Senior High School

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Quarter 1 Lesson Exemplars

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Department of Education - Republic of the Philippines

 Senior High School

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
QUARTER 1: Lesson Exemplar 001
 Properties of Matter and its Various Forms
Lesson Exemplar 002
 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Lesson Exemplar 003
 Percent Composition and Chemical Formulas
Lesson Exemplar 004
 Balancing Simple Chemical Equations

These lesson exemplars were collaboratively wriiten by Rowena M. Mingi and

Menandro M. Merlin, DEM of Marinduque National High School Senior High School
Department at Boac Marinduque. Parents , guardians and other stakeholders are
encouraged to email all their comments and suggestions to
rowena.mingi@deped.gov.ph / menandro.merlin2018@deped.gov.ph.
Your comments and suggestions are important to us.

Department of Education - Republic of the Philippines

 GRADE 11/12 – GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Lesson Exemplar 001
Content: The Properties of Matter and its Various Forms
Content Standard: Performance Standard:
The learners demonstrate understanding of The learners should be able to design
the properties of matter and its various forms. multimedia , demonstrations , or models
,a representation or simulation of any of
the following :
A. atomic structure
B. Gas behavior
C. Mass Relationships
D. Reactions
Topic: Learning Competencies and Code:
Properties of Matter and Its Various Forms 1. Use properties of matter to identify
1. Properties of matter substances and to separate them
Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter STEM_GC11MPIa-b-5
a. Extensive property 2. Recognize the formulas of common
b. Intensive property chemical substances
2. Common Chemical STEM_GC11MPIa-b-9
Substances 3. Compare consumer products on the
3. Simple separation basis of their components for use , safety
techniques , quality and cost STEM_GC11MPIa-b-
ex. distillation, 11
chromatography 4. Describe the various simple separation
techniques such as distillation ,
chromatography STEM_GC11MPIa-b-12

INTRODUCTION

In this lesson you will learn about the properties of matter –physical and chemical, as
well as simple separation techniques. Your understanding of these concepts will be used to
learn about matter.
Matter can be classified according to its observed properties .The two types of properties
associated with matter are physical properties and chemical properties.
Physical Properties are properties that can be measured and observed without changing
the material’s composition. This includes the properties that you easily identify just by mere
observation such as the appearance, color, texture, and odor of the material. Other physical
properties of matter are melting point, boiling point, solubility, and density of the material.
Chemical Properties, on the hand, describe a material’s possibility to undergo chemical
change in its chemical composition. Examples of chemical properties include flammability,
toxicity, reactivity to water and oxygen like rusting, heat of combustion, pH, enthalpy of
formation, oxidation states, chemical stability, salt formation, and types of chemical bonds a
material forms.
Examples of physical and chemical properties
Physical Properties Color, odor, texture , shape , density , melting and boiling
points , solubility
Chemical Properties Flammability , toxicity , reactivity to water and oxygen like
rusting , heat of combustion , pH , enthalpy of formation ,
oxidation states , chemical stability , types of chemical bonds
that materials can form.
Intensive and Extensive Properties
Physical properties of matter can further be classified as intensive or extensive.
Intensive properties are substance-specific properties that do not depend on the amount of
the substance. Example is the density of water. If you put different amounts of water in three
different sizes of cups, the density of water will still be the same.
On the other hand, Extensive properties are properties that do not depend on the
amount of substance of the material. Whenever the amount of substance changes, the
substance’s extensive properties also change. Example is the mass of table salt. As you put
more salt into a container, the mass of the salt also changes.
Certain properties of matter serve as identification of substances .Knowing the properties
of a substance can help you decide which materials are safe to use.
Intensive and Extensive Properties
Extensive Properties Weight , volume , length ,mass
Intensive Properties Density , color , luster , malleability , conductivity , hardness
, melting point, freezing point , boiling point

Matter takes many forms. Mixtures are forms of matter with no definite properties and are
not combined chemically. This means that the materials in a mixture retain their
characteristics, or they have no uniform composition. They can be homogeneous such as
solutions or heterogeneous such as suspensions and colloids. Meanwhile, examples of
heterogeneous mixtures wherein the particles are not evenly distributed and can be easily
seen by the unaided eye are halo-halo, salad and even liquid medicines or vitamins that you
shake first before you take.
Halo-halo (from “halo” = mix) is one of the favorite Filipino desserts. Knowing the ingredients
of halo-halo how can you differentiate one ingredient from one another? Do all the have the
same properties? When you mix the ingredients, do the ingredients react with one another?
Or do the properties of each ingredient remain the same. How would you separate the
components of halo-halo? What method of separating mixture you are going to use? The
following are the different techniques of separating mixtures
What are the Different Techniques of Separating Mixtures?
1. Dissolution in water- ability to dissolve in water
2. Chromatography – process of separating mixtures of different affinities for two
phases and thus move through the system at different rates.
3. Distillation – a process that depends on differences in volatility.
4. Filtration – used when a mixture consist of solid and liquid using a filter paper.
5. Evaporation – a process of separating mixtures consists of a non-volatile solid and
a volatile liquid.
6. Decantation – a process of separating mixtures consists of heavy solid and liquid
by pouring the liquid.
7. Using a magnet – A process of separating mixture consist of a substance
attracted to magnet.
8. Using separatory funnel – separating two immiscible liquids
9. Sublimation – a process of separating mixture consist of a substance which can be
transformed from a solid state to a gaseous state.

