Fundamental of Thermodynamics and

Heat Transfer

BE Mechanical Engineering I/I

2. Energy and Energy Transfer

May 26, 2021

Energy
Energy can be defined as the capacity of a system to exert (provide)
force for a certain interval.

Energy is the capacity to do work.

Different forms of energies are classified into two groups / types in

thermodynamics: stored energy and transient energy.

Stored Energy Transient Energy

The stored energy is the energy Energy which can cross the
possessed by a system within its boundary of the system
boundaries. during a thermodynamic
Energy which remains within the process is called transient
system boundary as inherent energy.
property of the system is called
stored energy.
Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 2
 Stored Energy Transient Energy
Internal energy, potential Work transfer, heat
energy and kinetic energy transfer, electrical energy
are examples of stored are examples of transient
energy. energy.

Stored energies have unique Transient energy are path

value for each equilibrium function and are not
state (i.e., they are state thermodynamic properties
function) and independent of
path and hence are
thermodynamic properties

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 3

Stored Energy
Internal Energy (U)
Internal energy is the energy of the system due to its
molecular arrangement and motion of the molecules.
It can also be defined as the summation of molecular
potential energy and molecular kinetic energy.
It is represented by U and its unit is J.
It is due to microscopic phenomena so is function of
temperature only.
Internal energy of ideal gas depends on temperature of the
gas only.
It is given by the relation;

𝑑𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑇

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 4

Stored Energy
Potential Energy (PE)
It is the energy contained by the system by virtue of its
position with respect to certain reference level
PE = 𝑚gz

Kinetic Energy (KE)

It is the energy of the system due to its motion.

1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑉 2
2

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 5

Total Energy
Total energy of a system is defined as the summation of its internal
energy, potential energy and kinetic energy.

1 2
𝑒 = 𝑢 + 𝑔𝑧 + 𝑉
2
Enthalpy
The expression U+PV occurs so frequently in thermodynamics that it
has been given a special name and symbol; enthalpy and H.

Hence, enthalpy is defined as the summation of internal energy and

the product of pressure and volume.

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 6

Heat Transfer
Transfer of energy, without transfer of mass, because of temperature
difference between the system and the surroundings is called heat
transfer.
Heat transfer is denoted by Q and expressed in J.
 Heat is transient energy.
 Heat is boundary phenomena.
 Heat is path function and hence inexact differentials.
 Heat is not the property of the system.
In thermodynamics, heat transferred (supplied) to the system is taken
as positive heat transfer and heat transferred (lost) from the system is
taken as negative heat transfer.
Sign Convention
Heat flow into a system is taken as positive.
Heat flow out of a system is taken as negative.

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 7

Work Transfer
According to mechanics; work is defined as the product of a force
and the distance travelled in the direction of force.
Work = Force x distance travelled
= F x d [1 Nm = 1 J)
In thermodynamics;
Work is the interaction between system and surrounding.
Work transfer is the transfer of energy, without transfer of mass,
because of any property difference other than temperature that exists
between system and surroundings.
Work transfer is denoted by W and expressed in J.
Common property differences that can produce work transfer are
pressure, gravitational potential, electrical potential etc.

In thermodynamics, work done by the system is taken as positive

work transfer and work done on the system is taken as negative work
transfer.
Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 8
 Comparison Between Heat and Work
Similarities
i. Heat and work are both transient energy. The system
never posses heat or work.

ii. Heat and work are boundary phenomena.

iii. Heat and work both are path functions and hence
inexact differentials.

iv. Heat and work are not the thermodynamic properties of

the system.

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 9

 Comparison Between Heat and Work
Differences
i. Heat is energy exchange between system and
surroundings due to temperature difference whereas work
is energy exchange between system and surroundings due
to intensive property difference other than temperature.

ii. Work is high grade form of energy, but heat is low grade
form of energy.

iii. Heat can be transferred or exchanged with or without

displacement of boundary but displacement work cannot be
transferred without displacement of boundary.

