
2
Since − π2 ≤ θ ≤ π2 , cot θ = 16−x
x .
√
1 1 1 16 − x2 √
Z
1
Therefore, √ dx = − cot θ + C = − + C = − 16x 16 − x2 + C .
x2 16 − x2 16 16 x
The answer is C.
12. The logistic model dP P dP P

dt = 0.1P 1 − 4000 is in the form dt = kP 1 − M where M is the
carrying capacity and k is the maximum population growth rate.
(d) The carrying capacity is M = 4000 .

(e) The maximum population growth rate is k = 0.1 .
(f) At the inflection point, the size of the population is given by one-half the carrying
Practice AP
R
Exam, Part I
d d
1. For f (x) = e4x + sin (2x), f ′ (x) = e4x = 4e4x + 2 cos (2x).

dx (4x) + cos (2x) dx (2x)
So, f ′ (0) = 4e0 + 2 cos (0) = 4(1) + 2(1) = 6 .

The answer is D.
x2 −1 (x+1)(x−1)
2. Note that lim = lim = lim (x + 1) = 2.
x→1 x−1 x→1 x−1 x→1
h i
(x2 −1)f (x) 2
Therefore, lim x−1 = lim xx−1−1
· lim f (x) = (2)(3) = 6 .
x→1 x→1 x→1
The answer is C.
3. Since lim f (x) 6= f (3), function f is discontinuous at x = 3. Statement (B) is TRUE.
x→3
Since lim f (x) = lim f (x), lim f (x) exists. Statement (C) is TRUE.
x→4− x→4+ x→4
Since lim f (x) = f (5), function f is continuous at x = 5. Statement (D) is TRUE.

x→5
Since lim− f (x) = 1 and 1 < f (2) < 2, lim− f (x) 6= f (2). Statement (A) is FALSE.
x→2 x→2
The answer is A.
4. For f (x) = x3 − 15x2 − 1800x + 2000, f ′ (x) = 3x2 − 30x − 1800 = 3(x − 30)(x + 20).
Note that f ′ (x) < 0 on the interval −20 < x < 30, and defined at x = −20 and x = 30.
Therefore, f is decreasing on the interval −20 ≤ x ≤ 30.
Use f ′′ (x) = 6x − 30 = 6(x − 5) to examine concavity.
Note that f ′′ (x) < 0 for x < 5. Therefore, f is concave down for x < 5.
So, f is both decreasing and concave down for −20 ≤ x < 5 .
The answer is B.
5. For y = e2x cos (3x),

d d 2x
f ′ (x) = e2x = e2x [−3 sin (3x)] + cos (3x) 2e2x

cos (3x) + cos (3x) e
dx dx
= e2x [−3 sin (3x) + 2 cos (3x)] = e2x [2 cos (3x) − 3 sin (3x)] .
The answer is B.
sin (7x)
6. Note that lim 2x = 7
lim sin7x
2 x→0
(7x)
.
x→0− −
Let t = 7x. As x → 0− , t → 0− .
sin (7x) 7 sin (7x) 7 sin t
Then lim− f (x) = lim− 2x = 2 lim 7x = 2 lim t = 27 (1) = 72 .
x→0 x→0 x→0− t→0−
Since k + 2 ln(x + ex+1 ) is continuous for all x ≥ 0,
lim+ f (x) = lim+ k + 2 ln(x + ex+1 ) = f (0) = k + 2 ln(0 + e1 ) = k + 2.

x→0 x→0
For f to be continuous at x = 0, choose k so that lim f (x) = lim f (x).

x→0− x→0+
7 3
So, 2 = k + 2. Therefore, k = 2 and lim f (x) = 27 .
x→0
Note that for k = 32 , f (0) = 7

2 = lim f (x).
x→0
3
Therefore, f is continuous at x = 0 for k = 2 .
The answer is C.
p h i4/5 p
7. Note that lim 5 (x − 3)4 = lim (x − 3) = 0 and f (3) = 5 (3 − 3)4 = 0.
x→3 x→3
p
Since lim 5 (x − 3)4 exists and is equal to f (3), function f is continuous at x = 3.
x→3
Note that f ′ (x) = 45 (x − 3)−1/5 = 5

√
5
4
x−3
. So, f ′ (3) is not defined.
Therefore, function f is not differentiable at x = 3 .

The answer is B.
sec x tan x + tan2 x dx
R R
8. (sec x + tan x) tan x dx =
Use the identity tan2 x = sec2 x − 1.

