I How does it affect your work?

А. В некотором отношении это облегчает работу посла, так как 9. Consul is an о who is a by a government to
руководители стран или обладающие властью официальные reside in a foreign country to p the interests of
лица могут быстро решить проблемы вместе. С другой citizens of his country.
стороны, это осложняет его работу, так как послу необходимо 10. Curriculum Vitae is a b account of one's previous
быть в курсе всех переговоров вокруг него, уметь все учесть с and qualifications especially in
при планировании своих собственных действий и выработки reference to a job application.
рекомендаций. 11. Credentials are a formal paper a a diplomatic agent
L Is it even possible to stay on top of all thai? as one who is a to act for his government or
А. Необходимо. Такие контакты становятся все более обычными, head of state.
и наша работа качественно меняется 12. Counsellor is a s secretary at an e who in the
absence of the head of the m acts as 'Charge d'Affairs'.
Exercise 44 13. Diplomatic Corps is the collective heads of foreign diplomatic
( ЪтрШе the definitions of diplomatic terms. Some hints are given. m and their s in the capital of
Suggest their Russian equivalents. a country.
14. Diplomacy is (a) the art of с international r_
(b) skill and tact in h affairs.
1. Accreditation implies giving official a to a
diplomatic e , 15. Diplomat is (a) one who is e in diplomacy;
2. Agrement is the approval of an a or a minister by the ф) a n ; a tactful person.
government of the receiving state. 16. Dispatch is a written с to the secretary of state or
3. Ambassador is a top-ranking o_ who is a minister for foreign a from a diplomatic or
to a
foreign state as a resident r consular о abroad.
4. Ambassador-At-Large is a diplomatic agent a 17. Envoy is a diplomatic a who ranks immediately below
to an a .
no particular country.
5. Amb&ssudQY-Designate is a diplomat who has been a 18. Exequatur is an о recognition of a consul that a
the consul to r his office.
to о but has not p his с .
19. Full Powers is a special written a_ from the head of
6. Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary is a personal
state given to a n to с n
r of the head of one state a to
20. Good Offices are mediatory s by a third party.
the head of another state.
21. Legate is an e or minister, especially one who
7. Attache is (a) the lowest ranking о of the diplomatic
о r the Pope.
s ; (b) a s diplomatic о attached
22. Persona Non Grata is the one who is not a
to a mission for specialized s .
8. Charge D 'Affairs Ad Interim is a secretary of an e
Exercise 45
who assumes r of an a or
minister in their absence. a. Work in pairs. Ask your partner:

1) whether s/he thinks it is easy or difficult to enter the profession

of a diplomat;

144
145
 2) why there are so many y o u n g people willing to enter the career many instances to support this view. In the year 1604 Sir Henry
of a Foreign Service officer; Wotton defined an Ambassador as ccan honest man sent to lie abroad
3) what rewards the career of a diplomat may offer; for the good of his country'".
4) h o w appealing those rewards are for your partner; Nations as to their proper qualifications of a diplomat vary today as
5) if there is anything that s/he does not accept about this career much as they varied in previous centuries. The only invariable rule is
and why; to find the right man for the right place. It is difficult to lay down the
6) if t h e career of a Foreign S e n d e e officer is really for h i m / her; law. Diplomats must be human, versatile and adaptable. A diplomat
7) if s/he sees her/himself in the profession of a diplomat; must possess initiative and personality.
8) what and why is more important for your partner in his / h e r He should have the faculty7 of mixing and getting on with anyone in
future career: money, interest, challenge, an opportunity to travel any walk of life and of treating all as equals. He should have sufficient
ОГ promotion opportunities. self-confidence to stand up to anyone in any walk of life, Sovereign,
Prime Minister or whatever he may be.
b. Make notes and report your findings to the class. Powers of observation, of description, sound judgement and a
faculty of hard work are so essential as to go without saying; so is the
Exercise 46 readiness to take responsibilities, provided it is certain that they are
Sum up the arguments 'for' and 'against3 sending as a foreign not of some senior officer
officer in general and for you personally. Record the arguments in Certainly a diplomat should not be emotionally effusive in his
the table below and report them in class. behaviour, however excellent the relations may be which he is called
upon to conduct. And certainly he should preserve calm when things
For Against go wrong and relations become strained.
A certain capacity for deception as far as ordinary usn^l manners is
needed. Like everyone else who aspires to be socially welcome, he
must keep a good deal of what he thinks to himself and say for the
sake of politeness a good many unimportant things he does not mean
Above all he must constantly steer a course between extremes. 11c
must be intelligent, carefully refrain from any oppressive display of
intellectual powers. He must invariably be dignified, have humour and
Exercise 47 wit, and there is one final virtue that must be specifically mentioned
a. Read the text and find 21 qualities which are required to be a good and which is the essence of the profession, this is patience, without
diplomat which the would-be diplomat will never in reality become a diplomat
at all.
Some Qualities Desirable in a Future Diplomat And finally it is difficult to exaggerate the importance of a
thorough knowledge of languages for a diplomat. An envoy who can
A popular notion which has done much in the past to discredit the spare time to study the language of the country to which he is sent,
diplomatic profession is that the chief duty of a diplomat is to secure will find its acquisition of great advantage. The surest way to gain
some advantage for his own country over another, if necessary by admission to the heart of the nation is to give this proof of a desire to
means which are not strictly straightforward. Past history a (fords

146 1/17
 качеств, мои требования элементарны. Во-первых, порядочность,
cultivate intimate relations with, and to understand the feelings of, the
people. во-вторых, ум. В третьих, интеллигентность".
(from On Diplomatic Practice )
Андрей Кравцов, главный советник МИД, Чрезвычайный и
Note to the text: Полномочный Посланник второго класса, генеральный
консул России в Саппоро (1995-1999):
Wotton, Sir Нету (1568А639) - English diplomat and poet, Ambassador to " Дипломатия требует очень большого опыта, потому что нет
Venice (1604-1624). готовых решений. Из человеческих качеств я бы назвал
выдержку, спокойствие, трезвость, рассудительность, смелость в
b. Answer the questions. принятии решений. Важно расположить к себе собеседника,
установить с ним контакт. Быть откровенным, но в определенных
I I low would you rate the qualities mentioned? Which of them, do пределах. Надо говорить правду, только правду, но
you think, are more and which are less valuable for a diplomat? необязательно всю правду ".
2. Could you think of some other qualities that a diplomat must
possess? Share your ideas with the class. Анатолий Адамищин, Чрезвычайный и Полномочный Посол
3. Why is patience emphasized as one of the most essential России в Италии (1990-1992), Великобритании (1994-1997),
quality?
первый замминистра иностранных лел по делам СНГ (1998):
4. How important for a future diplomat is good professional "Дипломат должен быть порядочным и образованным человеком.
education? Should diplomats be career or non-career? Артистизм, чувство меры и такта тоже не помешают. Чтобы тебя
уважали, нужно расположить к себе собеседника, быть ему
Exercise 48
интересным, никогда не обманывать, не демонстрировать свою
Translate some opinions of the qualities a diplomat should possess эрудицию. Надо хорошо знать страну пребывания, ее культуру и
expressed by some former Russian ambassadors, обычаи. Важно блюсти достоинство, не столько свое личное,
сколько своей страны".
Юрий Кашле», ректор Дипломатической академии,
чрезвычайный и полномочный посол:
Exercise 49
От дипломата требуются высочайшая эрудиция, знание Prepare to speak about a distinguished person in the diplomatic
собственной страны и зарубежных стран, обязательно world (living or dead). Focus on his personality, skills and
патриотизм, никогда не забывать, что ты защищаешь не свои qualifications, and on the field in which the person distinguished
интересы, а интересы государства".
himself
Александр Бовин? чрезвычайный и полномочный посол Exercise 50
России в Израиле (1991-1997):
Work in pairs. Exchange the information about a well known
" Дипломатическое искусство - это умение отстоять свою точку diplomat Listen to your partner attentively and then report
зрения и убедить партнера, что нужно сделать так, как ты what you have heard to the class.
говоришь. А говорить надо так, чтобы вам верили и относились
серьезно к вашим словам. Поэтому на первое место я бы
поставил общую культуру и жизненный опыт. Что касается

148 149
 Exercise 51
It is (19) in diplomatic correspondence to observe the
Complete the text with the words given below according to sense.
rules of tact and politeness avoiding harsh expressions that may hurt
Involving, signed, significance, involved, certain, relating (2), officials, or offend the dignity of the country to which a diplomatic document is
communication(s) (2), unsigned, considerable, commonly, confidential, common addressed.
practice, international intercourse (2), handling, distinguished.
E x e r c i s e 52
D i p l o m a t i c c o m m u n i c a t i o n s b e t w e e n states Revise the active vocabulary lists of Unit II and do the translation.

One major aspect of diplomatic work is (1) official 1. Установление мира между Израилем и Палестиной - трудная
documents. A (2) part of them are of mtradepartmental задача, и, по-видимОхму, требует участия третьей стороны.
nature, but of great (3) is another category of diplomatic 2. Участие наших войск в урегулировании кризиса было
documents through which official (4) goes on in written санкционировано ООН.
form Such documents express the position of a state on a (5) 3. Дипломаты и политики призваны поддерживать и защищать
issue of international affairs. Some of them are (6) by virtue политику своего государства.
of specific circumstances, but many of them, particularly (7) _ _ _ _ _ _ 4. Участия России в установлении мира в этом регионе не
to important international problems, are m a d e public. потребовалось.
Until recently diplomatic practice (8) the following five 5. Задача, с которой столкнулся посол, была слишком сложной
forms of written official (9) : personal notes', verbal notes и важной, чтобы он решал ее один без советников.
or notes verb ales: aides-memoir e; memoranda, and semi-official 6. Президент обратился к дипломатическому корпусу с
letters. A personal note takes the form of a letter drawn up in the first просьбой поддержать его инициативу и доказать свою
person and (10) _____ , it begins with a salutation and ends with преданность делу, которому они служат.
a complimentary phrase; a verbal note is drawn up in the third person 7. За время войны ни один из политических противников
and either initialed or left (11) . Черчилля не покушался на его авторитет и пост премьер-
Nowadays verbal notes h a v e become part and parcel of the министра.
(12) and are considered the most (13) used form 8. Президент, согласно конституции, демонстрирует свою
of diplomatic (14) . . They begin and end with standard готовность ее защищать и брать на себя ответственность
formulas of courtesy. за ее нарушение (violation).
An aide-memoire is a written statement recording the details of a 9. В ответ на критику президент Франции решил послать на
possibly (15) matter with the aim of facilitating further переговоры не министра иностранных дел, а министра
progress of a transaction and preventing the subject of a personal другого ранга.
conversation from being misunderstood or misinterpreted. 10. Давайте руководствоваться Законом, а Закон запрещает
A memorandum is a detailed exposition of the factual or legal экономическую деятельность, которая влечет за собой
aspects of a particular question. монополизацию в любой сфере деятельности.
Semi-official, or informal letters are sent to (16) , with 11. Европейский Союз активно участвует в программе по
w h o m one is acquainted, in cases (17) personal favours укреплению экономики стран-членов.
(thanks for an invitation or a request for assistance) or (18) 12. Штат секретариата занимается рассмотрением
to administrative matters. экономических и социальных вопросов.

150
151
 13. Министр иностранных дел призван управлять внешними
делами, разъяснять и проводить политику своего государства 3) The introduction, which is usually quite short, just introduces the
на международном уровне. subject to be discussed.
14. С самого начала Черчилль утверждал, что с Гитлером нельзя 4) The body develops the idea or arguments and may be divided into
вести переговоры о мире. paragraphs.
15. Назначение на пост посла в США часто является откликом 5) The conclusion sums up the main idea(s) in a few sentences by
выбранного президента на значительную финансовую referring to the main point(s) in the introduction.
поддержку, которая была оказана ему назначенцем. 6) Your essay must be impersonal logical concise and to the point;
16
В течение 300 лет в мире гослодствовапа французская the words must be carefully chosen.
система дипломатии. Ее авторитет в этой области был 7) No contractions (don% can % etc.) are allowed.
непререкаем.
17
Французская дипломатия или двусторонняя дипломатия
включает вручение верительных грамот, протокол и участие
и дипломатических раутах.
18
1^средством дипломатии осуществляется разнообразная
работа: переговоры, разъяснение и защита политики своего
государства, представление своего государства за рубежом.
Exercise 53
Comment on the statements in class.

1. "An Ambassador is "an honest man sent to lie abroad for the good
of his country".
2. An envoy who can spare time to study the language of the country
to which he is sent, will find its acquisition of great advantage.
3. Patriotism is an unalienable quality a diplomat must possess.

Exercise 54
Write an essay of about 200 words on the subject
"A diplomat must steer a course between extremes".
Remember:
Writing an essay is like writing a composition:
1) It should be well organized and divided into three parts -
a short introduction, a body and a conclusion.
2) All parts must be connected with one another by connectives.

152
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 ADDITIONAL READING
thorough working knowledge of several languages is an absolute
Exercise 55 essential for a secretary, and should be considered practically an
essential for an Ambassador or Minister. A minister who can spare
Read the text and answer the questions that follow.
time to study the language of the country to which he is sent, will find
Vocabulary notes its acquisition of great advantage.
1. a disguise - clothes to hide In diplomatic life we are at every step confronted with language
2. an end - an aim problems. These, however, are of recent origin. For several centuries
3. smattering - little knowledge there used to be only one diplomatic language, Latin, and international
4. frftught with - full of affairs were conducted by professional diplomats only. Later French
was recognized as the language used by all Ambassadors and other
5. slip - accidental minor language mistake
6 obscure vague, unclear envoys. Then after the First World War under the Treaty of Versailles
English and French became two official languages, which led to the
appearance of a n e w profession, that of official diplomatic interpreter.
Language P r o b l e m s in D i p l o m a t i c I n t e r c o u r s e . Interpreters have found that their work is most challenging. Every
single word is fraught with significance and is closely watched by
"The man who speaks in a foreign tongue, not his own, is to a certain
parties, so that any slip, or even weakness of the interpreter may have
extent wearing a disguise. If one wants to discover his ideas,
the most serious consequences. Interpreters should be able to grasp a
encourage him to use his own language. "
meaning with lightning speed. If time and circumstances allow the
Earnest Satow. interpreter should refer to all kinds of reference material. Should part
of speech, or sometimes a whole speech be obscure, the interpreter
Unlike academics and intelligence analysts, diplomats must apply must decide from his knowledge of the speaker whether he intended to
their knowledge of foreign culture and languages in their daily work.
be obscure, or whether it was accidental. Interpreters should know the
Diplomatic expertise with regard to a foreign culture and language is
basis and logic of the case their side wishes to make before they are
not an end in itself; it is a means to an end.
called upon to render it into the other side's language. They can play
It is difficult to exaggerate the importance of a thorough an invaluable role in shaping arguments in ways that the other side can
knowledge of languages for a diplomat. His value to the government most easily understand and accept.
increases with every fresh language he learns. In the matter of
languages c a little knowledge is a particularly dangerous t h i n g ' (Essay (from On Diplomatic Practice)
Notes to the text:
on criticism by A. Pope). Sometimes an amateur diplomat acquires a
smattering of a foreign language and sets out to make use of it. When 1. Earnest Satow is a distinguished British politician and diplomat.
this happens it's time to take cover, for although many of his mistakes 2. Alexander Pope is an English poet.
are merely amusing; some of them lead to trouble and
misunderstanding not easily dispelled. Questions for discussion:
An Ambassador or a Minister who does not speak the language of
the country is entirely dependent upon the staff of his mission to keep 1. What is implied by 'diplomatic expertise'? Why is it not an end
him informed, to make his communications for him, interpret all but a means?
conversations, and carry on pretty well every step of his official life, A 2. Why does a value of a diplomat to the government increase with
every fresh language leamt?

154
155
 I, What are me disadvantages of a diplomat acquiring only a diplomacy more seriously than we do. So do our adversaries. In its
smattering of a foreign language? day, even the Soviet Union, not a state that relied on diplomacy when
4. H o w are an ambassador's activities affected if he does not speak intimidation was an option, managed its foreign service less cavalierly
the language of the country? than do most American administrations. In the training they gave their
5. What advantages can a diplomat find in the acquisition of young diplomats, especially language training, the Soviets were light
languages? years ahead of us. Typically, promising candidates were identified in
6. W h y are the language problems we are confronted with of only a secondary school and after passing their entry examinations spent five
recent origin? years in a diplomatic prep-school (the Moscow 7 State Institute for
7. What do the language problems result in? International Relations). The orientation training of US Foreign
8. Why is the interpreter's work challenging? Service officers, including language training, is less than a year.
l Effective communication with foreigners requires the ability to
>. What role do diplomatic interpreters play in negotiations?
speak their languages, to understand other cultures, to see the world
Exercise 56 through other eyes. Comprehension of a foreign culture is impossible
Explain and comment on the following: to achieve without proficiency in the language. Only by knowing what
the world looks like from inside will diplomats be able to provide
1.. "The man who speaks a foreign tongue, not his own, is to a political superiors with a realistic interpretation of the motives of the
certain extent wearing a disguise." other government and a reasonably accurate forecast of their future
2. If one wants to discover a foreigner's ideas, encourage h i m to use conduct. There is nothing else that a diplomat does that could not be
his own language. done by lawyers, business people, or academics, all of w h o m do, in
3. In the matter of languages 'a little knowledge is a particularly fact, serve frequently as nonprofessional diplomats.
dangerous thing.'
4. A thorough working knowledge of a foreign language should be b. an extract from an article by Adam Watson
an essential for a d i p l o m a t
5. Any slip or even weakness of the interpreter may have the most Some criticisms of present-day diplomacy are worth considering
serious consequences. The most familiar concerns secrecy. Many people feel that secret
diplomacy leads to intrigue and war, and the public has the right to
E x e r c i s e 57 know what is being said in its name. Another criticism is that the
Here are two short texts criticizing the US diplomacy. Witat exactly international relations of a democracy should not be left in the hands
is being criticized? Read and discuss the texts. of professional diplomats. A diplomatic service, it is argued, is
unrepresentative, it does it own recruiting and forms an unelected
a. an extract from the book Talking To Strangers by Monteagle elite.
Stearns, a former U.S. d i p l o m a t The US practice of assigning ambassadorships to people who have
contributed to election campaigns has obviously disadvantages, but
The United States may be the only remaining military superpower, there is a real gain both to the Administration and the host government
but in its approach to diplomacy it too often looks like the only to have an American ambassador who has easy access to the President
remaining banana republic, Professionalism is prized in the U.S. in and knows his mind. It can be argued that for the same reasons 'non-
virtually all professions except diplomacy. Our closest allies take career' European ambassadors at posts like Tokyo, Washington and

156 157
 >г т о ю effective politically than GRAMMAR SUPPLEMENT
|м,./г Mnn.'ii .iijiioiiKii.s, provided they are supported by an adequate
pm/cssioiKil siiilT But each case needs to be judged on its merits, there THE GERUND
is no hard and fast rule. (verbal - ing form with properties of the noun)

Questions for discussion: FORMS

1. The US is compared to a banana republic, but what does the Active Passive
author imply?
j Non-perfect doing being done
2. Why do you think professionalism in diplomacy is prized so low I (refers either to the present
in the U.S.A.? 1 or past activity)
3. What arguments does Stearns produce in favour of thorough
language learning for a diplomat? Perfect (rare) having done having been done
4. Why does the author draw some difference between knowing a (used to avoid
foreign language and comprehending a foreign culture? misunderstanding with
clear reference to the prior
5. What do you think about secrecy in diplomatic matters? What
activity) *
should be open to public scrutiny and what should remain
^Compare:
secret?
1) She is surprised at being invited to the party.
6. Do you agree that diplomatic officers are the influential elite Она удивлена, что ее приглашают /пригласили на вечер.
which does not represent the public? (the party has not been held yet)
7. What is the authors' attitude to professionalism in diplomacy?
8 Must a diplomat be a professional in your opinion? Give your 2) She is surprised at having been invited to the party.
arguments for or against Она удивлена, что ее пригласили на вечер,
(the party has already been held)

Exercise 58
Pitt the verbs in the brackets in the correct form of the Gerund
(active orpassivey non-perfect)

1. Nobody likes (make) a fool of

2. Good humour is ameans of (save) face.
3. He showed no sign of (hurt).
4. It's not worth (get) upset about things beyond your control.
5. Humorous people are perceived as (be) more likeable.
6. He insists on (pay) for the work he has done in time.
7. It's no use / good (cry) over spilt milk.
8. By carefully (prepare) for the talks beforehand they could gain the
upper hand.

158 159
 10. He mentioned something about (go) abroad next month
10 Г am afraid of (misunderstand). I'll make my point more clearly. He mentioned something about (go) abroad before.
11.1 enjoy (make) fun of people, and I am not against (make) fun of.
12. We talked about not (go) to the meeting. FUNCTIONS
13. He never thought of security because he had no idea of (kidnap).
14. When she told me about her plans, I couldn't help (surprise). Learning languages is important for a
subject
15. (Establish) a relaxed mood helps a relationship to develop. diplomat - Изучение языков важно
16. He is responsible for the letter (deliver) only today. для дипломата.
17. (Not know) what had happened to the comrades they had grown Not knowing a foreign language
to love was the worst thing of all for the survivors of the wreck. reduces his chances of being promoted.
18. I hope you don't mind his (tell) everything. - To, что он не знает иностранный
язык, уменьшает его шансы на
19. He quickly went to the hall without (answer) the greetings. повышение.
20. I congratulated Ann on (admit) to the university.
predicative His virtue is contributing to charity
organisations.
Exercise 59 Его достоинство - это помощь
Make the right choice between non-perfect or perfect gerundial благотворительным организациям.
forms of the verb in brackets. The idea is not interfering. - Идея
заключается в том, чтобы не
вмешиваться.
1. I feel proud of (represent) my country at the forum last month.
I felt proud of (represent) my country. object You can 7 avoid seeing him. - Ты не
можешь избежать встречи с ним.
2. He always insists on (tell) the truth. Не must get used to (not) being asked
He insists on (tell) the truth before. questions. - On должен [фИВЫХНуТЬ К
3. I appreciate now (tell) the news yesterday. тому, что ему (ис) задают вопросы
I appreciate your (tell) me about it now.
4. After half an hour he began to feel tired of (look) at copies of attribute What are the chances of your going to
agreements and bills. (after nouns followed by a work abroad? - Каковы его шансы

I am sure he feels tired of (look) after your cat for so long. preposition*) поехать за границу?
What is the reason for his rejecting the
5. How sony I feel for not (be) able to join you. plan? - Какова причина его отказа от
How sony I feel for not (be) able to join you then. этого плана?
6. Now he feels ashamed of himself for (be) so rude yesterday. adverbial modifier A diplomat can gain confidence by
I could see that he was ashamed of (look) me in the eye. (always preceded by a preposition) being honest. - Дипломат может
7. He was grateful for finally (persuade) him to come. завоевать доверие честностью.
You won't acquire the skill without
He was grateful for (trust).
practicing a lot. - Вы не приобретете
8. I wonder if I ought to apologize for (write) the letter. этого умения не тренируясь.
I think I ought to apologize for (turn) to you for help.
9. I appreciate (invite) by you.
I appreciate (have) the opportunity of seeing the queen then.