When you visit or go to a supermarket you can even encounter mixtures which is
already separated through physical or chemical means .The separation technique applied or
used depends upon on their properties. These consumer products includes shampoo, soap,
(personal care products), health and sanitation, clothing and food.
You maybe using personal care products ----soaps , lotions , lipsticks eye shadows
shaving creams , hair gels , hair colors ; Face powder contains talc , chalk , kaolin , zinc oxide
, titanium oxide and selected pigments . Nail polish is pigmented cellulose nitrate lacquer. Nail
polish remover contains either acetone or ethyl acetate. It is important for you to know whether
these products are safe enough to use or not. The use of chemical compounds to enhance
one’s appearance has been practiced since ancient times. Some cosmetics materials used
earlier were found out to have toxic effects. For example Kohl was used by the early Egyptians
to darken their eyelashes, eyelids, eyebrows. Kohl is a mixture of graphite and galena (lead
sulphide). We know that compounds containing lead have toxic effects. Poisonous substances
llike red mercuric sulphide and mercuric chloride were used in the 17 th century as components
of skin lotion and lipsticks.
In terms of health and sanitation detergents have replaced soaps for laundry uses
because of the better cleaning quality, especially when using hard water like well-water.
Detergent use, however, introduces environmental problems. Certain types of detergents
(branched alkyl benzene sulfonates) are non-biodegradable. Large mass of detergent foam
covers the surface of waterways, obstruct the entry light, and thus, prevent photosynthesis by
aquatic plants. Tripolyphosphate (TPP) builders in detergents contribute to eventual
eutrophication of bodies of water.
Furthermore, the study of chemical compounds have made significant contributions in
the development of drugs and medicines such as sulfa drugs, antibiotics, anesthetics , steroids
,and synthetic vitamins. Many chemist are currently working with medical doctors in searching
for cures for cancer, AIDS, SARS, HIN1, and COVID -19, and other incurable or infectious
diseases. The field of biochemistry provides a better understanding of the chemical processes
in the body for better maintenance of health.

EXPLORE

Activity 1: Matter and Its Properties

Directions: Classify each statement if it describes a Physical Property or Chemical
Property . A single question will help you: Is a change in the identity of a substance
involved? If NO, then it is a physical property; if YES it is a chemical property. Then
identify if the property is intensive or extensive. Write your answer in the table below.

Statement Physical or Extensive or Words that specify

Chemical Intensive the property
Property Property
Some metals may become
dull when exposed to air
Metals, when pure , are shiny
and reflect light
Mercury’s high density and
liquid state at room
temperature make it useful in
barometers
Archeologists uncover
ancient gold artifacts that are
 untarnished while iron
artifacts are often corroded
The hardness of diamonds
enables them to be used on
drills bits
Metals are typically ductile or
can be drawn into wire
You shouldn’t use silver
utensils to handle sulfur –
containing food such as eggs
or mustard , since the silver
will tarnish
The high melting point of
tungsten makes it useful for
light bulb filaments
Metals are typically much
better conductors of heat and
electricity than nonmetals
The magnesium ribbon of a
photo flashbulb ignites in the
oxygen around it when you
snap a picture.

FIRM-UP

Activity 2: Think & Try if it is C , PI and PE

Directions: Write C if the given property is chemical, PI if Physical Intrinsic, PE if Physical
Extrinsic

_____1. Ability to corrode ______6. Specific gravity

_____2. Diameter ______7. Color
_____3. Mass ______8. Ability to ignite
_____4. Melting point ______9. Height
_____5. Temperature ______10. Ability to tarnish

Activity 3: Matter is Found Everywhere........

Directions: Give the formula of the following common substances.

Common Substances Chemical formula Specific use

1. table salt
2. sugar
3. muriatic acid
4.ethyl alcohol
5. chlorine
6. vinegar
7.baking soda
8. Vitamin C
9. monosodium glutamate (MSG)
10. Gold
 Activity 4 : Supermarket Time...Read the Labels
Directions: Some common substances from the table are found in the products that we are
using. Example aluminium pot, muriatic acid cleaner, alcohol, fluoride in tooth paste ,and
sugar..Read the product labels or search from the Internet to know the active ingredient. Then,
compare the materials in terms of components for use, cost ,safety and quality
Ex. Aluminum and Clay pot –
Muriatic acid and drain cleaner -
Cologne and perfume -
Regular soap and whitening soap –
Ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol-
Activity 5: Let’s Separate

Directions : Describe the procedure you might employ to separate

a. insoluble Silver chloride from Sodium chloride (table salt)
b. methyl alcohol (boiling point , 65 0C ) from butyl alcohol (boiling point , 118 0C )
c. Given a mixture of sand, salt and charcoal and assume that they have equal particle
size. Devise way to separate and recover each component
d. alcohol from wine
e. component of black ink

DEEPEN

Activity 6 : A Revisit ....

Reflect Upon .....
1. Constants such as boiling point and freezing point are intensive properties. Can you think
of intensive characteristics or values that best describe your family – those that are
constant or unchangeable?

2. Gold panning is done in such areas as Marinduque, Baguio, Surigao, and Davao . Make
a research on how gold particles are removed from mixtures of soil, sand and gravel.
Describe the separation technique used.

3. A mixture containing the following composition: sand, sodium chloride (table salt) activated
Carbon and naphthalene powder. Construct a flow diagram using the different techniques
of separating mixtures. Note: the diagram to be constructed will show the process of
separating the components of the given mixture.

4. Majority of the products that we use every day are mixtures. Examples of these are the
compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) and the battery. These products, though useful, may
contain harmful substances. CFLs contain mercury, a heavy metal that is toxic to living
things, and batteries contain cadmium (Cd), which is also a toxic chemical. As a student,
how can you help decrease the potential harmful effects of CFLs?
 TRANSFER
ASSESSMENT
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Write the letter of your answer:

1. Which of the following is an extensive property of matter?

A. volume B. ductility C. conductivity D. malleability
2. In separating the mixture of ethanol and water by distillation , which of the following
properties
are evident?
A. smell and taste only C. boiling point only
B. flammability only D. smell, taste , flammability , and boiling point
3. Which of the following is the reason why ethanol separates from water?
A. Ethanol has a lower boiling point than water
B. Ethanol has a higher boiling point than water
C. Water distills before ethanol
D. Some of the ethanol distills before water starts to distill
4. A black, crystalline solid forms a purple vapor when it is heated . The solid is
A. iodine B. Copper (II) sulfate C. sulfur D. phosphorus
5. Which of the following statements describe physical properties and which describe
chemical properties? Write PP & CC
____Iron has the tendency to rust.
____Rainwater in industrialized regions tends to be acidic
____Hemoglobin molecules have a red color.
____When a glass of water is left out in the sun , the water gradually disappears
____Carbon dioxide in air is converted to more complex molecules by plants during
photosynthesis

6-10 Write five (5) reasons why the following product/ were used
A. Aluminum is used for beverages cans
B. Copper is used for electrical wiring

11-15 Describe the process of chromatography 5 pts.

________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Chang , R . (2005) . Chemistry . 8th edition .New York :McGraw –Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Abadicio, C.L. (1997) Chemistry for Filipinos. Manila: Saint Bernadette Publishing, Inc.

