THE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERS OF KENYA SUBMISSION FOR

REGISTRATION CLASS OF CORPORATE MEMBER

VOLUME 2
ENGINEERING DESIGN AND PROJECT
SUPERVISTION REPORT

PROFFESSIONAL INTERVIEW

SUBMITED BY: LANG’AT KIPKURUI ZAKAYO (G4646)

Bachelor Of Sc (Hons) ience In Civil Engineering,(Hons) University

Of Nairobi, 2007

DATE: 4/12/2013
 COPYTable of Contents

ABBREVIATIONS 43

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 54

2. INTRODUCTION 65

2.1 Background Information 65

2.2 Scope of works 76

2.3 Methodology 87

2.4 Project description 98

2.5 Site Conditions 109

3 THE MASTER PLAN 1211

3.1 The Architectural Master Plan 1211

3.2 Proposed 3 no. 4-Bedroom Town houses 1211

3.3 Proposed existing town house renovations 1312

4 TRAFFIC ACCESS, PARKING CONDITIONS, UTILITIES AND SERVICES 1615

4.1 Current Traffic 1615

4.2 Access 16

Fig.1: Existing access to the proposed development site 1716

4.3 Parking provision and location 1716

4.4 Utilities and Services 17

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 4.5 Water supply 17

4.6 Sewer and Waste Management 1817

4.7 Surface Water Drainage 1817

4.8 Solid Waste Disposal 1817

4.9 Electricity Supply 18

4.10 Telecommunication services 18

5 INCEPTION AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN 18

Inception 18

5.1 Activity No. 1: Mobilization 2019

Table 1: time schedule for professional personnel 20

Activity No. 2: Collection and Review of Existing Documents and Data 20

5.2 20

5.3 Activity No. 3: Field Reconnaissance2120

5.4 Activity No. 4: Structural Works/ Buildings 21

5.5 Activity No. 5: Water and Sanitation 2221

5.6 Activity No. 6: Water Supply and Waste Water Management 22

5.7 Activity No. 7: electricity supply 2423

Concept and Preliminary Design 2524

5.8 Structural Design process 2726

6 DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN 2928

6.1 Activity No. 1: Topographical Surveys 30

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 6.2 Activity No. 2: driveways, parking and pavement survey 3130

6.3 Activity No. 3: Geotechnical Investigations 3130

6.4 Activity No. 4: Hydrology and Drainage Investigations 3231

6.5 Activity No. 5: Materials Investigations 3231

6.6 Activity No. 6: Environmental Impact and Social Impact Assessment 3332

6.7 DETAILED STRUCTURAL DESIGN APPROACH 3534

6.7.1 Limit State Design 3635

Table 2: limit states considered in design 3635

6.7.2 Robustness 3635

6.7.3 Structural system 3736

6.7.4 Loadings 3736

6.7.5 Foundations 3736

6.7.6 Columns 3837

6.7.7 Beams 3837

6.7.8 Slabs 3837

6.7.9 Staircase 3837

6.7.10 Walls 3837

6.7.11 Roofing 3837

6.7.12 Durability and Fire resistance 3938

6.7.13 Concrete 3938

6.7.14 Steel sections 3938

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 6.7.15 Welding consumables 3938

6.8 TENDER STAGE 4039

6.8.1 Production of Tender Documents 4039

6.8.2 Tender Action 4140

7 CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION 4241

8 POST CONSTRUCTION SERVICES 4948

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fulfilmentS (Hons)
 ABBREVIATIONS

BS British Standard

Fcufcu concrete strength grade

fy Yield strength

L length

M metres

OO&P Otieno Odongo & Partners consulting engineers

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 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

DON’T FORGET TO WRITE UP THE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.

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 INTRODUCTION

Background Information

Towns and Cities all over the world metamorphose. This metamorphosis is shaped by many forces, which
are economic, social, physical/spatial, cultural, political, environmental and institutional in nature. The
changes bring about challenges and opportunities, which require innovative planning interventions
(Arthur Munyua Mwaura, 2006). Couch (1990) has noted that the exponential rate of urbanization due to
an ever-growing population exerts very powerful forces to urban residential areas, making them undergo
internal spatial restructuring in response to social and economic pressures. These socio-economic changes
create demand for land and the physical fabric inevitably leading to increased requisition for the
reorganization and the restructuring of the urban fabric. The rapid rate of urbanization is exerting very
powerful forces to urban residential neighborhoodsneighbourhoods, making them to require internal
spatial restructuring in response to social and economic pressures.

Property developers includes; government institutions, churches, employee’s welfare groups, cooperative
societies, banking institutions and private individuals. Upon completion your project is either leased or
sold. Retaining your development as an addition to your high growth portfolio and borrowing against its
end value to progress to bigger and better investments and/or development projects is undeniably the best
way to grow your portfolio and wealth over the long term.

Although there are a distinct setare distinct sets of complementary steps that every property developer
must follow in order to achieve the best possible outcome, the process is rarely completely linear. It is
important for the developer to remain flexible and have the capacity to problem solve and think on their
feet at all times, as at any point plans can change in terms of scope.

KAREN ENTERPRISES LIMITED, in making their land more productive and responsive to demand for
sustainable development, intended to develop a complete master plan of housing units in their Plot, LR
No. 209/4858/1, Kkileleshwa, along Ring Road-Kileleshwa.

Karen Enterprises Ltd, sort the services of Architects, Civil and Structural Engineers, Surveyors,
Environmental Experts, Quantity Surveyors, and Services Engineers to carry out planning, design and
construction supervision for the residential development.

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 Team composition

Architects: Mutiso Menezes International

Quantity Surveyors: Armstrong and Duncan

Civil and Structural Engineers: Otieno Odongo and Partners

Mechanical and Electrical Engineers: Donn Consultants

Main contractor: Maridadi Building Contractors

Electrical sub-contractor: Betco

Plumber: Jaisham Plumbing Limited

Scope of works

Having perused the Terms of Reference, tThe basic objectives of the assignment as understood by the
Consultant (M/s Otieno Odongo & Partners Consulting Engineers) include, but are not necessarily
limited to, the following:

Assessment of the sites to get acquainted with actual state of all the components of the proposed
development

Assessment of the existing development

Obtaining the drawings for the existing structure to be used to assess the proposed renovation on the
existing town house.

Visual inspection for stress signs in the existing structural elements to guide on the type of tests to be
prescribed for determining the structural soundness of the existing structure

Assessment of adequacy of support services like water supply, power supply, parking, and drainage

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 Assessment of the impact the proposed development may have on the neighbouring developments.

Assessment of the topographic, hydrologic and geotechnical conditions of the site and their surroundings

Seek hydrological and climate records to establish design parameters of drainage structures

Obtain relevant information from clients clients which, which may be used as a benchmark for
improvement on serviceability/functionality of the proposed development.

Carrying out designs and production of drawings, design documentation.