Z Z
sec x tan x + sec2 x − 1 dx = sec x + tan x − x + C

(sec x + tan x) tan x dx =
The answer is C.
d 1/2
9. y ′ = 4x + 6etan x
dx
1 −1/2 d
= 4x + 6etan x 4x + 6etan x

2 dx
1 tan x −1/2
4 + 6etan x · sec2 x

= 4x + 6e
2
4 + 6etan x sec2 x
= √
2 4x + 6etan x
2 + 3etan x sec2 x
= √
4x + 6etan x
The answer is D.
10. For a function f that is continuous on the closed interval a ≤ x ≤ b and differentiable on
the open interval a < x < b, the Mean Value Theorem guarantees that f ′ (c) = f (b)−f
b−a
(a)
for at least one c between a and b. Applying the Mean Value Theorem to function f that
is continuous on 1 ≤ x ≤ 5 and differentiable on 1 < x < 5 with f (1) = 10 and f (5) = 50,
f ′ (c) = f (5)−f
5−1
(1)
= 50−10
4 = 10 for at least one c between 1 and 5.
The answer is B.
1 i 1
11. The ith term of the sum is ei/20 · = f (ui )∆x for f (x) = ex , ui = 20
20 , and ∆x = 20 .
i−1 i
The quantity ui is the right endpoint of the ith subinterval 20 , 20 for i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
Since the last term of the Riemann sum is e2 and the right endpoint of the nth subinterval
n n n
is 20 , therefore f 20 = en/20 = e2 , so 20 = 2, so n = 40. So, the interval [0, 2] is
partitioned into 40 subintervals of equal length
2 1
∆x = = .
40 20
40
1 h 1/20 i X R2
Therefore, e + e2/20 + · · · + e2 = f (ui )∆x = 0 ex dx.
20 i=1
The answer is B.
12. The region in the first quadrant bounded by the graph of y = 1 + e−2x and the line x = 3
is pictured below.
R3
Since y = 1 + e−2x is nonnegative on [0, 3], 1 + e−2x dx is the area under the graph of

0
y = 1 + e−2x from x = 0 to x = 3.
3 3
1 −2x 1 −6 1 0
Z
−2x 7
− 21 e−6

A= 1+e dx = x + − e = 3− e − 0− e = 2
0 2 0 2 2
The answer is C.
√
13. Use the substitution
√ u = x. Then x = u2 and dx = 2u du. The lower√limit of integration
becomes u = 1 = 1, and the upper limit of integration becomes u = 4 = 2. Therefore,
Z 4 Z 2
1+x 1 + u2 R2 3
√ dx = 2u du = 2 1 u+u
1+u du .
1 1+ x 1 1+u
The answer is D.
d
14. Using the Chain Rule, dx f (f (x)) = f ′ (f (x)) · f ′ (x).
√ p
For f (x) = 25 − x2 , f (−3) = 25 − (−3)2 = 4 and
d
f (f (−3)) = f ′ (f (−3)) · f ′ (−3) = f ′ (4) · f ′ (−3).
dx

Since f ′ (x) = √ −x , d f (f (−3)) = f ′ (4) ·f ′ (−3) = √ −4 √ −(−3) −4 3

25−x2 dx 25−42 2
= 3 4 =
25−(−3)
−1 .
The answer is B.
Z 1 Z 0 Z 1 Z 0 Z 1
15. f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx = e2x dx + e−4x dx
−1 −1 0 −1 0
0 1
1 2x 1 1 1
+ − e−4x 1 − e−2 − e−4 − 1 = 3
− 21 e−2 − 41 e−4

= e = 4
2 −1 4 0 2 4
The answer is D.
f (x0 +h)−f (x0 )
16. Use the limit definition of the derivative of function f at x = x0 , f ′ (x0 ) = lim h .
h→0
Apply the definition to f (x) = sin (2x) at x0 = π4 .
sin 2( π4 + h) − sin (2 · π4 )

′ π sin ( π 2)
+ 2h) − sin ( π

f = lim = lim 2
h .
4 h→0 h h→0
The answer is B.
17. At x = 3, the graph of f crosses the x-axis. So, f (3) = 0.
At x = 3, the graph of f is decreasing. So, f ′ (3) < 0.
At x = 3, the graph of f is concave up. So, f ′′ (3) > 0.
Therefore, f ′ (3) < f (3) < f ′′ (3) .
The answer is C.
1 3 5
4x3 + 3x2 + 5 4x3 + 3x2 + 5 4+ +

x3 x x3 4+0+0 4
18. lim = lim · 1 = lim 1 1 = = 5 .
x→∞ 5x3 + x2 − x x→∞ 5x3 + x2 − x x→∞ 5 + − 5+0−0
x3 x x2
The answer is B.
19. Given v(3) = −3, the velocity of the particle at time t is given by
Z t Z t
t
v(t) = v(3) + a(x) dx = −3 + 3 dx = −3 + [3x]3 = −3 + (3t − 9) = 3t − 12.
3 3
The particle is at rest when v(t) = 3t − 12 = 0. So, the particle is at rest at t = 4.