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 10

 Comparison Between Heat and Work
Differences
iv. Heat flow into the system is taken as positive but work
done on the system is taken as negative and heat flow out
of the system is taken as negative but work done by the
system is taken as positive.

v. Work always produces some heat itself without any

device but the self conversion of heat to work (without any
device) cannot occur.

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 11

Expression for Displacement Work Transfer
Consider a piston cylinder device containing a gas. During process 1-
2, piston is displaced by 𝑑𝑠 from state 1 to state 2. Applying
mechanical definition, work transfer is evaluated as

Final position
ds
A Initial position
of piston
P
Boundary System
(Gas) Cylinder

Heat Input

𝛿𝑊 = 𝐹 𝑑𝑠
2
∴ W = 1 𝛿𝑊

where F is the force provided by the gas pressure, i.e., F = PA

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 12
Expression for Displacement Work Transfer
Substituting F into above equation, we get
The above equation shows that the work
transferred during any process can be
determined by evaluating area covered by
the process on P- V diagram.

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 13

Displacement Work Transfer for a Isochoric Process
A thermodynamic process during which the volume of a closed system
remains constant. E.g., heating of gas in a rigid container.
𝑉2
Rigid Boundary
∴W= 𝑉1
𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = 0, As, 𝑉1 = 𝑉2

System
(gas)

T
P
T2 2

Isochoric P2 2
Process

T1 1
P1 1

V1  V2 V
T
T1 T2

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 14

Displacement Work Transfer for a Isobaric Process
A thermodynamic process in which the pressure remains constant.
E.g., expansion or compression of a gas inside a cylinder with freely
moving frictionless piston. P
W12
Piston Isobaric
Process
P1  P2 1 2

Cylinder
System W12
(gas)

V
V1 V2
Q P

Isobaric
Process
P1  P2 1 2

T
T1 T2

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 15

Displacement Work Transfer for a Isothermal Process
A process during which the W12
Piston
temperature remains constant. Weight
 It can be realized in a piston
cylinder device which is surrounded Cylinder
System
by a constant temperature reservoir (gas)
or constant temperature bath having Constant temperature
same temperature. Q
reservoir

 Pressure volume relationship for an ideal gas

undergoing a constant temperature process
(Boyle’s law) is given as;

Applying the Equation for initial, final and any intermediate states,

Pressure at any intermediate state is given as;

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 16
Displacement Work Transfer for a Isothermal Process
Then work transfer is given as; P
1
P1
Isothermal
Process

P2 2
W12
W12  mRT1 lnV2 V1  V
V1 V2
T Isothermal
Process
P
1 2
T1  T2 1
P1
Isothermal
Process

P2 2

V
V1 V2 T
T1  T2
Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 17
Displacement Work Transfer for a Polytropic Process
Thermodynamic process which follows the relation PVn = constant
is called a polytropic process and the index n is a polytropic index.

It is a generalized equation for thermodynamic processes and

represents different processes for different values of n.
Value of index n Equation Process

0 P = Constant Constant pressure or

Isobaric
1 PV = Constant Constant temperature or
Isothermal
γ PVγ = Constant Adiabatic
Constant volume or
∝ V = Constant Isochoric

Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 18

Pressure-volume relationship for initial, final and any intermediate
state during a polytropic process is given as P
n=  n=
n=1
Pressure at any intermediate state is given as Initial state
Compression
n=0 n=0
Expansion
n=1

Then work transfer is given as n=

n =

m
R
(T
T)
W

1
2 2 1
1
n
Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer 19
 Power
Power is defined as a rate of energy transfer. In
thermodynamics, we deal with two modes of energy transfer:
work transfer and heat transfer.
Power due to work transfer also called mechanical power is
defined as the rate of work transfer. Mathematically,

Power due to heat transfer also called thermal power is defined

as the rate of heat transfer. Mathematically,

Power is expressed in J/s or Watt (W).

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