Obtain statutory approvals for structural and civil works

Prepare specifications and general specifications for structural and civil works

Prepare environmental management guidelines to limit degradation during construction

Tender documentation and bill of Quantities preparations

Assistance in tender action

Construction supervision

Methodology

The proposed methodology was designed to facilitate a participatory approach in teamwork fashion,
within the framework of consultancy as guided by the Lead consultant which involves the client/facilities
users at all stages of planning, design and documentation to ensure that the end product is functional,
aesthetic satisfactory, cost effective in maintenance and appreciated and owned by the client/end user.
This approach will guarantee fulfilment of the RFP requirements within planned time and cost.

In summary the methodology seeks to achieve the following:;

The objectives of the assignment,

Interpret the clients brief and prepare a scheme that is appropriate to the needs, meet the budgetary targets
and can be efficiently managed by the client in the long run

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Ensure that the project meets quality standards and good practice in buildings, civil/structural engineering
and services design and physical planning while responding effectively to environmental challenges

Explain the approach proposed to adopt to render the services,

The main activities of the assignment, their content and duration, milestones (including approvals by the
Client and statutory approvals); and delivery dates of the reports.

Project description

The Site

The site is situated approximately 600m from Kkileleshwa police station round about, along Ring Road-K
kileleshwa; there is an existing town house to be renovated. The entire plot is approximately 0.7486 ha,
with predominantly red clay, and alluvial deposit at the area next to the Kirichwa Kumbwa Rriver.

Kileleshwa is a quiet, upper-middle income, leafy suburb west of Nairobi City. The landscape is a
mixture of aging, colonial houses built in the 1950’s and 1960’s and modern apartments and townhouses.
The Government holds quite a significant part of Kileleshwa. Most senior civil servants have been housed
in Kileleshwa in spacious bungalows and maisonettes.

The Neighbourhood

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 Kileleshwa site is neighbouring Kilimani, Hurlingham, and Lavington. At the border of Kileleshwa and
Kilimani lies State House, the official residence of the President.

Kileleshwa is predominantly a residential area. There are a few commercial buildings with owners having
to seek permission for a change of land use permit from the City Council.

Proposed Development

The owner, (KAREN ENTERPRISES LIMITED), wants to build 3, townhouses units, and renovate the
existing town house to match the proposed development on Plot, LR No. 209/4858/1.

Local Authority Requirement

As design requirements as per the Nairobi City Council planning and buildings standards, the following
approvals were sort:;

Submit architectural plan for approval and obtain provisional building permit.

Ground coverage of 35% and a plot ratio of 75% are maximum permissible ratios.

Application for change of use would be subject to negotiations between city council and physical planner.

Submit architectural plan for approval and obtain provisional building permit.

Submit and obtain structural plan approval and final building permit.

Submit all designs and drawings with copies of current practisingpracticing licenceslicenses for respective
professionals

Approval fees

Request and receive on-site inspection by the municipal authority after construction

Obtain occupancy certificate

Apply for water and sewerage connection

Pay water and sewerage installation costs and obtain connection

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 Site Conditions

Soil Type

The soils in the project area are predominantly well-drained loams (red soil)thatsoil) that are deep. Some
few areas have poorly drained clay soils especially next to the Kirichwa Kumbwa River.

The excavations were done to a depth of between 1.5m and 1.7m, to relatively firm formation with
bearing capacity minimum 150kn/m2.

Topography

The site is generally gentle with elevations varying relatively high at the road sideroadside and slope
towards the river.

Environmental Characteristics

Climate

The climate of Kileleshwa compares with the Nairobi area region. The summary of Nairobi area climate
is as stated below;

Average annual rainfall varyrainfall varies from 700 mm to 1300mm studies from 1960 to 1990 (Franklin
J Opijah).

Occasional dry season, hot sun with moderate wind speeds.

Mean minimum temperature range from 10oC to 25oC the lowest temperatures occur during months of
June, July and august.

Maximum wind speed is 16 k16 KPHph

Wind direction North westerly and south easterlies

Socio-environmental survey

A survey for the likely social and environmental impact assessment of the proposed works shall have on
the surrounding community and project area to be executed so that mitigation measures are incorporated
in the project. The neighborsneighbours shall be made aware of the available protection measures that

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shall be employed to guard against construction dust and noise. On the other hand they shall also be made
aware of maximum achievable levels of protection beyond which they should be prepared for what is
beyond control.

The first step an environmental risk assessment was prepared for all construction activities and materials
likely to cause pollution identified in some form of a list. Then specific measures were prescribed to
mitigate risks related to construction activities:

To prevent erosion and run-off, minimize land disturbance and leave maximum vegetation cover.

Control dust through fine water sprays used to dampen down the site.

Screen the whole site to stop dust spreading, or alternatively, place fine mesh screening close to the dust
source.

Cover skips and trucks loaded with construction materials and continually damp down with low levels of
water.

Cover piles of building materials like cement, sand and other powders, regularly inspect for spillages, and
locate them where they will not be washed into waterways or drainage areas.

Use non-toxic paints, solvents and other hazardous materials wherever possible

Segregate, tightly cover and monitor toxic substances to prevent spills and possible site contamination.

Cover up and protect all drains on site

Collect any wastewater generated from site activities in settlement tanks, screen, discharge the clean
water, and dispose of remaining sludge according to environmental regulations.

Use low sulphur diesel oil in all vehicle and equipment engines, and incorporate the latest specifications
of particulate filters and catalytic converters.

No burning of materials on site.

Reduce noise pollution through careful handling of materials; modern, quiet power tools, equipment and
generators; low impact technologies; and wall structures as sound shields.

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 THE MASTER PLAN

The Architectural Master Plan

After the site handover to consultants, Otieno Odongo & Partners did a ttopographical survey for the site
clearly picking all the existing structures on the plot and plot boundaries. The Architect, M/s Mutizo
Menezes International, using the generated site plan, prepared the master plan for the scheme outlining
all the housing units and their areas, access roads, parking spaces and other developments as outlined in
the clients brief. The developed plan was shared among other consultants for adoption and any comments
there in. all other consultants developed their respective plans and details from the approved Architectural
Master Plan. The site being zone 4, city of Nairobi, the site location is largely residential, single dwelling
units, town houses, and apartment with maximum 4 storeys. The Architectural Master Plan, proposed 3
number, 4-bedroomed town houses, and renovation of the existing town house.

Proposed 3 no. 4-Bedroom Town houses

The four bedroomfour-bedroom unit was a compact design of approximately 324m2 (ground floor 195m2,
first floor 129m2) that maximizes on useable functional area, and adequate circulation area. The proposed
development respects the existing neighbourhood character through the massing and proportions of the
design that compliment the built form character and streetscape rhythm of Kileleshwa Ring road. The
design of the townhouses are 2-storey buildings, and is site responsive in planning, detail and massing and
therefore considered to satisfy the standards.

Ground floor comprised of:;

Lounge area of 28.39m2

Guest bedroom furnished with both bathtub and shower area 20.7m2

Study room 12.77m2

Kitchen and kitchen store with a back door access 17.491m2

Dinning 18.9m2

Domestic servants quarters, 15.8m2

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 Double garage 34.4m2

Adequate circulation area.

First floor comprised of:;

Family room and balcony space 32.74 m2

Master bedroom furnished with both bathtub and shower area 45.97m2

2 number self-contain bedrooms each 18.59m2each 18.59m2

Adequate circulation area.