160
161
 USE OF T H E GERUND Most common of (hem are:

I. L i k e n o u n s , t h e Gerund is_often p r e c e d e d by possessive cause /reason /ground/excuse /apology /gift/reputation for;

(pro)nouns and prepositions: appointment/contribution /objection/promotion /opposition to/
tendency to;
e.g. Your (my, his, her, their, John's) committing a mistake is quite belief/ interest / harm / skill / hesitation /participation in;
understandable. attempt/aim /delight /irritation /satisfaction / surprise at;
To, что ты совершил ошибку ~ вполне понятно. excitement /doubt/dream /concern about

I don 7 mind their joining us.

Like verbs, t h e Gerund can be followed by objects and adverbial
Я не против того, чтобы они присоединились к нам.
modifiers and may be translated by a verb or a clause. In all cases t h e
Gerund may be translated into Russian by a noun, a verb, or a clause.
Note t h e difference i n m e a n i n g b e t w e e n p r e p o s i t i o n s 4 n % ' o n '
a n d ' a f t e r ' before t h e G e r u n d :

П. The verb 'be' and other link verbs followed by adjectives with
In (in the process of) negotiating the terms of the contract both parties came
across some problems. prepositions are always followed by the Gerund.
В процессе обсуждения (Обсуждая ...) условий контракта у обеих сторон
возник ряд вопросов. e.g. He has always been good at learning languages.
Он всегда был способен к изучению языков.
On (immediately after) negotiating the terms of the contract both parties
thanked each other for cooperation. I am sorry for interrupting you.
После обсуждения (Обсудив ...) условий контракта, обе стороны Простите, что прерываю вас.
поблагодарили друг друга за сотрудничество.
I am sure he is ashamed of having said this.
After (some time qfttr) negotiating the terms of the contract both parties left Я уверен, что ему стыдно, что он это сказал.
hi ш$
После <><><\\)/< <)ет/ч (Обсудив ..., После того как... ) условий контракта H e r e a r e s o m e adjectives t h a t a r e followed b y c e r t a i n preposition!
otn* стороны отбыли на родину.
Good / bad / surprised / annoyed at;
Prepositions 4 b y ' and ' w i t h o u t ' Afraid/ashamed/ aware /capable / tired/suspicious of;
common / responsible / important / essential / necessary / easy /
The conflict must be settled only by negotiating.
difficult / good / bad / useless for;
Конфликт должен быть улажен только путем переговоров.
accustomed/ used/committed/similar to;
Не left without saying good bye. bored /fed up / disappointed /pleased / satisfied with;
Он ушел, не попрощавшись. excited / happy / upset about; interested in
Many nouns are followed by preposition ' o f before the Gerund, but
there are some others which require a different preposition.

162 163
 I l l , T h e r e a r e v e r b s w h i c h r e q u i r e c e r t a i n p r e p o s i t i o n s w i t h Hie
6. She left without being asked to stay.
following G e r u n d , R e m e m b e r the verbs and the prepositions:
7. Before being promoted to a higher post foreign officers are to
serve in various regions of the world.
apologize /feel sorry /excuse /thank/ blame /forgive for;
8. After being appointed to the post, he met the press.
believe / succeed / confide /participate in;
depend / rely / congratulate/ insist on;
oppose / object / look forward to;
a in the perfect form
dream / think/think of;
decide /warn against; 1. Even now the thought of having talked to her touched him.
prevent / stop / keep / save from 2. He blamed himself for not having learned to drive a car before.
3. They showed no sign of having heard what had been said
E x e r c i s e 60 4. I am really ashamed of not having written to you for three years.
7
5. How did she account for the car having been smashed?
Translate the sentences containing the Gerund after prepositions.
6. After having been discussed the report was published.
a. in the active form 7. In spite of having served in the post for quite a time I can't get
used to its challenges.
8. She was surprised at having been asked about it.
1. Diplomacy requires special art of handling people.
2. Communities sought ways of communicating and establishing
relations with one another. Exercise 61
Match the two halves of each sentence. Mind the prepositions.
3. "A diplomatic corps is far from being a school of virtue".
4. O n e of the reasons for their objecting to negotiations is n o t
providing a forum for making concessions.
How to study efficiently
a*
5. They talked about her giving up the j o b and going to live in
(he country'. 1. Begin by
2. Be realistic: there is no point in
<> Tin* work of the overseas missions in promoting trade, engaging
in dialogue with local politicians and advancing British interests,
3. Find a quiet place where you can work without
promoting cultural, social and educational links and e n g a g i n g in 4. If possible, use it only for
public diplomacy is likely to become redundant in t h e X X I 5. Check you have everything you need before
i entury, 6. Encourage yourself by
7. Get used to
Л. in the passive form b.
a. studying
b. working independently
1. The speaker was annoyed at being interrupted now and then.
с starting work
2. After being looked through, the papers were registered.
3. She was always surprised at being asked about it. d. marking each topic on your list as you complete it
4. Instead of being promoted he was given the sack. e. making a list of what you have to do
5. I'm not used to being treated like this. f. making plans you can't possibly keep
g. being interrupted

164
165
 E x e r c i s e 62 19. Only (know) what the world looks like from inside will
Complete the following pieces of advice with your own ideas diplomats be able to provide political superiors with a reasonably
expressed by the gerund accurate forecast of their future conduct.
20. He congratulated the n e w members (admit) to the
1. You should take regular exercise i n s t e a d of... community.
2. Y o u c a n ' t earn a lot of money by ... 2 1 . A minister for foreign affairs is to have qualities that should
3. It's rude to borrow people's things w i t h o u t prevent h i m (compromise) himself in any discussion.
4. Y o u must always thank people for ... 22. An ambassador who is successful (fit) himself fully into
5. You m u s t n ' t insist on ... t h e life of the capital where he is assigned can undermine its
6. It's wrong to make accusations w i t h o u t . . . understanding of his own nation.
7. It's good manners to apologize for ... 23. (reach) the decision the participants began to shake hands.
8. Y o u should fill up with petrol b e f o r e ... 24. Russia insists (receive) a UN authorization to the use of
force in the region.
E x e r c i s e 63 25. H a v e y o u ever dreamt _ _ (earn) a million dollars?
Insert correct prepositions after adjectives and nouns and put the 26. He c a n ' t do anything __ (disturb) anybody or (disturb).
verbs in the brackets in the active or passive form of the Gerund 27. T h o s e students who have only excellent marks may get their pass
(ask) at the exam.
1. He is n o t responsible (handle) correspondence. 28. At the time I was very keen (get) an independent income.
2. I have been busy (report) the current events. 29. T h e reason his not (attend) the meeting is quite clear.
3. T h e reason the story is that it is sensational, (publish) 30. He is k n o w n to be good (communicate) with people.
4. He is surprisingly good (solve) problems.
5. They claim that their method is t h e fastest way (learn) to
speak a language. IV. T h e G e r u n d is used in a complex with a p r e p o s i t i o n a n d
6 Attractive people have a better chance (promote). possessive p r o ( n o u n ) o n t h e p a t t e r n :
7 I le had the reputation (have) a lot of t a c t
К People's belief his (work) wonders is amazing. preposition + (possessive) noun/(pro)mmn + Gerund
9 The opposition (introduce) the n e w bill was very strong. (often passive)
10, I am afraid (misunderstand).
11 I le succeeded (fulfil) the task.
12. (apologize) you might m a k e y o u r life easier. e.g. / didn 't know of her having been ill.
13. My father thinks I ' m not capable (earn) my own living. Я не знал, что она была больна.
14. They showed no sign (recognize) us.
15
- (copy) the text y o u m a d e n u m e r o u s mistakes. The possibility of his being involved in the crime seems real
Возможность того, что он замешан в этом
16. I was surprised not (consider) a m e m b e r of the team.
преступлении кажется реальной.
17. A capacity (learn) and (listen) is important for a diplomat.
18. Political Correctness is a term (take) a position which Did you hear about some students taking drugs?
is offensive to no one. Вы слышали, что некоторые студенты принимают
наркотики?

166 167
Exercise 64 Phi • • rli Qo I N l i
- •
Put the verbs in the brackets in the correct form in the Mi. .и il 0| pofl tCti I
complex. Translate the sentences into Russian.
wlmmlngt thopptng, • hopping, i A
1. Jobs and living standards depend on the industrial capacity of the
nation (use) to the full. Exercise 65
2. Refusal to do this work resulted in t w o men (suspend), and the
Translate the sentences into Russian.
strike action followed.
3. T h e injustices of foreign trade affected the chances of the p o o r
1. The government had to delay introducing the bill.
countries ever (become) less poor.
2. Imagine having to live on the state grant alone.
4. The w h o l e system was nothing but an alarm system designed to
3. They suggested conducting talks on the issue.
go off in case of raw materials (remove) illegally or (utilize).
4. Let's consider spending some time on the discussion.
5. T h e unions insisted on the employers (be) present during the
5. The officer didn't mind facing the challenges of the service.
discussions.
6. Diplomacy involves presenting credentials and participating in
6. We look forward to much attention (give) to this question.
diplomatic circuits.
7. T h e Finance Minister succeeded in another loan (grant) from t h e
7. The prime minister considered appointing him ambassador.
8. Diplomacy now includes being engaged in various fields.
W M F t o revive the country's economy.
9. A diplomat can't avoid communicating with the press.
V. There a r e which
10.1 appreciate being appointed to the post.
are i m m e d i a t e l y followed by t h e Gerund
11. We can't risk losing this chance after having made such an effort.
12. They postponed discussing the last issue till the next meeting.
Admit Forget Postpone
Advocate Fancy Put off Exercise 66
. Inticipale I'hrgiw Practice Piitthe verbs in the brackets in the correct getundial form.
Appreciate Finish Quit /give up
Ivi ud 1 *\n>our Risk 1. Do you mind his (join) us?
( \itnpLi.- Hate Resist 2. They were afraid to risk (put) the plan into effect.
( 'onxidei Include Recall 3. He appreciated (help) in his work.
Delay Involve Recollect
4. He avoided (say) these words to her.
Discuss Imagine Remember
I hspillV
5. I enjoy (make) fun of people, and I don't mind (make) fun of.
Justify Resume
Dislike Keep Resent 6. Have you ever considered (take) up the career of a diplomat?
Detest Mention Regret 7. You mentioned (be) in hospital last year.
Doubt Miss Suggest 8. Poor weather conditions caused us to delay (set off)
Enjoy Mind Tolerate 9. I agree to make a report on the subject but only if it doesn't
Go* ~" Promote Understand involve (ask) questions.
10. We keep (delay) by changes in the plans.
11. If you put off (examine) by the doctor, you risk (fall) seriously ill.

168 169
12. They singes! (postpone) llu* Lilks bruiuse llicy hmeu f Implied [0 i ii ib i i ii nil him on (hi in iti< i
(prepare) for (hem
13. You are (he most experienced person here, you can't ;ivoul (ask) I xercitfe uH
for advice. Paraphrase or connect the sentences so as to use the (wruml
14. Some diplomats try to avoid (interview).
15. The new post involved (meet) the public and (interpret) the 1. He quite forgot thai he had already told thai story.
policy. 2. Do you remember that y o u borrowed money from him?
3. T h e diplomat couldn't forget how7 he had started his career.
Remember that the activity expressed by the non-perfect Gerund 4. I couldn't recall that I had said anything of hat kind.
following the verbs 'admit, deny, forget, remember, recall, recollect, 5. He denied that he had d o n e anything illegal.
regret, mention9 always refers to the past No perfect infinitive is 6. They delayed the negotiations because of another military attack.
needed. 7. I want to avoid monthly payments if possible,
8. Could y o u consider a reduction in price?
e.g. He admitted seeing the document on the table but denied taking 9. He then described h o w he had escaped from prison.
it. - Он признал, что видел этот документ на столе, однако 10. They admitted that they h a d done it.
отрицал, что брал его. 11. I c a n ' t imagine I would ever agree to t h a t
Не mentioned noticing somebody enter the room. - Он сказал, что 12. They didn't finish preparations for the talks.
Заметил, как кто-то вошел в комнату.
13. This n e w project might involve an increase in staff.
I don V remember mentioning it once. - He помню, чтобы я упоминал 14. It is very expensive to do sport professionally.
об этом хоть раз. 15. It is his special pleasure to make fun of people, (enjoy)
You shouldn 't regret doing it. - Ты не должен сожалеть о том, что 16. T h e chairman suggested that they should make a break,
сделал.
I quite forgot being invited to the party. - Я совсем забыл, что меня Exercise 69
Translate the sentences into English using the Gerund

ise 67 1. Он признался, что списывал.

Use the verb in the brackets in the correct form. Translate the 2. Молодые люди отрицали свою причастность к грабежу.
sentences.
3. Сожалею, что доставил вам столько хлопот.
4. Помню, что как-то встречался с ним.
I I Ic admits (enter) the h o u s e but denies (take) anything.
5. Я совершенно забыл, что меня пригласили на эту встречу.
2. They deny (rob) the bank but admit (make) plans about it.
6. Он упомянул о том, что где-то видел это лицо.
3.1 d o n ' t recall ever (be) near their house.
7. Надо отложить проведение переговоров.
4. As usual he d o e s n ' t remember ever (ask) to help me.
8. Он предложил назначить на эту должность моего помощника.
5.1 d o n ' t recollect (write) d o w n this information somewhere.
9. Тебе надо подумать о том, чтобы сменить работу.
6. N e v e r regret (do) good to people. 10. Эта работа требует большой концентрации внимания.
7. If y o u admit (commit) a mistake, it will be appreciated. 11. Я не могу рисковать потерять эту работу.
8. I am sure y o u will regret (tell) the truth. 12. Они закончили подготовку к переговорам.
9. Forget (say) this.

170 171
 i )\y\i\ i ,11 I.I iм-iiin in отложить рдеемся ронис законi inpoo* го г кегс1и 7i
I I [e ПОМНЮ ч т и м и vro i онорпл. I пш shift* tin* sentences. I 'se the tlerumL
J Никогда Нв забывай что ты уже совершал такую омшГжл
d ('ожалею, что ( качал гебб об этом 1. Кормиi1. mepeii w юоиарке ме разрешается,
I я iaOi.iii что предупреждал тебя об отмене занятий, 2. Советую обратиться за советом к адвокату.
В < >н вспомнил, чгго ему предлагали эту должность. 3. Рекомендую полагаться только на себя.
(
i> K\wc очень не хватает регулярного обсуждения новостей. 4. Председатель настоятельно попросил соблюдать тишину.
1(1
Я предлагаю возобновить переговоры на следующей неделе. 5. В библиотеке запрещено громко разговаривать.
6. Я бы не советовал конфликтовать с ним.
Note thai the verbs allow, prohibit /forbid, advise / recommend, urge 7. Лектор не разрешает входить в аудиторию после звонка.
are followed by the Gerund if there is no direct object after them.
VI. Certain expressions and word-combinations with the - ing
с g, They do not allow/ advise smoking here, form of the verb_need remembering:
but: They do not allow/ advise ws to smoke here,
or We are not allowed/ advised to smoke hear.
It is worth doing - Стоит сделать
I recommend/ urge consulting an expert, It is no use / good doing - Бесполезно делать
but: I recommend /urge JW£ fo consult an expert. There is no sense / point in doing - Бессмысленно делать
or You are recommended /urged 'to, consult an expert. There is no explaining •••.- Невозможно объяснить
It's a waste of time / money doing ... - Делать (что-то) - время
Exercise 70 /деньги терять
Choose the right form of the italicized words. Can't help doing - Невозможно не .... не могу не ...
То have difficulty / trouble (in) doing - Испытывать сложное] ь
I. I can't allow talking/ to talk to me in such atone. То be busy (in) doing - Заниматься ч-л
' The piolessoi did not allow entering/ to enter the classroom after To be / get used / accustomed to doing - Привыкнуть к ...
the bell not to be confused with used to do - Раньше делал
I, i highly recommend using to use this dictionary, To feel like doing - Хотеть, чувствовать желание сделать
i i [e recommended me turning/to turn to you for help. То look forward to doing - Стремиться к, предвкушать,
5, The teacher advises us listening/ to listen to the news regularly. сильно хотеть
(> I wouldn't advise going /to go there.
7. They prohibit taking / to take books out of the reading-room. Exercise 72
8. The authorities urged economizing / to economize electricity. Translate the sentences containing the expressions.
9. The government urged the citizens keeping quiet / to keep quiet.
10. I recommend postponing / to postpone taking / to take a decision. 1. There is no point in giving advice unless you are asked for it.
2. There is no explaining the phenomenon.
3. It's a waste of time arguing on the subject.
4. I couldn't help supporting the idea.
5. You may have difficult}' getting a US visa.

172 173
 6. S o m e diplomats find it hard to get accustomed to living in 22. I [e was led (nnc when he tried to explain (he problem to her,
the countries with harsh climate. 21 The committee accepted the project. They couldn't help it
7. Does he feel like staying h e r e for another week'/ 24. I \c was working hard last night. I le was preparing his report.
8. I t ' s no use maintaining the e q u i p m e n t it's too old.
9. He cannot get used to having to m o v e from place to place. Exercise 74
10. T h e r e was no arguing with her about it. Complete the advice belo>v matching the two halves. Use appropriate
12. S o m e criticisms of present-day diplomacy are worth considering. prepositions if necessary.
13. He is looking forward to being promoted to this post.
14. He said he couldn't help being involved in the whole business. How to take exams
1. Begin a. read through the exam paper
Exercise 73 carefully.
Join or paraphrase the sentences making use of point VL 2. Make sure you know b. check the instructions.
exactly what to do
1. D o n ' t try to escape. It's no use. 3. There's no point с don't spend too long on one
2. D o n ' t ask h i m to help you. I t ' s no good. question.
3. D o n ' t hurry. It's not worth it. 4. Don't waste time d. don't try to see how your
4. D o n ' t study if y o u ' r e feeling tired. There's no p o i n t friends are getting on.
5. D o n ' t get angry. I t ' s not worth it 5. Avoid careless mistakes e. allow time to check all your
6. D o n ' t work if you d o n ' t need the money. T h e r e ' s no sense in it.
answers.
7. I ' d read this book if I were you. I t ' s really worth that.
6. It's really worth f. cheats rarely do well, in Ihe
8. N o b o d y can understand his behaviour. It cannot be explained.
long run
There is ...
(
). It is really difficult for me to learn English prepositions.
Exercise 75
И) You waste money when you buy cheap things.
Translate the sentences into English using the Gerund.
11 i don'1 wani to go out this night.
I? Tin* company wishes to acquire this product. 1. Бесполезно говорить ему, что он ошибается.
I I, I )«)ii I shout al me I am not used to it
2. Не стоит участвовать в этом мероприятии.
M The idea was brilliant We couldn't resist it and accepted it
3. Мне трудно учить сразу два языка.
readily, (couldn't help)
4. Бессмысленно поддерживать такого рода отношения.
15. Ilis not my habit to think so hard in the morning.
5. С террористами нельзя вести переговоры.
16. He looked so funny that it was difficult for me not to laugh.
6. Я очень хочу заняться политикой.
17. I cannot study in the reading-room. I am not accustomed to it.
7. Нельзя не удивляться его искусству ладить с людьми.
18. I like to study in my room. I am used to it.
8. Я не мог привыкнуть вставать так рано.
19. He doesn't want to go out. He doesn't feel like it
9. Невозможно было привыкнуть жить в небоскребе.
20. It was difficult for him to pass the exam.
10. Не стоит терять время на переписывание текста.
21. I like it when quiet music is playing while I am studying. It helps
11. Мы с нетерпением ждем его реакцию на наши предложения.
me to concentrate, (be used).
12. Невозможно привыкнуть к постоянному повышению цен.

174 175
13. В таких обстоятельствах он не мог не заняться политикой, b. When Speaking about preferences begin as follows:
14. Когда зазвонил телефон, я занимался переводом статьи. 1. My favourite way of relaxing is ...
15. Стоит отложить рассмотрение этого вопроса. 2. Another way I relax is by ...
16. Я не могу привыкнуть к жизни в городе. 3. In my opinion, the best way of dealing with stress is ...
17. Тебе будет трудно получить американскую визу. 4. When I am in a blue mood I prefer... rather than ...
18. Стоит подумать о том? чтобы попробовать другие методы. 5.1 believe ... is a good way of making new friends.
19. Нельзя оспорить тот факт, что английский язык стал языком
международного общения. VIIL The use of either the Gerund or the Infinitive after some
20. Бессмысленно искать причины его ухода из политики. verbs may change the meaning of the sentence*
Compare the examples in the chart and translate them into
VII. Some verbs may be followed either by the Gerund or the Russian.
Infinitive without any changes in the meaning:
V+-ing V+ To Infinitive
attempt, authorise, can't stand / can't bear, decline, intend, begin, Forget, remember refers to a completed implies uncompleted
start, continue, fear, prefer•*, deserve, forbid, love, like(=enjoy) action: action:
/ remember meeting Remember to switch off
him two years ago. the light. -1 never
*The verb 'prefer' is used on the following pattern: I'll never forget visitingforget to do it.
prefer doing sih to doing sth him in the mission.
prefer to do sth rather than do sth Try implies experimenting implies an effort to do
to see the effect: Try sth difficult; / tried to
e.g. In my spare time I prefer reading a book to watching TV. walking in my shoes; reach him on the /•//. *ne
or In my spare time I prefer to read a book rather than watch TV. you'll see what I feel. but failed.
Mean implies an activity implies Intention oi
Exercise 76 I involving or leading to wish tO do
doing sth: Sony, 1 didn't menu to
Work in pairs. Find out about your partner's likes, dislikes and Going to university
preferences in the way of relaxing. hurt yon
means working hard, They meant to finish
j :
but yet it does not mean their report by the end
tU I se the verbs and expressions hate, enjoy, don t mind, can't stand, forgetting about the of the month.
prefer to rate the following activities: pleasures of life.
Regret implies a past activity: implies feeling sorry to
playing cards dreaming doing the shopping / regret sending the announce some bad
learning languages reading doing sport letter; I should never news: We regret to
studying in the library have done that. inform you that...
visiting museums going to nightclubs
Stop Gerund implies Infinitive implies
lying on the beach in going for walks playing computer finishing an action finishing an action in
the sun games completely: order to do another
Stop saying nonsense! one: He stopped to light
a cigarette.