3. Cervantes ,C.V.R, Dizon , R.D.(2016) General Chemistry 1.Manila .Lorimar Publishing

Inc.

4. Tabujara Jr.G.D.( 2016) . General Chemistry .1st edition. Manila: JFS Publishing Services
 GRADE 11/12 – GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
LESSON EXEMPLAR 002
CONTENT:
Atoms , Molecules and Ions
1. Molecules and Ions
2. Chemical formulas
3.Naming Compounds

CONTENT STANDARD: PERFORMANCE STANDARD:

The learners demonstrate The learners should be able to design multimedia ,
understanding of the demonstrations , or models ,a representation or simulation
atomic structure , formulas of any of the following :
and names of compounds A. Atomic structure
B. Gas behavior
C. Mass Relationships
D. Reactions
TOPIC : LEARNING COMPETENCIES and CODE:
1. Isotopes 1. Recognize common isotopes and their uses
2. Formulas and names of STEM_GC11AMIc-e-19
compounds 2. Represent compounds using chemical formulas ,
structural formulas and models STEM_GC11AMIc-e-21
3. Name compounds given their formula and write formula
given the name of the compound. STEM_GC11AMIPIc-c-23

INTRODUCTION
In this lesson you will learn isotopes and their uses, writing and naming chemical
formulas. In each topic you are provided with activities that will deepen your understanding in
learning the concepts presented.
Isotopes are elements with similar atomic number, (Z) and different mass number, (A).
This also means that the atoms of an element have the same number of protons but they may
differ in number of neutrons. For example, there are some atoms of oxygen that have 8
neutrons, some have 9 and some have 10.
Examples of isotopes and their uses:
 C-14 used in archaeological dating
 U -238 is used for dating rocks
 Fe- 59 and Fe -55 are used to study the absorption of iron
 Sodium chloride containing sodium -24 can be injected into the bloodstream to study
blood circulation
 A thalium -201 compound injected into the bloodstream will concentrate in normal heart
muscle but will not remain in damaged tissue.
 Technetium -99 m is used for locating brain tumors and damaged heart cells
 Radium-226 and cobalt -60 are used in cancer therapy
 Iodine -131 measuring of thyroid activity and treatment of thyroid disorders
 Americium -241 smoke detectors

The name of substances, their formulas, and chemical equations are part of the language
of chemistry. Formulas and equations are “shorthand” tools. They are communication tools.
In this lesson, you will learn the chemical language to the extent that you will be able to write
it, read it, and interpret its meaning.
HOW TO WRITE /NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA?
Before you learn the steps for writing a chemical formula, I’d like to remind you how to
determine the charge of an ion. For the representative elements, the charge of the ion is
related to the column or group that the element is. NOTE: Pls. refer to the periodic table of
elements (PTE). Transition metals are elements found in groups IB to XB. These metals are
capable of losing different numbers of electrons and can take multiple ionic forms. The names
of transition metal ions contain Roman numerals to indicate the ions charge
For example, lead (II) nitrate contains a +2 lead ion : Pb 2+, Vanadium (IV ) oxide contains
a vanadium ion V 4+ . The following procedures may be followed in writing the formula of a
+4

compound:
The symbol of the element or radical which is positive valence is written first followed by the
symbol of the ion or radical of negative valence
1. The criss-cross method. The valence number of the positive ion becomes the subscript of
the negative atom. If the subscript is one it is written .If the subscript of the radical is more than
1 , the radical is enclosed in the parenthesis , and the subscript is written outside the
parenthesis .

Example:
1. potassium bromide K+ Br- = KBr
2. barium chloride Ba +2 Cl-1= Ba +2 Cl -1 = BaCl2
3.aluminum hydroxide Al +3 OH -1 = Al +3 OH -1 = Al(OH)3

2. If the valence of the positive ion or radical is numerically equal to the valence of the
negative ion or radical, the valence is cancelled.
Example :

1. magnesium oxide Mg +2 O -2 = Mg +2 O -2 = MgO

2. calcium carbonate Ca +2 CO3 -2 = CaCO3

3. All subscript must be reduced to the lowest ratio

Example :
1 2
a. copper silicate Cu +2 SiO4 -4 = Cu +2 SiO -4 =
Cu2SO4

Rules of Naming Compounds

I. IONIC COMPOUNDS
Binary Compounds of Metals and Nonmetals
 In naming binary compounds containing metal and non-metal , the name of the metal
is written first followed by the name of the non-metal ending in ide
Example:
a. KCl = Potassium chloride
b. CaO = Calcium oxide
 The binary compound contains metal of variable valence , two methods of naming
compound may be employed : Traditional and Stock method
1. In the Traditional method , the traditional name of the metal in ous if the lower
oxidation number , and ic if referring to higher oxidation number followed by name of
the non-metal ending in ide.

Example :
a. FeO = Ferrous oxide (the oxidation number is Fe +2 )
b. Fe2O3 = Ferric Oxide ( the oxidation number Fe is +3 )
 2. In the Stock method , the English name of the metal is used followed by
the oxidation state written in Roma numeral ( enclosed in parenthesis)
then the name of the non-metal ending in ide
Example:
a. FeO = Iron ( II ) oxide
b. Fe2O3 = Iron (III) oxide
 If the compound is composed of more than two elements ( or ternary compounds) ,
the name of the positive ion is written first then followed by the name of the negative
ion which ends in ite or ate .The ite is used when the middle ion is in its lower
oxidation number and ate is used when the middle ion is in its higher oxidation
number

Example :

a. Na2SO4 = Sodium sulphate

b. Na2SO3 = Sodium sulphite
c. KNO3 = Potassium Nitrate
d. KNO2 = Potassium Nitrite
II. COVALENT COMPOUNDS
For covalent compound containing two non-metals , the name of the positive ion is written
first followed by the name of the negative ion ending in ide.
If no subscript in each ion this means that it is one (1) . For the first ion no prefix is
required but the second ion a prefix is always necessary . In cases that the positive ion
contained more than 1, prefix is used to denote the number of positive ions.
Commonly used prefixes:
Mono 1 Hexa 6
Di 2 Hepta 7
Tri 3 Octa 8
Tetra 4 Nona 9
Penta 5 Deca 10
Examples :
a. CO Carbon Monoxide
b. CO2 Carbon Dioxide
c. P2O5 Diphosphorus Pentoxide
d. N6O4 Hexanitrogen Tetroxide
III. ACIDS
 Binary Acids
The word hydro is written first followed by the name of the negative ion which ends in
ic and then add the word acid .
Example :
a. HCl Hyrodochloric Acid
b. HF Hydrofluoric Acid
  Oxy or Ternary Acids
The name of the radicals which end in ate is changed to ic and the word acid is
added .
The name of the radicals which end in ite is changed to ous and the word acid is
added .
Example
a. HNO2 Nitrous Acid
b. H2SO4 Sulfuric Acid

What is Structural Formula ?