Proposed existing town house renovations

Ground floor

Lounge:

Sand and polish existing wood blocks

Existing skirting to be removed and replaced

Wall surfaces to be prepared to receive 2 coats of approved paints

Dining:

Sand and polish existing parquet

Existing skirting to be removed and replaced

Wall surfaces to be prepared to receive 2 coats of approved paint

Guest Bedroom

Remove and replace existing ceiling

Wall surfaces to be prepared to receive 2 coats of approved paint

Remove and replace wood parquet

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 Bathrooms

Existing ceiling remains

Wall surfaces to be prepared to receive 2 coats of approved paint

Remove and replace existing wall tiles with new ones

Floor prepared to receive new ceramic tiles

Kitchen

Wall surfaces to be prepared to receive 2 coats of approved paint

Remove and replace existing high level storage cabinets

Remove existing PVC tiles and prepare surface to receive

Floor prepared to receive new ceramic tiles

Domestic servant’s quarters

Demolish existing DSQ

Windows

Remove existing mesh grill and window grill and replace to schedule

First floor

Master bedroom (Bathroom and dresser)

Prepare the floor to receive ceramics

Cast new roof slab above the space and will be waterproofed

Prepare new fittings

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 Wall surfaces both new and existing to be prepared to receive 2 coats of approved paint

All sanitary fittings to be new.

Floor-Sand and polish existing wood blocks

Bathrooms

Existing ceiling remains

Wall surfaces to be prepared to receive 2 coats of approved paint

Replace all sanitary fittings

Remove and replace existing wall tiles with new ones

Floor prepared to receive new ceramic tiles

Bedroom

Remove and replace existing ceiling

Wall surfaces to be prepared to receive 2 coats of approved paint

Remove and replace wood parquet

Roof

Remove and replace all gutters with box profiled ones

Existing faciafascia to be removed and replaced with new 225x25 one painted to approval.

Eaves to have 100x25mm T&G boarding with clear varnish.

The following were also provided for on the master plan:;

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 Common parking

Individual parking per every town house

Perimeter wall with electric fence on top of the wall

Landscaping

Guard house

Civil works

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 traffic access, parking conditions, utilities and services

Current Traffic

As the proposed development represents the net additional of only 3 further dwellings to the area, it is
highly likely that the well-established social and physical infrastructure of the area will have the capacity
to support the development. Furthermore, the proposed development will provide the opportunity for
additional population levels to help maintain existing social infrastructure.

Motor vehicles traffic

The Kkileleshwa area consists of residential apartments, townhouses, and an international primary school,
Kenton. Only one matatu route runs through Kkileleshwa (route 48). Also taxis to city centre, restaurants
and super markets are available.

Motor cycles and pedestrian traffic

For mobility purpose and deliveries, and since the area as only one matatu route, motor cyclesmotorcycles
have been used though in small numbers. The area is less populated with high incomehigh-income
population hence less pedestrian traffic.

Access

The site can be accessed off Ring Road Kileleshwa, with 5m wide all weather road that leads directly to
the site. The proposed development maintained the 5m access, to accommodate the generated pedestrians
and vehicular traffic.

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 THE SITE

Fig.1: Existing access to the proposed development site

Parking provision and location

The existing parking is inadequate due to the additional development. The parking proposal allowed for
one garaged parking space with a tandem space per unit in the respective driveways. The parking was
carefully considered in respect to site layout to ensure the objectives of the standards were achieved.

The visitors parking was also design since the ring road Kkileleshwa at the location, do not have on street
parking.

Utilities and Services

Site services had been anticipated and allowed for in the planning of the development. Utilities and
services are provided for the public use for a fee. It includes; water supply, waste water management,
electricity and power supply.

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 Water supply

Existing network

There is existingdoes exist water connection from Nairobi water companyWater Company to the site.
The water supply is adequate for the new development.

Sewer and Waste Management

The development creates additional wastewater to the existing waste waterwastewater and sanitation
infrastructure. There is existingdoes exist NCC sewer line along river Kirichwa Kumbwa River. All the
sewerage therefore is connected to the existing NCC sewer line.

Surface Water Drainage

The development generated additional runoffs and storm water, all the storm water therefore was directed
to the river Kirichwa Kumbwa River, through the storm water drainage channel.

Solid Waste Disposal

The optimum waste collection system depend upon the quantities and characteristics of the wastes to be
collected, the haul distances between collection areas and the disposal sites, road and traffic conditions
and local cost factors, including labour cost and availability. Most of the waste at the development is
organic in nature. It is recommended that dustbin cubicles be provided in every housing unit for storage of
waste before collection for disposal by hired private contractorhired private contractor provide dustbin
cubicles in every housing unit for storage of waste before collection for disposal. Dandora municipal
dumping site receives solid waste from most parts of Nairobi.

Electricity Supply

There is existingdoes exist power connection from KPLC. However, an application will be submitted
made to The Kenya Ppower and Llighting Ccompany for connection upon completion of the new
developments.

Telecommunication services

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 There existing telephone lines, and connection will be applied to the development. However, serving the
new development with mobile phone system will be implemented as part of the additional communication
service.

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 inception and preliminary design

Inception

Upon commissioning for the consultancy services, the Managing Director of Otieno Odongo & partners
Consulting Engineers, Eng. Wilberforce J. Odhiambo and I attended a team briefing session with other
consultants under chair of Lead Consultant (architect), who had received instructions from client in order
to confirm details of the brief including the finally agreed upon scope of works, the budget and the
programme. In the meeting it was also agreed on mode of flow of information from the lead
consultant/client to other consultants and vice versa.

The client was expected to issue all information and data in their possession and authorize the consultants
to search for any required statutory information such as survey plans, records of existing structure,
topographical surveys, hydrological and climate records.

The arrangement resulted in a working relationship that facilitated design of an end product whichproduct
that met the client’s requirement within available funding.

The Inception Phase was used to complete the project set-up and the tools for the management and
execution of the project and the preparation of final project quality plan including survey and
investigation action plans which ensured timely completionplans that ensured timely completion and to
the required quality.

Based on the review of existing data, the field reconnaissance and discussions with the client, the initial
findings were summarized and presented in the Inception Report which, included:

Observations made by the Consultant during the review of existing documentation and during site
reconnaissance, including preliminary observations with regards to the topographical survey,

The overall situation of the assignment,

An updated implementation plan and staff assignment chart, including outputs and indicators, activities
and time schedule,

Proposed modalities for organization, management, and administration

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 Revisions of the timing of submission of deliverables, and other scheduled submissions.

Confirmation of consultants personnel

Confirmation of client’s facilities and contact persons.

Below are the summery of the activities undertaken during inception stage:-: -

Activity No. 1: Mobilization

Prior to the commencement of services, one weekone-week mobilization period from Signing/Effective
Date of Contract was needed, during which the consultant assembled the proposed key personnel.