Given x(2) = 5, the position of the particle at time t is given by
Z t Z t
x(t) = x(2) + v(x) dx = 5 + (3x − 12) dx.
2 2
4 4
3 2
Z
So, x(4) = 5 + (3x − 12) dx = 5 + x − 12x
2 2 2
= 5 + [(24 − 48) − (6 − 24)] = −1 .
The answer is C.
20. For the rectangle with two sides along the x-axis and y-axis and inscribed using the function
f (x) = e−0.2x , the width of the rectangle is x and the height is f (x) = e−0.2x . So, the area
as a function of x is given by A(x) = x · e−0.2x . To find x so that the area of the rectangle
is a maximum, set A′ (x) = 0 and solve for x.
Applying the Product Rule,

d −0.2x d
A′ (x) = x · + e−0.2x · x = x · −0.2e−0.2x + e−0.2x · (1) = e−0.2x (1 − 0.2x).

e
dx dx
Since e−0.2x > 0 for all x, A′ (x) = 0 when 1 − 0.2x = 0. So, A′ (x) = 0 when x = 5.
Note that A′ (x) > 0 for x < 5 and A′ (x) < 0 for x > 5. So, the area is a maximum for
x=5.
The answer is D.
x+2
21. For y = f (x) = 2x−6 ,find f ′ (x) by applying the Quotient Rule.
d d
(2x − 6) dx (x + 2) − (x + 2) dx (2x − 6)

d x+2
f ′ (x) = = 2
dx 2x − 6 (2x − 6)
(2x − 6)(1) − (x + 2)(2) −10
= 2 = 2.
(2x − 6) (2x − 6)
The slope of the tangent line to the graph of y at the point (4, 3) is mtan = f ′ (4) =
−10
(8−6)2
= − 52 .
−1
The slope of the normal line to the graph of y at the point (4, 3) is mnorm = f ′ (4) = 25 .
The equation of the normal line to the graph of y at the point (4, 3) is y − 3 = 52 (x − 4).
Multiplying both sides by 5, 5y − 15 = 2(x − 4) or 5y − 2x = 7 .
The answer is A.
2 2 2
d
22. For f (x) = ekx , f ′ (x) = ekx dx kx2 = 2kxekx

d kx2
(2kx) = (2kx)2 ekx + 2kekx = 2kekx 2kx2 + 1 .
2 2 2 2
d
and f ′′ (x) = 2kx dx + ekx dx

e
Since f has a point of inflection at x = ±2, f ′′ (±2) = 2ke4k (8k + 1) = 0.
Since k is nonzero, and e4k > 0 for all k, 8k + 1 = 0. Therefore, k = − 18 .
The answer is B.
23. Apply the Product Rule.
d 2 t d t
Z Z Z t
d 2
t ln (u + 3) du = t2 ln (u + 3) du + ln (u + 3) du t
dt 2 dt 2 2 dt
Z t
= t2 ln (t + 3) + ln (u + 3) du (2t)
2
2
Rt
= t ln (t + 3) + 2t 2
ln (u + 3) du
The answer is D.
dy dy
24. Rewrite the differential equation dx = y cos (2x) as y = cos (2x) dx.
Integrate both sides to obtain dy

R R
y = cos (2x) dx
or ln |y| = 0.5 sin (2x) + C for some constant C.

Applying the condition that y = 3 when x = 0 yields ln 3 = 0.5 sin (0) + C.
Thus, C = ln 3 and ln |y| = 0.5 sin (2x) + ln(3).
Solving for y yields y = ±e0.5 sin (2x)+ln(3) = ±e0.5 sin (2x) eln(3) = ±3e0.5 sin (2x) .
The condition y = 3 when x = 0 requires the positive sign. Therefore, y = 3e0.5 sin (2x) .
The answer is B.
Z 3 Z 3 Z 3 Z 3
25. [3f ′ (x) + g(x)g ′ (x) − 6] dx = 3 f ′ (x) dx + g(x)g ′ (x) dx − 6 dx
1 1 1 1
31n 2
o3
3
= 3[f (x)]1 + [g(x)] − 6[x]1
2 1
1n 2 2
o
= 3[f (3) − f (1)] + [g(3)] − [g(1)] − 6(3 − 1)
2
1 2
5 − 12 + 6(3 − 1)

= 3[4 − 2] +
2
= 6 + 12 − 12 = 6
The answer is A.
26. If x represents the number of words memorized at time t, then expression dx
dt represents the
rate at which a list of M words are memorized. We are given that the rate is proportion
to the product of the number of words memorized, M , and the number of words that have
dx
not been memorized, M − x. Therefore, the differential equation dt = kx(M − x) models
this situation.
The answer is C.
27. For f (x) = (x − 3)2 (x − 5),

d d
f ′ (x) = (x − 3)2 (x − 5) + (x − 5) (x − 3)2
dx dx
2
= (x − 3) + 2(x − 5)(x − 3)
= (x − 3)(3x − 13).
13
Note that f ′ (x) = 0 for x = 3 and x = 3 .
For x < 3, f ′ (x) > 0. So, the graph of f is increasing for x < 3.
13 13
For 3 < x < 3 , f ′ (x) < 0. So, the graph of f is decreasing for 3 < x < 3 .
13 13
For x > 3 , f ′ (x) > 0. So, the graph of f is increasing for x > 3 .
13
At x = 3 , the graph of f changes from decreasing to increasing.
13
Therefore, the function has a relative minimum at x = 3 .
The answer is D.
dy
28. Use implicit differentiation to find dx :
d 2 d
x + 3y 2 =