Structural formula shows how the atoms are arranged and bonded together in a
molecular formula of a chemical compound. Let’s take a look at the compounds vinegar and
ethyl alcohol , and compare their molecular formulas with their structural formulas :

Compound Molecular formula Structural formula

Acetic Acid C2H3O2

Ethyl Alcohol C2H6O

Without the structural formula, we wouldn’t know that acetic acid has a carbon atom
double bonded- together with oxygen. By looking at the structural formula, we can see the
spatial arrangement of the atoms in the compound.

EXPLORE

Activity 1 : What are the common ISOTOPES ?

Arrange the following jumbled letters to form the names of the common isotopes and Write
the symbol/s of that specific isotope.
1. CIUMMERIA -241 4.LLIUMHAT- 201
2. NIUMRAU -238 5. IUMRAD - 226
3. CARONB -14

ACTIVITY 2 : Most Common ISOTOPES and Their Uses

Give the uses of the following isotopes.
1. Americium -241
2. Carbon -14
3. Uranium - 238
 4. Thallium -201
5. Radium - 226
Are isotopes beneficial or harmful to living organisms? Explain your answer.

FIRM -UP
ACTIVITY 3 : Writing and Naming Compounds

Binary and Ternary Compounds

1. Write the formula of the binary compound formed by each of the following pairs:
Please use the Periodic Table of Elements (PTE)

a) Ca +2 + Cl -1 =
b) K +1 + S -2 =
c. Na +1 + O -2 =
d. C + I =
e. Al +3 + O -2 =
f. Mg and Br =
g. Ca and S =
h. K and O =
i. Al and F
j. Na and Cl=
2. Give the formulas of the following binary compounds:
a. Calcium carbide
b. Hydrogen iodide
c. Cobalt (II) chloride
d. Copper ( I ) Sulfide
e. Carbon tetraiodide
f. Barium telluride
g. Vanadium (III) oxide
h. Potassium phosphide
i. Chromium (VI) oxide
j. Diphosphorous pentoxide
3. Name the following binary compounds
a. CaI2
b. K2O
c. AlF3
d. CO
e. P2O5
f. CuCl2
g. Fe2O3
h. SnS2
i. AuCl3
j. MnO
3. Give the formulas of the following ternary compounds
a )Sodium oxalate
b) Potassium permanganate
c. Thallium (I ) sulfite
d. Ammonium dichromate
e. Cobalt (II) cyanide
f. Indium (III) bisulphate
 g. Aluminum nitrite
h. Nickel (II) hydroxide

Acids

Name the following binary acids:

a. H2S
b. HC
c. HF
d. HI
Name the following oxyacids:
a. H3BO3
b.HIO4
c. HClO
d. HMnO4
Write the formulas of the following acids:
a. Hydrobromic acid
b. Nitrous acid
c. Oxalic acid
d. Phosphorus acid

DEEPEN
Activity 4: Naming & Formula Writing

Fill the blanks in the following table

Cation Anion Formula Name

Magnesium bicarbonate
SrCl2
Fe3+ NO2-
SnBr4 Manganese (II ) chlorate
Co2+ PO43-
Hg22+ I-
Cu2CO3
Lithium nitride
Al3+ S2-

TRANSFER
ACTIVITY 5 : ASSESSMENT

Write your answer in your answer sheet:

1. Isotopes are substance with the same atomic number and different atomic mass ,
which is NOT same in isotopes?
a. chemical properties c. masses
b. number of neutrons d. number of protons
2. Which of the following isotope is used in radiotherapy , also referred as radiation
therapy, where cancerous cells are targeted and terminated.
a. Uranium -238 c. Cobalt- 60
b. Iodine – 131 d. Carbon -14
3. Which of the following isotopes is used as medical tracer , usually in the form of
compound to investigate activity of the thyroid and effectively treat thyroid cancer
a. Uranium -238 c. Cobalt- 60
b. Iodine – 131 d. Carbon -14
4-6 . Write the formula of the following
a. Potassium chloride -
b. Barium hydroxide-
c. Copper sulfate-
7-9 . Name the following :
a. HI (aq) -
b. SrF2 -
c. HBrO3 –
10. Write the structural formulas for each molecule given
a. Br2 -
b. HI -
c. NI3 -
d. H3 CCH3 –
e. CH4 –

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Chang , R . (2005) . Chemistry . 8th edition .New York :McGraw –Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Abadicio, C.L. (1997) Chemistry for Filipinos. Manila: Saint Bernadette Publishing, Inc.

3. Cervantes ,C.V.R, Dizon , R.D.(2016) General Chemistry 1.Manila .Lorimar Publishing

Inc.

4. Tabujara Jr.G.D.( 2016) . General Chemistry .1st edition. Manila: JFS Publishing Services

5.Espinosa , A.A., Fernandez ,K.N., Rivera ,T.A. (2016) . General Chemistry 1.1st ed.
Manila: Diwa Learning Sytems Inc.
 Lesson Exemplar 003
Content:
1. Percent Composition and Chemical formulas

Content Standard: Performance Standard:

The learners demonstrate understanding of The learners should be able to design
the relationship of percent composition and multimedia , demonstrations , or models,
chemical formula a representation or simulation of any of
the following :
A. atomic structure
B. Gas behavior
C. Mass Relationships
D. Reactions
Topic: Learning Competencies and Code:
1.Percent Composition and Chemical formulas 1.Calculate the empirical formula from
2.Empirical formula percent compound of a compound
3.Molecular formula STEM_GC11PCIIf-32
2. Calculate molecular formula given
molar STEM_GC11PCIf-33

INTRODUCTION
Preparation and identification of new compounds are one of the biggest excitements that
happen in a chemical laboratory. The identification of such a compound is achieved by
establishing its formula. To do this, the initial step is determine its percent composition. This
is the percentage by mass of each element in a compound.
If the percent composition of a compound is known, its empirical formula can be determined.
An empirical formula indicates the lowest whole number ratio of elements in a compound.
Generally, it represents the actual number of atoms of each element in the formula unit of an
ionic compound.