TIME SCHEDULE FOR PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL

Months (in the Form of a Bar Chart)
Name Position Reports Due / Activities 1 2 3 4 5 6 16 to 15 17 18 to 20 Number of Months
Maxwell Otieno Odongo Managing director/ oversee, technical,financial and
Project Manager administrative functions 4months
Project Structural Eng and works quality

W.J Odhiambo Project civil Engineer oversee, conduct and review 4 months
design/ drawings as per specs
for civil works and
water demand and storage
Langat Zakayo Assistant engineer oversee, conduct and review
Structural design/ drawings as per specs
for structural works. Monitor 7 months
quality controls in works
Harun Njago Assistant engineer assistant engineer, civil, sewerage
civil and infrustructural work 4 months
G.O. Wayumba Land Surveyor Project Surveyor 1 month

Reports Due: as required

Activities Duration: Contract period as specified
Signature:
(Authorised representative)
Full Name: MAXWELL OTIENO ODONGO
Title: Managing Director
Address: P.O Box 54021 - 00200 Nairobi, Kenya

Table 1: time schedule for professional personnel

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 Additionally, the Consultants initiated the compilation of all existing standards, studies and data relevant
for the design providing essential information for the refinement of the detailed work programme.

Activity No. 2: Collection and Review of Existing Documents and Data

During this activity all relevant existing information were obtain to efficiently plan the execution of the
works.

The following data and documents were available and were acquired, for study by the project team:

As built Drawings for the existing development.

All existing data were reviewed for consistency and completeness and on that basis, and together with the
field reconnaissance; the details of the required supplementary surveys and investigations to be carried
out by the Consultants were planned.

The review of the relevant existing data and documents included meetings with client and tenants on the
existing townhouse.

Activity No. 3: Field Reconnaissance

This activity was conducted as an extension of activity no. 2. A field reconnaissance of the site and their
infrastructure was undertaken by the Architect together with the Structural Engineer, civil engineer,
services engineer, the Surveyor and the Quantity SurveyorThe Architect together with the Structural
Engineer, Civil Engineer, Services Engineer, the Surveyor and the Quantity Surveyor, undertook a field
reconnaissance of the site and their infrastructure.

The main purpose of the field reconnaissance was to make a general assessment of the prevailing
conditions, in order to:

Provide a basis for refinement of the detailed work programme for the subsequent field investigations and
surveys;

Provide information on current users to assist in preparation of design brief.

Provide a basis for the identification and selection of design standards, for subsequent investigations in
respect of economic and technical feasibility.

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 With the above purpose in mind, the reconnaissance included an initial assessment of the following
aspects:

General condition of the development and infrastructure, including an assessment of the nature and cause
of any defects.

Asses adequacy of services

Establish the boundaries and identify encroachment if any.

Social and Environmental impact assessment requirements

The field reconnaissance was carried out jointly with a representative from the Client, who was able to
provide useful historical information on the centre performance and special problems such as population,
structures insufficiency.

Activity No. 4: Structural Works/ Buildings

Building Works and Survey included the following:

Trial pits within the site for the proposed works to establish type of soil to guide in design of the footing
of the building with design loading.

Inspection for failure indicators in existing building and their classification causes of which may be
avoided in the proposed new development.

Identifying type of structure whether load bearing or framed structure or a combination of the two
depending on size and soil types.

Advice on type and extent of soil investigations.

Assess the impact extension of the building may impose to the existing building.

Identifying floor usage for abnormal loading/exposure design.

Identifying procedures for obtaining statutory approvals for structural works.

Identifying and subscribing geotechnical soil investigation.

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 Identifying laboratory for testing materials to be used for construction.

Establishing standards for workmanship and materials.

Advice on type and depth of foundations.

sizesSizes of structural elements for use by quantity surveyor

Preliminary structural layouts taking into account all inputs from client and architect at inception.

Issue of preliminary drawings to services engineers so that they may locate the services conduits
conveniently.

Issue of drawings for comments by architect/client before embarking on production of final drawings.

Activity No. 5: Water and Sanitation

Water and sanitation works included the following:

Advice on design options for water supply and sanitation

Preparation of layout of water supply and wastewater disposal features and structures

Consideration of water harvesting opportunities

Provision of sufficient preliminary information on water and sanitation and approximate estimates based
on linear, superficial, cubic or similar basis regarding the works to enable consultant’s preliminary design
and cost report for the project to be approved.

Provision of sufficient water and sanitation information and data to enable other consultants to complete
their design works

Activity No. 6: Water Supply and Waste Water Management

The proposed developments required adequate and reliable water supply and effective waste
waterwastewater management. The design review established the adequacy of existing services,
expansion plans and enable consultant to define scope of works in the water supply and waste
waterwastewater management. The consultant therefore conducted the following review:

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 On water supply;

Assess adequacy or inadequacy of existing water supply source, factor in proposed development user
demand and determine storage and reticulation requirements.

Identify pipe sizes and routes of national/local authority water supply and reticulation, and assess their
adaptability as source of supply to the proposed works.

Identify services, manholes, water, water storage facilities, and pipe sizes and routes of water supply and
reticulation and assess their adaptability to the proposed works

Confirm procedures for obtaining statutory approvals for water supply connections and waste/foul water
disposal connection.

Identify final works adoption procedures by the approving Local Authority

Review water harvesting/supply augmentation and storage schemes

Assess the serviceability or lack of it of existing water supply/waste water reticulation system as guide to
class of exposure conditions whether severe or mild. This shall form a basis of selecting suitable pipe and
storage materials for the proposed works.

Assess quality of existing water supply for any localized pollution to guard against in the new works.

Preparation of report on “water and sanitation requirements” for the project

On waste water management;

Confirm whether required Municipal/Local Council Waste Management plan is in place

Confirm its capacity and expansion Master Plan Programme

Confirm compatibility of the proposed new works to existing ones both horizontally and vertically

If no waste management system is in place assess the extent of the required provision.

Confirm procedures for connection and disposal of waste water when Municipal / Local Council Sewer
are in place.

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 Establish sizes and routes of sewer and storm water drainage pipes

Activity No. 7: electricity supply

obtainObtain information on power master plan to avoid interference during construction

Concept and Preliminary Design

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The scope of work in this stage involved preparation of a sketch design showing spatial arrangements of
various spaces, physical form of buildings, structural concepts and services and equipment layouts and a
preliminary cost estimate. This package is presented to the client for approval and / or comment.

