PHONOLOGY

Description Articulators i:
A short distance behind the upper teeth is a change in the angle
alveolar ridge ɪ
of the roof of the mouth
larynx the structure that holds and manipulates the vocal cords e
The solf portion of the roof of the mouth, lying behind the hard
solf palate æ
palate
uvula the small, dangly thing at the back of the solf palate ə
glottis the opening between the vocal cords 3:
the main part of the tongue, lying below the hard and solf palate,
dorsum ^
move to make vowels and consonants
tongue root the lowest part of the tongue in the throat u
hard palate the hard portion of the roof of the mouth u:
the fold of tissue below the root of the tongue, helps cover the
epiglottis ɔː
larynx during swallowing
vocal cords the fold of tissue stretched across the airways to the lung o
tongue blade the flat surface of the tongue just behind the tip a:
the small cavity between the root of the tongue and the wall of the
pharynx
upper throat
The part of the mouth behind the teeth and gums that is bounded
above by the hard and solf palate and below by the tongue and s: voiceless
Oral cavity
the mucous membrane connecting it with the inner part of the alveolar fricative
mandible
The cavity on the either side of the nasal septum, extending from
t: voiceless
Nasal cavity the nose to the pharynx and lying between the floor of the
alveolar stop
cranium and the roof of the mouth
z: voiced alveolar
fricative
ʃ: voiceless
Lecture 1 postalveolar
fricative
ʒ: voiced
is the linguistic science that studies speech sounds: the way in which
phonetics postalveolar
they are sound, perceived and their physical characteristics
fricative

tʃ: voiceless
acoustic is the study of speech signals. Its deals with the transmission of
postalveolar
phonetics speech sounds through the air
affricate
 is the study of how speech signal is sensed in the auditory canal and dʒ: voiced
auditory
interpreted by the relevant parts of the brain.It deals how speech postalveolar
phonetics
sound are perceived by listeners affricate

articulatory is the study if how speech sounds are produced by using the p: voiceless
phonetics articulators bilabial stop

is the study or description of the distinctive sound units of a

language and their relationship to one another.
It involves studying a language to determine its distinctive sounds d - voiced aleolar
phonology
and to establish a set of rules that describe the set of changes that stop
take place in these sounds when they occur in different relationships
with other sounds
are the sounds in the production of which one articulator moves
m - voiced bilabial
consonant towards another or 2 articulators come
nasal
together

is the local of the obstruction of the air-stream on the articulation

place of n - voiced alveolar
of the consonants. It describes the point at which the articulators
articulations nasal
actually touch or are at their closest

is the way in which the air-stream is obstructed or altered in the

manner of ŋ - voiced velar
production of speech sounds. It describes the types of obstruction
articulations nasal
caused by the narrowing or closure of the articulators
are the sounds which are produced with the tip or blade of the θ: voiceless dental
dental
tongue touching the upper front teeth fricative

is the sound which is produces with the front of the tongue coming ð: voiced dental
palatal
close to the hard palate fricative

are the sounds which are produced with the tip or blade of the f: voiceless labio-
alveolar
tongue touching the alveolar ridge dental fricative
v: voiced labio
dental fricative
are the sounds which are produced with the tip or blade coming
palatal w voiced labio
close to the area between the back of the alveolar ridge and the
alveolar velar approximant
front of the hard palate
are the sounds which are produced with the lower lip touching the j voiced palatal
labio-dental
upper front teeth approximant
r: voiced retroflex
bilabial are the sounds made with the two lips pressed together
approximant
 l voiced alveolar
are the sound which is produced with the tip of the tongue curling
retroflex lateral
back towards the back of the alveolar ridge
approximant

are the sound which is produced with the back of the tongue h: voiceless glottal
velar
touching the solf palate fricaitve

are the sounds in the production of which there is a complete

b: voiced bilabial
stop closure of the articulators involved so that the air-stream cannot
stop
escape through the mouth

are the sounds in the production of which none of the articulators

vowel come very close together so the passage of air-stream is relatively
unobstructed and the air can get out freely

obstruent: plosive, fricative, affricate

sonorant: nasal, approximant, lateral

sibilant: s, z, tʃ, dʒ, ʃ

 mouth-
frontness/ lip- tense- tongue
opening
backness rounding ness height
Vowel shape
long
i: close front spread (tense) high
short
ɪ close front spread (lax) high
short
e open-mid front spread (lax) mid
short
æ open front spread (lax) low
close-
ə mid central neutral mid
long
3: mid central neutral (tense) mid
short
^ open-mid central neutral (lax) low
close- short
u mid back rounded (lax) high
long
u: close back rounded (tense) high
close- long
ɔː mid back rounded (tense) mid
short
ɒ close back rounded (lax) low
long
ɑː open back rounded (tense) low

Bilabial Labio- Dental Alveolar Palato - Palatal Velar Glottal

 alveolar
dental (Post
alveoler)
-+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+
Plosive pb td kg
Fricative fv θð sz ʃʒ h
Affricate tʃ dʒ
Nasal m n ŋ
Approximant w l r j