How to Calculate the Percentage Composition of a Compound?

 Atoms of elements are represented and distinguish from each other by the use of
symbols
 When atoms combined , they form molecules and these are represented by formulas
 A formula indicates the relative number of atoms each element in a substance
 For example in H2O refers to a compound in which two atoms of hydrogen for every
one atom of oxygen
 Formula implies that fixed relationships exist between mass of any two elements
present in a compound or between the mass of any element and the mass of the
compound as a whole
 If these relationships are fixed , they can be used as basis for computing the
percentage composition of the formula .
 The percentage of a given element is 100 times the mass of the element divided by
molar mass of the compound

% composition of any element in a compound = Number of atoms x mass number x 100

Molar mass
Example :

Determine the percentage composition of AgNO3

a. Determine the molar mass of AgNO3
Ag = 1x 108 = 108
N= 1x 14 =14
O = 3x 16 = 48
170 g/mol
b. The % composition of each element present
% Ag = (108 /170 ) x 100 = 63.53 %
% N = (14 /170 ) x 100 = 8.24%
% O = (48/170)x 100 = 28.24 %

Finding the Empirical and Molecular Formulas of a Compound

When chemists synthesize or discover a new compound, the compound is analyzed

quantitatively to determine its percent composition. From the compound’s percent
composition, the empirical formula is the determined. An empirical formula consists of the
symbols of all the elements present in the compound, with subscripts showing the smallest
whole- number ratio of the atoms in the compound. On the other hand, the molecular formula
gives the actual number of each kind of atom present in a molecule of the compound. For
example, hydrogen peroxide has the molecular formula H 2O2 . The actual number of hydrogen
atom and oxygen atom in one molecule of H 2O2 , as shown by the subscripts in the chemical
formula , are both 2 . The lowest ratio, however , of hydrogen to oxygen in hydrogen peroxide
is 1:1 . Therefore, the empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide is HO .

Sample Problem:
Imagine yourself as an analytical chemist who analyzed a sample of a compound that is
found to contain 40.05 % sulfur and 59.95 % oxygen. What is the empirical formula of the
compound?
Since you are given the percent composition of the compound and must find the empirical
formula, you can assume 100.0 g of the compound. Based on the given percentage this mean
40.05 g S and 59.95 g O.
The mass of each element in the compound is used to find the number of moles of sulfur
and oxygen

moles of S = 40.05 g S x 1 mol S = 1.249 mol S

32.07 g S
moles of O = 59.95 Ox 1 mol O = 3.747 mol O
16.00 g O

The mole ratio of sulfur to oxygen atoms as computed is 1.249:3.747. However, subscripts in
a chemical formula should be whole numbers. Therefore, these values should be converted
to whole numbers. So how do you do that? To start, which do you think will have a smaller
whole number subscript between sulfur and oxygen? Since sulfur has the smaller number of
moles, it will have the smallest subscript possible, 1. Thus, you can divide the mole values of
sulfur and oxygen by the mole ratio of sulfur (1.249). Take note that dividing the mole values
of sulfur and oxygen by the same number (1.249) does not change the ratio between the two
elements.

whole number ratio of S = 1.249 mol S/1.249 = 1 mol S

whole number ratio O = 3.747 mol O/1.249 = 3 mol O

 The simplest whole number mole ratio of S and O atoms is 1:3. Hence, the empirical formula
of the compound is SO3

As you already learned, the molecular formula may or may not be the same as the
empirical formula. Although two or more compounds may have the same percent composition
and the same empirical formula, their physical and chemical properties are different. This is
because the identity of a compound, hence its properties, depend on the arrangement of the
actual number of atoms in the compound.

Sample Problem:
What is the molecular formula of a compound with a molar mass of 60.0 g/mol and an
empirical formula of CH4N?

Solution:
The first step is to calculate the molar mass of CH 4N. Then, divide the given molar mass
by the empirical formula molar mass to determine n which is the number of times the empirical
formula is found in the molecular formula. Then, the subscripts of the symbols in the empirical
formula are multiplied by the value of n to determine the actual subscripts in the molecular
formula.

molar mass CH4N= 12.0 g +4.0 g = 30.0 g/mol

molar mass of compound is 60.0 g/mol

solving for n ,

n = 60.0 g/mol = 2
30.0 g/mol

Multiplying the subscripts of CH4N by 2, the molecular formula is , therefore , C2H8N2 .

EXPLORE
Molecular/molar mass of a substance is the sum of the atomic weights or mass number of
all the atoms in the formula of the substance.
The unit is g/mol
Activity 1 : Calculating the molecular mass
Calculate the molar mass (molecular mass) of the following
1. KOH
2. Mg (NO3)2
3. CaO –
4. MgS-
5. Cuo –

FIRM -UP

Activity 2: Percentage Composition

1. Determine the percentage composition of the following compound:
a. CoBr3 -
b. PCl3 –
c. P2O5 -
d. CaO-
e. AgNO3 -
2. A 250 g steel contains Ca2C . what is the % of C in the steel ?
3. What is the percentage composition of H2O?
4. Find the percent composition of sodium carbonate.
5. Determine the percent of nitrogen in ammonium nitrate.

Activity 3: Finding the Empirical Formula

1. Methyl acetate is a solvent commonly used in some paints , inks ,and adhesives . What is
the empirical formula for methyl acetate , which has a percent composition of 48.64%
carbon, 8.16 % hydrogen , and 43.20% oxygen ?
2. A blue solid is found to contain 36.84 % nitrogen and 61.16% oxygen . Find the empirical
formula for this solid.
3. What is the empirical formulas of the compounds with the following compositions? A)
40.1% C, 6.6 % H ,53.3 % O, B. 18.4 % C, 21.5 % N, 60.1 % K.
4. By chemical analysis , the composition of Potassium phosphate is 55.19 % K, 14.63 %P,
and 30.1 % O . Determine the empirical formula of the compound.
5. Nitrogen oxide was found to contain 30.43 %N, and 69.57% O. Its molar mass is found to
be 92. Determine the empirical formula

Activity 4: Determining the Molecular Formula

1. Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) contains 40.92 % C, 4.58 % H and 54.50 % O by mass. Its
molecular mass is 176 g/mole .What is the molecular formula of ascorbic acid?
2. Monsodium glutamate (MSG), a food – flavor enhancer, has been blamed for “Chinese
restaurant syndrome”, the symptoms of which are headaches and chest pains. MSG has
following composition by mass: 35.51% C , 4.77% H, 37.85% O , 8.29 % N, and 13.60 %
Na. What is the molecular formula if its molar mass is about 169 g?
3. The empirical formula of a compound is CH. If the molar mass of this compound is about
78 g, what is the molecular formula?
4. Peroxyacylnitrate (PAN) is one of the components of smog. It is a compound of C, H , N
and O. 19.8 % C, 2.50 % H , 11.6 % N. What is the molecular formula given that its molar
mass is about 120 g?
5. A compound contains 47. 08 % C, 6.59 % H , and 46. 33% Cl by mass. The molar mass
of the compound is 153 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of the compound?