A summary of the consultants’ activities in this stage is as follows:

ARCHITECT

Receive confirmed project brief from client

coordinateCoordinate activities of consultants during preparation of preliminary design

facilitateFacilitate communication between client and consultants
collateCollate preparation of preliminary design and cost report and present same to client
preparePrepare a presentable scaled preliminary sketch design with adequate descriptions and
illustrations showing spatial organizations and room layouts ,layouts, preliminary
infrastructural services, basic mode of construction and draw attention of clients to any major
decisions required to update the design brief
provideProvide sufficient architectural information and data to enable other consultants to
complete their preliminary design works incorporate input of other consultants
STRUCTURAL / CIVIL ENGINEER
adviseAdvise on economy of structural forms proposed by the architect and recommend on the
best alternative structural solution
preparePrepare report justifying structural concept adopted and the structural materials proposed
for the project
provideProvide sufficient structural / civil information and data to enable other consultants to
complete their design works
ELECTRICAL / MECHANICAL ENGINEER
preparePrepare preliminary sketch scheme for approval by client before proceeding to final
design stage
provideProvide sufficient electrical / mechanical information and data to enable other
consultants to complete their design works
provideProvide sufficient preliminary information and approximate estimates based on linear,
superficial, cubic or similar basis regarding the works to enable consultant’s preliminary
design and cost report for the project to be approved

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 QUANTITY SURVEYOR
preparePrepare an approximate estimate of cost based on linear, superficial, cubic or similar
basis from outlined sketch proposals
adviseAdvise on design economies and on financial implications of alternative design and / or
materials use

Structural Design process

Inputs:
Client briefing, including budget and time schedule
The client, KAREN ENTERPRISES LIMITED, wanted new development and renovation of the
existing townhouse. With a budget of sixty million, and a time frame of two years, the client
wanted the new development and renovations completed. The site being zone 4, it was
possible to three new 4Bedroom Town houses.
Geotechnical information on types of foundation systems.

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 With the soil on site being red clay stiff, and references to BS 8004, Table 1, the presumed
allowable bearing pressure is 150kn/m2
Survey information
The existing cadastral survey map was obtained from survey of Kenya.
Architectural sketch drawings
Existing building and site information records
Design:
structuralStructural type and form
Being a 2 storey2-storey building, and walls continuous, the preliminary form is slab and deep
beamsa slab and deep beam with masonry wall system.

Floor system

All floor system is solid slabs and concrete beams

Foundation system

All load bearingload-bearing walls are founded on strip footing, and pad footings for columns

Façade support systems

All load bearingload-bearing walls are founded on strip footing, and pad footings for columns

Roof support system

Timber trusses and battens to receive clay tiles.

Design coordination of key elements with other disciplines.

Sharing the preliminary drawings with services engineers to input services

Identify responsibility for control and set-out of dimensions

Deliverables

Drawings

Proposed primary framing

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 Preliminary sizes of primary members only with reinforcing as kg/m3

Preliminary foundation layout

Indicative structural connection types

Outline system for secondary elements

Indicate surface finish for exposed concrete

Critical details that may have significant

Proposed primary elements of strengthening for existing building.

Specifications

Outline specifications for the key structural elements

Reports

Design brief including fire protection requirements for structural members

These deliverables were made possible through:

Consultation with building consent authority

Agreeing on the scale of the drawing deliverables

Cost estimate at that stage generally could not be on full element basis, as secondary elements were not
yet well defined.

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 Detailed Engineering Design

Following approval of preliminary design including attendance to any comments made by the client, I
prepared final design drawings. That illustrated the spaces and forms in the structure, dimensions,
materials and treatment of internal and external spaces. It incorporated the input of support consultants
and an updated cost estimate.

A summary of the consultants’ activities in this stage were as follows:

ARCHITECT

Receive approved preliminary from client

coordinateCoordinate activities of consultants during preparation of final design

facilitateFacilitate communication between client and consultants
collateCollate preparation of final design and cost report and present same to client
preparePrepare in collaboration with other consultants where necessary, a final design
consisting of scaled and adequately dimensioned drawings with outlined specifications to
indicate more precise aspects of arrangements, materials, appearance, construction and
special requirements

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 completeComplete detailed design incorporating work done by other consultants and
prepare all necessary production drawings with all details and specification necessary for
preparation of bill of quantities
submitSubmit to local authority for town planning consent and approval
drawDraw attention of client to any changes that may result from statutory requirements
STRUCTURAL / CIVIL ENGINEER
developDevelop designs in collaboration with other consultants and prepare calculations,
drawings and specifications of the works to facilitate preparations of bills of quantities and
procurement of competitive tenders
consultConsult local and other authorities in connection with the structural design and
preparation and submission of typical details and calculations for approval
prepare designsPrepare designs, specifications and drawings necessary for the information
of contractors to enable them to carry out the works
preparePrepare details and calculations relating to the works
perPer bending schedules

ELECTRICAL / MECHANICAL ENGINEER

preparePrepare such designs, details and drawings as may be necessary to enable adequate
provisions to be made for mechanical and electrical installations and for the invitation of
and obtaining competitive tenders and for the execution of the works
provideProvide such information as may be necessary to enable other consultants to
complete final design
QUANTITY SURVEYOR
provideProvide cost advice as necessary for preparation of final design
adviseAdvise on design economies and on financial implications of alternative design and /
or materials use.
updateUpdate cost estimate

To obtain all the design parameters, the following multidiscipline activities under
civil/structural field were undertaken:;
Activity No. 1: Topographical Surveys

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 Topographical Survey for reference during the implementation of the project was prepared,
the surveyor:
establishingEstablishing datum to which levels may be referred using modern survey
equipment related to national grid system (total station)

Picking necessary topographical data and features using appropriate CAD Software (civil 3d)

confirmingConfirming plot boundaries

Producing accurate site / location plans with all existing structures, services, drainage structures (sizes,
slopes and flow direction) and any other features that may impact on the design.

Activity No. 2: driveways, parking and pavement survey

This activity was done to:-: -

Determine cross and general direction falls of plot for drainage use in the design of driveways and
parking with optimum cut and fills

Locate provision for storm water cut off, and any other drainage relief structures

Visually inspect soil, and existing pavement.

Traffic analysis and forecasting to evaluate the required driveways and parking spaces

Activity No. 3: Geotechnical Investigations

A geotechnical investigation included surface exploration and subsurface exploration, in order to

ascertain the ground bearing pressures and nature of the foundation soil. That helped in evaluating the
extra loads the foundation could safely carry.

The services of ministry of roads were employed and the results from the test of the undisturbed sample
were relayed to us for structural consideration. The depths considered were up to 2m. The pad dimensions
used to evaluate bearing pressure was 1.2m by 1.2m, and the width of the strip footing was 0.6m.

Using Terzaghi’s bearing capacity theory the bearing pressures were computed and a minimum of
150kn/m2 safe bearing capacity was obtained.

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 Where;

Activity No. 4: Hydrology and Drainage Investigations

The inventory and condition survey was undertaken in a systematic way using standard forms where the
condition was evaluated separately for the various elements of the structures such as drain channels,
protection works, and pipe work.

Taking account of both the structural condition and an assessment of the remaining life of the existing
drainage structure, a recommendation on the need for extension, repair and alternatively replacement
were made.

Hydrological investigations involved a more accurate and detailed study of available topographical maps,
hydrographical data and information pertinent to the project area, over and above that studied during
preliminary investigations stage.

Based on the above investigations, detailed hydrological and hydraulic analysis was conducted to
accurately assess the capacities of existing civil works and determine general drainage requirements
ensuring relief from excess run offs.

Activity No. 5: Materials Investigations

Material Survey, transportation, and storage

Advise on tests requirement for proposed materials.