176 177
 I. li
implies doing the same implies starting doing b. After a short break the MPs went on to dispute /disputing over
Go on activity: stli different.
They studied the
the issue.
j They went on discussing contract and went on to 7. a. As a junior officer he likes to turn / turning to his senior officer
the terms for some time. discuss its terms. for advice.
b. Many diplomats do not like to attend / attending diplomatic
Like implies pleasure out of implies choice or circuits.
an activity: preference: 8. a. The spokesman regretted to inform / informing the audience
She likes doing her She likes to consult a that the president of the company would not be able to attend
work senior officer when in a
the press-conference,
difficulty.
b. I regret to tell / telling him the secret: he let me down.
gives passive meaning passive Infinitive gives 9. a. The problem needs solving / to solve as soon as possible,
Need /want / require/ to the activity referring the same meaning b. We need solving / to solve the problem as soon as possible.
demand to non-personal noun The terms of the Ю. a. I tried to explain / explaining my problem but he wouldn't
The terms of the contract need to be listen.
contract need careful studied carefully.
b. In persuading him she, first of all, tried to apply / applying to
studying. But:
He needs to work hard.
his common sense, when it didn't work, she tried to threaten /
threatening.
11. a. I like to pay/paying bills quite promptly.
E x e r c i s e 77
b. He likes to be / being the center of attention.
Choose the right alternative. Translate the sentences..
12. a. Please stop to make /making so much noise.
b. After an hour, we stopped to make /making a cup of coffee
1. a. He stopped to write / writing in his notebook.
13. a. I remember to see /seeing him somewhere.
b. I Ic stopped to write /writing down t h e telephone in his
b. Did you remember to phone/phoning him and tell him thai we
notebook
can't come on Saturday?
2, a I le definitely remembered to see /seeing John arrive j u s t after
LOa m
Exercise 78
Ь Although I was busy, I remembered to buy / buying a present
Choose between the Gerund and the Infinitive.
I a h 6 often tried to give up /giving up smoking.
b I lave you fried to chew / chewing gum as a substitute?
1. Accreditation means to give /giving official appointment to a
4. a I [e never forgets to congratulate / congratulating me on my
diplomatic envoy.
birthday.
2. A diplomat cannot forget to attend/ attending diplomatic circuits.
b. He always forgets to congratulate / congratulating me on my
3. Remember to send/ sending the invitations.
birthday, and does it twice a year.
7 4. I am sure he meant to pull /pulling my leg.
5. a. The new appointment means to get /getting a rise in salary,
5. Don't hurry, stop thinking / to think what you will do next.
b. By promoting me he means to raise /raising my salary, at
6. Sorry, but I forgot to remind / reminding you about the matter.
least I hope so.
7. The note said, "We regret to inform / informing you that we no
6. a. After having discussed the most vital issues wre went on to
longer need your services."
discuss /discussing some minor ones.

178 179
 8. My boss likes to appear /appearing at work before othei 30, I [e later went on to form /forming a computer company.
employees come.
9. We need to review /reviewing the decisions made. Exercise 79
10. Being appointed as an ambassador means to face /facing new Complete the story with the correct verbal forms.
challenges.
11. The staff of the company likes to celebrate /celebrating holidays As he walked along the street to the theatre, T o m stopped
together. (1) (think). Had he remembered (2) (bring) the tickets?
12. The two countries stopped to maintain / maintaining diplomatic He remembered (3) (buy) them a week ago but had he forgotten
relations. (4) (put) them in his pocket? He checked his pocket — the
13. After a break the subject was changed and he went on to speak/ tickets were there!
speaking on the economic problems. Then another thought crept into his mind. Had he forgotten (5)
14. He said he regretted to argue /arguing with his boss. (lock) the door of his house? He could remember (6) (switch
15. In making his report the speaker stopped to take / taking a gulp of off) the lights, but he had no memory of (7) (lock) the door.
water. At first he thought that he should stop (8) (worry) and continue
16. The former ambassador did not like to remember /remembering (9) (walk) to the theatre, but then he realized that if the door was
to stay /staying in this country. unlocked, he would regret (10) (go) on his way without
17. The treaty requires to review /reviewing. (11) (check). He decided (12) (go) back.
18. Y o u look tired, try to have /having a cup of strong tea and then to
take /taking a nap. It may help. Exercise 80
19. We were all exhausted so we stopped to get / getting some rest at Draw conclusions from the following statements using need want,
a motel. require.
20. Do you remember to see /seeing that film last summer?
21. Nothing will stop their enquiries, they mean to get /getting to the Model: This coat is rather dirty, (clean) —* // needs (wants, requires)
bottom of this strange business. cleaning (to be cleaned).
2 2 I )on't forget to record/recording 'East Enders* t o m o r r o w
eveninj», 1. This room hasn't been painted for years (paint).
2 1 Aftei ;i careei in the secret service, Ian Fleming went on 2. Your hair is too long (cut).
ih hteving to achieve fame as an author. 3. The trousers are too long (shorten).
'I Transglobe Airlines regrets to announce /announcing the 4. Those shoes are rather dirty (polish).
cancellation of today's flight to Istanbul. 5. The pencil is blunt (sharpen).
25. I stopped to eat / eating sugar years ago. 6. This plant hasn't been watered for a week, it may fade (water).
26. Darling, did you remember to pack/packing some spare cassettes 7. The project doesn't seem to have been well worked out (consider).
for the video camera yesterday? 8. These armchairs are too old and shabby (replace).
27. I went on to write /writing the report. 9. The law is not perfect, (revise)
28. Have you ever tried to paint /painting! 10. The Parliament is inefficient (dismiss).
29. We tried to press/pressing the 'escape* key but the program just
wouldn't respond.

180 181
 i itrcUi н\ i" Щ i.|.. i i м п.. ... и,. и. и \) н I iorpi мт нога юпро< I \Q
Complete the sentence* with йП appropriate gcnim/lal fbfM **/ the i ie i\ jouiei о ia< еданил
following verbs: gel //,/,v, go r/w/. /••• | '), WOVks IntndU', look, «///<//</, I I I I p i n i i a i o M I D t>i.in попран.
say, prepare, steal, consider, give, deal I.' I \c помню, чтобы и гоиорил гакое
13 Он совсем забыл, что уже предлагал эту идею.
1. He hated staff meetings and avoided them whenever he 14. Мне стыдно, что я потерял самообладание.
could. 15. Ты должен избегать общения с такими людьми.
2. As she felt nervous, Lucy practiced her speech in front 16. Я думаю о том, чтобы летом поработать в Министерстве
of the mirror. иностранных дел.
3. Most of the students had finished _ before the exam began. 17. Это хорошая возможность познакомиться со своей будущей
4. Kevin admitted a thief but denied the jewels. профессией поближе.
5. My job involves _ customers' complaints. 18. Хорошо подумай, прежде чем соглашаться на эту работу.
6. Sally dreaded to the dentist's. 19. Мы привыкли называть нашу страну великой державой
7. I don't mind your the problem. 20. Он всегда предпочитал переписке личное общение.
8. Have you considered for a new j ob?
9. That minor issue is not worth . Let's leave it out Exercise 83
10. He will certainly object to in such a small office. Put the verbs in the brackets either in the infinitive or gerundial
11. I can't help angry when you do such silly things. form (passive or active, non-perfect or perfect).
12. John always puts off the doctor. a.
13. I can't stand polite to those people. 1. I refused (lend) him any more money.
14. It's no use advice to him. He won't listen. 2. They denied (sell) forged tickets.
15. What about _ a picnic on Saturday? 3. Martin is planning (change) his job.
4. We are used to (live) together.
Exercise 82 5. The prime-minister didn't mind (criticize) in his policy but he
Translate the Sentences into English using the Gerund preferred the critics (be) constructive.
6. They are sure (keep) (talk) about the status of the four islands.
l Мне ие счет, хочется заниматься в читальном зале. 7. Without their involvement you risk (lose) the case.
2. Вы не против, если я буду выступать последним? 8. The Declaration commits (eradicate) poverty, (promote)
I ()ни прекратили переговоры два года назад. education and (reverse) the spread of HIV/AIDS.
4. Эта работа требует общения с людьми и умения делать это. 9. The government's program in social welfare may involve
5. Мне не очень хочется работать под его руководством. (reconsider) the budget and (revise) the overall policy.
6. Он очень жалеет о том, что не выучил язык. 10. It is evident that the policy in this field needs (change).
7. Трудно представить, как он будет жить без работы. 11. Public confidence in the safety of nuclear power is certain
8. Чтобы развить навыки устной речи, хорошо практиковаться (risk) (hit) hard.
в общении с носителями языка. 12. Women are more likely (pay) less than men despite (be) more
9. Если вы не можете найти информацию, попробуйте поискать highly qualified.
в Интернете. 13. Imagine (have) (live) only on your state grant.

182 183
I-I The aim и! (he ( o m n i u m I v |>«>lirv IN (help) и им h-) iu*\\ |»>btl i n. i. om#) I- ihttl i "M. in Ion i- - IU i kl fth I h \t\ >
and promote (retrain) optimli'"
15. The programme aims (assist) the development о Г new economic i • и . no "".„I (insist) on (judge) people bj theii flnl wronj itep
activities in regions. 13 [ f d rathei you stopped (refer) to the same source
16. For many years the British government sought (reduce) the 14. Direct democracy involves (lake) decisions through referendum!,
costs of the Community's agricultural policy. 15. When changing the course some party members believed they
17. The spokesman tried (avoid) (be) too direct in making could not afford (lose) any of the constituency votes, others
conclusions. thought it might be worth (risk).
18. Russia offered (put off) (pay) the debt for a couple of years if 16. Some good ideas tend (forget).
the WMF did not mind (wait) till Russia's economy starts 17. American people dislike (order) to do anything.
(revive). 18. Created in 1688 the Whig party aimed (subordinate) the power of
19. 19. Israel refused (make) concessions to Palestine claiming it was the crown to that of Parliament and the upper class.
no use (negotiate) with the PLO. 19. The speaker was sure (have) no difficulty (express) his viewpoint.
20. Ever since people began (live) in tribes and villages, they have 20. He resented (ask) (wait). He expected (receive) at once.
had (balance) order with liberty. Individual freedom had 21. The ministers were afraid (argue) the prime-minister's policy
(weigh) against the need for security to all. being afraid of (lose) their posts.
21. The mediator remembered (produce) the necessary arguments.
There was no (contradict) them. Exercise 84
22. (Not get) enough education, or (not take) it seriously enough, is Translate the sentences using either the Gerund or the Infinitive.
a common regret even among highly educated people.
b 1. Я не хочу огорчать ее, рассказывая ей, как ты себя вел
1. They could not help (treat) the politician with due respect. 2. После того как его не было 12 лет, он не может ожида i b
7 When a beginning politician he didn't use (be determined) (stand) от нас, что мы будем с нетерпением ждать встречи С ним.
on his point of view. 3. Вы думаете, что у него есть шанс сдать экзамен?
V Now he is used to (compete) with a rival. 4. Он продолжал рассказывать нам о том, как работал В
'I In spite of (he late hour they went on (discuss) the delegates' посольстве.
powers. 5. Подозревала ли она их в том, что они пытались обмануть ее?
5. There is no (deny) that democratic solutions are appropriate for 6. Невозможно понять, зачем он это сделал.
matters relating to the community. 7. Он пришел без приглашения.
6. The sphere of democracy is certain (reflect) in a rejection of direct 8. Комиссия решила, что мою идею стоит попробовать.
forms of democracy. 9. Ты не имеешь права задавать мне такие вопросы.
7. Mrs. Thatcher remembered (criticize) for her accent after which 10. Барт вспомнил, что надо досчитать до пяти, прежде чем
she began (take) lessons in pronunciation and orator's skills. ответить отцу.
Later people couldn't help (impress) by her persuasiveness. 11. Я не имею представления о том, что здесь происходит, и
8. The minorities appear (be tired) of (repress). даже боюсь спросить.
9. They only pretended (sound) cheerful. 12. Я видел, что он списывает. Он рискует, что его поймают.
10. The government should give up (conduct) this kind of policy. 13. Мне было интересно слушать то, что нам рассказывали.

184 185
14. Никогда не забуду, что участвовал в тех поре] ово] i think (6) In .i pla< i hi <• Пи i |oln i.m
15. Сожалею, что приходится говорить ВАМ ЭТО Mine (no I wo othei nil-, from m\ eouise here mul I plnn (h
16. Но ведь ты же не можешь жить так и дальше! friends with them so thai we enn help em h othei with (he i шн:.• wot I
17. Не могу привыкнуть жить в общежитии. Everyone else seems ver\ nice. As Moiuhv w;i; \\w ЙЯ1 d;i\ к wu
18. Бесполезная трата времени - читать детективы. devoted to administration, which involved (K) lots of ГОГПМ I
19. Он начал читать книгу со второй главы, не прочитав первую. got my student LD card and the timetable for this term. I've got a
20. Он разорвал контракт, не читая. personal tutor and he's arranged (9) me next week. T h e
21. Проверяя документ, я обнаружил несколько ошибок. course coordinator persuaded me (10) some extra courses
22. Рад был с вами познакомиться. Надеюсь встретиться снова. which should be interesting. On Tuesday I managed (11) a
23. Я не могу позволить себе не готовиться к занятиям. bank account and I deposited my student loan check. I tried (12)
24. Не забудь подготовиться к дебатам. the check but the bank said I will have to w7ait for it
25. Он перестал читать журнал и попробовал сосредоточиться на (13) S o F l l h a v e t o delay (14) books and things until
том, что говорил лектор. next week.
26. Мы не можем добиться успеха в создании демократического My first few lectures proved (15) really fascinating.
общества, не сделав свободной прессу. The lecturers really seem (16) what they are talking a b o u t
Still, there's a lot of work to do and I can f t help (17) if I'll be
Exercise 85 able to keep up with it all, especially with all the distractions here.
Complete the letter with suitable Infinitive or Gerundial forms of the There are so many clubs and societies, it's incredible. I'm hoping (18)
words below. The first one has been done as an example (0). the parachuting club, I've always fancied (19) how
to do that! Well, I'd better (20) now, I'm going (21) my
Ask, attend, he, clear, stop, live, bring, buy, cash, cook, fill in, make, first seminar this afternoon, so I've got some preparation to do.
open, say, see, take, find, join, know, wonder, write, let, learn Anyway, I promise (22) , again soon.
Love to everyone, Charlotte.
Dear Mum and Dad,
So my firs! week ai university is over! No lectures this morning so Exercise 86
I thought I'd drop you a line (0) to let... you know how things are Complete the texts with correct forms of the verbs in the brackets*
going
I'm glad (I) that everything has worked out fine in the hall a. Persona Non Grata
of residence. I remembered (2) for a room as far away from
the lifts as possible (they really are noisy) and they found me a nice Numerous instances of a diplomatic agent (1 become) persona non
comfortable one on the second floor. The rooms are not very large and grata are recorded in the books, and others are known (2 occur)
I was a bit shocked (3) that ten people have to share one without (3 make) public. In European countries such matters have
bathroom! And it's a good thing you recommended (4) my often been covered up with official secrecy. Here the term is used (4
own portable TV set from home as the one in the TV lounge is denote) cases in which a diplomatic agent, after (5 accept) and (6
permanently tuned to the sports channel. There's also a little enter) upon his functions, has in some way given offence to the
kitchenette in our corridor, so if I feel like (5) something for government to which he is accredited, so as (7 make) them (8 ask) for
myself rather than eating in the canteen then that's no problem. his recall. In some instances the request has been granted with more or

186
187
less readiness; in others it has been declined. In the latter case the By the close of the 16th century diplomacy had become frankly
offended government has happened (9 inform) the agent that no Machiavellian, and the ordinary rules of morality were held not (12
further official intercourse would (10 hold) with h i m and (11 send) apply) to the intercourse between nations. This was admitted in theory
h i m his passports. as well as in practice. Germonius, after a vigorous denunciation of (13
lie) in general, argued that it was permissible for the safety or
b. Request for Recall convenience of princes.
At the same time he affirmed that an ambassador must (14 study)
In 1793 Mr. E C . Genet was appointed French minister to the (15 speak) the truth. The situation is summed up in the famous
United States. On his arrival, and before (1 present) his credentials, he definition of Sir Henry Wotton: ' A n ambassador is an honest man sent
began (2 fit) out privateers (armed ships, privately owned, authorized (16 lie) abroad for the good of his country'. The most successful liar,
by the government to attack enemy shipping) (3 seize) British ships, in in fact, was considered (17 be) the most successful diplomat. So it was
violation of the United States neutrality. accepted, that no diplomat was even expected (18 believe) and the
W h e n remonstrated with, Mr. Genet expressed contempt for the best way (19 deceive) was, as Bismarck cynically put it, (20 tell) the
opinions of the President. By (4 question) the president's authority truth.
Genet offended the nation. T h e US representative in Paris was But in addition to (21 be) a liar ex officio, the ambassador was
instructed (5 ask) for Genet's recall, which was immediately granted. also an honorable spy. The principle functions of ambassadors
The French Republican Government took advantage of the occasion consisted in (22 look) after the affairs of his own country and (23
(6 ask) for the withdrawal of Mr. Morris, who had taken part in the discover) the affairs of the other. 'A clever minister will know h o w
effort (7 effect) the escape of Louis X V I from Paris. This was at once (24 keep) himself informed of all that goes on. 5 This being so,
conceded. ambassadors were regarded as necessary but unwelcome guests.

c. On the History of Diplomacy d. Reform is on the way

The origins of diplomacy are (1 seek) in Venice. As early as the There will soon be something of a revolution in American
13th century the republic, with a view to (2 safeguard) the public diplomacy if the Senate has its way. It has just passed a Bill requiring
interests, began (3 lay) down a series of rules for the conduct of its Ambassadors and other members of the Foreign Service (1 have) a
ambassadors. Thus envoys to the court of Rome were forbidden (4 try) 'useful knowledge' of the principal language or dialect of countries in
(5 find) benefice for anyone. In 1268 ambassadors were commanded which they are (2 serve), with an understanding of their history,
(6 surrender) on their return any gifts they had received, and by culture, and political institutions. In other words it will no longer be
another decree, they were made (7 take) an oath (8 conduct) affairs to possible for an envoy (3 appoint) to Sri Lanka without (4 know) the
the honour and advantage of the republic. About the same time it was name of its Prime Minister. The Bill needs still (5 pass) the House of
decided that diplomatic agents were (9 hand) in, on their return, a Representatives and (6 sign) into law.
written account of their mission. A n d after (10 expand) the decree Senator Fulbright has been consistent in (7 enforce) these linguistic
ordered the ambassadors (11 deposit), within fifteen days of their standards. She expressed her disappointment at many diplomats,
return, a written account of the replies made to them during their whether or not career officers, (8 be) not bad enough (9 reject) but not
mission together with anything they might have seen or heard to the really first-rate. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee issued a
honour or in the interests of the republic. report which called such failure inexcusable. The richest country in

188 189
the world, it said, could well afford (10 employ) and (11 tram) well-
qualified members of the foreign service. U N I T III. NEWS MEDIA: THE POWER TO INFORM
The Bill provides a training period of five years for (12 acquire)
language qualifications for certain posts, and after that time no one STEP 1. P R I N T AND E L E C T R O N I C M E D I A
without such qualification could (13 appoint) to them except in an
emergency. The Bill is also calculated (14 put) an end to the service T h e topical v o c a b u l a r y to be r e m e m b e r e d
policy of (15 require) officers (16 serve) in various regions of the
world before (17 nominate) for a senior appointment. 1. to publish v. публиковать, издавать,
(to print and issue for sale) печатать, оглашать
e. Public diplomacy publisher n. (Am.) / owner издатель, владелец
publishing house издательство
Public diplomacy means (1 pay) close attention to (2 create) and (3 to publicize v. / to advertise рекламировать,
maintain) good opinions held about one's country by the public of пропагандировать
publication n. публикация, оглашение
another. Depending on the degree of development of a country, public
publicity n. известность, публичность
diplomacy may also (3 involve) forms of aid, for example, medical or
public adj. государственный,
educational respectively. Humanitarian disasters of one kind or
(associated with people, (обще) народный, гласный,
another also provide opportunity for public diplomacy (4 conduct) at
serving people) публичный, открытый,
many levels. Public diplomacy is often accused of (5 be), in fact,
общедоступный
propaganda by another name; but it is not propaganda put about in the общественный порядок
public order
interests of authorities. Propaganda is based on falsehoods and public law государственный закон
untruths and may also (6 describe) as 'disinformation', while the the public общественность, парод
programs of public diplomacy deal with the known facts. USIA public at large широкие4 массы
officials maintain that (7 do) otherwise would be counterproductive as to make public / to issue обнародовать, сделать
their reliability would (8 challenge). The director of USIA summed up достоянием гласности
his view when he said: "American traditions and the American ethic Do not confuse with
require us (9 be) truthful, but the most important reason is that truth is social adj. (associated with society, общественный,
the best propaganda and lies are the worst. (10 be) persuasive we must affecting public interest) социальный, светский
be believable; (11 be) believable we must be credible; (12 be) credible social order общественный строй
we must be truthful." (un)sociable / communicative adj. (не) общительный,
The development of public diplomacy also emphasizes another дружелюбный
feature of the contemporary foreign sendee. As in so many areas of sociability n. / communicability общительность
activity both government and non-government, the pyramid of society n. / community общество
authority is being flattened by the nature of work (13 do). (14 achieve)
good negotiating positions on particular issues as well as (15 2. to own v. / to possess владеть
formulate) successful public diplomacy, there have (16 be) owner n. / proprietor (formal) владелец
ownership n. владение
connections with politicians and interested groups, other friendly
own adj. собственный
governments and business and finance.