DEEPEN

Activity 5: Venn Diagram/ Reflection

Go to the following Websites to learn more about empirical and molecular formulas. Then
use Venn diagram to compare and contrast the empirical formula and molecular formula of
lactose with a percent composition of 42.11% C, 6.43 %H, and 51.46 % O.
 http://pages.towson.edu/ladon/empiric.html
 www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_MtVsOaBdU
(All websites were last accessed on 12 February 2016)
Reflect Upon:
Fomulas of a compound always come in fixed ratios, How about in life? Do you think there
are some things that are fixed and unchangeable? Explain.
 TRANSFER
R
ASSESSMENT

1. What is the percent composition of the following compounds?

a. Napthalene ( C10H8)
b. Sucrose ( C12H22O11)
c. Aluminum sulfate ( Al2(SO4)3

2. Complete the table by writing the empirical formula of the given compounds.

MOLECULAR FORMULA EMPIRICAL FORMULA

Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Ribose (C5H10O5)
Ethyl Butyrate ( C6H12O2)
DEET , or diethyl toluamide (C12H17ON)
Cholorophyll (C 55H72MgN4O5)

3. The chemical analysis of aspirin indicates that the molecule is 60.0% carbon, 4.44 %
Hydrogen, and 35.56%oxygen. Determine the empirical formula of aspirin.
4. The compound methyl butanoate smells like apples. Its composition is 58.8% C, 9.8
%H,and
31.4 % O. Its molar mass is 102 g/mol. What is the empirical formula of methyl
butanoate?
What is its molecular formula?

BIBLIOGRPAHY

1. Chang , R . (2005) . Chemistry . 8th edition .New York :McGraw –Hill Companies, Inc.
2. Abadicio, C.L. (1997) Chemistry for Filipinos. Manila: Saint Bernadette Publishing, Inc.

3. Cervantes ,C.V.R, Dizon , R.D.(2016) General Chemistry 1.Manila .Lorimar Publishing Inc.

4. Tabujara Jr.G.D.( 2016) . General Chemistry .1st edition. Manila: JFS Publishing Services

5.Espinosa , A.A., Fernandez ,K.N., Rivera ,T.A. (2016) . General Chemistry 1.1st ed.
Manila: Diwa Learning Sytems Inc.
6. Luciana I.V., Lontoc , B.M. , Gayon –Paderna, E.E.S. , General Chemistry 1st ed.Manila :
Rex Bookstore Inc.
 Senior High School

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1

Quarter 1: Lesson Exemplar 004

Balancing Simple Chemical Equations

This Lesson Exemplar was written by Menandro M. Merlin,

DEMof Marinduque National High School Senior High School at Boac,
Marinduque. Parents, guardians and other stakeholders are
encouraged to e-mail all their comments and suggestions to
menandro.merlin2018@deped.gov.ph.

Your comments and suggestions are important to us.

Department of Education - Republic of the Philippines

 GRADE 11/12 – GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Lesson Exemplar 004
Content:
Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations
Content Standard: Performance Standard:
The learners demonstrate an The learners should be able to:
understanding of: design using multimedia, demonstrations, or
the use of chemical formulas to models, a representation or simulation of any
represent chemical reactions of the following:
a. atomic structure
b. gas behavior
c. mass relationships
d. reactions
Topics: Learning Competency and Code:
Chemical Reactions and Chemical Write and balanced chemical equations
Equations (STEM_GC11CRIf-g-37)
1. Writing Chemical Equations
2. Types of Simple Chemical
Reations

INTRODUCTION

After learning how to correctly write chemical formulas of compounds from the previous
lesson, you are now ready to understand the language of chemists. According to Chang
(2007), chemical reactionis a process in which a substance (or substances) is changed into
one or more new substances.To communicate with one another about chemical reactions,
chemists have devised a standard way to represent them using chemical equations.

Chemists would rather describe a chemical change using chemical equations. All the
necessary information about a chemical change is given accurately by a concise but precise
chemical equation (Abadicio, 1997). A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show
what happens during a chemical reaction. In this section we will learn how to write chemical
equations and balance them.

Writing Chemical Equations

The shorthand expressions showing the changes that take place as the result of
chemical change is called chemical equation. Let us consider the equation that represents
the reaction when hydrogen gas (H2) burns in air (which contains oxygen, O 2) to form water
(H2O).

2H2 (g) + O2 (g)  2H2O (l)

Generally, there are two (2) main parts of a chemical equation. The reactants or the
substances that undergo chemical change are written at the left of the equation. The
products or the substance formed as a result of chemical change are written at the right of
the equation. The arrow written in between shows forward reaction is read as “forms”, “yields”,
or “produces”. The plus sign at the reactant means “reacts with” and at the product means
“and”. Abadicio (1997) cited other symbols and their meanings as used in chemical equations.

Symbol Meaning

(s) - denotes a solid reactant or product; written after the formula

(l) - denotes a liquid reactant or product; written after the formula
 (aq) - denotes an aqueous solution or a substance dissolved in water;written
after the formula
(g) - denotes a gaseous reactant or product; written after the formula
 - used only for a solid product or precipitate; written after the formula
 - used only for a gaseous product; written after the formula
 - reversible reaction commonly used in aqueous solutions
Δ - indicates that heat is supplied to the reaction

There are three (3) points to remember when writing a chemical reaction. These are:

1. You should know the basic fact as to what substances are reactants and products.

2. Check if the symbols and formula of the reacting substances and its’ products are
correct. Review your knowledge about oxidation number. In addition, remember
that gases in free states are written in diatomic form like hydrogen (H 2) and oxygen
(O2).