(12)
dx dx
dy
2x + 6y =0
dx
dy −2x x
= =− .
dx 6y 3y

dy (3)
So dx = − 3(1) = −1.
(x,y)=(3,1)

dy dy
d d 3y(1)−x 3 dx
3y dx (x)−x dx (3y) 3y−3x dx
2

d y d dy d x
Then dx2 = dx dx = dx − 3y = − (3y)2
=− 9y 2 =− 9y 2 =
dy
3x dx −3y
9y 2 .

d2 y 3(3)(−1)−3(1) −9−3
So dx2 (x,y)=(3,1) = 9(1)2
= 9 = − 34 .
The answer is B.
3x−sin (3x)
29. Since lim [3x − sin (3x)] = 0 and lim [1 − cos (2x)] = 0, lim is of indeterminate
x→0 x→0 x→0 1−cos (2x)
form 0
0 . Apply L’Hôpital’s Rule to evaluate lim 3x−sin (3x) .
x→0 1−cos (2x)
d
3x − sin (3x) dx [3x − sin (3x)] 3 − 3 cos (3x) 3 1 − cos (3x)
lim = lim d
= lim = − lim .
x→0 1 − cos (2x) −2 sin (2x) 2 x→∞ sin (2x)
dx [1 − cos (2x)]
x→0 x→0
1−cos (3x)
Since lim [1 − cos (3x)] = 0 and lim sin (2x) = 0, lim sin (2x) is of indeterminate form 00 .
x→0 x→0 x→0
1−cos (3x)
Apply L’Hôpital’s Rule to evaluate − 23 lim sin (2x) .
x→0
d
dx [1 − cos (3x)]

3 1 − cos (3x) 3 3 3 sin (3x) 3 3·0
− lim = − lim d
= − lim =− = 0
2 x→0 sin (2x) 2 x→0 dx [sin (2x)]
2 x→0 2 cos (2x) 2 2·1
The answer is B.
30. For graph I, the graph of f is concave down for 1 ≤ x ≤ 4. So, f ′′ (x) < 0 for 1 ≤ x ≤ 4.
The graph on the right could represent f ′′ (x) for function f on the left.
For graph II, the graph of f is concave up for 1 ≤ x ≤ 4. So, f ′′ (x) > 0 for 1 ≤ x ≤ 4.
The graph on the right could represent f ′′ (x) for function f on the left.
For graph III, the graph of f is concave down for 1 ≤ x < 52 and concave up for 52 < x ≤ 4.
So, f ′′ (x) < 0 for 1 ≤ x ≤ 25 and f ′′ (x) > 0 for 52 < x ≤ 4. The graph on the right could
represent f ′′ (x) for function f on the left.
The answer is D.
Practice AP
R
Exam, Part II
πt

31. Use a graphing calculator to examine the graph of g(t) = (t − 2) sin 2 on the interval
0 ≤ t ≤ 2.
Rx πt

Since g(t) < 0 for all 0 ≤ t ≤ 2, f (x) = 0
(t − 2) sin 2 dt < 0 for all 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.
Using the Fundamental Theorem,
Z x
d πt πx
f ′ (x) = (t − 2) sin dt = (x − 2) sin < 0 for all 0 < x < 2.
dx 0 2 2
Finally, since the graph of g is increasing on the interval k < x < 2 for some k, f ′′ (x) =
g ′ (t) > 0 on the interval k < x < 2. Therefore, only statements I and II are true.
The answer is B.
√
32. For function f (x) = 2x2 + 3
x4 − 8 defined for x ≥ 0, find x so that f (x) = 10.
Using a graphing calculator, f (x) = 10 for x = 2.
32
Using a graphing calculator, f ′ (2) = 3 .
32 1 1 3
Since g is the inverse of f and f ′ (2) = 6= 0, then g ′ (10) = = = ≈ 0.0937 .
3 f ′ (2) ( 323 ) 32
The answer is D.
33. For f (x) = ex − xe − e, find the point where the graph of f crosses the x-axis.
Using a graphing calculator to solvef (x) = 0, x ≈ 3.4711.
Using a graphing calculator, f ′ (3.4711) ≈ 9.1063.
The slope of the normal line to the graph of f at x ≈ 3.4711 is
1 1
mnorm ≈ − f ′ (3.4711) ≈ − 9.1063 ≈ −0.110 .
The answer is B.
34. Functions f and g have perpendicular tangents for all x such that f ′ (x) · g ′ (x) = −1.

1
Since f ′ (x) = x+1 and g ′ (x) = − 2x1√x , find all x such that x+1
1
· − 2x1√x = −1.
√
Equivalently, find all x such that (x + 1)(2x x) = 1.
Using a graphing calculator, x ≈ 0.484 .