191
190
 on one's own
самостоятельно UNIT 111. NEWS MEDIA: THE POWER TO INFORM
to have one's own way
делать по-своему
STEP 1. PRINT AND ELECTRONIC MEDIA
3. to edit v. редактировать, издавать
editor n. редактор
The topical vocabulary to be remembered
sub-editor n. помощник редактора
editorial n. / leader редакционная / передовая статья
1. to publish v. публиковать, издавать,
editorial office / board редакция / редакционный совет
(to print and issue for sale) печатать, оглашать
edition n. издание
publisher n. (Am.) / owner издатель, владелец
publishing house издательство
4. to advertise v./ to publicize рекламировать,
to publicize v. / to advertise рекламировать,
пропагандировать
пропагандировать
advertisement n. / advertising реклама публикация, оглашение
publication n.
(but commercials on TV)
publicity n. известность, публичность
advertiser n. рекламодатель
public adj. государственный,
(associated with people, (обще) народный, гласный,
5. to subscribe (to / for) v. подписываться (на)
serving people) публичный, открытый,
subscription n. подписка
общедоступный
subscriber n. подписчик
public order общественный порядок
public law государственный закон
6. to provide v. (sb with sth ) поставлять, обеспечивать
the public общественность, народ
to provide that.,. ставить условием, что...
public at large широкие массы
to provide for предусматривать
to make public / to issue обнародовать, сделать
provision n. 1)обеспечение, поставка
достоянием гласности
2) условие, положение
Do not confuse with
to make provision (for) предусматривать, social adj. (associated with society, общественный,
гарантировать affecting public interest) социальный, светский
provided / providing conj. при условии social order общественный строй
(un)sociable / communicative adj. (не) общительный,
7. to emphasize v. придавать особое значение, дружелюбный
to point out / to highlight / выделять, подчеркивать, sociability n. / communicability общительность
to focus (on) делать упор на society n. / community общество
emphasis n. особое значение,
выразительность 2. to own v. / to possess владеть
to put / lay emphasis (on) особо подчеркнуть owner n. / proprietor (formal) владелец
emphatic adj. выразительный, подчеркнутый ownership n. владение
own adj. собственный

192 191
 S 1<> со i про (с v ( < H I л \:\ 11,( ;\ k'Ollk'yрмрошП Ь
on one s own самостоятельно competition и состязание, конкуренция
to have one's own way делать по-своему competitor n. конкурент, соперник
competitive adj. конкурентный,
3. to edit v. редактировать, издавать
конкурентоспособный
editor n. редактор
competitiveness n. конкурентоспособность
sub-editor n. помощник редактора
editorial n. / leader редакционная / передовая статья
редакция / редакционный совет
9. to rely (on) v. / to depend (on) полагаться (на), зависеть
editorial office / board (un)reliable adj./ (in)dependable
издание (не)надежный
edition n. independent (of) независимый
рекламировать, reliance n. / dependence (on) доверие, опора
4. to advertise v./ to publicize
пропагандировать reliability n. / dependability надежность, уверенность
advertisement n. / advertising реклама
10, to broadcast v. (broadcast) вещать, передавать,
{but commercials on TV)
advertiser n. рекламодатель транслировать (по радио, ТВ)
broadcast n. трансляция, вещание, передача
5. to subscribe (to / for) v. подписываться (на) ВВС - British Broadcasting Corporation
subscription n. подписка
subscriber n. подписчик 11. to cover v. (news, events) освещать (новости, события)
coverage n. (of news, events) освещение (поносгей, событий)
6. to provide v. (sb with sth ) поставлять, обеспечивать cover n. обложка, прикрытие, убежище
to provide that... ставить условием, что... to seek cover искам. уббЖИЩв
to provide for предусматривать to break cover (from) сорвать покров (с)
1) обеспечение, поставка to cover up v.
provision n. скрывать, препятствовать
2) условие, положение
разглашению
to make provision (for) предусматривать, cover-up n. сокрытие, утаивание
гарантировать
provided / providing conj. при условии 12. to concern v. касаться, иметь отношение
to be concerned with заниматься, быть связанным с
7. to emphasize v. придавать особое значение,
to be concerned about беспокоиться о
выделять, подчеркивать,
to point out / to highlight / as far as I am concerned что касается меня
делать упор на
to focus (on) parties / those concerned заинтересованные стороны
особое значение,
emphasis n. the issue concerned / involved рассматриваемый вопрос
выразительность
особо подчеркнуть concerning касательно, относительно
to put / lay emphasis (on)
выразительный, подчеркнутый concern n. беспокойство, озабоченность
emphatic adj.
to cause concern вызывать беспокойство
a matter / issue of great concern важный вопрос

192
193
13, to refer (to) v. ссылаться на 3, After various changes in the the newspaper Today was
to refer to as называться sold to Rupert Murdoch.
reference n. I) ссылка; 2) рекомендация 4. There are a number of newspapers in the country by
a book of reference справочник individuals.
5. of the press in Britain is in the hands of individuals or a
14. to circulate v. тиражировать, циркулировать few large publishing groups.
circulation n. тираж, циркуляция
circular adj. круговой (un) cover, coverage, cover (up)
circle n. круг, кружок
1. It is difficult for the media the growing number of
crises throughout the world.
Exercise 1 The issue needs serious consideration.
Complete the sentences with the right derivatives. 3. Much of the Times' prestige rests on its excellent in-depth
of national and international issues and political events.
publish, publisher, publication, publicity, to publicize, public 4. Most readers were attracted by the colourful of the book.
5. Our readership prefers intelligent without bias.
1. My favourite paper has had to cease for 17 days because 6. By investigative journalism newspapers can hidden
of a printers' strike. facts that need, in their view, to be made public.
2. Some distinguished politicians try to avoid unwanted .
3. By their style of life some famous personalities try not to advertise, advertisement, advertising, advertiser, commercials
be forgotten.
4. Ilie primary challenge a daily newspaper faces is the 1. Some reporters try other people's damaging personal
cost of producing his paper. secrets to sell them to tabloids.
5. The earliest known newspaper in Britain was in 1513. 2. At present run for two and a half minutes.
(> The newspaper had an apology and pay a fine for its 3. Most revenue is generated in peak time from 6 to 11 pm.
unchecked . 4. Why not a paper without ? E. W. Scripps started any
7. The behaviour of the royal family is always a matter of intense of them but the Industrial revolution and a mass consumption
curiosity. society forced into his papers.
8. The of these papers felt that there wras a need for 5. The primary challenge a daily newspaper publisher faces is the
something new and different to fill a gap in the market. cost of producing his paper that goes on every day regardless of
9. By providing a window on the world, newspapers make how much or how little each issue carries.
facts that would otherwise remain hidden or unknown. 6. The goal of is to get their message into every household
of the area as cheaply as possible.
own, owner, ownership
rely, reliance, reliable, reliability
l. Rupert Murdoch is the largesi single newspaper __.
(
I inhl l>x<> a private family (he Daily Tclcy/aph I Youi on (he objeelivily ol (he press has no ground
 I

2. Mass media tend in their covering the news on most 3. The first conference of the day takes place in the
sources of information. office.
One can hardly on the impartiality of this newspaper. 4. In a quality paper, one of the most important articles is an
4. It is very easy to challenge the of the n e w s source. usually written by an .
5. on the mass media one can m a k e misleading conclusions. 5. is a particular copy, or a number of printed copies,
6. This press agency is k n o w n for its as far as the coverage issued at the same time.
of the n e w s is concerned. 6. A newspaper is published in several .
7. Picture must maintain relationships with paparazzi.
provide, provision, provided / providing
compete, competition, competitor, competitive, competitiveness
1. The media not only information about the world, but ways
of seeing and understanding it. 1. in mass media is one of the highest.
2. Subscription for a periodical it with sustained financial 2. These two newspapers for their readership ever since
support. they were launched.
3. Each report contains an event and t h e event what 3. The management wouldn't hear of any views.
journalists all call a news ' p e g ' . 4. European countries are reforming their economic and labour
4. By a w i n d o w on the world, newspapers make public facts markets in the areas of job mobility and .
that would otherwise remain hidden or u n k n o w n . 5. The situation is certain to result in tense between them.
5. T h e First A m e n d m e n t to the American Constitution makes 6. Being a large economy does not mean that the country is one of
for the press freedom. the richest in GDP (Gross Domestic Product) terms.
6. that a newspaper gets its facts right, the journalist still
has to present these to the readers clearly. concern, to be concerned (with / about), concerning, concerned

emphasize, emphasis, emphatic 1. As far as his prospects in big politics , they are doubtful.
2. Our is not so much with the quantity but with the
1. Л story can be 'dramatic', 'serious' and 'amusing' at the same quality of the product.
time, and newspapers will choose which side of the story . 3. All the parties expressed their willingness to cooperate.
2. The president sounded most ______ in his appeal to the audience. 4. People were divided the nation's future possibilities.
3. In the government's report the was laid on the need to 5. Thatcher's victory caused for both opposition parties.
economize the budget funds. 6. The speaker was primarily his popularity.
4. The home news editor outlines the major story and its 7. Opinion varied on the issue __ .
importance. 8. This movement environmental problems.
9. European countries disagreed with the United States _________
edit, edition, editorial, editor Russia and other foreign policy matters.
10. Since the problem being discussed only a few, the rest
1. give the paper's opinion about the news of the day. may be dismissed.
2. The people in charge of newspaper content are

196 197
Exercise 2 передача новостей
Read the text that follows. вести прямую передачу
a. Point out the types of the media and the difference between them телесеть
стремиться увеличить читательскую аудиторию
Types of M e d i a телереклама
развлекательная программа
N e w s and entertainment are communicated in a n u m b e r of ways, влиять на программы
using different media. The m e d i a include print m e d i a such as широкоформатные газеты
newspapers and magazines, and electronic m e d i a such as radio and качественная журналистика
television. T h e word media is most often used to refer to t h e неодобрительно относиться к грязной прессе
communication of news, and in this context means the same as n e w s большой тираж
media. M e d i a and mass media are often used when discussing the
p o w e r of m o d e r n communications. Exercise 3
P r o g r a m m e s or reports are transmitted or broadcast live in a live Interview your partner as to the following:
broadcast, with events seen or heard as they happen, or recorded for
broadcast later. There is, of course, a lot of competition between 1) what sources s/he usually receives information from;
broadcasting and publishing organisations, M o s t TV, radio networks 2) which source of news s/he considers more reliable and why;
and newspapers look forward to increasing the size of their audience, 3) whether s/he reads any kind of paper or magazine;
or their ratings. H i g h audience figures attract m o r e commercials to be 4) where from and when s/he most likely gets it;
shown in commercial breaks between programmes or advertising 5) how s/he normally reads a paper / a magazine; if s/he:
published in newspapers and magazines. a. reads everything from cover to cover;
M u l t i m e d i a is the combining of TV, telecommunications and b. reads only those articles which look interesting;
computers to provide information and entertainment services that will c. always reads the same pages of the paper;
be interactive. Users are able to interact with the programmes and d. reads some articles all the way through from beginning to end
influence what they see. or reads only parts of some articles;
The press usually refers just to newspapers, but the t e r m can be 6) what to his / her mind most often makes people want to read a
extended to include magazines. Newspapers are either tabloid, a particular newspaper.
format usually associated in t h e English-speaking world with t h e
popular press, or broadsheets, associated with quality journalism. Exercise 4
Tabloids are sometimes referred to as the gutter press by people w h o Read the article below about the press in Britain. Make up 10
disapprove of them. Tabloids often have large circulations and even questions to cover its contents.
bigger readership. Papers such as these are often referred to as mass
circulation papers.
The Press in Britain
(from Key Words in the Media)

Newspapers. We love to criticize them. A famous British

b . F i n d t h e E n g l i s h for
Labour politician, Aneurin Bevan, once called newspapers 'my
печатные средства массовой информации only form of continuous fiction7. Yet we buy millions of them:

198 199
national, regional, local, daily and weekly, morning and evening large publishing groups, и is rather easy to launch a newspaper m
papers. S o m e people will buy any paper j u s t because its front page Britain provided you have funds and a license. The editors of the
catches their eye but, generally speaking, most people buy the newspapers are allowed considerable freedom of expression but that
same newspapers, or subscribe to them, that is, have t h e m delivered to does not mean that newspapers are without political bias. The political
their h o m e , every day. Whether we like it or not, newspapers and tendency of quality newspapers varies from conservative (The Daily
magazines influence our views and e v e n lives. Perhaps, that is t h e Telegraph) or independent / conservative (The Times, The Financial
reason why the press is often referred to as the 'fourth estate'. Times) to centre (The Independent) and liberal (The Guardian). Most
Britain is often given as an example of a country that has a national popular tabloids usually reflect conservative opinion in their comment
press. T h e daily circulation of papers in Britain is just over 14 million and reporting, while The Daily Mirror has a more left-wing bias.
copies. T h e British national press is often referred to as Fleet Street. No newspaper anywhere can compete with Britain's formidable
although no national press is n o w produced in this L o n d o n street. news agency, Reuters. Across the world its name has become an
National newspapers cater for a wide variety of tastes and interests. assurance of impartiality, accuracy and reliability. Although run from
All British papers can be classified into t w o major groups: quality and London, Reuters deliberately avoids the image of being an English
popular papers. institution with English news values. As day progresses, its news file
A quality paper is a serious national paper aiming at t h e educated is edited from three different cities, switching time zones from Hong
reader. Quality papers or ' b r o a d s h e e t s ' emphasize detailed new 7 s Kong to London and to New York. Its reports are filed in French,
coverage, comment and authoritative editorials; they contain a German, Arabic and Spanish, as well as English.
wide range of topical features written by experts in their field, arts
and literary reviews and much professional advertising. A m o n g t h e m (from The Power To Inform)
are The Times, The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph, The Independent Exercise 5
and The Financial Times. T h e latter is to be distinguished from the Work in pairs. Discuss the text making use of your questions.
Times, b e c a u s e it is an international business paper mainly concerned
with economics, but with a good n e w s service. An interesting Exercise 6
difference is its colour: it is pink. Discuss the following with the class. Share your opinions.
As distinct from the quality press a popular paper is a
n e w s p a p e r whose format and content is designed for the 1. What did Bevan mean when he called newspapers his 'only form
u n d e m a n d i n g reader. Most popular papers are tabloids, i.e. papers of continuous fiction' ?
with small-size pages. They carry brief and direct n e w s reports 2. Why is the press often referred to as 'the fourth estate'?
emphasizing facts and a large n u m b e r of photographs. E m p h a s i s is 3. What is implied by national press? Is there national press in Russia?
laid on personal stories, especially w h e n they are sensational, or 4. Why do you think the press in Britain is referred to as Fleet Street?
involving a figure in the public eye such as a member of the royal 5. How do the level of education and the job people do influence their
family. They are distinguished by large illustrations, bold captions and choices of newspapers?
a sensational prose style. M u c h consideration is given to sports and to 6. Are newspapers dependent in their views on anyone? Who and why?
entertaining features such as cartoons and contests. A m o n g the 7. Why do nearly all newspapers publish advertisements?
c
p o p u l a r s ' are The Sun, The Star, The Daily Mirror, The Daily Mail 8. How much are advertisers interested in social classes and their
and The Daily Express. Many dailies h a v e their Sunday supplements. concerns?
(
Ownership of the press in Britain is in the hands of individuals or a ) Should newspapers be politically biased or can they be independent?

200 201
 1. The Sun's is ' C o m e H o m e Dead". Exercise 20
2. The discovery of Goebbels diaries was yet another Sunday Times Study the collocations with the words "public" and "social";
____ that left our competitors gasping. translate them into Russian:
3. L o n d o n has its own evening paper, the Evening Standard, which
provides Londoners with news and covering events in a i. public office; public figure / man; public policy; public school;
the c a p i t a l public debt; public bill;
4. ... the Observer's front page headline - under its n e w royal blue ii. public relations; public opinion; public order / peace;
iii. public ownership; public spirit;
5. A m o n g the stories covered in British papers is the iv. public library; public lecture;
continuing legal row over the finances of the country's National v. public service(s);
Union of Mineworkers. vi. public protest; public hearing (in court);
6. M G N ' s step was considered as an attempt to get its share of the vii. public enemy; public health; public school ( B r ) ;
regional n e w s p a p e r ' s advertising cake, particularly .
7. May I add a personal note to your excellent _________ of Charles b. i. social order; social activity; social event;
Abell. Throughout his career he was faced with challenges but ii. social science; social security and insurance; social welfare;
never hesitated to take firm decisions. iii. social evil; social services; social unrest; social integration;
8. H a v i n g failed at show business he ended up in journalism. By the v. social benefits;
mid-thirties he had his . Broadway was his beat. v. social life / party / function

E x e r c i s e 19 Exercise 2 1
Obtain a copy of a British or American newspaper, and make its Choose the right alternative public or social:
review saying: a. fill in the spaces with the right word

a) whether the newspaper is national, regional or local; 1. In a free society, newspapers are a forum.
h) whether it is a broadsheet or a tabloid; 2. The commonest air pollution comes from the cigarette smoke
c) for which readers, in your opinion, the newspaper is designed; polluting many places.
il) how regular it is; 3. Shaw was an outstanding speaker at the numerous
e) winch sections the newspaper contains. Look for: the editorial, meetings and debates which were part of London life.
domestic and foreign news, features, pictures, sport, readers' 4. The Romans made bathing an elaborate occasion.
letters, advertising, entertainment (crossword, puzzles, cartoons. 5. In 1943 a workable version of a ball point pen developed by
TV programme, etc.), some other sections; J.Biro hit the writing .
0 what proportion of the paper they take; 6. There is a world of difference between schools in GB
g) if y o u find it interesting and if you would read this newspaper and the U.S.
regularly. 7. Every land has its own customs and traditions.
8. A school for an American means the elementary school
in which education is free, for an Englishman it means a very
expensive school which prepares its pupils for universities to take

210 211
 1
, . . I . . W « M •• - * • • • I I W I I I I , W M V I W I I , i x v u i i i . . i n H I T i . i n I V Ц У 1 1 1 Ш I M C M I I . l l ' i

Define precisely the meaning of the words and phrases below in o l b e m g a B r i t i s h i n s t i t u t i o n w i t h E n g l i s h n e w s v a l u e s .

English, give their Russian equivalents.

E x e r c i s e 1 0

a. daily circulation; b. n e w s coverage; c. editorial; d. topical feature; P r o v e t h a t t h e f o l l o w i n g m i g h t ( n o t ) a f f e c t t h e a g e o r s e x o f t h e

e. format and content: £ bold caption; g. entertaining feature; r e a d e r s h i p o f a n e w s p a p e r :

h. main m e d i u m for n e w s ; i. supplement: j. bias and impartiality;

k. news file. a ) t h e k i n d o f n e w s i t c h o o s e s t o p r i n t ;

b ) t h e g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t a r t i c l e s ( f e a t u r e s ) t h a t i t o f f e r s ;

Exercise 8 c ) i t s v i s u a l p r e s e n t a t i o n ; p i c t u r e s , s i z e o f h e a d l i n e s , e t c . ;

Find equivalents in the text to the following word combinations. d ) i t s a t t i t u d e t o v a r i o u s i s s u e s s u c h a s p r i c e s a n d c o n s u m e r a f f a i r s ,

h e a l t h , e d u c a t i o n , l e i s u r e , e t c . ;

to satisfy many preferences e ) t h e k i n d o f a d v e r t i s i n g i n t h e p a p e r .

to be called
not to mix E x e r c i s e 1 1

a known personality N o w r e a d t h e a r t i c l e b e l o w a b o u t t h e A m e r i c a n p r e s s a n d s a y i f t h e

a guarantee of objectivity f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s a r e t r u e o r f a l s e . W o r k i n p a i r s .

on purpose
to manage a n e w s p a p e r 1 . T h e r e a r e a s m a n y t a b l o i d s i n t h e U S A a s t h e r e a r e i n B r i t a i n .

to start a n e w s p a p e r 2 . T h e A m e r i c a n p r e s s i s i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e s t a t e .

to prevent the decrease in the number of readers 3 . T h e c i r c u l a t i o n o f A m e r i c a n n e w s p a p e r s i s s o l o w t h a t ( h e r e a r e

n o n e w s p a p e r s i n t h e U S A w h i c h m i g h t b e c o n s i d e r e d n a t i o n a l

Exercise 9 4 . A l l A m e r i c a n n e w s p a p e r s a r e p r o v i d e d w i t h ( l i e n e w s a n d I t o r i d

Translate the sentences from the text Pay attention to the translation f r o m o n e n e w s s o u r c e .

of the active vocabulary and the participles. 5 . T h e r e i s a t r e n d t o w a r d s c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f o w n e r s h i p i n t h e I f S

6 . T h e A m e r i c a n p r e s s b e l i e v e s i t s e l f t o b e m o s t i m p a r t i a l .

Some people ... h a v e newspapers delivered to their home.

Л quality paper is a serious paper aiming at the educated reader.
Quality papers or "broadsheets', as they are often referred to, T h e A m e r i c a n P r e s s

emphasize detailed news coverage...