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 Identify suitable source of materials for use in the proposed development

preparePrepare for design team’s reference a report on proposed materials for use in the proposed project

reportReport the limitations to use of materials (if any) that may dictate certain design parameters

preparePrepare specification on materials that were used for construction

identifyIdentify and approve storage of materials to avoid mixing prior to designate proportioning
or materials quality deterioration

Advise on transportation that will eliminate segregation and spillage so as to reduce cost variations
arising from excessive wastage

Water Sources

Water for construction purposes was obtained from Nairobi Water Company,

Laboratory Testing

The detailed laboratory testinglaboratory-testing programme depended on the selected quality and
availability of construction materials.

The testing programme included the following tests carried out in accordance with BS standards:

Materials (coarse aggregates samples)

• Ten PercentPer cent Fines Value

• Aggregate Crushing Value

• Flakiness

• Sieve analysis

Materials (fine aggregates samples)

siltSilt content

organicOrganic matter

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 Sieve analysis

Activity No. 6: Environmental Impact and Social Impact Assessment

Socio-environmental survey

A survey for the likely social and environmental impact assessment of the proposed works shall have on
the surrounding community and project area to be executed so that mitigation measures are incorporated
in the project. The neighborsneighbours were made aware of the available protection measures that would
be employed to guard against construction dust and noise. On the other hand they were also made aware
of maximum achievable levels of protection beyond which they should be prepared for what is beyond
control.

The first step was to prepare environmental risk assessments for all construction activities and identify
materials likely to cause pollution in some form of a list. Then specific measures shall be prescribed to
mitigate risks related to construction activities:

To prevent erosion and run-off, minimize land disturbance and leave maximum vegetation cover.

Control dust through fine water sprays used to dampen down the site.

Screen the whole site to stop dust spreading, or alternatively, place fine mesh screening close to the dust
source.

Cover skips and trucks loaded with construction materials and continually damp down with low levels of
water.

Cover piles of building materials like cement, sand and other powders, regularly inspect for spillages, and
locate them where they will not be washed into waterways or drainage areas.

Use non-toxic paints, solvents and other hazardous materials wherever possible

Segregate, tightly cover and monitor toxic substances to prevent spills and possible site contamination.

Cover up and protect all drains on site

Collect any wastewater generated from site activities in settlement tanks, screen, discharge the clean
water, and dispose of remaining sludge according to environmental regulations.

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Use low sulphur diesel oil in all vehicle and equipment engines, and incorporate the latest specifications
of particulate filters and catalytic converters.

No burning of materials on site.

Reduce noise pollution through careful handling of materials; modern, quiet power tools, equipment and
generators; low impact technologies; and wall structures as sound shields.

DETAILED STRUCTURAL DESIGN APPROACH

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 Detailed engineering design was based on the statutory requirements in effect at the site.

Inputs:

Client approval of preliminary design, including ratification of the cost estimate

Final geotechnical report

The structural analysis and design for the proposed three3 number 4-bedroom townhouses, For Karen
Enterprises Ltd, has been based on the Ultimate Limit State method. Factors of Safety as applied to
materials and loadings are as specified in the Standards and Codes of practice currently in use.

The following references have been used in the design:-: -

B.S 6399: Loading for Buildings

CP3 Chapter V Part 2 1972: Wind Loading

B.S. 8110 Part 1, 2 and 3: Structural Use of Concrete.

Reinforced Concrete Designer's Handbook: 10th Edition by Reynolds

Structural Use of Timber to B.S. 5268

B.S 8004-Foundations

B.S 5400-Steel, Concrete and Composite Bridges

Limit State Design

Limit states can be classified into two main groups:;

The ultimate limit state, which is concerned with the provision of adequate safety;

The serviceability limit states, which essentially concerned with durability.

The table 2 summarizes the limit states considered for concrete:;

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 Ultimate limit serviceability limit states
state
Deflection Cracking
Objective Provision of structure should Cracking should not be
adequate not deflect so as such as to damage
safety to impair use of finishes or otherwise
structure impair usage
Loading Design Design service load
regime ultimate
Loads
Performance structure crack width should not
Limit should not Deflection should exceed 0.3mm generally
fail not exceed
specified limits

Table 2: limit states considered in design

Robustness

In addition to providing a structure that is capable of carrying the design loads, the layout should be such
that damage to small areas of the structure or failure of single elemetselements will not lead to a major
collapse.

The code, BS 8110, requires that in all buildings the structural members should be linked together in the
following manner:

By effectively continuous peripheral ties at each floor and roof level;

By internal ties in two directions approximately at right-angles, effectively continuous throughout their
length and anchored to the peripheral ties at each end (unless continuing as horizontal ties to columns or
walls);

By external column and wall ties anchored or tied horizontally into the structure at each floor and roof
level;

By continuous vertical ties from foundation to the roof level in all columns and walls carrying vertical
loads.

Structural system

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 Load bearing wall system of structure has been considered in the design with horizontal and vertical
(gravity) loading being transmitted to the bearing ground through masonry walls. Loading areLoads are
transmitted through beams and walls to the foundation strip footing. Staircases walls transmit loads from
the stairs and do not form part of lateral loading resisting system. Reinforced concrete pad foundations
and continuous wall footings will spread the loads to a safe bearing soil stratum.

Loadings

Dead load on the structure comprises of own weight of the designed structural elements, applied finishes
and permanent partitions.

Imposed (Live) Loading has been specially considered for each section of the structure depending on its
utility as specified in the current Codes.

No load reduction has been considered for columns and basesbases, as it will be insignificant depending
on the fact that the tallest building is only two 2 storeys tall.

To cater for lateral loadings 10% more loading on the walls and beams has been used in the design.

Foundations

Pad foundations have been used to spread the total loading coming from the columns and are optimally
sized to be in tune with red clay type of soils with Safe Bearing Capacity up to 150KN/m2

Strip footings have been used in load bearing walls.

Strip footing has also been used for walls retaining the sub-structure compacted fills.

A blinding layer of class 15 concrete was laid after excavation to foundation levels to provide the desired
flat level.

Columns

Columns for the structure are circular reinforced concrete columns. The sizes relate to the height so that
slenderness is minimized and also depended on the anticipated intensity of loading. The columns were
designed to carry the axial loads. Column diameter used was 250mm.

Beams

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 Rectangular reinforced concrete beams have been used in the design. The depth and width of the beams
have been dictated by the loading, serviceability requirements and space functional parameters. The
beams were designed to carry moments related to their stiffness’s. sizesSizes adopted were 450x200mm
beams450x200mm beams.

Slabs

150mm Solid slabs form part of the structure that was designed to take superficial loading as well as
partition walls identified as line loads.

Staircase

These auxiliaries have been designed as slabs with dead load incremental due to sloping flights.
Consideration was also given to the possibility of crowding necessitating use of Imposed loading of 3
KN/m2.

Walls

All walls are masonry walls. Walls were used to retain fill in selected areas in substructure. Walls were
used as cladding/infill. Masonry walls were designed as load bearing. All walls arewere designed to be
reinforced with metal strips at every two courses and tied to the columns using the same to improve on
lateral stability.

Roofing

Timber trusses

Timber trusses are designed for spans up to 10 meters with intermediate supports. Bolted joints were used
to form stiff but designed as pinned joints. Timber purlins were designed to support roof cover and
imposed loading that the roof may be subjected to during maintenance. Their spacing was dictated by
limited deflection serviceability parameters. Trusses were also designed to carry ceiling finish.