3. Chemical equation is balanced. The law of conservation of atoms must be

satisfied. For this reason, a number before the formula is written. This is called
coefficient.

Types of Simple Chemical Reaction

There are many different types of chemical reactions. In this lesson exemplar, six (6)
types of simple chemical reactions are hereby discussed.

1. Combination or Synthesis Reaction – It is sometimes called composition reactions. In

this reaction, two or more substances (either elements or compounds) combine to form a
new substance.

General equation: A + B  AB

Example: 2Mg + O2(g)  2MgO(s)

2. Decomposition or Analysis Reaction – This is the reverse of combination reaction. It

involves the breaking down of substance into two or more new substances. In this type,
energy like heat or electricity is required to decompose the substance.

General equation: AB  A + B
Δ
Example: 2  2H2 + O2

3. Simple/Single Displacement/Replacement/Substitution Reaction – In this reaction, an

uncombined element replaces another element in a given compound.

General equations: A + BC  AC + B
(Free metal) (Bonded metal or hydrogen)(New compound) (Free metal or
hydrogen)

A + BC  BA + C
(Free nonmetal) (Bonded nonmetal) (New compound) (Free nonmetal)

Example: Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2

4. Double Displacement/Replacement/Substitution or Metathesis–This type of reaction

involved an exchange of ions between the two reactants. This occurs only between two
 soluble reactants or has the ability to dissociate or separate into ions. Hence, it is an
exchange of ions between two soluble reactants forming two different compounds.

General equation: A+B- + C+D-  AD + CB

Example: 2NaCl(aq) + K2SO4(aq)  Na2SO4 +

2KCl

5. Combustion Reaction – It occurs when a substance combines with oxygen. This reaction
is more commonly known as “burning”. An organic compound of carbon, hydrogen, and
sometimes including oxygenreacting with oxygen will form carbon dioxide and water.
𝑧
General equation: CxHy + O2  XCO2 + YH2O
2
Note: x, y, and z = number of moles of C, H, and O respectively.

15
Examples: C6H6 + O2  6CO2 + 3H2O
2
(Balance equation considering one mole of C6H6)
2C6H6 + 15O2  12CO2 + 6H2O
(Balance equation considering two moles of C6H6)

6. Neutralization Reaction – This reaction occurs when an acid and a base or alkaline reacts
to form salt and water.

Example: HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O

Note: Specifictypes of simple chemical reactions presented above including examples are
presented in the attachment of this lesson exemplar. You can use it as a guide in proper
writing chemical reactions. And relevant to balancing simple chemical equations, it is only
done by simple inspections on the number of moles of reactants and products.

EXPLORE

Activity 1: In Symbols and In Words – WritingChemical Equations

1. Describe in a sentence each of the following chemical equations:

1.1 Zn(s) + Br2(g)  ZnBr2

1.2 Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq)  MgSO4 + H2

2. Convert the following word equations to balance chemical equations:

2.1 Lithium chlorate is decomposed by heat to form lithium chloride and oxygen gas.

2.2 Ethane gas (C2H6) reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

2.3 Calcium cyanide plus hydrochloric acid yields calcium chlride and hydrocyanic acid
 FIRM-UP
Activity 2: Equation Complete – Balancing Identified Chemical Equations

I. Complete, identify the type, and balance the following equations:

1. ___H2CO3 + ___Ca(OH)2  ________ + ___H2O

2. ___C3H6 + ___O2  ________ + ___H2O

3. ___Ca + ___HC2H3O2  ________ + ___H2

4. ___Fe + _________  ___Fe2O3

Δ
5. ___MgCO3  _________ + ___CO2

6. ___Pt + _________  ___PtCl4

7. ___C4H10 + ________  ___CO2 + ___H2O

8. ________ + ___O2(g)  ___NO(g)

9. ________ + ___CaCl2  ___AgCl + ___Ca(NO3)2

10.___(NH4)2Cr2O7  ___Cr2O3 + ___N2 + ___H2O

II. Complete and balance the following single replacement reactions. If the reaction does
not occur write NR or No Reaction.

1. K + H2O 

2. Fe + H2SO4 

3. Hg + Zn(NO3)2 

4. Br2 + CaI2 

5. Cl2 + BaF2 

DEEPEN

Activity 3. Spot Check – Findingand Correcting Errors in a Chemical Equation

Find the errors and correctly balance the following:

1. H2 + F2  H2F2

2. CaCl + MgOH  MgCl + CaOH

3. Na + Cl  NaCl2

4. Zn + H2SO4  Zn2SO4 + H2

5. Al2CO3  Al2O + CO2

 TRANSFER

I. Identify the type of reaction, predict the products,formulate and balance the following
chemical equations:

1. lithium + bromine 

2. decomposition of gold (III) oxide 

3. magnesium + iron (III) chloride 

4. potassium sulfite + ammonium hydroxide 

5. fluorine (g) + copper (I) bromide 

6. combustion of acetylene (C2H2) 

7. bismuth (III) nitrate + hydrosulfuric acid 

8. barium hydroxide + nitric acid 

9. ammonium acetate + calcium nitrate 

10. magnesium + nitrogen (g) 

II. Chemistry in our Environment

Chemical reactions occur everywhere. It occurs in our environment, at home, and

even in our own body. The following are the lists of chemical reactions which requires
you to correctly write and balance the equation.

Situations Involving Chemical

Balanced Chamical Equation
Reactions in the Environment
Ozone formation in the troposphere
Photolysis of water during the light
reaction of photosynthesis in plants
Rusting of iron roofs
Sulfur acid rain formation
Stalactite and stalagmite formations in
limestone caves

III. Community-based Laboratory Activity

Our activities at home involves chemical reactions. In the next activity, you are task
to observe simple chemical reactions happening at home, predict possible chemical
reactions, write and balance chemical reactions.

1. Get a kamias(Averrhoa bilimbi) fruit and put it on wet stained white cloth with rust.
Observe what will happen. Note: If you cannot find kamias fruit, look for oxalic
that is usually used during the laundry. You can use it as a subsitute. Just be
careful in handling oxalic that it can cause itchiness on skin.