4. ... they contain a wide range of topical features written by experts M o s t d a i l y p a p e r s i n t h e U S A a r e o f t h e ' q u a l i t y ' r a t h e r t h a n c
t h e

in their field ... p o p u l a r ' v a r i e t y . A m o n g t h e 2 0 n e w s p a p e r s w i t h t h e l a r g e s t

5. The latter is to be distinguished from the Times because it is an c i r c u l a t i o n o n l y t w o o r t h r e e r e g u l a r l y f e a t u r e c r i m e , s e x a n d s c a n d a l .

international business paper mainly concerned with economics. I t i s o f t e n s a i d t h a t t h e r e i s n o n a t i o n a l p r e s s m t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a s

6. They carry brief and direct news reports emphasizing facts and t h e r e i s i n G r e a t B r i t a i n , f o r i n s t a n c e . I n o n e s e n s e t h i s i s t r u e . T h e r e

a large number of photographs. a r e n o o f f i c i a l o r g o v e r n m e n t - o w n e d n e w s p a p e r s i n t h e U S A . T h e r e i s

7. Ownership of the press is in the hands of a few publishing groups. n o s t a t e c e n s o r s h i p , t h a t i s , c o u r t s o r j u d g e s c a n n o t s t o p a s t o r y f r o m

20; 2 0 3
being published or printed, Mos1 daily newspapers are distributed i ne /\ шип can press, таречлешу in icvcin uwouwa, ucu
locally or regionally. objectivity and detachment in news reports. Opinion is excluded from
However, the influence of a few large metropolitan newspapers, news columns and is presented on separate editorial pages, which
most notably the New York Times and the Washington Post, has feature unsigned editorials and include opinions signed by readers,
increased so that these papers c o m e close to constituting a national contributors, and syndicated columnists. Government and m e d i a often
press. Both papers syndicate their staff-written stories to regional engage in confrontations when reporters disclose classified
newspapers all over the country. information or pursue investigative reporting to uncover injustices and
The Wall Street Journal was the c o u n t r y ' s first national daily and corruption within American institutions. As far as the readership level
is the largest. It specializes in economic and financial issues. is concerned there has been a considerable decline. Newspapers have
The New York Times is a j o u r n a l with a relatively long and had to cope with competition from radio, television and the Internet.
respected history. It is read by about o n e million people in t h e US and Nowadays, it is they which provide Americans with news.
is ranked as ' t h e w o r l d ' s top daily 5 .
USA Today was launched only recently, in 1982. This paper (from The American Institutions)
claims over five and a half million readers.
Note to the text:
T w o other newspapers also representing American j o u r n a l i s m in
Pay attention to the emphatic construction and its translation, mind
the areas of national and international n e w s and m e n t i o n e d among
that the words " i t i s " and "that" or " w h i c h " are not translated
papers of international excellence are the Christian Science Monitor
and the International Herald Tribune. T h e former is smaller in size Nowadays it is radio, television and the Internet which (that) provide Americans
and readership than the other papers. T h e latter is partly o w n e d by the with news. - В настоящее время, новости американцам сообщают радио,
New York Company and the Washington Post Company. About 4 0 % телевидение и Интернет. /В настоящее время именно радио, телевиденЫФ
of its articles come directly from those two American papers, and its и Интернет сообщают новости американцам.
main office is in Paris. Printed simultaneously in ten major cities in
the world, it calls itself ' T h e Global N e w s p a p e r ' . It offers political and Exercise 12
financial news about many countries, especially the U n i t e d States, Points for discussion in class.
Western Europe, and Ihe Far East.
Most American newspapers rely heavily on wire copy from the t w o 1. What is the difference between the British and American press?
world's largest news agencies, the Associated Press ( A P ) and the 2. What does profitability and competitiveness of a newspaper
United Press International (UPI). Neither of t h e m is owned, depend on?
tonirolled or run by the government. They have thousands of 3. Why are editorials generally published unsigned?
subscribers - newspapers, radio and television stations and other 4. Should journalists be involved in investigative reporting?
agencies, which pay to receive and use t h e news and photographs in
Exercise 13
more than 100 countries in the world.
The trend toward concentration of ownership is defended on the Find the sentences in which ihe word-combinations are used in the
ground that large-scale organizations can provide the funds, know- text above, explain them in English and suggest the Russian for
them
how, and management to keep a newspaper profitable and
competitive.
state censorship; metropolitan newspapers; to syndicate stories;

204 205
wire copy; subscriber; detachment; to feature an editorial; to syndicate newspapers now give more attention to sports results, city finance Mid
stories; classified information; to claim readership; to pursue entertainment, but this has failed to halt the decline in readership, To
investigative reporting meet the public demand for more feature material, some publishers
have started adding "life style" and "home living" sections to their
E x e r c i s e 14 papers to make them more like magazines.
Give the English for the following. In regular opinion polls people say that it is now television which
provides them with most of their information about the world.
освещать события Television news is dramatic and it is immediate. Despite this
распространять газеты television has not killed newspapers. It seems that we need both,
представлять собой национальную прессу although perhaps the role of newspapers in the television age has
специализироваться по экономическим и финансовым проблемам changed.
первый и последний (из перечисленных)
печатать одновременно в нескольких крупных городах Discussion points.
в основном полагаться на
предоставлять / оказывать финансовую помощь a. As media, TV and newspapers are different: one visual, the other
поддерживать газету в прибыльном и конкурентоспособном written. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each
состоянии medium as a way of looking at the world?
конфликтовать b. "Television has not killed newspapers." Do you agree? Can you
вскрывать факты несправедливости и коррупции explain why it has not?
значительный спад с Most people get most of their news first from television, usually the
справляться с конкуренцией evening news programmes. How does this affect newspapers and
обеспечивать новостями what they print for reading the next morning? List as many ways as
you can think of in which newspapers coiild change because of TV,
Exercise is
Sum up the information about the British and American •Exercise 17
newspapers focusing on the similarities and differences between #. Learn the collocations with the words "news" and "press", be
the two in writing, lie ready to speak about them in class. sure that you know how to translate them.

Exercise 16 international ~ ~ editor

Read the short text below, explain the title and discuss the points local ~ ~ media
that follow. Work in pairs and then exchange opinions with the class. national ~ ~ news~ ~ space / page
political ~ ~ analyst
NEWSPAPERS VERSUS TV
sensational ~ -bias
Both in Britain and the USA there has been an appreciable decline shocking ~ ~ coverage
in readership. I Britain since 1971 over three million readers have
been lost, mainly from the populars. A fundamental reason iies with to announce ~; to colour ~; to control ~ ; to emphasize ~
television becoming the main medium for news. Consequently all to break ~; to distort ~ ; to cover up - ; to highlight -

206 207
to broad* .r.i to twist to suppress ~; lo locus on , 2. On privacy, the prime minister is as opposed to i the
to cover - ; !<> censor ~ ; newspapers.
to convey ~ ; to gag ~ ; 3. The chances of a privacy law the press are now 'a lot less
5
to spread ~ . than they were a few days ago.
4. The tabloid newspapers - or press as they are known in
foreign coverage Britain - have always been a source of fascination to media
free- ' campaign watchers.
gutter ~ press - release 5. The new7s was shocking.
3'ellow - censorship 6. The news was but still the Times it in a rather
quality - - freedom moderate tone.
7. The excitement of the __ job is the newrs story that
to get a good / bad ~ ; to censor the ~ ; to muzzle the ~ ; to gag the - . unexpectedly.
8. The in the Sun is too much
b. Give the English for the following. 9. It is difficult for the media the growing number of crises.
10. The editors were urged by the government either to keep from
освещение новостей прессой the news or to it a little.
скрывать информацию
особо выделить какую-либо информацию Exercise 18
получить положительное освещение в прессе Match the newspaper expressions on the left to their descriptions on
сообщать новость the right and then use them to complete the sentences below,
искажать информацию
подавлять средства информации 1. obituary a. small adverts about films, plays, things for
предвзятость в изложении новостей sale, etc.
грязная пресса 2. gossip column b. news about the country the paper is
редактор отдела новостей published in
новостная полоса в газете 3. feature с exclusive story, especially an exciting one
приукрашивать новости 4. home d. (often critical) stories about the social
подвергать прессу цензуре activities and private life of famous people
передавать новости 5. masthead e. story of general interest
средства массовой информации, специализирующиеся в
освещении новостей. 6. banner headline f. top of front page carrying the name of the
paper
с. Fill in the gaps with appropriate word-combinations from those 7. scoop g. article about the life of someone who has
above. recently died
8. classified h. headline in an extremely large print
1. Governments that limit are accused of
the press.

208 209
 high position after graduation. 3. It is the Queen who officially appoints prime-minister.
9. The attitude to smoking has dramatically changed. 4. It is free elections that ensure democracy in a state.
the amount of tobacco consumed has decreased. 5. It was the south of England that the Romans first invaded.
10. The committee brought out the draft of reforms. 6. It was the languages of local people which contributed to the
11. The economic growth of a country is connected with its English language and expanded its vocabulary.
system.
12. T h e authorities are responsible for the order during the rally. b. Contradict the statements using the hints. Follow the model

b. translate the sentences into English. Model: It was Henry VII who had six wives. (Itis son Henry VIII)
No, it was his son Henry VIII who married six times.
1. В авторитарном государстве власть не волнует общественное
мнение. 1. The United Nations was established in 1948. (1945)
2. Предполагается, что общественные деятели посвящают себя 2. Alaska was first settled by the British, (the Russians)
служению народу и обществу. 3. English dominates the African continent. (French)
3. Отношение общества к социальным реформам выяснится 4. English was the language of diplomacy in the 18th century.
путем опроса общественного мнения и должно быть предано (French)
гласности. 5. The Romans taught the Celts to cultivate the land, (the Celts)
4. Общественный порядок поддерживается государственной 6. Romans were the first to invade the British Isles, (the Galls)
службой - полицией.
5. Общественный строй определяется теми, кто находится у c. Translate into English using the emphatic structure.
власти.
6. В министерстве иностранных дел обязательно есть L Причиной многих войн становятся религиозные различия
представитель, отвечающий за связи с общественностью, 2. Защита интересов своей страны - вот главная задача
7. М. Л. Кинг был выдающимся общественным деятелем. дипломата.
К Каждый государственный деятель утверждает, что он 3. Урегулирование отношений должно осуществляться только
шГюттея о благосостоянии общества. посредством переговоров.
(
> Многие дипломаты считают присутствие на светских 4. В своей работе вы должны руководствоваться лишь
мероприятиях своей скучной обязанностью. национальными интересами.
10, Такие реформы могут привести к волнениям в обществе, 5. Именно хорошие личные отношения между лидерами стран
способствуют поддержанию дружеских отношений.
Exercise 22 6. Конфликт произошел из-за возникновения непонимания
a. Translate the sentences containing the emphatic construction политики соседней страны.
'It is ... that (who/which) into Russian, (see the note to the text) 7. За заголовки отвечает редактор отдела новостей.
8. Именно скандальные новости обеспечивают огромные
1. It is the leader of the winning party who becomes prime-minister тиражи популярным газетам.
in Britain.
2. It is prime-minister who heads the government.

212 213
Exercise 23 a model that attempts to forecast the form and (15) of
a. Turn the words 'response; respect; distinguish; social; rely; vary; newspapers in the year 2010 must be (16) whether it is
accept' into adjectives with the help of suffixes - able' and - Me' reasonable to expect that there will be readers, if so, who they will be
and the adjectives into nouns with the help of the suffix - /Yy'. and how many they will number. If there are readers, will there be
(17) _ _? Another factor that will shape the newspapers of the
Model: change, changeable, changeability future is advances in computer and (18) technology.
Likely changes in newspaper (19) and developments in
b, ЛЙИ the suffix '-ship' to the following nouns 'reader; owner; technology, then must be (20) in order to forecast the (21)
friend; relation; member; leader; partner; dictator". Translate the (22) and design of daily newspapers.
words. Wiat meaning does the suffix add to the words?
Exercise 25
Exercise 24 Trims late the sentences. Use the active vocabulary and grammar.
Complete the text with the words preceding it
1. Ежедневный тираж газет в Англии - более 14 миллионов
The Future of American Newspapers экземпляров.
Note: This forecast was written in spring 1991 by Steve Hoenisch 2. Газеты в Великобритании можно подразделить на серьезные,
расчитанные на серьезного читателя, и популярные,
Decline, entertaining, communication, considered, concerned, advertisements, предназначенные для нетребовательного читателя.
to cover, readership (2), signed, content (2), advertisers (2), to acquire, 3. Серьезные газеты содержат подробный обзор, новостей,
broadcast, editorial, published, daily, printing, to publish, trend
передовицы, обзор искусства и литературы,
Newspapers have been (1) 4. В популярных газетах особое внимание уделяется
in America for more than 286
years. The Boston News-Letters and The Hartford Courant, the first сенсационным событиям, особенно если они касаются какой
papers (2) _ _ continuously, were launched before the US либо известной личности.
(Constitution was (3) in 1787. 5. Популярные газеты содержат также развлекательный
Им! few days pass without hearing people declare the coming материал и спортивные обзоры.
(4) of (5) newspapers. Everybody avoids reading 6. Газеты в Великобритании принадлежат не правительству и
newspapers, (hey say. Who has time for that? The (6) is to политическим партиям, а крупным издательским фирмам или
w atch TV while silting on your coach. Why bother putting out all the частным лицам.
effort to read? And hey, (7) news is exciting and (8) 7. Газетам предоставляется значительная свобода в отражении
newspapers are not. тех или иных политических взглядов.
Remarks such as these are heard mostly among the young; the 8. Воскресные газеты содержат много материала интересного
majority of older people are eager to read their moming newspaper. для всех. Они часто имеют цветные приложения, содержащие
Without readers there would not be (9) . Without (10) иллюстрированные статьи.
there would not be money to pay journalists (11) _ _ news, 9. Подписка на периодическое издание гарантирует издателю
money (12) newsprint or money to buy presses and pay for постоянную финансовую поддержку, а подписчику
(13) . Without readers newspapers would come to a halt. гарантированную доставку и освещение главных событий.
Because the future of newspapers hinges on a healthy (14) 9

214 215
10. Редакторы занимаются не только вопросами, связанными с Here are some rules:
содержанием печатного материала, но также и вопросами
распространения и увеличения тиража газеты, которую они 1. The articles, personal and demonstrative pronouns and the verb
выпускают. 'beJ are deleted.
11. Общественный строй - это организация государства, тогда US NETWORKS UNDER THE GUN = The US Television is criticized.
как общественный порядок - это соблюдение правил MAYOR HIRES BROTHER = The mayor has employed his brother.
поведения в обществе.
12. Раньше именно подписка, а не реклама давала газетам и 2. The Present Simple tense is often used for Present Perfect or Past
журналам средства к существованию (income). Simple.
13. Содержание газеты меняется в зависимости от времени и WITNESS DESCRIBES ACCIDENT = A witness described the accident.
вкусов читательской аудитории. US PRESIDENT ARRIVES IN PERU = The US president has arrived in
14. Основным элементом газетной полосы является броский Peru.
заголовок.
15. Обязанностью помощника редактора является не только i. Participle I stands for Continuous tenses.
составление заголовков, но и построение газетной полосы. DEMOCRATS GAINING IN POLLS = The Democrats are gaining in
16. Содержание последней (упомянутой статьи) должно быть opinion polls.
представлено объективно, непредвзято и беспристрастно в ARRESTED WAITING FOR SENTENCE FOR MONTHS = The arrested
сжатой, четкой и выразительной форме. people have been waiting for a sentence for several months.

Exercise 26 4. Participle II used in a headline means a passive idea.

Read the text about newspaper headlines and study the rules BANKER ACCUSED OF FRAUD = The banker was accused of illegal
concerning their structure. manipulation with money.
ISRAELI GENERAL DISMISSED - An Israeli general has been
The Language of Newspaper Headlines dismissed.

When a newspaper gets its material from its own reporting staff or 5. Infinitive shows reference to the future.
from outside contributors, it is the responsibility of sub-editors to OPERA COMPANY TO VISIT SWEDEN = The opera company is to torn-
provide such headlines to the stories that might convey their content in Sweden.
the shortest possible way. To acquire the skill of looking through SCHOOL COUNCIL TO BAN VIDEO GAMES = The school council will
headlines and comprehending the idea of an article quickly is ban video games.
important for a diplomatic officer whose job may be connected with
reading the press of the country' he is assigned to. Popular newspapers 6. Nouns are used as adjectives.
often use slang and punning references to the content of the article, PEACE MOVES IN DOCKS - Some steps toward an agreement have
while quality papers tend to provide more information in their been taken in the port.
headlines. In creating headlines sub-editors are guided by some FISH TALKS IN COPENHAGEN = There have been talks between the
particular rules and use common jargon words to make them brief, fishery ministers in Copenhagen.
catching the eye and understandable.

216 217
 7. The names of organizations, institutions, posts, famous people, COUP overthrow
some geographical names are abbreviated or initialed, and honorary CURB restriction, to restrict
titles and ranks are dropped. CUT to reduce, reduction, to lower
DASH quick movement, to rush
FBI AND CIA JOIN FORCES TO FIGHT CRIME = T h e Federal Bureau.
DEAL agreement, bargain
DRIVE campaign
of Investigation and t h e Central Intelligence Agency h a v e j o i n e d
DRAMA incident or accident
forces to fight crime. ENVOY diplomat, ambassador
PM TO VISIT US = T h e prime minister is going to visit t h e United FLEE escape, run away
States of America. GAG to censor, censorship
MAGGIE TO LAND IN NY - H e r Royal Highness Princess Margaret is HAIL (to) welcome, praise
to land in N e w York. HAUL quantity of something stolen or seized
HIT to affect negatively, to reach the top position
HOLD to arrest
8. Puns (humorous use of a word or of different words sounding
HURDLE difficulty, obstacle
alike so as to play on the various meanings) and play on word are HOST to entertain
used. LOOM approach of something threatening
HAVE THE NATIONAL UNION OF TEACHERS LEARNED T H E I E MOVE an action, a step, a measure
LESSON? = H a v e the National Union of teachers m a d e conclusions? MOB a crowd of people
NAVY ON THE CREST OF WAVE - T h e navy is very popular. NET to capture, to amount to
NUKE nuclear weapons
ft Tliere are a lot of words that are specifically used in headlines ORDEAL unpleasant experience
PARLEY negotiations, talks
because they are short, sometimes old-fashioned or too modern,
PERIL danger
sound dramatic and attract attention. PLEDGE to promise, promise
PLUNGE dramatic fall
Below are most frequently used words and their meanings: PLEA strong request
PROBE to investigate, investigation
ЛП) assistance QUIT to resign, to leave the post, to stop
AIDE assistant QUIZ to question, to interrogate
AXE In dismiss, to cut, to dispense with RAP a strong criticism, to criticize
BACK (o support, support RIDDLE mystery.
HAN prohibition, to prohibit ROW disagreement, quarrel, argument
HAR to prevent SCARE alarm
1311) attempt, to attempt, to offer SLAM to criticize severely, sharp criticism
BLAST to explode, explosion SMASH to break, to destroy
BLAZE fire out of control SNUB to turn down, to reject
BLOW disappointment SORE to increase dramatically
BOOM sudden beneficial growth SPARK cause
BOOST to promote, to speed up SPUR to move ahead
BUG virus, disease SWOOP raid
CLASH argument, conflict, to disagree TOLL the number of people killed (victims)
CROOK criminal URGE to strongly recommend, recommendation

218 219
VIGIL a period of waiting, by an ill person's bedside or in protest at sth. 6. _TO 'DIVORCE' BID GIRL. The mother of a teenager
VOW to promise, promise, threat
who has taken court action to 'divorce' her parents pleaded last
WEIGH to consider
WOO to try to win somebody's favour
night for her to come home.
7. PILOT IN BRITISH PLANE . A British airliner has
E x e r c i s e 27 made an emergency landing in southern England after a cockpit
Match these headline words to their meanings and then use them to
window shattered and the pilot was almost sucked out.
complete the headlines below.
8. PRIVATE HEALTH PRICE FIXERS FACING . Fees
charged for private medical treatment are to be investigated by
1. BID a. unpleasant experience, lasting some time monopoly watchdogs.
2. BOOST b. argument 9. SRI LANKA PEACE _. A Sri Lanka government
J, DASH с attempt negotiator is expected to try to reopen talks with the Tamil Tigers
4. ORDEAL d. inquiry today in an attempt to end the outbreak of fighting between Tigers
5. PLEA e. questioning by police and the Army.
6. PROBE f. fast journey, with an uncertain result 10. TEENAGE PAIR KILLED IN ACROSS M-WAY.
7. PLEDGE g. emotional request A teenage judo champion and a girl were killed in front of friends
8. QUIZ h. a period of waiting as they took a short cut across a motorway.
9. ROW i. promise
10. VIGIL j. increase in numbers or in confidence, morale Exercise 28
Match the headline with their equivalent sentences as they would
1 . GLENDA KEEPS AT INJURED SON'S BEDSIDE. appear in an ordinary news announcement
Actress G l e n d a Jackson left hospital last night after spending the
day at her s o n ' s 1bedside. 1. TOLLS RIGGED5 CHARGES
2 . LIVERPOOL EURO . Liverpool last night received 2. CABINET RESHUFFLE URGED
a European lift w h e n U E F A confirmed that Welsh international 3. TWO SOUGHT AFTER BREAK-OUT DRAMA
Jan Rush will no longer be classified as a foreign player. 4. SERVICE CHIEFS GAGGED: TWO QUIT
3 . MAN FACES ON WIFE DEATH. Detectives were 5. JEMS HAUL SEIZED IN SWOOP
waiting by the hospital bedside of a m a n to question h i m about
the death of his wife. a. Allegations have been made that the results of the election
4. NIGEL'S . World champion Nigel Mansell took a were falsified.
lingering look across the Portuguese Grand Prix track which has b. Jewels have been seized as a result of a raid.
caused him both heartache and joy yesterday before declaring: с The police are hunting two men who have made a daring
"I will never come back here again - F m finished for ever with escape from prison by helicopter.
Formula One. d. The news edited by the news service directors was
OLYMPIC BOSS IN BRIBE . The head of the censored and two of them had to resign.
Olympics is threatening legal action over a TV documentary
7 e. The Prime Minister was insistently asked to make some
alleging his officials are corrupt. changes in his Cabinet.

220 221
Exercise i%) government. But, at the same time, Bryan Gould, Labour's election
Match each of the following words front the headlines above with its campaign coordinator, said his part}7 was promising to cut
meaning. unemployment by a million in two years. And the Alliance has set
the same target for three years.
1. CHIEF a. jewels
2. DRAMA b. goods stolen in robbery or taken in a raid 4. Thirty pupils have spent the last year studying the wrong book for
3. RESHUFFLE c. to falsify O-Level. The set book for their exam, on 1 June, was George
4. GAG d. raid Orwell's Animal Farm. But students at Elked High School, in
5. SWOOP e. director, high-ranking official Buckley were given William Golding's Lord of the Flies instead.
6. POLLS f. to silence, to censor Yesterday education chiefs were trying to find out who is
7. QUIT g. exciting event responsible for the bungle.
8. RIG h. election
9. JEMS i. to rearrange; 5. Doctors could be charged with serious professional misconduct if
10. HAUL j . t o resign they refuse to treat AIDS patients, the General Medical Council
warned yesterday. The council said it was seriously concerned that
Exercise 30 in a small number of cases, doctors had refused to treat patients
Find the story which goes with each of the headlines below. earning the virus or suffering from the disease.
Explain the headlines m plain English.
Exercise 31
a. PARTIES HEDGE BETS ON UNEMPLOYMENT Various abbreviated words are quite common in headlines, and most
b. PUPILS STUDY THE WRONG BOOK IN GCE BLUNDER
of them may be found in dictionaries, if not, they are generally
с VILLAGE HIT BY CHOKING ACID CLOUD
d. DOCTORS WARNED ABOUT REFUSING AIDS PATIENTS. deciphered in the first lines of an article. Unlike written abbreviations
e I INK;ATI: IN $ 55 M CHICKEN SCHEME such as mph or Ib, or Si. which we normally say respectively as miles
per hour, pound or street or saint there are abbreviated words wliich
1. Л cloud of choking acid fumes caused panic in a village yesterday. are spoken as separate letters such as the UN (United Nations) and are
One hundred arid seventeen people were treated in hospital after a called alphabetisms. Those which are spoken as complete words such
forty-five-gallon drum of hydrochloric acid split open at the Ryvan as NATO, are called 'acronyms \
chemical factory.
Say what the following abbreviations mean. Use a dictionary if
2. The expanding milk, meat and food producing group yesterday put necessary.
up a Tor sale' sign over its five engineering businesses and am; p.m; UN; UK; EU; NATO;
revealed a $ 55 million investment in a chicken-rearing and Ib; oz; in, vd; ft; MP; PM: OPEC;
processing plant in Humberside. St:Ave;Rd; HQ; AP; IQ; NASA;
BA; MA; Dr; PhD; BBC; UPI; CIA; FBI; UNESCO
3. Norman Tebbit, the chairman of the Conservative Party, yesterday LA; NY; UFO; VIP;
refused to make a commitment that the Tories would reduce SOS; GCE PLO; CND; TUC;
unemployment by a million in the course of a five-year

19 о
Exercise 32
5. JOBS BLOW FOR SECOND CITY
Complete the sentences with the correct abbreviation meaning an
There has been much about the announcement that
organization.
workers are to be made redundant in Birmingham.
6. ENVOY'S CONCORDE DASH TO UN TALKS
1. Various issues of international cultural life and problems are
The British has by Concorde to at the
handled by 7. MAYOR QUITS IN BRIBES STORM
2. ТЪе_ 1 nations control the production and the prices of oil. After the discover}7 that he had bribes, the mayor ....
3. has announced that it has suspended all space flights. 8. 3M DOLLAR DRUGS HAUL AT HEATHROW
4. Military exercise of forces next to Russia's borders has Customs officers at Kennedy Airport have drugs
caused much concern. 3 million dollars.
5. The headquarters are in New York 9. KREMLIN UPS ARMS SPENDINGS
6. The aim of is to establish an independent state of The government have their defence budget.
Palestine. 10. CUSTOMS OFFICIALS SWOOP NETS $ 3M AT PORT
7. sometimes makes mistakes, and the reaction story it Customs officials
broadcast after the Conservative's health debate was one of them
8. _ is fighting for abolition of nuclear weapons. Exercise 34
9. It is common knowledge that the two American agencies R&vrite the headlines below in plain English.
and have always competed.
10. The interests of many British working people are represented by 1. PM RAPS BBC IN JOBS AXE STORM
2. DEAD ENVOY RIDDLE: YARD BAFFLED
3. EU SPLIT OVER LIFTING OF TRAVEL CURBS
Exercise 33 4. ENVOY QUITS
Here are some typical headlines. Each has been 'translated' into 5. HELICOPTER SHOT DOWN IN RESQUE BID
everyday language, with some words missing. Canyon supply the 6. TEACHERS TO BE AXED
missing words? 7. POLICE ATTACKED IN CLASHES
8. STORM GROWS OVER LONG HAIR IN SCHOOL
1. JOBLESS TOTAL TOPS 3 M 9. HOME SEC.TO SUPPORT TOUGHER SENTENCES
3 million people are now 10. ELECTRICIANS REJECT FINAL PEACE MOVES
2. STORM OVER PIT CLOSURES
There has been an angry to the announcement that Exercise 35
some mines are to be closed. Translate the sentences into English; use the topical vocabulary.
3. QUAKE TOLL RISES
The number of of the has risen. 1. Составлением заголовков занимается, главным образом,
4. TORIES SET TO WIN POLL помощник редактора.
The party is expected to win the forthcoming 2. Задача помощника редактора - обеспечить статью броским
коротким заголовком; который даст читателю четкое
представление о содержании статьи.