Durability and Fire resistance

At the commencement of the design, the following were considered:

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 The cover to the reinforcement

The concrete quality

Quality of construction process and the first hours after casting of the concrete have a major influence
upon the subsequent durability of the structure.

The cover for protection against corrosion and fire was considered at the onset of design.

Durability and fire resistance requirements were considered at the onset of the design process because this
determine the grade of concrete, the cover, and the size of the members.

Minimum cover to reinforcement has been proposed as 25mm.

Concrete

Concrete class 25 is considered for all substructures and superstructures.

Steel sections

All steel members to be grade S 275.

Welding consumables

All welding consumables, including covered electrodes, wires, filler rods, and flux and shielding gases,
should have be class 42.

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 TENDER STAGE

Tender stage in public procurement has been sub-divided under four headings:-: -

Preparation of tender documents

Tender action

Production of Tender Documents

During this stage, iI produce tender documents i.ei.e. drawings, specifications and bills of quantities that
tally and describe adequately and accurately the quality and quantity of the works without any ambiguity
so that bidders were able to complete fairly and the client gets the best possible bargain in the market.

A summary of the consultants’ activities in this stage were as follows:

ARCHITECT

receiveReceive approved final design from client

collateCollate tender documents i.e. drawings, bills of quantities and specifications and
present same to client
preparePrepare information for production of bills of quantities and specifications
examineExamine tender documents to ensure consistency with designs and documents
prepared by all consultants
QUANTITY SURVEYOR
preparePrepare bills of quantities and specifications
preparePrepare tender documents and ensure that they tally with consultants’ drawings
and specifications

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 examineExamine bills for specialized works prepared by other consultants and ensure
that they tally with the main bill of quantities
provideProvide for submission to theto the client confidential cost estimates of the
works based upon priced bills of quantities
STRUCTURAL / CIVIL ENGINEER
Prepare and specifications for specialized structural and civil works and any information
needed by the quantity surveyor for the main bills.
examineExamine tender documents to ensure consistency with structural and civil
designs and specifications

ELECTRICAL / MECHANICAL ENGINEER

preparePrepare bills of quantities and specifications for specialized mechanical and
electrical works and any information needed by the quantity surveyor for the main
bill
examineExamine tender documents to ensure consistency with structural and electrical
and mechanical designs and specifications

Tender Action
The consultants’ services included tender assistance,assistance; the following activities
were undertaken;
preparationPreparation of appropriate advertisements for contractors,

managingManaging site inspection and pre bid meetings,

respondingResponding to clarifications required by tenderers in contract documents

evaluationEvaluation of tenders

preparationPreparation of bid evaluation report

The exercise was conducted with the objective of enabling the client to procure, within their
public procurement regulations, contractor(s) who were operational and had the capacity to
deliver the project within time and budget also within allowable extensions and variations.

Tenders were evaluated and Maridadi Bbuilding contractors,Contractors were awarded the
contract to carry out construction of the development.

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 construction supervision

The objective of the supervision task was to ensure that in all works executed in the contract and materials
supplied meet the specified standards of quality and the programme of works adhere to the planned
schedules for the completion and commissioning of the project.

The construction stage did not involve the client on a day to dayday-to-day level, and the majority of
actions and responsibilities, lied with Design Team, Contractor, Subcontractors and Clerk of Works.

General

In order that the Client is guaranteed of a reliable product the Consultant in his effort to have the works
comply with specifications, ensured the procedures undertaken are relevant to the main tasks as listed
below namely:

Contract Administration

Quality Control

Reporting

Contract Administration

The Architect conducted monthly site meetings attended by all consultants, contractors and
subcontractors, client and stakeholders. During these meetings works were inspected, progress reviewed
and reports from all participants received. The project architect circulated minutes within one week after
the site meeting. The project architect monitored action being taken by various parties as recommended in
the site meetings and attended to issues related to civil/structural discipline to achieve interdisciplinary
harmony. Our administrationOur administration role was based on a complete understanding of the
contract and strict observance of all contractual conditions.

The following measures supplemented the contract administration:-: -

Drawings and documentation control

Drawings clarification

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 Shop drawing control systems

Record of all changes properly evaluated estimated negotiated and accepted

Mark up for all as built drawings

Documentation for processing extras and potential claims before Client releases final account payments

keeping the client posted on any instruction(s) that might have implication on the project final account

Quality Control (Structural Works)

The project quality was achieved by a comprehensive quality control programmeA comprehensive quality
control programme assured the project quality. Below isare the steps whichsteps that were undertaken in
ensuring quality structural work wereworks were undertaken.

Field Inspections

Field Inspections was carried out to ensure that standards are met and all work is performed according to
the drawings and specifications. Inspections will covered the following:-: -

Construction workmanship

Material quality and dimensions

Material testing and achievement of specified placement and performance targets

Adherence to embankment soils specified placement levels and to drawings details

Profile lines and dimensions trench support and dewatering measures

Installations of equipments

Contractors tools and equipments

Environmentally safe disposal of surplus excavation spoil materials, and left overs

Adherence to safety and health requirements

Environmental protection measures

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 LIST OF ITEMS TO BE APPROVED IN SEQUENCE

Foundation level. The setting out and final excavated level for the bases should be approved by
engineerEngineer should approved the setting out and final excavated level for the bases.

The survey data should be jointly signed by contractor’s survey and consultant’s surveyor, and
confirmed as the actual site by the engineer.

All the sieve analysis tests results and other material tests should be availed to resident engineer’s
office for engineer’s comments before using the material on concrete mix for permanent works.

Hardcore fill and compaction should be approved by the engineerThe engineer should approved hard-
core fill and compaction before blinding.

Blinding layer should be approved before fixing steel reinforcement bars.

Cutting, bending and steel fixing on site should be approved before erecting formwork.

All formwork should be approved before pouring concrete.

All the approvals should be done by the engineerThe engineer should dodid all the approvals from
setting out to actual construction works.

1. Materials

Samples of all materials proposed to be used should be submitted and shall be tested, where required,
and receive his approval prior to being delivered in bulk upon the works.

Coarse Aggregates

Aggregates consist of sand, gravel, crushedand crushed rock. Preferred nominal maximum size of
coarse aggregate aresizes of coarse aggregate are 40mm, 20mm, 15mm, 10mmand 10mm. But for
this project use maximum coarse aggregate of 20mm.

Fine Aggregates

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 Grading of fine aggregates for concrete Class 20 to Class 40 shall comply with Grading Zone 2 or
Grading Zone 3.% fines should be < 3%.

Storage

Stored in such a manner that will preclude the inclusion of foreign materials.

Adequate stock of fine aggregate shall be maintained to ensure uniformity of moisture content when used.

Any fine aggregates which does not comply with the requirements of the specificationsaggregate that
does not comply with the requirements of the specifications shall be immediately removed from the site.

Cement

Contractor shall supply with each consignment of cement a copy of the manufacturer’s certificate
showing that each consignment has been tested and analyzedanalysed and conforms withto BS 12.