The answer is A.
35. Partition [0, 2] into five subintervals, each of equal width: [0, 0.4], [0.4, 0.8], [0.8, 1.2], [1.2, 1.6],
and [1.6, 2.0].
The width of each subinterval is ∆x = 0.4.
Z 2
1 1
f (x) dx ≈ [f (0) + f (0.4)]∆x + [f (0.4) + f (0.8)]∆x
0 2 2
1 1 1
+ [f (0.8) + f (1.2)]∆x + [f (1.2) + f (1.6)]∆x + [f (1.6) + f (2.0)]∆x
2 2 2
1
= [f (0) + 2f (0.4) + 2f (0.8) + 2f (1.2) + 2f (1.6) + f (2.0)](0.4)
2
1
= [10 + 2(12) + 2(13) + 2(16) + 2(19) + 20](0.4)
2
= 30 .
The answer is B.
36. Given v(0) = 2, the velocity of the particle at time t is given by
Z t Z t
√ √
v(t) = v(0) + 3 − x dx = 2 + 3 − x dx.
0 0
R4 √ 20 26
The velocity at time t = 4 is v(4) = 2 + 0 (3 − x) dx = 2 + 3 = 3 .
The answer is C.
37. Using a graphing calculator, the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the graph of
y = tan x, y = 3 − x, and the y-axis is pictured below.
Using a graphing calculator, the graphs of y = tan x and y = 3 − x intersect at x ≈ 1.089.
The area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the graph of y = tan x, y = 3 − x,
R 1.089
and the y-axis is given by A ≈ 0 [(3 − x) − tan x] dx.
R 1.089
Using a graphing calculator, A ≈ 0 [(3 − x) − tan x] dx ≈ 1.905 .
The answer is A.
38. Let w(t) denote the weight of the animal after t days.
Rt Rt √
Then w(t) = w(0) + 0 r(x) dx = w(0) + 0 0.16e x dx.
R5 √
The number of pounds gained from t = 0 to t = 5 days is w(5) − w(0) = 0 0.16e x dx.
R5 √
Using a graphing calculator, w(5) − w(0) = 0 0.16e x dx ≈ 4.0 pounds .
The answer is B.
x ln x−x
39. The function g(x) = x+1 is defined for all x > 0.
x ln x−x ′
For g(x) = x+1 , find g (x) using the Quotient Rule.
d
d
′ (x + 1) dx (x ln x − x) − (x ln x − x) dx (x + 1)
g (x) =
(x + 1)2
1

(x + 1) x · x + ln x − 1 − (x ln x − x)(1) ln x + x
= 2
= .
(x + 1) (x + 1)2
ln x+x
To find a critical number for g(x), set g ′ (x) = (x+1)2 = 0.
Using a graphing calculator to solve ln x + x = 0, x ≈ 0.567 .

The answer is C.
40. The distance between a point (x, y) on the graph y = x2 + x and the point (3, 4) is given by
p p
d = (x − 3)2 + (y − 4)2 = (x − 3)2 + (x2 + x − 4)2 .
Since d > 0, finding x so that d is a minimum is equivalent to finding x so that d2 is a

minimum.
Let f (x) = d2 = (x − 3)2 + (x2 + x − 4)2 .
Then f ′ (x) = 2(x − 3) + 2(x2 + x − 4)(2x + 1).
To find the critical numbers of f , solve f ′ (x) = 2(x − 3) + 2(x2 + x − 4)(2x + 1) = 0.
Using a graphing calculator to solve 2(x − 3) + 2(x2 + x − 4)(2x + 1) = 0, x ≈ −2.137, −1,

and 1.637.
Note that f (−2.137) ≈ 28.854, f (−1) ≈ 32, and f (1.64) ≈ 1.958.
√
Therefore, the minimum distance is d ≈ 1.958 ≈ 1.399 .
The answer is B.
41. The perimeter of a regular hexagon is given by P = 6s, where s is the length of each side.
When the perimeter is P = 120 cm, the length of each side is s = 16 P = 16 (120 cm) = 20 cm.
dP cm
The perimeter is increasing at a constant rate of 30 cm/min. So, dt = 30 min .
The rate of increase in the area of the hexagon is
√ ! √ √
√

dA d 3 3 2 3 3 d 2 3 3 ds ds
= s = s = 2s =3 3 s .
dt dt 2 2 dt 2 dt dt
dP d
From P = 6s, dt = dt (6s) = 6 ds
dt .
ds 1 dP 1 cm cm

So, dt = 6 dt = 6 30 min = 5 min .
dA
√ √ cm2
= 3 3 s ds cm

Therefore, dt dt = 3 3(20 cm) 5 min ≈ 519.615 min .
The answer is B.
Rx √
42. For g(x) = 0 3f (t) + t3 + 1 dt,
Z 2 h p i Z 2 Z 2 p
g(2) = 3f (t) + t3 + 1 dt = 3 f (t) dt + t3 + 1 dt.
0 0 0
R2√
Using a graphing calculator, 0 t3 + 1 dt ≈ 3.241.
R2 R2 R2√
Since 0 f (t) dt = 10, g(2) = 3 0 f (t) dt + 0 t3 + 1 dt ≈ 3(10) + 3.241 = 33.241.
By Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,
Z xh
d p i p
g ′ (x) = 3f (t) + t3 + 1 dt = 3f (x) + x3 + 1,
dx 0
√
and g ′ (2) = 3f (2) + 23 + 1 = 3(4) + 3 = 15.
Therefore, g(2) + g ′ (2) ≈ 33.241 + 15 = 48.241 .