225
224
 jgj илиьки и цйьп'ные сротографии.
4. Иногда, желая передать максимум информации минимальным Both diplomats and politicians heavily rely on the information they
количеством слов, помощники редактора делают заголовок receive from newspapers and electronic means of communication
непонятным, по крайней мере, для иноязычных читателей. often forgetting that they themselves serve as a source of information
5. Необходимость экономии места на газетной полосе привела к for journalists and reporters.
созданию особого языка заголовков.
6. Размеры заголовков зависят от важности описываемых Exercise 37
событий и общим направлением газеты. Read an extract front Ambassador Sergey Lawov's essay 'The United
Nations Through the Eyes of a Russian Ambassador' and answer the
Exercise 36 following questions:
Write a comment of about 100 words on the quotation from John
Galsworthy, a distinguished British writer: 1. What challenges may a diplomat face handling correspondents
from different countries?
Cl
Headlines twice the size of the events. " 2. Why shouldn't diplomats avoid working with the press?

Diplomacy and the News Media

Contemporary multilateral diplomacy takes place in the

environment of the new diplomacy which is much more public. As a
consequence, contemporary diplomats have to master the skill of
handling the news media.
The UN's work involves dealing not only with the delegations of
member countries, the intergovernmental bodies under its aegis, and
the secretariat but also the press, or what is known as 'the fourth
estate5. UN activities are covered by correspondents from many
countries, and, to a large extent, they shape world opinion on many
important issues on the UN agenda.
It is anything but easy to cultivate good working relations with
foreign, especially American, media. At the wmdup of every SC
consultation (to say nothing of every formal council meeting),
diplomats are beset by a crowd of reporters. TV cameramen take
close-ups of the ambassadors, ask them to step nearer, thrust out their
microphones.
Often the very wording of the questions asked shows that the
reporters who ask them want to hear sensational answers. Of course it
is possible to get away through a side door, as some diplomats have

126 227
done more than once. Be that as it may, ambassadors should not exit 4. As soon as the UN Secretary General appeared in the lobby he
hastily through a side door or unless they want the position of their
country to be left to t h e guessers and speculators. 5. It would be unwise too much to the opinion poll.
Many delegations attach great significance to working with the 6. The summit was held
press. A well-known Austrian publisher and a journalist of the early 7. Diplomats should not what t h e media say or show.
twentieth century said that 'diplomats lied to journalists but, on though should with them.
reading the press t h e following morning, came to believe their own
lies/ There is some truth in t h e anecdote, as there is in any other. Exercise 39
And it is a fact that diplomats, UN secretariat staff members, and even Translate the sentences into English using the active vocabulary.
journalists themselves rely to a large extent on what they read in the
press or see on television. 1. Свободные средства массовой информации призваны
доносить правду о деятельности правительства до широких
Exercise 38 масс.
Look hack at the text and 2. Все газеты уделяют огромное внимание развлекательным
a, give Russian equivalents to the following: материалам, стремясь увеличить тираж.
3. Известно, что средства массовой информации играют
under the UN aegis главную роль в формировании общественного мнения.
to shape world opinion 4. Деятельность ООН освещается журналистами многих стран.
to cultivate good working relations with 5. Одна из главных задач ООН - создание хороших рабочих
at the windup of every consultation отношений со средствами массовой информации.
to be beset by a crowd of reporters 6. Пресс-секретарь министра иностранных дел отвечает за
to take close-ups правильное освещение деятельности министра и
to thrust out m i c r o p h o n e s министерства в СМИ.
(he veiy wording of t h e questions asked 7. Борясь за свободу высказывать свое мнение, журналист не
be that as it may должен забывать о журналистской этике.
to attach great significance 8. В настоящее время именно телевидение, а не газеты
to rely to a large extent (on) обеспечивают людей необходимой информацией.
9. Дипломаты не должны избегать общения с представителями
b. complete the sentences with the word-combinations given- средств массовой информации и должны уметь работать с
above according to sense. ними.
10. Многие, в большой степени, полагаются на мнение экспертов
1. The American m e d i a seek to on many important issues. при оценке происходящих событий.
2. In the UN lobby reporters elbow their way to of
distinguished people and out their __ to get
answers to their questions.
3. Another important skill in multilateral diplomacy is the ability
to the media.

229
 Exercise 40 Exercise 41
Read the text and discuss the italicized questions contained in it Below there are some questions to help you form your opinion about
whether newspapers, radio or television have an effect on public
News Media aed Public Opinion opinion. Discuss them with the class or with a partner.

It is the j o b of n e w s media not only to provide a w i n d o w on the 1. Which of the two statements below would y o u agree with?
world but to interpret what can be seen: to make sense of the view. a. People buy a newspaper or watch a certain channel
T h e world of events and issues that newspapers, radio and TV attempt because they know 7 and like the kind of opinion it has.
to report each day is an enormously complicated place. T h e truth is b. People are given their opinions by the newspaper or
seldom easy to define or recognize. programme they read or see.
It is sometimes said that anything one reads in a n e w s p a p e r or 2. Why might someone, e.g. a newspaper or TV owner, want to
hears on the radio or sees on TV is likely to be wrong or inaccurate or influence public opinion?
exaggerated, A question that arises is whether they influence public 3. If a newspaper, for example, strongly believes that it is right and
opinion or merely follow it. Are, for example, a newspaper *s editorial the rest of society is wrong does it not have a duty to try to
articles, where it puts forward its own opinion of politics and the influence opinion? Why?
other issues of the day, really 'leaders \ as they are called? Can TV or 4. Do mass media also have the right to use bias as a way of getting
radio journalists' reporting and comments be trusted? across a very strongly held bias, against the authorities, for
N e w s m e d i a report n e w s (facts) and comment (opinion and example?
analysis), t h e former providing the necessary information for us to 5. Do you think that quality as well as popular papers are biased?
interpret the world ourselves, the latter offering the point of view of Why?
the news media. B u t newspapers and TV channels are often criticized 6. Do you believe that only quality papers can analyze the news
for being 'biased'. It seems that news and c o m m e n t get mixed: well? Why?
newspapers or certain programmes become p r o p a g a n d a channels. Can 7. Which do y o u think has the most influence on public opinion?
news actually he objective? Is it possible ever to separate fact and a. TV news reporting?
opm/on? b. TV comment?
I fowever much o n e may think that bias is a bad thing to h a v e in a с newspaper reporting?
newspaper, radio or TV, it only becomes an ethical issue if one also d. newspaper comment?
believes that they influence people and that a particular bias has an 8. How would you define the difference between opinion and
effect on public opinion. analysis?
Do mass media influence their audience? Some people are worried 9. Since the arrival of television, the quality papers contain more
that more and m o r e mass m e d i a are owned by fewer and fewer and more analysis. Why?
powerful figures. Is this also a bad thing?

(from The Power to Inform)

230 231
 Exercise 4 3
Exercise 42 Read the text below and write its summary of about 100 words.
a. Complete the text with the words given below.

Concern; access; broadcast (2); classified; urged; major; provided;

to maintain; to abridge: certain; cnsoid; press; news agencies; public: conduct
F r e e d o m o f t h e M e d i a a n d t h e I n t e r n e t : Resisting t h e Regulatory
All Americans understand that in time of w a r safeguards must be Reflex,
(1) to some information, including special military plans By Christian Moller
and (2) kinds of intelligence data. (Project Assistant in the Office of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the
Media.)
The safety of American troops and the security of s p r i n g methods,
must not be compromised by the careless disclosure of sensitive (3) How to ensure the free flow of information over a vast network of
information. (4) are mindful of that danger and act
online resources while keeping out illegal content, was the focus of
accordingly in deciding what to print or (5) . But much other
recent discussions among more than 25 experts from international
information, including matters the government might like to hide to
organizations, the media, academic and specialized non-governmental
(6) ________ debate, belongs to the (7) . This principle rests
organizations. The Conference on Freedom of the Media and the
at the heart of the U.S. system of governance.
Internet was organized by the OSCE Representative on Freedom of
As the U.S. learned in Vietnam, the military cannot successfully
the Media, Freimut Duve.
(8) wars in the absence of (9) _ support. So far the
Bush administration has struggled (10) the appropriate The Internet offers an unprecedented means for the global
balance. On W e d n e s d a y , for example, the White H o u s e (11) exchange of ideas and a free flow of information. In the O S C E region,
the network executives not to (12) in full the prerecorded
it can even affect freedom of the media, just as the Serbian radio
statements of O s a m a bin Laden and his aides. T h e White H o u s e
station did i n l 9 9 9 , when it continued to disseminate its programmes
expressed (13) about giving the terrorists unchecked outlets
on the Internet with the help of the Dutch provider.
for their propaganda.
The decentralized structure of the Internet would seem to guarantee
The five (14) television news organizations agreed
unrestricted access to just about any existing material. Whenever an
jointly (15) future videotaped statements. This effort seems
to be ill advised because American people should h a v e (16) obstacle arises that threatens the free exchange of data, some
to information about the terrorist leader and his views. computer experts - mostly y o u n g people - inevitably figure out how-
to circumvent it.
/>• Now read the text through again and comment on the policy of However, the ability to use the Internet's technical framework
the American government in covering up certain information. serves not only those trying to avoid the censors, but also the censors
Which information is to be kept front the public? Why? themselves. Indeed, in tandem with its growing usage, the relatively
new and seemingly disorganized world of the Internet is being
structured, regulated and rated. Governments, companies and
copyright holders are just some of the many forces that attempt to
restrict Internet users 5 access to content that they feel is unsuitable or
inappropriate. Filtering and blocking, developing new instruments and
lobbying for stricter legislation are among the methods employed.

233
232
 There grows serious concern about the growing number of laws 3. "In a modern democratic and civil society, citizens themselves
and directives directed towards t h e Internet in a wide range of should make the decision on what they want to access on the
5
countries. Hans Kliensteuber, Professor of Political Science at Internet.'
Hamburg University, points out that the tradition of censorship goes 4. "The right to disseminate and to receive information is a basic
0П in non-democratic states. In the United States, copyright law is human right."
;il ready used to limit the free use of the Internet. He is also concerned
about the European Copyright Directive in this regard. Exercise 45
OSCE Media Representative Freimut Duve stressed that the Write an essay of about 250 words on one of the topics below.
criminal exploitation of the Internet should not be tolerated and that
parties responsible for illegal content should be prosecuted while the 1. The government and politicians should control the mass media.
infrastructure of the Internet itself should not suffer. 2. There cannot be free mass media.
Mr. Duve also said that the future freedom of the Internet could be 3. All mechanisms for censoring content are not acceptable.
guaranteed only through the distribution channels, clear commitment
to the freedom of expression, together with a better understanding of Additional reading
the Internet's underlying technical infrastructure.
The Amsterdam Recommendations on Freedom of the Media and Exercise 46
the Internet, issued by the OSCE Representative, cover a broad range Read the text that follows and say if the statements below are true or
of guidelines, with one dominating principle: no matter what technical false.
means is used to channel the work of journalists to the public -
television, radio, newspapers or the Internet - the basic constitutional 1. The British press is controlled directly by the state.
value of freedom of the media must remain unchallenged. "This 2. In Britain anyone can launch a newspaper without special
principle, which is older than most of today's media, is one that all permission.
modern European societies are committed to," reads the preamble. 3. British newspapers can print anything they like about anyone
The Amsterdam Recommendations also make clear that "in a 4. The Press Council was founded about a hundred years ago.
modern democratic and civil society, citizens themselves should make 5. The Press Council was set up with the only aim to judge readers'
the decision on what they want to access on the Internet. The right to complaints and in this way to control the press.
disseminate and to receive information is a basic human right. All 6. The readers' complaints mostly concern untrue publications.
mechanisms for filtering or blocking content are not acceptable." 7. The decision on a case taken by the Press Council is obligatory
for newspapers.
Exercise 44 8. Sending an editor to prison would be an effective way of
Comment on the following statements. punishing his newspaper for an offence.

1. Freedom of the press means freedom to print such of the Press Freedom and Control in Britain
proprietor's prejudices as the advertisers don't object to.
2. Newspapers and TV channels should be punished if they break Britain is one of the few countries in the world where a newspaper
the rules, can be started by anyone without a license. The press is not state-
controlled and there is no government censorship. This does not mean,

234 235
ol course, thai newspapers can write exactly what they like. There are The only remaining sanction would be to send occasional editors to
laws in Britain that everyone, including newspapers, have to obey: prison, as an example to others. But that would be a step back.
laws of libel, for example, or about state secrets. On the whole, Publicity and moral obligation seem to be the only sanctions if we
however, the press has considerable freedom. want a free press. But it is a mutual agreement between public and the
Interest in controlling the press at all did not really start until 1949 5 press and if newspapers become too irresponsible, new controls may
when a Royal Commission was appointed to look into public criticism have to be imposed by law.
of newspapers. The Commission decided firmly against state control, (from The Power to Inform)
but did recommend that the newspaper industry itself should set up
something called the Press Council as a kind of watchdog. In fact, it Exercise 47
was to be a watchdog with two heads, for the Council was to deal with Explain the following.
complaints from the public about newspapers, but at the time m a k e
sure that newspapers themselves did not lose their freedom. 1. Why was the Press Council to be a watchdog with two heads?
The Press Council meets each month to j u d g e complaints m a d e 2. Why do readers complain about a story obtained by subterfuge?
against newspapers by the public; complaints that a newspaper story: 3. What is to be understood by ethical faults of journalists?
a) was inaccurate; b) intruded on someone's privacy; c) was obtained 4. Which story is referred to as racist?
by subterfuge; d) was unfair and gave the subject no chance to reply. 5. What does 'adjudication' imply?
e) was racist; f)was tasteless; g) had 'other ethical faults easier to 6. What benefits can a license give to a newspaper?
recognize than to 'define '.
W h e n the Press council has decided on a case, it issues an Exercise 48
adjudication summarizing the issues, giving its view r , and upholding or Read this extract of a letter from a member of Parliament to the
rejecting the complaint. T h e newspaper which has been criticized is editor of The Times and do the tasks that follow.
then expected, although there is no law which forces it to do so, to
MELLOR: THE RIGHT TO KNOW AND THE RIGHT TO STAY IN OFFK1
publish the Press Council's adjudication in full. They almost always
Sir,
do (ins
As might be expected from a Press Complaints Commission which
There are calls from time to time for the Press Council to use
includes tabloid editors, it has now stated that the public have the right
Stronger sanctions, to be given stronger teeth. It is difficult to know,
to be informed about the private behaviour of politicians if it affects
however, what those could be. Nobody wants state control. Fines have
the conduct of public business.
lillle effect. Newspapers are big business; they might simply begin to
Was it therefore in the public interest for the tabloid editors to pay
balance the likely cost of the fine against the interest of the story and
an 'electronics-expert" who had bugged a bedroom then sold the tapes
decide if the stoxy is a good one for them, to publish it anyway and
and photographs of it? Have we n o w reached the stage where it is
pay the fine later.
easier for those who acquire other people's damaging personal secrets
Would it be better to have a license for newspapers, one that could
to sell them to the tabloids rather than risk jail over blackmail?
be taken away if the paper behaved imethically? Or should journalists
The statement amounts to a simple approval of the tabloids' use of
be registered so that they could lose their j o b , like a doctor or lawyer,
paid informers, as, for example, did the K G B in Moscow or the Stasi
if they broke the rules? Most people in Britain feel that the freedoms
in East Germany. Like them, the tabloid uses such information to
that we have at the m o m e n t no license and no registration, are unique
destroy lives without trial, defence or jury. It endorses the practice of
and important, and want to keep them.
allowing a picket line of door-stepping journalists outside a house, to

236
barricade relatives and children and cause t h e m enormous distress, all GRAMMAR S U P P L E M E N T
in (he interests of 'a g o o d story'.
(from Key Words in the Media) THE PARTICIPLE
(verbal form with properties of a verb and an adjective)
a. Answer the questions:
FORMS
1. What information can y o u get from the headline?
2. Why is 'electronic expert' in the second paragraph in inverted Active Passive
commas? M a k e the right choice:
a) the person doing the bugging d i d n ' t k n o w m u c h about | Participle I
| (Non-Perfect Present (not) doing (not) being done
electronics
b) the person was less interested in electronics than in earning
I Participle)
j shows the activity 1. делающий 1. делающийся
money by selling the secret recording to newspapers, (at the moment)
| taking place at the (который делает)
c) you d o n ' t really know, but it might be a combination of a) I moment of speech or 2. делавший 2. так как / поскольку .
andb). | immediately preceding (который делал) делается (делалось)
3. What sort of state employs large numbers of informers? lit. 3. делая
4. If you endorse an activity, do y o u support it and approve of it or j Never refers to the 4. сделав
reject it? | activity that has taken 5. так как, поскольку
5. Is this a picket line in t h e literal or figurative sense?
place before, сделал

6. If s o m e o n e barricades people into a house, do they let t h e m

Participle I
leave? I (Perfect Participle)
7. If s o m e o n e causes s o m e o n e distress, what do they actually do? | focuses on the activity (not) having done (not) having been done
I prior to that of the
b* How would you answer the questions put in the letter? I predicate, which takes 1. сделав, 1. после того как ...
time or effort. после того как ... 2. так как ...
с What are the author's concents? Do you share them?
Never used as an 2. так как ...
| attribute.
Exercise 49
Work in pairs. Exchange opinions with your partner on the
following issues which concern state control Do yon think state Participle II done
rd
corporations should control the following services and industries? (Past Participle) ( 3 verb-form)

always passive сделанный

- radio and television; - newspapers; - railways; - public transport and
airlines; - the telephone system; - oil and petrol; - hospital and medical referring to the
services; - banking. perfected action.

238 239
 •••••I
F
U NC
O
TINS
Aa.s;The Present Parctipiel (Parctipiel I)o
-ipierefct_may
Будучи в Лондоне (когда он был в Лондоне), у него не было трудностей в
общении.
When in London (when he was in London), he had difficulty communicating.

atrbiute j The paretis holding takls / h

before or
after a noun
j ведущие переговоры.
te negotiating paretis
стороны,
But:
Будучи школьником (так как я был школьник), я должен был носить
школьную форму.
Being a schoolboy I had to wear a school uniform.

Будучи в Лондоне, (поскольку я в Лондоне) я не могу не посетить

adverbial time He continued to speak (while) walking down the path- Шекспировский театр.
modifier of Шагая no тропинке, он продолжал говорить. Bemg in London, I can't help attending the Shakespeare theatre.

reason Not knowing what to do next she picked up a newspaper.-

He зная, что делать дальше, она взяла в руки газету. Exercise 50
Being very tired, he went home at once. - Поскольку он Put the verbs in the brackets in the non-perfect Participle I form.
очень устал, он сразу пошел домой.
a« active
concession Although loving him very much, she still refused to 1. Georgian is a unique Caucasian language (have) an ancient literary
many him. - Хотя она его очень любила, все лее она tradition.
отказалась выйти за него замуэю.
2. A quality paper is a serious national paper (aim) at the educated
result reader, (emphasise) detailed news coverage and (contain) a wide
Не kept talking leaving me no chance to say a word. -
Он говорил и говорил, не давая мне возможности range of topical features written by experts in their field.
сказать хоть слово. 3. The tendency is to watch TV while (sit) on your couch.
verbal part 4. N o t (know) their telephone number I could not ring them up,
in Complex Не was heard coming up the stairs slowly.- Было слышно, как он 5. He m a d e his living (sell) newspapers.
Subject медленно поднимался по лестнице. 6. When (lie) he spoke more quickly than w h e n (tell) the truth.
(process is
emphasised
verbal part b. passive
in Complex / heard him coming up the stairs slowly.- Я видел, как он медленно 1. A crowd of children watched the house (pull) down.
Object поднимался по лестнице. 2. (write) in pencil, the letter was difficult to read.
(process is i 3. (make) of wood, the h o u s e caught fire very easily.
emphasised) | 4. The experiment ( c a n y ) out at the laboratory is very important for
our future work,
Note: Be careful translating the Russian 'будучи' when it is not an adverbial
5. The white stone house (build) near the park is our n e w Art
modifier of reason but that of time.
museum.
Compare: 6. N o t (know) to anyone the young artist h a d difficulty selling his
Будучи школьником (когда я был школьником), я часто пропускал уроки. pictures.
When a schoolboy (when I was a schoolboy), I often missed classes.

