TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM - EXTERNAL PERSPECTIVE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the session, you will be able to:
Understand to policies and responsibilities of the governing sectors.
Identify the competitors and passengers in the transportation system.
Analyze external factors of transportation system.
Policy and Responsibilities of the Government Sector
Policy and Responsibilities of the Government Sector
The development of transport to facilitate inbound tourism is often motivated by
government’s desire to increase earnings from tourist receipts, especially in less
developed countries seeking to modernize their pos-colonial economies and to achieve
a government’s objectives for transport to facilitate tourist travel, policies are formulated
to guide the organizations management and development of tourist and non-tourist
transport.

Policy and Responsibilities of the Government Sector

Political Stage
Development Stage
Transport Stage
Facility Stage
Policy and Responsibilities of the Government Sector
The transport policies developed by the national governments are influence by their
changing attitudes, outlook, and political ideology. This often manifests itself in term of
the level of expenditure on capital investments, infrastructure provision and policies to
facilitate or constrain tourist travel. As the distance people travel by car increases, there
are obvious environmental consequences.
POLICY MAKERs in the Philippines
Department of Transportation (DOTr)
formerly known as the Department of Transportation and Communications, is an agency
of the Philippine Government responsible for the development and provision of efficient,
effective and secure infrastructure in the transportation and communications sectors.