The answer is C.
R2√
43. The average density across the length of the rod is f¯ = 1
2−0 0 10 − x3 dx.
R2√
Using a graphing calculator, 10 − x3 dx ≈ 5.584.0
R2√
Therefore, the average density is f¯ = 2−0
1
0 10 − x3 dx ≈ 21 (5.584) = 2.792 .
The answer is C.
R 10
44. The distance traveled by the object from t = 0 to t = 10 is given by 0 |v(t)| dt.
Since v(t) = e0.2t − 3, we find that v(t) ≤ 0 if 0 ≤ t ≤ 5 ln 3 and v(t) ≥ 0 if 5 ln 3 ≤ t ≤ 10.

Therefore,
Z 10 Z 5 ln 3 Z 10 Z 5 ln 3 Z 10
0.2t
e0.2t − 3 dt.

|v(t)| dt = [−v(t)] dt + v(t) dt = − e − 3 dt +
0 0 5 ln 3 0 5 ln 3
R 5 ln 3 R 10
e0.2t − 3 dt ≈ −6.4792 and e0.2t − 3 dt ≈

Using a graphing calculator, 0 5 ln 3
8.4245.
Therefore, the distance is
Z 5 ln 3 Z 10
0.2t
e0.2t − 3 dt ≈ −(−6.4792) + 8.4245 ≈ 14.904 .

− e − 3 dt +
0 5 ln 3
The answer is D.
45. Consider cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis of thickness dx.
The base of each triangle is [sin x − (1 − sin x)] = 2 sin x − 1.
The height of each triangle is 12 (2 sin x − 1).
2
The area of each triangle is 21 (base)(height) = 1 1
− 1) (2 sin x − 1) = 41 (2 sin x − 1) .

2 2 (2 sin x
2
The volume of each cross section is dV = (Area) dx = 41 (2 sin x − 1) dx.
To find the range for x, find the intersection of y = sin x and y = 1 − sin x.
sin x = 1 − sin x
2 sin x = 1
1
sin x =
2
π 5π
So, x = 6 and 6 .
R 5π/6 1 2 1
R 5π/6 2
Therefore, the volume of the solid is V = π/6 4 (2 sin x − 1) dx = 4 π/6 (2 sin x − 1) dx.
R 5π/6
Using a graphing calculator, V = 1
4 π/6
(2 sin x − 1)2 dx ≈ 0.272 .
The answer is B.
AP
R
Practice Exam
Part 2, Free Response
1. (a) Partition [0, 6] into four subintervals: [0, 1], [1, 3], [3, 5], and [5, 6].
∆x1 = 1 − 0 = 1, ∆x2 = 3 − 1 = 2, ∆x3 = 5 − 3 = 2, and ∆x4 = 6 − 5 = 1.

1 6

1 1 1 1
Z
E(x) dx ≈ [E(0) + E(1)]∆x1 + [E(1) + E(3)]∆x2 + [E(3)
6 0 6 2 2 2

1
+ E(5)]∆x3 + [E(5) + E(6)]∆x4
2
1
= {[E(0) + E(1)](1) + [E(1) + E(3)](2) + [E(3) + E(5)](2)
12
+ [E(5) + E(6)](1)}
1
= [E(0) + 3E(1) + 4E(3) + 3E(5) + E(6)]
12
1
= [1.0 + 3(1.3) + 4(2.1) + 3(4.1) + 5.6]
12
= 2.6 thousand feet .
1
R6
(b) 6 0
E(x) dx = 2.6 thousand feet is
the average elevation of the trail along the entire length of the trail.
(c) For a function f that is continuous on the closed interval a ≤ x ≤ b and differentiable
on the open interval a < x < b, the Mean Value Theorem guarantees that f ′ (c) =
f (b)−f (a)
b−a for at least one c between a and b.
Since function E is differentiable on the interval 0 < x < 6, it is also continuous on the
interval. For the interval 3 < x < 5, the conditions of the Mean Value Theorem are
satisfied. Since E(3) = 2.1 and E(5) = 4.1, there E ′ (c) = E(5)−E(3)
5−3 = 4.1−2.1
2
ft
= 1 mile
for at least one c between 3 and 5. Therefore, there must be at least one distance x
for which the elevation increases at a rate of 1000 feet per mile.
(d) Since E ′ (x) > 0 on the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 6, E is increasing on the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 6.
Therefore, the Left Riemann sum is the lower sum and underapproximates the value
R6
of 61 0 E(x) dx.
2. (a) The region is pictured below.
To find the points of intersection of the curve y = x24x

+7 with the horizontal line y = 12 ,
4x 1 2

set x2 +7 = 2 and solve for x. Multiply both sides by 2 x + 7 to obtain
8x = x2 + 7
x2 − 8x + 7 = 0
(x − 1)(x − 7) = 0
The curve and the line intersect at x = 1 and 7.
R7 4x 1