240 241
Exercise s i 8. Everybody expects the bill thai is being di w u d h p itliniwi Ш
Use the Present Participle instead of a relative clause. to be put into effect as soon as possible

. active Exercise 52
Modth The man who is sitting at the desk is our editor. Translate the sentences using Participle 1 as an attribute,
The man sitting at the desk is our editor.
1. Статья, анализирующая это событие, весьма предвзята.
1. Customers who complain about the service should see the 2. Новости, которые передают сейчас, очень важные.
manager. 3. Политик, избегающий журналистов, может стать мишенью
2. Passengers who travel on planes shouldn't smoke. (target) для их критики.
3. The candidates who were sitting for the examination were all 4. Дипломат, владеющий несколькими иностранными языками,
graduates. имеет большие преимущества.
4. Trains which leave from this station take an hour to get to London. 5. Законопроект, который обсуждается сегодня в Думе, вряд ли
5. A j ob that involves too much effort is not for you. будет принят.
6. There's someone who is waiting to see you. 6. Люди, которые читают популярные газеты, необязательно
7. There's a pension scheme for people who work for this company. легкомысленные (light-minded) или необразованные.
8. This job will suit students who wish to work during the holidays. 7. Развлекательные передачи, которые передают по ТВ, часто
9. He spoke like a man who had his own opinion. рассчитаны на нетребовательного зрителя.
10. The candidate who led the race was likely to win the election. 8. Преступление, которое расследуют журналисты, вряд ли
11. The Broadcasting Bill which is currently going through будет раскрыто.
Parliament, is opposed by some MPs. 9. Матч, который транслировался вчера и 2 часа, будет
12. I hate people who tell lies. повторяться сегодня вечером.
10. Обсуждаемые нами вопросы не имеют ничего общего С
b. passive основной темой.
Model: The building that is being constructed here will be a school.
The building being constructed here will be a school. Exercise 53
Rephrase the sentences so as to use the Present Participle as an
1. The student who is being examined now is from another group. adverbial modifier*
2. The work which is being carried out by your group will
contribute a lot to the common cause. Model 1: She got very worried and thought (because /when she
3. The questions which were being asked when I entered the thought) we had had an accident.
classroom concerned the governmental structure of the USA. She got very worried thinking we had had an accident.
4. The witness who was being questioned then unexpectedly fainted.
5. The case that is being heard in court promises to be sensational. 1. He went to the room and closed the door behind him
6. The news wfoich was being broadcast shocked everybody. 2. You didn't ask me for permission because you knew I would
7. The summit which is being held now in Brussels attracts public refuse.
attention. 3. She answered all the questions calmly and tried to look
indifferent.

242 243
 She damaged the car while she was trying lo park it.
5. They broke the w i n d o w when they tried to find the right street.
шиш
7. Я улыбнулась, вспомнив его слова.
6. When I worry, I turn pale. 8. Не зная как закончить этот неприятный разговор, он
7. He saw his mistake and stopped arguing. повернулся и вышел из комнаты.
8. While I agree you may be r i g h t I still object to y o u r argument. 9. Поскольку его не слушали, выступавший замолчал.
9. If we receive no reply soon, we shall consider the deal cancelled. 10. Когда меня оставили одного, я наконец мог расслабиться.
10- When a country presides over the Council of E u r o p e , it gains
certain advantages. В, The Perfect Participle functions in a sentence only as an
adverbial modifier of:
Model 2: (As) Your task is not difficult, so it won V take long.
Not being difficult, your task won 7 take long. time: (Not) Having built the house, he started building a garage.
I don 7 know his name, so I can *t introduce you to him. Построив дом, он принялся строить гараж.
Not knowing his name I can '/ introduce you to him. После того как он построил дом, ..
cause: (Not) Having been warned about the danger, the residents were
'. I was l o s t so I had to ask s o m e o n e the way. leaving their homes. - Так как жителей предупредили об
2. I didn't k n o w his p h o n e number, so I w a s n ' t able to p h o n e him. \ опасности, они стали покидать свои дома.
3. John is a scientist so he h a s n ' t read many novels.
4. As he d i d n ' t feel tired he decided to keep on working. R E M E M B E R : T h e P e r f e c t P a r t i c i p l e i_s_neyer osed_jn.the fa
5. Diplomats are committed to serve their country and p r o m o t e its of an a t t r i b u t e U o j s h o w r e f e r e n c e to t h e p a s t activity an
interests abroad. a t t r i b u t i v e cIause.inysjLbeJised»
6. Though the work is challenging, it is very interesting.
7. Y o u r teacher isn't a lawyer, so he c a n ' t give y o u g o o d advice. e.g. Студенты, посетившие Англию на прошлой неделе, могут многое о
ней рассказать. - The students who visited England last week can tell us
8. Just because I d i d n ' t hear what he said I asked h i m to repeat it
a lot about it.
9. The mailman d i d n ' t find anyone in and left the n e w s p a p e r in
the door handle. Посетитель, ожидавший здесь, только что ушел.
The visitor, who has beenwajtmg here, has just gone.
10. As he was not ambitious he was satisfied with what he had.
Exercise 5 5
E x e r c i s e 54
Put the verbs in the brackets in the Perfect Participle I form in the
Translate the sentences using Participle I in the nan-perfect form function of an adverbial modifier.
an adverbial modifier. as
а. active
1. Читая газету, старик заснул. 1. She left (tell) us all she had found out.
2. Оратор молчап, ожидая провокационного вопроса. 2. (be) at school together, they were good friends.
3. Увидев нужную мне книгу, я, не раздумывая, купил ее. 3. (give) a promise, I couldn't help coming.
4. Она сидела у окна и смотрела на улицу. 4. (serve) in the army for two years, he returned a grown up person.
5. Подойдя к знаменитости поближе, репортер сделал 5. He didn't stay to watch the film (see) it before.
несколько снимков крупным планом.
б. (finish) reading the book, I sat down to writing a review.
6. Не найдя в газете ничего интересного, он ее выбросил. 7.1 cannot tell you much about the country not ever (be) there.

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245
b. passive Exercise 57
1. (warn) about the coming hurricane in advance, the inhabitants Translate the sentences using Participle I in the perfect form where
were preparing for it. possibly
2. (bomb) several times in three days T h e t o w n lay in ruins.
3. N o t (see) by anyone, he was sure he w o u l d get away with the 1. Поскольку статья не была принята редактором, она была
theft. возвращена автору.
4. (give) a w a r m welcome at the airport, the h i g h guest was driven 2. Редактор, не принявший статью, был уволен.
to his residence. 3. Добившись победы, он мог быть великодушным (generous).
5. (appoint) to such a high post he h a d to give up doing business. 4. Зная его давно, я не могу ему доверять.
6. (broadcast) several times t h e n e w s reached everyone. 5. Поскольку мы приехали задолго до начала конференции,
мы можем осмотреть город.
Exercise 56 6. Лектор, прочитавший вам лекцию, известный издатель.
Rewrite the sentences using Perfect Participle instead of 'have been" 7. Прочитав один номер журнала, я решил, что не стоит
or 'had been \ покупать этот журнал,
8. Когда все товары были досмотрены, они были пропущены
Model I: I have been abroad, so I missed the elections. через таможню.
Having been abroad, I missed the elections. 9. Прожив много лет за рубежом, я был рад вернуться домой.
10. Прождав час, посетитель ушел.
I haven 4 seen the film, so I can 7 comment on it.
Not having seen the film, I can 7 comment on it
11. Посетитель, прождавший вас час, уже ушел.
12. Все, посетившие семинары и получившие положительные
1. He has been promised a reward, so he h o p e s he will get it. оценки, получают зачет автоматически.
2
- They had been up all night, so they were in no m o o d to joke.
3. I have stayed in Britain for a n u m b e r of years, so 1 can tell y o u a Exercise 58
lot about it Choose between non-perfect and perfect forms of Participle L
4. T h e bill h a d been heard in both H o u s e s and b e c a m e a law at last.
5- T h e editor has read the article a n d has authorized its publication. 1. Looking / having looked out of the window I saw a car driving /
6. Y o u cannot master a language if y o u h a v e n o t acquired its having driven up to the door.
essentials. 2. Writing / having written the test she made some mistakes.
7. He lost the competition because he h a d not trained enough. 3. Taking /having taken his stick, he went to the door.
8. The work has not been completed, it must be continued. 4. Taking /having taken the medicine, he went to bed.
9. If y o u have acquired fluency in a second language, you have 5. Taking /'having taken the boy by the hand, the policeman gave
better prospects of being promoted in y o u r j o b . him a good beating.
10. Because the administration had been warned about the terrorist 6. Taking /having taken off his wet clothes, he put on dry ones.
attack, it was able to prevent the explosion. 7. Doing /having done the exercises, we went on to read the text.
11. After I had passed my driving test, I was able to buy my first car. 8. Doing / having done the exercise, each student had a chance to
12. As I had forgotten my keys, I had to b o r r o w a set from my speak out.
landlord. 9. Receiving /having received the phone call he left the office.

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 10. Arriving haying arrived at the station, I saw my friends waiting.
having waited for me.
f I
of condition ! If treated gently, the fabric should last for years. -
11. Arriving /having arrived at the decision at l o n g last, he j Если с тканью обращаться аккуратно, она
immediately left for the Headquarters. будет служить долго.
12. N o t receiving /having received t h e reinforcement in time, t h e Не did not usually utter a word unless spoken to. -
soldiers h a d to retreat. Обычно он не говорил ни слова, если к нему не I
13. Settling /having settled d o w n in a tiny village they started обращались. |
living a n e w life. j verbal part in He was seen engaged in a lively conversation with a
14. N o t being /having been to t h e country, I cannot tell y o u m u c h I Complex Subject charming girL - Видели, как он оживленно
about it. \ разговаривал с очаровательной девушкой.
15. Noticing /Being noticed / having been noticed in town the day L
before, she was n o w m a k i n g a plan to escape.
verbal part in You 41 never guess where I had this suit made. - Ты
16. Examining / being examined / having been examined by the
Complex Object никогда не догадаешься, где мне сшили костюм.
doctor, they were allowed to j o i n the sports club. with a passive
17. Seeing /having seen his mistake he stopped arguing. meaning I will have to get the article published. - Мне надо
18. Stopping /being stopped / having stopped / having been будет опубликовать эту статью.
stopped at the traffic lights, he saw to his surprise it was almost
eight o'clock. Exercise 5 9
19. Visiting /having visited the m u s e u m , I k n e w my way easily. Put the verbs in the brackets in the form of Participle II used
20. They w e r e old friends, being /having been at school together. a. as an attribute. Translate the sentences.

1. T h e problem (involve) caused much difficulty,

С Past Participle (Participle II) functions in sentences as: 2. The (involve) problem d e m a n d e d close consideration
3. T h e issue (concern) was very important.
I part of verbal | He seemed confused - Казалось, он был смущен. 4. He gave her a (concern) look.
5. Here is a letter (address) to you.
j The boys looked at the broken window with 6. T h e policy (use) by the company did not prove fruitful.
attribute \ frightened faces.- Мальчики испуганно смотрели
на разбитое окно. 7. The speech (speak) in French needed translating.
adverbial 8. The letter (write) in pencil was difficult to read.
modifier When asked, he answered that he didn't know 9. The hardships (experience) by diplomats in some countries do
of time '' anything about it,- Когда его спросили, он ответил not put t h e m off this career.
10. The (hurt) expression on her face puzzled me.
11. According to the newspaper report, there were three g u n m e n
of reason Pleased with himself he left the office in high (involve) in the robbery.
spirits. - Довольный собой
12. (Concern) mothers arranged a campaign against the abuses.
Shocked by the poverty of my own vocabulary, f
went to the British museum library.- Потрясенный 13. The (broadcast) news spread quickly.
| скудостью моего словаря ..., 14. The children were asked to gather the (cut) grass.

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b. as adverbial modifiers. 10. Diplomats who are committed to serve their country musi also
promote its interests abroad.
1. If (address), be polite answering the questions. 11. The order that has been made will be obeyed promptly.
2. Though (know) as an imcommunicative type, he unexpectedly
emerged as an eloquent orator. Mode! 2: The painting was (had been) lost for many years. It turned up at
3. W h e n (ask) to explain his mistake, he did not k n o w what to say. an auction.
4. If (inform) in good time, he would act accordingly. Lost for many years, the painting turned up at an auction.
5. Though (meet) cordially, he didn't feel comfortably.
6. Once (start) the matter will take care of itself. 1. The method has been used for a long time. It can be relied on.
7. (leave) to herself she could relax at last. 2. H i e newspaper is published regularly, and is quite profitable.
8. (defeat), he felt discouraged. 3. The colloquial language was regarded as unacceptable and it was
9. (publish) regularly, the n e w s p a p e r seems to be profitable. to be kept in its place.
10. She stood motionless (hurt) by his remark. 4. The letter was written in pencil and was difficult to read.
11 (take) in by his promises, she agreed to do what she was asked to. 5. The editor was puzzled by the information and hesitated whether
12. If (discover) these documents might be used as a proof of his to publish it.
innocence.
Model 3: If you are asked about it, say that you don V know anything.
13. T h e n e w s will shock everyone when (broadcast).
If asked about it, say that you don't know anything.
14. T h o u g h (interest) in the discussion he never showed it.

1. If the article is published, it will become a sensation.

Exercise 60
2. If y o u are accepted for the j o b , you will be informed soon
Rewrite the sentences so as to use Participle II '
3. When the picture is viewed from another angle, it looks quite
different.
Model I: The news that was broadcast yesterday excited everyone.
The news broadcast yesterday excited everyone. 4. Although the bill was not much criticised, it was not approved in
a secret vote.
1. T h e vegetables which are sold in this shop are grown without 5. When he was asked about his politics, he invariably answered
chemicals. that he did not take sides.
2. T h e newspapers which are owned by him have always been 6. If the n e w reforms were implemented, they could cost the
qualitative. taxpayer and the economy billions.
3. T h e system that has been used here is very successful. 7. When the bill has been discussed in the H o u s e of Commons, it
4. He took up the newspaper that had been delivered in the morning. will be heard in the House of Lords.
5. T h e people w h o are concerned with the environmental problems 8. Though he was frightened, he didn't step back.
are called ecologists. 9. When he was asked for an interview 7 , he was very kind to give.it.
5. T h e candidate who had increasingly been promoted by the left- 10. Once the article is published, it will make a sensation.
wing party still failed to win in the election.
7. The powers which are conferred on the president are very wide.
8. "The promotion that had been denied h i m so long, came at last
9. The answer which had been expected so long disappointed us.

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K x e r t i s e <>l Model 2:
Supply the right missing conjunctions when, while, if, as though 1. Озадаченный неожиданным вопросом. ОН молчал
unless, until, once, as according to sense. Translate the sentences, 2. Послание, не переданное вовремя, оказалось бесполезным.
3. Законопроект читается и обсуждается в нижней палаге
1. I was about to take a decision, which, mistaken, might парламента, а затем передается на рассмотрение в верхнюю
lead to further complications. палату7.
2 so occupied, he vaguely gathered t h e impression of 4. Книга была напечатана на качественной бумаге, и ее было
somebody walking slowly along t h e road. приятно читать.
3. T h e man stood still for a m i n u t e debating with himself. 5. Эта газета печатается в Лондоне и распространяется в других
4. I think we n o w may regard he matter settled. странах.
5. A promise accounts to little . . . . . . . . . kept. 6. Взволнованный новостью, я не мог не поделиться ею с
6 resolved to do something, he w o u l d n ' t retreat. присутствующими.
7 proofread several times t h e text still contained a n u m b e r
of misprints. Model 3:
8. It c a n ' t go to press authorised by t h e editor. 1. Хотя книга посвящена узкой теме, она представляет
9 waiting for y o u I h a v e looked through all the newspapers интерес не только для специалистов.
and magazines. 2. Когда ее попросили, она дала телефон офиса.
10. He did not huriy pressed for time. 3. Статья не может быть напечатана, если она не подписана
1 ! . He was in a hurry pressed for time. редактором.
12. He w o u l d n ' t hurry pressed for time. 4. Он сказал, что будет в своем кабинете, если он потребуется
13. She screamed badly hurt. кому-либо.
14. Y o u r assistant left a message w h e r e he could be found 5. Пока этот вопрос не будет решен, он будет препятствовать
needed. переговорам.
6. Если переговоры будут проведены, они станут важным
Exercise 62
этапом в установлении мира в регионе.
translate the sentences using Participle II, follow the models in
exercise 60.
Exercise 63
Complete the sentences using - ed / - ing' endings.
Mock I 1:
1. Информация, переданная только что по радио, касается всех. Model: The story amused us. We were amused by the stoiy.
2. Я не помню, куда я положила переданную тебе записку. The story was amusing.
3. Он имеет в виду переговоры, которые проходили прошлым
летом. 1. Such stories interest the reader.
4. В переговорах приняли участие все заинтересованные The reader is ...
стороны. Such stories are ...
5. Используемый метод не приемлем в этих условиях. 2. The coincidence amazed us.
6. Все упомянутые организации примут участие в конкурсе. We were ...
The coincidence was ...

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 I I I I I I I I 1 I I 1 1 1 I

3. T h e experience upset Sylvia Exercise 68

Sylvia was ... Translate the sentences using Participle I or IL
T h e experience was ...
4. ] am sure the editorial will impress everybody. 1. Статья была очень занимательная,
Everybody will be ... 2. Думаю, что вы - заинтересованная сторона.
T h e editorial will be ... 3. Видно было, что он был очень смущен моим предложением.
5. This happy place would depress or distress no one. 4. Я очень удивлен, что ты читаешь такую прессу.
No one would be ... or ... in this happy place. 5. Он удивительный человек.
This happy place w o u l d be ... or ... 6. Его слова оказали расслабляющее действие, и она заплакала.
6. T h e news excited everyone. 7. Я чувствовала себя успокоенной и расслабленной.
Everyone was ... 8. Удивленный нашим появлением, он не мог произнести ни
T h e news was ...
слова.
9. Его поведение позабавило одних и расстроило других.
Exercise 64 10. Ребенок, разочарованный отсутствием подарка, заплакал.
Choose Participle I or IL 11. Происходящие события вызывают беспокойство.
12. Его рассказ был довольно путаный.
1. They were shocking / shocked w h e n they heard the news.
2. I thought the story was quite shocking /shocked. Exercise 66
3. We were all worrying /worried w h e n he did not come home. Give full answers to the following questions in writing, use
4. T h e news s o u n d s worrying /worried. Participle II in the Complex Object structure (to have something
5. It was not surprising / surprised that she h a d n o t heard the news. done). Follow the model
6. I usually find football rather boring/ bored,
7. 1 always feel boring /bored when I start talking to him. Model: Where do women have their hair done? (the hairdresser \s)
8 1 find it quite confusing / confused to talk in front of a group of
Women have their hair done at the hairdresser's.
people.
1. Where do men have their hair cut? (the barber's)
9, I think reading newspapers nowadays is depressing /depressed.
2. Where do women have their clothes made? (the dressmaker's)
10. Me is an interesting / interested person. He needs that interview.
4. Where do people have their clothes cleaned? (the dry-cleaner's)
11. He is an interesting / interested person. He has travelled and
5. Where do they have their cars repaired? (a car service station)
seen a lot.
6. Where do people go to have their watches repaired? (the jewellery)
12. I find walking in the countryside very relaxing /relaxed.
7. Where do you have your teeth examined? (the dentist's)
13. The conversation went on in a relaxing /relaxed atmosphere.
8. Where can you have your trousers shortened or lengthened?
14. Anyone will get troubling / troubled by the course of events.
(the tailor's)
15. The course of events seems troubling / troubled.
16. In tabloids m u c h consideration is given to sports and to
entertaining /entertained features such as cartoons and contests.

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Exercise 67 11. After the passing car had poured h i m over with mud, he had to
a. Study the structure 'to have something done' in which the verb take his n e w suit to t h e cleaner.
'have* may be used in all tenses in the active form 12. Where did they do y o u r hair? Please, give me the address of
your hairdresser.
1. / would like my flat to be redecorated 13. Public figures like w h e n they are taken pictures of
I would like to have my flat redecorated. 14. I would like somebody to pass my words to him.
15. If you make noise Г11 ask somebody to turn you out of here.
2. You must go to the dentist, he will examine your teeth.
You must have your teeth examined by the dentist. Exercise 68
Complete the sentences with the Complex Object with Participle II
3. Teachers regularly look through students' notebooks. structure.
Students regularly have their notebooks looked through. Constant Maintenance

4. They are redecorating my flat. I am having my flat redecorated. The more you own, the more there is to go wrong. You invest in a
In fact I've been having it redecorated for half a year. new hi-fi system and in no time you have to (it repair)
You (a new washing machine install) and you have to buy
5. Their flat has just been redecorated. expensive insurance to maintain it. You buy a car and need to (it
They have just had my flat redecorated.
service) regularly. You buy a camera and then spend a
fortune (films develop and print) It's not only things that
6. When he came all the documents had already been filed.
When he came he had had all the documents filed. need constant attention. How often we have to (our eyes test)
, , (our teeth fill) and our chests X-ray)
b. Paraphrase the sentences so as to use this structure. But I had to smile last time I went to (my hair cut) Л bold
notice in the window announced: 'All our customers promptly
1. I would like you to do this work by t o m o r r o w . executed!' You certainly wouldn't need to (any jobs do)
2. Me could not type the report, b e c a u s e his c o m p u t e r was being after that!
repaired.
3. The c o m m a n d e r has a forceful character and wants his orders to Exercise 69
be obeyed. Make up sentences of your own with the Complex Object with
4. This letter has just been photocopied for me. Participle II structure. Use the words below:
5. This d o c u m e n t is important. I advise y o u to ask a lawyer to
write it for you. to take one's photo; to fax a message; to wash one's car; to dry-clean
6. Our staff-room is being redecorated now. one's clothes; to cut one's hair; to service one's car.
7. This p r o b l e m will be discussed at our next meeting.
8. W h e n I c a m e home, all my things h a d b e e n packed. Exercise 70
9. My suit is being cleaned at the cleaner's. Translate the sentences.
10. Somebody stole my purse yesterday.
1. Тебе надо подстричься.
2. - Моя машина в ремонте. - А мою уже отремонтировали.