Storage

Stored in a water proofwaterproof shed on a raised floor at least 150mm above the surrounding ground.
Each consignment stored separately and used in order of delivery.Atdelivery. At time of use, cement shall
be free flowing and free of lumps.

Water for Concrete

The water used for the concrete shall be clean and free from impurities.

2. Reinforcement

Steel Reinforcement bars

Steel bars to comply towith BS 4449.

Test certificate required.

Store in a dry place to avoid rusting

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 Cutting and Bending

Bars should be Bbent accurately to the shapes and dimensions shown on the drawings and to BS 4466.

Fixing

Reinforcement should be secured against displacement outside the specified limits (. Clause 4.2, (fixing
reinforcement).

Ensure the cover (minimum cover) is maintained.

Slabs - 25mm

Beams - 30mm

Columns - 40mm

Bases - 50mm

Spacers, chairs should be used to maintain the reinforcement in its correct position.

Spacers should be:-: -

Durable

Not lead to corrosion ofcorrosion of the reinforcement

Not cause spalling of the concrete cover

Surface Condition

Free from mud, oil, paint retarders, loose rust, loose mild scales, grease or any other substance
which can be shown to effect adv ersely the steel or concrete chemically or reduce the
bond.

3. Formwork

All the formworks shall be:-: -

Good

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 Sound

Clean timber span or wrought as required

And sufficiently strong for their purpose.

Construction

All forms shall be constructed so as to facilitate the accurate placing and proper compaction of the
concrete.

Timber forms shall be constructed of sound, well-seasoned timber of such quality and strength as will
ensure rigidity throughout the placing, ramming, vibration and setting of the concrete without visible
deflection or warping.

Constructed that they can be removed without shock, vibration or damage to the concrete.

Joints shall be made sufficiently tight to prevent any leakage of grout.

Formwork for columns and small concrete sections shall be fitted with trap doors through which sawdust,
shavings and other debris can be removed.

For Minimum periods for formwork removal refer to Cclause 5.4, (formwork for concrete,) Ttable 5.1 of
the technical specifications.

4. Guaranteed Strength Concrete

Test on Concrete

Mixes classes; :-

Classes 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 - 28 days results.

Workability

All concrete shall be compacted by mechanical vibration, and workability shall be such as to facilitate
this.

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 5. Temperatures

The concrete placing temperatures and placed concrete temperatures should be recorded it should not
exceed 30 degrees as per the specs. This will assist in controlling the heat in concrete due to hydration.

Reporting:

I was maintaining the following records and reports pertaining structural works for purposes of
monitoring progress and keeping the client posted.

Site diary containing all occurrences on site such as lab our, deliveries, accidents, visitors and weather
conditions

Site instruction book to be completed by consultants upon issuing the same to contractor

Records of site meetings and inspections

Material test results and suppliers certificates

The client approval was sought before any instruction with adverse impact on cost of the
project is issued

Progress reporting included:;

Progress verses programme and the implication of any delay

Early warning of potential problems

Identification of major changes to scope and significant issues

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 Update budget summary sheet which should identify any current degree of financial risk

Duties of consultants during this period included:

ARCHITECT

supply information to contractor to enable him take possession of site

hold periodic site meetings to ensure that the contractor complies with the terms of the
contract; prepare and circulate minutes and monitor action

issue interim, practical completion and final certificates at appropriate times

advise client, in advance, implications of site instructions issued on budget and / or time

periodic inspection of building and construction works to ensure compliance with specification

attendance to queries from contractor and other consultants on all aspects of building and
construction works

maintain record of variations in building and construction works

CLERK OF WORKS

implement full time hands on supervision plan assisted by technicians

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 maintain site records

prepare periodic site progress reports

maintain records of construction variations

ensure that all materials comply with specification by conducting materials tests and
inspection

QUANTITY SURVEYOR

prepare periodic valuations of works to facilitate issue of certificates

prepare financial appraisals and expected final account

maintain record of variations

advise on contractual matters

examine, evaluate and report on contractual claims

CIVIL / STRUCTURAL ENGINEER

periodic inspection of civil and structural works to ensure compliance with specification and
quality control

attendance to queries from contractor and other consultants on all aspects of civil and
structural works

valuations of civil and structural works to facilitate issue of certificates

prepare financial appraisals of civil and structural works and expected final account

maintain record of variations

advise on contractual aspects of civil and structural works

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 ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEER

periodic inspection of electrical and mechanical works to ensure compliance with specification

attendance to queries from contractor and other consultants on all aspects of electrical and
mechanical works

valuations of electrical and mechanical works to facilitate issue of certificates

prepare financial appraisals of electrical and mechanical works and expected final account

maintain record of variations of electrical and mechanical works

advise on contractual aspects of electrical and mechanical works

Test copies in file

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 POST CONSTRUCTION SERVICES

At the end of supervision of construction, the project was practically complete and handed to the client.
We continued to undertake the following:

Defects Liability Management and Final Site Handover

During that period we were available to monitor and manage any defect occurring due to faulty
workmanship or materials. A schedule of defects was prepared and issued to the contractor for attendance
during the six monthsix-month maintenance period. Upon attendance to defects and at expiry of the
maintenance period, we inspected and issue a “making good of defects” certificate and recommending
release of last payments.

Schedule of defects on file

Final Account

We prepare a final project account and obtain the contractor’s concurrence. The instruments employed
will include site records, variation orders and re-measurements.

“As Built Drawings”

As completion of the Contract works reaches near the end a complete set of “as built drawings” was
prepared using AutoCAD. aA set of working drawings was maintained giving a record of the actual
materials, alignments, levels, and dimension set captured as revisions during construction period. The “as
built drawings” captured positions of service lines located in walls, slabs ceilings, ducts for reference
during maintenance.

This set of drawings included those prepared by the Consultant as well as those prepared by the
contractor. The final set of “as built drawings” was prepared and kept on plastic base transparencies and
in electronic form and issued to the Client.

The duties of the project team will be as follows:

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 ARCHITECT

collate preparation of schedule of defects, making good defects and issue certificate of “ making good
defects” at appropriate times

collate preparation of “as built drawings” and hand over to client hard and soft copies

compile maintenance manual from consultants’ input and brief the client accordingly

preparation of schedule for defects for building and construction and certification of making good defects

inspection and certifying making good defects of builders’ works

prepare “as built drawings” of the project

prepare maintenance manual of builders’ works

CLERK OF WORKS

assistance to all consultants in preparing “as built drawings” by interpreting site records

assistance to all consultants in preparation of maintenance manuals

QUANTITY SURVEYOR

complete all re measurements and seek contractor’s concurrence

prepare final account

CIVIL / STRUCTURAL ENGINEER

complete all re measurements of civil and structural works and seek contractor’s concurrence

Preparation of schedule for defects for civil and structural works and certification of making good defects

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 prepare “as built drawings” of the structural and civil works of the proposed secondary schools

prepare maintenance manual of structural / civil works

ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEER

complete all re measurements of electrical and mechanical works and seek contractor’s concurrence

preparation of schedule for defects for electrical and mechanical works and certification of making good
defects

prepare “as built drawings” of the electrical and mechanical installations of the proposed secondary
schools

prepare maintenance manual of electrical and mechanical installations works

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