The area bounded by the two curves is 1 x2 +7 − 2dx.
R7 4x

Using a graphing calculator, the area is 1 x2 +7 − 12 dx ≈ 0.892 .
(b) Use the method of rings to find the volume of the resulting solid when the region in
(a) is rotated about the line y = −2.
Z h 7 i
2 2
Volume = π (outer radius) − (inner radius) dx
1
Z 7 " 2 2 #
4x 1
=π 2+ 2 − 2+ dx ≈ 14.551
1 x +7 2
(c) Each section perpendicular to the x-axis is a rectangle with a height equal to five
1
times the length of the base. The base is x2 +7 − 2 . The height is 5 x24x
4x 1
+7 − 2 .
2
The area of the rectangle is 5 x24x 1
+7 − 2 .
Multiply the area by the thickness of the section dx.
R7 2
The total volume is given by V = 5 1 x24x +7 − 1
2 dx ≈ 0.862 .
3. (a) The acceleration of the object is given by a(t) = v ′ (t).

Use the product rule to find v ′ (t).

d πt πt d −0.1t
a(t) = v ′ (t) = 10 e−0.1t cos + cos e
dt 4 4 dt

πt π πt −0.1t
= 10 e−0.1t − sin

· + cos e (−0.1)
4 4 4

π πt πt
= −10e−0.1t sin + 0.1 cos
4 4 4
= −e−0.1t 5π πt πt

2 sin 4 + cos 4
(b) The position of the object at time t = 5 is given by

Z 5
x(5) = x(0) + v(t) dt
0
R5 πt
10e−0.1t cos

= 4+ 0 4 dt .
(c) Since both the velocity v(t) and acceleration a(t) are negative for 2 < t < 3.839, the
speed of the object is increasing on the interval 2 < t < 3.839 .
Since v(t) < 0 for 2 < t < 6, the object is moving to the left on the interval 2 < t < 6 .
(d) The distance traveled by the object on the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 6 is
Z 6 R 6 −0.1t πt

d= |v(t)| dt = 10 0
e cos 4
dt .
0
R2
4. (a) g(2) = 0 f (t) dt is the area of the triangular region between f and the x-axis from
R2
x = 0 to x = 2. So, g(2) = 0 f (t) dt = 21 (2)(4) = 4 .
d
Rx
Using Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem, g ′ (x) = dx 0 f (t) dt = f (x). So g ′ (2) =
f (2) = 4 .
Since g ′ (x) = f (x), g ′′ (x) = f ′ (x). The graph of f has a cusp at x = 2. The slope of
the line tangent to the graph of f at x = 2 is not defined. So, g ′′ (2) does not exist .
(b) Since g ′′ (x) = f ′ (x) > 0 for x < 2 and g ′′ (x) = f ′ (x) < 0 for x > 2, function g has a
point of inflection at x = 2 .
Rx d
Rx
(c) For h(x) = −2 f (t) dt, h′ (x) = dx −2 f (t) dt = f (x) = 0 when x = 5. So, h has a
critical number at x = 5. Since h′ (x) = f (x) > 0 for x < 5 and h′ (x) = f (x) < 0 for
x > 5, function h has a relative maximum at x = 5 .
R6
(d) Using properties of integrals, break up −2 f (t) dt.
Z 6 Z 0 Z 2 Z 4 Z 6
f (t) dt = f (t) dt + f (t) dt + f (t) dt + f (t) dt.
−2 −2 0 2 4
Z 2 Z 4 Z 6
h(6) = h(0) + f (t) dt + f (t) dt + f (t) dt.
0 2 4
R2 R6 26
From the graph, 0 f (t) dt = 4 and 4 f (t) dt = 0. Also, h(6) = 3 and h(0) = −2.
26
R4 R4 20
So, 3 = −2 + 4 + 2
f (t) dt + 0 and 2
f (t) dt = 3 .
R 4x √ R0√
5. (a) Since f (x) = 0 100 − t3 dt, g(0) = 0 100 − t3 dt = 0.
Using Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem,
Z 4x p
′ d 3
p
3
d p
g (x) = 100 − t dt = 100 − (4x) (4x) = 4 100 − 64x3 .
dx 0 dx
So, the slope of the line tangent to the graph of g at x = 0 is g ′ (0) = 40.
Using the point-slope form of the line, y − 0 = 40(x − 0).
The equation of the line tangent to the graph of g at x = 0 is y = 40x .
√
(b) Since g ′ (x) = 4 100 − 64x3 > 0 on the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, function g is increasing
on the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. So, g is one-to-one on the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and therefore
has an inverse on the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
(c) Since g(1) = A and h is the inverse of g, h′ (A) = g′1(1) = √ 1 = 1
24 .
4 100−64(13 )
′′ d d 1/2
g ′ (x) = 4 100 − 64x3