2. Burn sucrose or common table sugar in a tanzan and observe what will happen.
Warning: Do not touch or directly hold burning or hot objects. Use fire tong.
 3. Look for a vinegar and baking soda in your kitchen. Put one (1) tablespoon or 14.3 g
of baking soda in a clear glass container. Slowly add one (1) tablespoon or 14.79 mL
of vinegar. Observe what will happen. Warning: When you add vinegar to baking
soda, put the container away from your face to prevent inhaling of gas that will
evolve out of the reaction.

Reminders: Observe proper way of waste disposal after doing this simple activity at
home. We do not only develop scientific and technological literacy in science. We are
also concerned in developing environmental literacy among our students.

Experiment Observations Balanced Chemical Equation

1
2
3

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abadicio, C.L. (1997) Chemistry for Filipinos. Manila: Saint Bernadette Publishing, Inc.

Chang, R. (2007). Chemistry. 10th ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

De La Salle University (2006). Gen Chem Lab 1 Handouts for Majors Class BS CHY, BS
BCHY,
CHM504M, CHM504T. Manila: DLSU Chemistry Department

Topperlearning User (July, 2017). Explain the different types of combination reactions. Give
an
example of each.

ATTACHMENT

Additional Lecture Notes

Three (3) Types of Combination Reactions (Topperlearning User, 2017)

There are three (3) types of combination reactions. These are:

1. Reaction of an element with another element to form a new compound.

Example: N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

2. Reaction of an element with a compound.

Example: 2SO2 + O2  2SO3

3. Reaction of two (2) or more compounds to form a new compound.

Example: CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2

Six (6) Kinds of Decomposition Reactions(Abadicio, 1997)

1. Metallic chlorates when heated are decomposed into metallic chloride and oxygen gas.
This type of reaction is used to produce oxygen gas from potassium chlorate.
Δ
Example: 2KClO3(s)2KCl(s) + 3O2
 2. Metallic carbonates when heated are decomposed into metallic oxides and carbon
dioxide. This reaction makes it possible to produce quick lime (CaO) from limestone
(CaCO3).
Δ
Example: CaCO3(s)CaO(s) + CO2(g)

3. Many metallic hydroxides when heated break down into metallic oxides and water
(usually in the form of steam) except hydorixes of sodium (NaOH) and potasium
(KOH).
Δ
Example: Ca(OH)2CaO + H2O (g)

4. Some acids when heated break down into nonmetallic oxides and water. These acids
are those that are produced when certain nonmetallic oxides undergo combination
reaction with water. The breaking down is the reverse of combination reaction.

Example: H2CO3 CO2+ H2O


5. Some oxides when heated decompose. There are only a few that decompose on
heating because most oxides are very stable compounds.

Examples: 2HgO(s) 2Hg(l) + O2  


  2PbO2 2PbO + O2
 
6. Some decomposition reactions are brought about by electricity in decomposition
reactions called electrolysis.

electricity
Example: 2H2O  2H2 + O2  
 
electricity
2NaCl 2Na + Cl2 

Four (4) Types of Replacement Reactions(Abadicio, 1997)

The possibility of replacement reactions depends on the relative activities of the

elements involved. The activity series of elements shows the elements arrangement
according to decreasing activities. An element can displace those below it from a compound.
It is useful for writing replacement reactions. Using the activity series of elements, four (4)
types of replacement reactions are recognized.

1. Replacement of metal in a compound by a more active metal.

Example: Zn(s) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Pb(s)

Note that Zn is placed higher than Pb in the activity series.

2. Replacement of hydrogen in acids by metals. When a metal reacts with an acid such
as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, a metallic compound is produced and hydrogen
gas is liberated.

Example: Mg(s) + 2HCl(l) MgCl2 + H2

3. Replacement of hydrogen in water by a metal. The alkali metals such as sodium react
violently with water. They displace hydrogen from water in a single replacement
reaction. The heat liberated by the reaction ignites the displaced hydrogen causing
what is called “sodium fire”.

Example: 2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2

To prevent alkali metals like sodium (Na) from reacting violently with water vapor of
air, these are stored in amber bottle containing mineral oil or kerosene.

While the less reactive metals such as magnesium, aluminum and iron undergo single
replacement reaction with water (steam) at high temperatures. Instead of a hydroxide,
an oxide is formed accompanied by the evoultion of hydrogen gas.

Example: Mg + 2H2O (steam)  2MgO + H2

4. Replacement of halogens. Halogen family (Common Group – VIIA; IUPAC Group –

17) are arranged in the periodic table according to decreasing reactivity. Thus, the
most active is fluorine, followed by chlorine, etc. Being the most active, fluorine can
displace all the elements below it in the periodic table, i.e., chlorine, bromine and
iodine. Chlorine can displace bromine and iodine. Bromine can displace iodine only.

Examples: F2 + MgCl2 MgF2 + Cl2

Cl2 + 2NaBr  2NaCl + Br2

Br2 + 2KI  2KBr + I2

Activity Series of Metals

Metals Symbol Mnemonics

Lithium Li Lily,
Potassium K Potter,
Rubidium Rb Rubby,
Cesium Cs Sissy, (and)
Barium Ba Barry
Strontium Sr stroll (with)
Calcium Ca Carl.
Sodium Na Sussy (and)
Magnesium Mg Maggie
Scandium Sc scan (an)
Aluminium Al alloy (with)
Titanium Ti Titanium (and)
Manganese Mn Manganese.
Zinc Zn Zealous
Chromium Cr cronies (of)
Iron Fe Ferdinand
Cobalt Co combat
Nickel Ni nimbles (and)
Tin Sn thieves (in his)
Lead Pb legislature.
Hydrogen H His
Copper Cu cup (is an)
 Antimony Sb antique
Mercury Hg merge (of)
Silver Ag silver,
Platinum Pt platinum, (and)
Gold Au gold.
Notes: These metals are arranged according to decreasing activity from top to bottom.
Hydrogen (H) is non-metal.
Some of the words in the mnemonics are sounds like of the name of the element. This was created to
easily memorize the arrangement of elements in the activity series. And I would like to acknowledge my
former professor in Chemistry at Marinduque State College – Boac Campus, Prof. Ir. Panchito M. Labay
for devising this useful mnemonics.

Activity Series of Nonmetals

Nonmetals Symbol
Fluorine F
Chlorine Cl
Bromine Br
Iodine I
Note: These nonmetals are arranged according to decreasing activity from top to bottom.