There are also agencies that are under the supervision of DOTr that manages different
transportation sectors;
Sectoral offices under DOTr
ROAD TRANSPORT
The Land Transportation Office (LTO)
- promotes the safety and comfort of the traveling public with respect to motor
vehicles. The LTO is also tasked with collecting various fees from the registration of
motor vehicles, the issuance of licenses to qualified motor vehicle drivers, the collection
of fines and penalties for motor vehicle related infractions, and the issuance of motor
vehicle license plates. 
ROAD TRANSPORT
The Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB)
 - created by virtue of an Executive order issued on June 19, 1987, with the goal
of simplifying the land transportation industry franchising system. Since the creation of
the LTFRB, the issuance of franchises for land transport operators has become more
stringent, resulting in higher safety standards for land travel. Technical evaluation staff
ensure that operating and safety standards of commercial and private vehicles are
observed, prior to the issuance of operating franchises.
MARITIME TRANSPORT
The Philippine Coast Guard (PCG)
- an armed and uniformed service primarily tasked with enforcing all applicable
laws within the Philippine waters, conducting maritime security operations, safeguarding
of life and property at sea and protecting the marine environment and resources.
AGENCIES under DOTr
Office for Transportation Security
- the single authority responsible for the security of the transportation systems of
the country, including, but not limited to, the following: Civil Aviation, Sea Transport and
Maritime Infrastructure, Land Transportation, Rail System and Infrastructure. It was
created by virtue of Executive Order No.277.  In response to the international mandate
(i.e. ICAO and IMO guidelines) calling for a single authority for all modes of
transportation security in the Philippines, E.O. 311 was issued on April 26, 2004.
CIVIL AVIATION
Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP)
- responsible for implementing policies on civil aviation in order to ensure safe,
economical, and efficient air travel. As an independent regulatory body with quasi-
judicial and quasi-legislative powers, the CAAP is mandated to set comprehensive,
clear and impartial rules and regulations for the Philippine aviation industry. 
CIVIL AVIATION
Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA)
- Created by Executive Order 778, the MIAA provides safe, efficient, and reliable
airport facilities for international and domestic travel at the Ninoy Aquino International
Airport (NAIA). It is also tasked with promoting NAIA as a center for international trade
and tourism.
CIVIL AVIATION
Clark International Airport Corporation (CIAC)
- fully commits to provide quality management of airport infrastructure and
services in order to realize our vision to be premier world-class airport of the Philippines
by 2020; the secondary airport of choice by 2017; and, a competitive aviation services
center in the Asia Pacific Region by 2015.
CIVIL AVIATION
Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)
- tasked with regulating, promoting, and developing the economic aspects of civil
aviation in the Philippines. The CAB regulates the lease, purchase, and sales of aircraft,
along with overseeing consolidations and mergers of domestic air carriers.
CIVIL AVIATION
Mactan-Cebu International Airport Authority (MCIAA)
 - in charge of operating and maintaining the Mactan International Airport, which is
currently the premier gateway to the Central Visayas. The MCIAA provides airport
safety and security, and also implements airport rules and regulations.
ROAD TRANSPORT
Toll Regulatory Board (TRB)
- supervises and regulates the construction, operation, and maintenance of toll
facilities, and is also responsible for the collection of toll fees. It was created by virtue of
Presidential Decree (P.D.) No. 1112 (a.k.a. the Toll Operation Decree).
ROAD TRANSPORT
Office of Transport Cooperatives (OTC)
- created in 1963 by virtue of Executive Order 898, and was originally known as
the Committee on Transport Cooperatives. The current objective of the OTC is to
integrate the transport cooperatives program into the public transport and transit
system, in order to achieve economies of scale with respect to fuel consumption.
Philippine National Railways (PNR)
- created via legislation in June 1964, in order to provide a nationwide railway
transportation system. There are currently plans to create new lines connecting the
rapidly developing areas in Central Luzon and the South Tagalog region with Metro-
Manila.
Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA)
- created via Executive Order 603 on July 12, 1980, in order to oversee the
construction and operation of the Light Rail Transit project extending from Baclaran in
Pasay City, to Monumento in Caloocan. Since then, the LRTA's mandate has expanded
to encompass other light rail projects in Metro-Manila.
MARITIME TRANSPORT
Philippine Ports Authority (PPA)
- the primary government agency concerned with the planning and development
of the country’s seaports. Established in 1974, the PPA’s charter was amended by
Executive Order 857, which expanded its functions to include the integration and
coordination of ports nationwide.
MARITIME TRANSPORT
Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA)
- oversees the promotion and development of the maritime industry, and also
provides effective regulation of shipping enterprises. Since its establishment in June
1994, MARINA was granted the authority to issue Certificates of Public Convenience
(CPC), permitting the operation of domestic and overseas water carriers. Other
functions of the agency include the registration of vessels, the issuance of licenses, the
addressing of safety concerns pertaining to vessel construction, and the enforcement of
maritime law. 
MARITIME TRANSPORT
Cebu Ports Authority (CPA)
- created through the enactment of Republic Act No. 7621, signed on June 26,
1992. The CPA's mandate is to administer all ports located in Cebu Province, thus
effectively separating these ports from the Philippine Ports Authority (PPA) system. The
CPA began operations and officially took over all Cebu ports on January 1, 1996.
MARITIME TRANSPORT
Philippine Merchant Maritime Academy (PMMA)
- formerly known as the Philippine Nautical School, was created in January 1963
via Republic Act 3680. The PMMA produces efficient and well-trained merchant marine
officers of an international caliber. PMMA graduates spearhead Philippine efforts in
international trade, and are also capable of serving as auxiliary naval officers during
times of conflict.
PROJECT MANAGEMENT OFFICE under DOTr
Metro Rail Transit (MRT)
- MRT3, designated as the Blue Line, is also called the EDSA MRT, or Metrostar
Express. It was implemented by the DOTC through a Build-Lease-Transfer contract with
the privately owned Metro Rail Transit Corporation (MRTC). It has 13 stations on a 16.9
km rail system along Edsa from North Ave., Quezon City to Taft Ave., Pasay City. It
became fully operational in 2000.
Where do countries formulate a tourist transport policy?
The following issues should be considered in its implementation through
planning measures:
The management of tourist traffic in large urban areas and small historic cities.
The management of tourist and recreational traffic in rural areas.
The promotion of off-peak travel by tourist to spread the seasonal and geographical
distribution of tourist travel and the resulting economic, social, and cultural, economic
impacts of tourism.
The following issues should be considered in its implementation through
planning measures:
Maximizing the use of existing transport and infrastructure and the use of more novel
forms of tourist transport together with the provision of new infrastructure since long-
term traffic forecasts.
Integration of transport modes
More integration between public and private sector.
TRANSPORTATION COMPETITORS
TRANSPORTATION COMPETITORS
There are different ways of transportation all around the world competing globally which
means that there are different brand names of each variety of firms. Refer to the
pictures below for some of the transportation businesses around the world.

Airline Firms
Cruise Ship Companies
THE PASSENGERS
Cohen (1972) distinguish between four (4) types of tourist travelers:
The Organized Mass Tourist on a package holiday; they are highly organized and
their contract with the host community in and destination is minimal
The Individual Mass Tourist, who uses similar facilities to the organized mass tourist
but also desires to visit other sights not covered on organized tours in destinations
The Drifter, who does not seek any contact with other tourists or their accommodation,
seeking to live with the host community.
The Explorers, who arrange their travel independently and who wish to experience the
social and cultural lifestyle of the destination.