(d) g (x) =
dx
dx
1 −1/2 d
=4 100 − 64x3 (100 − 64x3 )
2 dx
−384x2
=√
100 − 64x3
Since g ′′ (x) < 0 on the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, the graph of g is concave down on
the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Therefore, a trapezoidal sum used to estimate g(1) =
R4√
0 100 − t3 dt is an underestimation .
2
dy
6. (a) The right side of the differential equation dx = 2(y−1)
√
x
gives the slope of the line
tangent to the graph of y(x) at (x, y). For example, the slope of the line tangent to
2
the graph of y(x) at (1, 2) is 2(2−1)
√
1
= 2. Continuing in this manner, the slope is
calculated for each point indicated on the graph.
(x, y) Slope (x, y) Slope

(2, 2) √2
(1, 2) 2 2
(1, 1) 0 (2, 1) 0
(1, 0) 2 (2, 0) √2
2
The slope at each point is plotted on the graph below to produce the slope field.
2(2−1)2
(b) The line tangent to the graph of f at the point (1, 2) has slope m = √
1
= 2.
Use the point-slope form of a line to find the equation of the line.
y − 2 = 2(x − 1)
y − 2 = 2x − 2 or y = 2x
2
dy
(c) Rewrite the differential equation dx = 2(y−1)
√
x
dy
as (y−1) 2 =
√2 dx.
x
R dy R 2 1 √
Integrate both sides to obtain (y−1)2 = √
x
dx or − y−1 = 4 x + C for some
constant C.
Applying the condition that y = 2 when x = 1 yields −1 = 4 + C.
1 √
Thus, C = −5 and − y−1 = 4 x − 5.
1√
Solving for y yields y = 5−4 x
+1.

Final CH 7 Instr

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final CH 7 Instr

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final CH 7 Instr

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 7 Techniques of Integration

7.1 Integration by Parts

Let u = 1 − x2 , then du = (−2x) dx, so x dx = − du

= −x2 cos x + 2x sin x − 2(− cos x) + C

= x2 sin x + 2x cos x − 2 sin x + C .

19. We use integration by parts with u = cosh−1 x and dv = dx. Then du = √ 1

20. We use integration by parts with u = sinh−1 x and dv = dx. Then du = √ 1

We use integration by parts again with u = ln x and dv = dx. Then du = x1 dx and v = x.

= x(ln x)3 − 3x(ln x)2 + 6x ln x − 6x + C .

We use integration by parts again with u = ln x and dv = dx. Then du = x1 dx and v = x.

where we have absorbed any constants with the constant C of integration.

e−x cos (2x) dx using integration by parts.

e−x sin (2x) dx using integration by parts again.

e−2x sin (3x) dx using integration by parts.

e2x sin x dx using integration by parts.

e2x cos x dx using integration by parts again.

Add 4 e2x sin x dx to both sides of the equation to obtain

e3x cos (5x) dx using integration by parts.

Let u = e3x and dv = sin (5x) dx.

e−x sin x dx using integration by parts.

e−x cos x dx using integration by parts again.

e−x sin x dx to both sides of the equation to obtain

−e−1 + 2 −e−1 + −e−1 − −e−0

We use integration by parts with u = ln x and dv = 4x − x2 dx. Then du = x1 dx and

xe−x dx using integration by parts.

xe3x dx using integration by parts.

51. (a) The velocity of the object at time t is given by

e−2x sin x dx using integration by parts.

e−2x cos x dx using integration by parts again.

e−2x sin x dx to both sides of the equation to obtain

(b) The position of the object at time t is given by

Recall e−2x sin x dx = 15 e−2x (−cos x − 2 sin x) + C.

Similarly, e−2x cos x dx = 15 e−2x (sin x − 2 cos x) + C.

Let u = x2 and dv = e−x dx.

xe−x dx using integration by parts.

= 5 + −t2 e−t − 2te−t − 2e−t − (0 − 0 − 2)

= 7 − t2 e−t − 2te−t − 2e−t

(b) The position of the object at time t is given by

Using the previous results,

= 7x − −x2 e−x − 2xe−x − 2e−x − 2 −xe−x − e−x − 2 −e−x + C

= 7x + x2 e−x + 4xe−x + 6e−x + C.

= 7t + t2 e−t + 4te−t + 6e−t − (0 + 0 + 0 + 6)

= 7t + t2 e−t + 4te−t + 6e−t − 6

We use integration by parts again with u = ln x and dv = dx. Then du = x1 dx and v = x.

57. Using the method of disks, the volume is given by

x2 ln x dx using integration by parts.

Let u = ln x and dv = x2 dx.

Integrate x2 e3x dx using integration by parts.

Let u = x2 and dv = e3x dx.

Let u = x and dv = e3x dx.

xf ′ (x) dx using integration by parts.

(b) Using the method of shells, the volume is given by

The volume of the solid is

f (x)f ′ (x) dx using integration by parts.

f (x) f ′ (x) dx to both sides of the equation.

We use integration by parts, with u = 2w and dv = sin w dw. Then du = 2 dw and

= −2w cos w + 2(sin w) + C

We use integration by parts, with u = 2w and dv = ew dw. Then du = 2 dw and v = ew .