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 3. Ему починят машину только к понедельник}7. Exercise 72
4. Вам придется шить костюм в ателье. Paraphrase the following sentences. Use appropriate /«>////% "/ ///<•
5. Тебе надо укоротить брюки. Participle instead of the italicised attributive clauses where possible.
6. Когда ты в последний раз лечила зубы? Place the Participle before the modified noun if it is preceded by
7. Я еще не напечатала фотографии и даже не проявила пленку. dependent words and after the modified noun if it is followed by
8. У моего друга на днях украли машину. dependent words.
9. Я хочу, чтобы эта работа была сделана безотлагательно.
10. Когда вы отпечатаете эти документы, принесите их мне. e.g. The quietly playing children... / The children playing in the
11. Было ясно, что он очень хотел, чтобы его сфотографировали. yard...
12. Он привык, что за него всегда все делали другие. A freshly typed page... / A page typed by an expert...
13. Можно для меня вызвать такси?
14. Он не хочет записывать свой голос на пленку. 1. The afternoon which he spent in the office had been a happy one.
15. Когда мы пришли, ей мерили давление. 2. From time to time the editor shouted some directions to the staff
who were preparing the issue.
Exercise 71 3. They were still speaking of the game which they had lost.
Use Participle I or II in the Complex Object structure. 4. It was a striking dress with a red belt which she wore low on the
hips.
1. Can you hear the public {applaud) you? 5. Nothing remained except the car which he had bought the week
2. As the train started to move I could see an old man (wave) to before and had not paid for.
somebody, a girl (run) along the platform and (shout) something. 6. Dennis who was hurrying past them turned at the sound of her
3. I consider myself (tie) by the promise. voice.
4. You will probably find your sister quite (grow?) up. 7. The magazine which had been freshly printed looked attractive.
5. He could clearly feel a hand (search) his pocket. 8. It was only a secretary who was rapidly coming down the stairs.
6. They had their window (break) yesterday. 9. The girl who had been driving was sitting over her cup of coffee
7. Why don't you have your flat (redecorate)! on the now empty terrace.
X. Those on board watched the big ship (sink) into the water. 10. John, who had just left school, joined them at the hotel.
9, Where did you have your book (publish)?
10. At last she heard her name (call). Exercise 73
11. May I have the window (open)? Translate the following word-combinations into English, use the
12. I would like to have my instructions (follow) precisely. Present or Past Participle, where possible.
13. I watched my car (fill) with petrol.
14. We couldn't stand the children (leave) alone at night 1) приближающиеся экзамены; поднимающиеся цены; стороны,
15. The post-office got the parcel (deliver) to his place. ведущие переговоры; ободряющий взгляд; сопротивляющийся
16. She'll be glad to get so much (take) off her hands. противник;
17. I have never had this trick (try) on me. 2) оскорбительный тон; оскорбленная честь; пишущий
18. We must have this question (clear) up. редактор: написанная статья;

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команда, Put the verbs in the brackets in the right form of the Participle.
4) смеющийся голос; смеявшаяся девочка; потребляющее
энергию оборудование; батарея, потреблявшая энергию; 1. (Print) simultaneously in ten major cities in the world the paper
5) студенты, которых сейчас экзаменуют; усилия, которые calls itself cthe Global newspaper'.
предпринимались в тот момент; транслируемые новости; 2. (Base) at Swisscom's headquarters in Bern, Switzerland, the
энергия, потребляемая в данный момент; события, которые English language sendee serves a potential customer base of some
сейчас освещаются; конференция, проходившая в то время; 20,000 employees.
6) книги, рекомендуемые всем; данные мне вчера советы; 3. Government and media often engage in confrontations when
найденное мной решение; возобновившиеся переговоры; reporters disclose (classify) information or pursue investigative
заинтересованные стороны; затронутые вопросы; reporting (uncover) injustices and corruption.
7) редактор, написавший эту статью; администрация, 4. As head of this unit {report) to the Head of Language Services,
принявшая такое решение; ученые, два года работавшие над your main responsibilities will be {ensure) high quality of the
этой проблемой; человек, забывший свою родину; work (produce) by your internal and external employees.
выигравшая конкурентную борьбу фирма; лектор, 5. (Spend) 48 hours without sleep she could not even think of
прочитавший лекцию о международном положении; going to bed, afraid to leave her daughter (not watch).
8) читая газеты; приобретая знания; освещая события; 6. (Sack), he is planning to move to Brazil.
поддерживая молодых; будучи единственным ребенком в 7. Strict guidelines (govern) what the press could report were laid
семье; имея все необходимые документы; являясь главой down at the meeting.
администрации; будучи непонятым; 8. When (ask) about his motives for owning newspapers, Lord
9) прочитав свежий номер газеты; приобретя достаточно Beaverbrook answered that they were to make propaganda.
знаний; получив доступ к СМИ; создав новую систему; 9. The news (broadcast) on the radio at the moment concerns
после того как вы проработали столько лет; заработав себе government reshuffle.
на жизнь; не оставив никаких указаний; 10. (Dissatisfy) with low educational standard, the (concern)
10) если тебя спросят, скажи ...; когда его предупредили об mothers have launched a campaign to improve the standards
опасности, он ...; хотя меня поддержали, я...; если к тебе не of English (teach) in primary schools.
обращаются, молчи; хотя (я) и не обиделся, я ...; 11. Mrs Ruscoe is the prime-mover of a (campaign) group (call)
11) поскольку он был занят; так как он был опытньш Parents' English Education Rights, a group (support) also by
человеком; поскольку меня не заметили; так как его не many local Asian mothers.
поддержали; поскольку он никогда не был в этой стране; так как 12. (Encourage) by her school report, she decided to apply to
они не видели друг друга много лет. Oxford University.
12) будучи честным человеком (поскольку я честный) 13. The policy (adopt) made them think that the war was to be
будучи в отпуске (когда я был в отпуске) ,.., successful.
будучи студентом (когда я был студентом) 14. The matter was vitally important for all the parties (concern).
будучи автором этой статьи (поскольку я автор)..., 15. (Leave) alone the child had difficulty falling asleep.
будучи образованным (так как я образованный)... , 16. First (publish) in 1986, the Independent has acquired reputation
будучи ребенком (когда я был ребенком) .... of an unbiased newspaper.

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I l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ' l

17. I have always treasured the watch (give) to me on my 18 th 4. The Russian Revolution divided the world into two ideological
birthday. camps. It even influenced nations in distant parts of Asia, Africa
18. The police officers stood at either end of the hallway, (give) Ray and Latin America.
no chance to escape. 5. The area of activity that was characterised by high vocabulary
19. (Give) our tickets to the attendant, we were ushered into the hall. growth tells us about the direction the human race is going in.
20. N o t (give) the mandatory m o n t h ' s notice by the landlord, the 6. Hundreds of protesters who were shouting anti-war slogans
tenant w a s able to stay on in the house. gathered outside the embassy yesterday.
7. Since she felt tired and had nothing else to do till he came, she sat
Exercise 75 into the armchair at the window and looked at the mountains
Replace Participles I and II by a clause or a verb. which were lit by the sun.
8. The Financial Times is an international business paper which is
He stopped realizing that he was talking to himself. mainly concerned with economics.
Arriving at the hotel the delegation was invited to the reception. 9. The conferences that are held at the University every year are
So saying he left, as though offended. devoted to ecological problems.
She always b e c a m e impatient w h e n asked to define a word of 10. The issue which is being discussed by the Duma these days
whose definition she was not sure. concerns all of us.
5. He paused as if struck with a n e w idea. 11. We turned left and went along the road which led to the station.
6. That method of support was quite different from those being 12. The holiday which is n o w being celebrated in our country is a
employed at the time there. very old tradition.
7. W h e n asked what he thought about t h e innovation, the engineer 13. It was unbelievable that the chairman would ignore the question
said he approved of it. which was being so heatedly discussed at the time.
8 14. As there was no quorum the meeting was dismissed.
- Having been examined by the customs, the goods were let
through. 15. As the soldiers had not received the reinforcement in time they
W h e n put into water the flowers opened their petals. had to retreat.
10 The problem being discussed is very important.
11 She has not had her pictures taken since her marriage. Exercise 77
12 I want to have this article printed on the front page. Choose the right variant

Exercise 76 1. She stayed in her room, to come downstairs.

Connect the two sentences by participles or make complex sentences A) having locked... refused
simple through the use of the Participle, B) locked... refusing
C) locking... having refused
1. Some questions that have been touched upon in the report are 2. She had a good practical knowledge of French as
worth considering. an interpreter for many years in France.
2. Tabloids c a n y brief and direct news reports that emphasise facts. A) working
3- The 1980s were the decade o f m o n e y . This period was typified by B) having worked
the lifestyle terminology of those who made and enjoyed it C) worked

262 263
 3. W h e n we from our day's outing, c a m e into the kitchen, Exercise 78
we found dinner Translate the sentences into English using the Participle where

A) returning... serving possible.

B) having returned... served
C) returning... having served 1. Будьте внимательны, когда ведете машину.
4. 7
_ by his elbow , Mary listened to their talk. 2. Я не знаю человека, говорящего по телефону.
A) supported 3. На листе бумаги было несколько строк, написанных
B) supporting карандашом.
C) having supported 4. Получив телеграмму, она немедленно выехала в Глазго.
5. their meal they went for a stroll in the park. 5. Уехав вечером, мы прибыли в город в шесть утра.
A) finishing 6. Полученное известие взволновало всех.
B) finished 7. Я оставил ей записку, не застав её дома.
C) having finished 8. Чувствуя усталость, они решили передохнуть.
6. Fruits in hothouses are not so rich in colour, taste and 9. Я не запомнил имя человека, звонившего нам вчера.
vitamins as fruits in natural conditions. 10. Нам приносят почту каждый день.
A) having grown... grown 11. Лектор, читавший вам лекции по истории международный
B) grown... growing отношений, бывший известный дипломат.
C) growing... having grown 12. Посмотрев новости по телевизору, я сел заниматься.
7. in the reception room he thought over what he would say 13. Судя по тому, что он говорит, ситуация сложная.
when _ into the office. 14. Поскольку к нему обратились накануне, ему удалось
A) waiting... asked сделать все, от него зависящее.
B).waited... asking 15. Новость, которую он сообщил, была удивительной.
C) having waited... having been asked 16. Не зная как поступить, я признался в том, что лгал.
8. She used to say sharp and words to him 17. Хотя вопрос был задан, на него никто не ответил.
A) having wounded 18. Я не знаю куда исчез человек, только что стоявший здесь.
B)wounded 19. Когда эта книга будет переведена, она, несомненно, будет
C) wounding иметь успех.
9.1 admired the grounds and trees the house. 20. Если эту статью напечатают, она произведет сенсацию.
A) surrounding
B) having surrounded Exercise 79
C) surrounded Pat the verbs in the brackets in the correct form of the Infinitive,
10. She looked at the scene to the innermost of her heart. Gerund or Participle.
A) shaking
B) shaken L Often the very wording of the questions (ask) shows that the
C) having shaken reporters who ask them want (hear) sensational answers.
2. (Arrive) two days before the conference he seemed (have) a lot
of time to see Edinburgh.

265
 (With) the decision having been taken, nothing can make me give it
3. The Commission meets each month (judge) complaints (make)
пр.- После того как решение принято, ничто не заставит меня
against newspapers by the public and issues a decision (support)
отказаться от него.
or (reject) the complaint.
4. There are laws in Britain that everyone, (include) newspapers, is The letter (having been) written, he went out to post it. - Когда
expected (obey): laws (cover) contempt of court, official secrets, (Поскольку) письмо было написано, он пошел его отправить.
defamation.
5. In 1949 a Royal Press Complaints C o m m i s s i o n w7as set up (With) parliament approving the measures, it does not mean they
will be implemented soon. -Даже если парламент одобрит эти
(ensure) that all (publish) editions follow a C o d e of Practice
меры, это не значит, что они будут скоро введены в действие.
(work) out by n e w s p a p e r and magazine editors and (adopt) by
the industry.
6. (use) to (live) alone he had difficulty (communicate) with his
E x e r c i s e 80
roommate.
Translate the sentences containing the APC preceding the main
7. - Why not (subscribe) to a newspaper?
clause.
- I'd rather not (subscribe) to any newspaper. I consider (buy)
a sky-net antenna, then I'll be able (watch) world news in English.
1. T h e last letter being signed, she put t h e m on t h e 'outgoing 5 tray.
8. The editor admitted (censor) the leading article this time though
2. With ceasefire having been agreed upon at last, the parties
he denied (do) it regularly.
involved began to negotiate for peace.
9. One c a n ' t (make) (lie) if it is against o n e ' s principles.
3. The decision taken, nothing could m a k e her change it.
10. I tried (explain) why I h a d been delayed but he dismissed my
4. With the agreement having been reached, the participants left
excuse as pathetic. T h o u g h (confuse) I kept (deny) (be) late on
the conference hall.
purpose.
5. With n e w technologies developing very quickly, the Internet
becomes a very important means of communication.
D. Absolute Participle Construction
6. Sixteen being a difficult age in general, the boy proved more of
a problem than we had expected.
The Absolute Participle Construction ( A P C ) consists of a noun or a
7. T h e children having gone to bed, the h o u s e seemed unusually
pronoun and any of the five forms of the Participle. In P a t t e r n 1 the
peaceful.
construction comes before the main clause and the dependence is that
8. With the press gagged, there cannot be democracy in a state.
of a logical adverbial modifier of time, cause, condition or concession.
9. With m o r e British colonies gaining independence, Britain lost
its influence in the world.
Pattern 1 doing smth
10. The terms of the agreement not having been accepted, there will
being d o n e
be another round of talks.
(with) sb having d o n e sth, sb did sth
11. It being n o w pretty late, we picked up our things and left.
having been d o n e
12. Our efforts to start the car having failed, we gave up the effort.
done
e.g. The night being very dark, we could not tell where we were.- Так как
ночь была очень темная, мы не могли определить где мы
находимся.

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Exercise н\
2. T h e English language seems to have become international, its
Rewrite the sentences using 'it being' or 'there being', Translate
expansion being irreversible.
the sentences.
3. H o w can y o u expect me to do any work with t h e children making
so m u c h noise?
Model: There were no questions, so the meeting ended quickly.
4. T h e bill was n o t passed, the H o u s e of Lords having delayed it.
There being no questions, the meeting ended quickly.
5. T h e sensational article was published, with t h e editorial
expressing detachment of the newspaper.
It is rainy, so there '$ no need in watering the garden.
6. T h e t w o parties broke into a hearty argument, each try ing to put
It being rainy, there's no need in watering the garden.
the blame on t h e other.
7. T h e election wras to be held in early May, with only two
1. It was a holiday, so there were thousands of cars on the roads. contenders taking part in it.
2. There was no one in, so I left a message. 8. First embassies were established by France, with royal
3. There was so much noise, I couldn't hear what was going on. secretaries managing t h e m
4. It was Sunday, so it was hard to find a place to park. 9. T h e bill was approved, there being no objections to it.
5. There were a lot of reporters at the conference, so it was
10. T h e media were censored, other freedoms being also restricted.
impossible to take a close up.
6. It is expensive to launch a newspaper that is why only a rich
Exercise 83
person or a group of them can do it.
Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form of the Infinitive,
Gerund or Participle.

Pattern 2 a. Snap!
doing
Sb does sth, (with) sb / sth being done P o s t m e n h a v e stopped (1 deliver) letters to the new houses in our
done area. They object to the letterboxes on the front doors. They hate (2
e.g. The peaceful demonstration was broken up by the police, push) letters t h r o u g h them, because the letterboxes snap shut. If you
(with) two people being wounded.- Мирная демонстрация была
разогнана полицией, при этом (и, причем) два человека были try (3 push) a letter through, y o u can't get y o u r fingers out!
ранены. Y o u try (4 p u s h ) a letter into one of these boxes and see what happens.
Y o u quickly regret (5 try). They have been designed (6 stop) burglars
In P a t t e r n 2 t h e Absolute Participle Construction follows the m a i n (open) y o u r front door from t h e outside, but postmen fear (7 use) t h e m
clause and serves as an additional idea to t h e m e a n i n g of an adverbial as well. T h e painful condition known as Letterbox Finger is just as
modifier of m a n n e r or attending circumstance. bad as H o u s e m a i d ' s K n e e or Tennis Elbow!

Exercise 82 b.
Translate the sentences containing the APCfollowing the main M a s s communication has revolutionized the m o d e m world. In the
clause. United States, it has given rise to what social observers sometimes call
a m e d i a state, a society in which access to p o w e r is through the media.
1. He was sitting in an armchair, a n e w s p a p e r lying on his knees.

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269
I l l l l l l l l l
•мжтт
The term media, (1 understand) broadly, includes any channel of ПР.Г>Г)\Р,
sheets for a small number of (5 educate) people into
into a яmedium
medium of
information through which information can pass. Since a democracy information and entertainment for the whole population.
largely depends on public opinion, all those (2 involve) in The Government sometimes paid money to newspaper owners
(3 communicate) information inevitably h a v e an important role (4 (6 buy) their support. The power of the press was feared and censors
play). T h e print and (5 broadcast) media n o t only convey information stopped any article they saw as (7 be) against the state. The Stamp T a x
to the public, but also influence public opinion. T h e latter, capable of - a duty on all papers - made it very expensive (8 run) a newspaper.
mass-(6 p r o d u c e ) messages instantaneously, h a v e been largely Some proprietors rebelled against this tax and ran illegal independent
responsible for (7 homogenize) cultural and regional diversities across newspapers.
the country. B e y o n d this cultural significance, the p o w e r of the m e d i a T h e press took a major step forward in 1814 when The Times was the
is important to politicians, who use the media (8 influence) voters; and first paper in t h e world (9 use) a new kind of (10 print) machine which
to businessmen and women, who use it (9 encourage) consumption of allowed (11 produce) around a thousand copies an hour rather than t h e
their products.
previous twenty. T h e development of the railway system in the mid-
nineteenth century made national distribution possible, and the
Stronger and wealthier papers, such as The Times and The Daily Telegraph
On 4 t h March 1887, William Randolf Hearst stalked into the offices became the first true national daily papers, or dailies, in Britain.
of his father's (1 decline) San Francisco Examiner and announced to
the staff that he intended \2 startle), (3 amaze) and (4 stupefy) the e. The Independent
world'. He then proceeded (5 do) j ust that. O v e r t h e next half century
his newspapers w e r e in every sense (6 amaze). T h e y m a d e and destroy- T h e question most often (1 ask) in the days (2 precede) the launch
ed reputations, often impressively (7 disregard) t h e truth. They exposed of the Independent has been: what makes it different; why should
corruption, while at the same time (8 buy) politicians. They created people (3 change) from their (4 exist) papers (5 read) it. We have on
stars; they even declared a war. Within a few years of (9 become) purpose avoided (6 distinguish) for its own sake, for example by (7
proprietor, Hearst turned his papers into means through which he could resist) the temptation of (8 be) the first 'quality tabloid 1 . Our intention
successfully run for Congress and even put himself forward for the
is (9 be) within the best traditions of British quality newspapers.
presidency in t h e United States, though he never actually occupied the
First and most obvious, news stories in the Independent are
White H o u s e n o r achieved the mass popularity so m u c h (10 seek) by
somewhat longer than the norm. M o s t of us get our news 'headlines"
him.
from television and radio. We will try (10 go) further and (11 use) our
expert team of specialist writers (12 analyze) and (13 explain). We
d. The History of the Press in Britain will display a strong bias in favour of the consumer, (14 handle)
education from the point of view of parents, health from the point of
Originally newspapers or newsletters were simply records of events view of patients.
and opinions. T h e earliest (1 know) (2 print) n e w s p a p e r in Britain was The readers of the Independent will be people who are more than
published in 1513 and was a piece of official paper (3 report) on the averagely (15 interest) in the arts. We are devoting considerable space,
battle between the English and the Scots. Between 1590 and 1610 a (16 include) two pages every day of entertainment listings, to an
number of weekly, monthly and six-monthly periodicals began (4 print) adventurous arts coverage. Our sports pages, while (17 remain) loyal
in Europe. In the 19 ih century the form of the newspaper changed. to the traditional sports will reflect that fact that tastes change. During
Because of changes m technology and the law, papers grew from news the past months we have daily been producing fully (18 print)

270 27!
 1 J J J J J J J J J 1 J

denominator, because m that case you would have a much larger

"dummy' newspapers, (19 bring) all the ingredients together, (20 get)
percentage of low-(10 challenge) programmes.
used to the technology and (21 learn) (22 work) as a team.
I spend a lot of my time (11 see) with my own eyes the sort of
A. Smith - Editor,
subject which is very difficult (12 put) on television, which is death
and cruelty*, unkindness and violence.
f.
And I have (13 make) regular judgements about what I feel can (14
In 1947 a Royal Commission examined the conduct and control of
show) on television, and by no means, have ever believed that
the British Press. It asked Lord Beaverbrook, a Canadian, (1 own) the
everything can (15 show). I hear no evidence of real harm (16 do) to
mass circulation Daily Express and Sunday Express, what his motives
people by mere (17 show7) violent acts on television. B u t of course,
were for (2 own) newspapers. Almost (3 surprise) at the question's
there are certain people who are uniquely susceptible, who are
naivety, he answered that they were (4 make) propaganda. There
influenced by anything and who are not able (18 distinguish) between
could be no other motive for (5 buy) or (6 launch) newspapers, he
fictional and real violence shown on TV. And I think it's up to the
said. Liberal commentators held up their hands in horror that society
television companies (19 bear) some responsibility for (20 say):
allowed a rich m a n (7 use) his wealth and his newspapers (8
"This is fictional; this is a fantasy" and (21 say) "This is reality7". But
influence) the political opinions of their readers.
to my mind most viewers do distinguish.
Fifteen years later a second Royal commission on the Press heard
I find extreme violence very offensive. I d o n ' t like it in real life.
evidence from a second Canadian Press baron, Mr Roy Thomson soon
I am physically sickened when I see people (22 fight). I also find
(9 be), who o w n e d the Scotsman, the Sunday Times, and a chain of
horror where the human body is chopped up, squashed, generally
other daily, Sunday and weekly newspapers throughout Britain, and
exploded and extruded (23 appall). B u t I wouldn't stop other people
would eventually o w n the Times. Did he buy t h e m (10 influence)
(24 watch) it.
public opinion, the commission asked. N o , of course n o t was his
answer: he owned t h e m (11 make) profits. Each editor was free (12
h. English by TV
take) whatever editorial line suited his paper and its readers.

Can one ( l l e a m ) a foreign language by TV? Many intelligent

g. How TV Influences People
people h a v e merely turned the question into a statement - of course
one can't. T h e truth is that there are many different ways of (2 learn)
There is a lot of evidence that television influences behaviour in a
a language (3 provide) one wants (4 do) so. Some are slower, others
manner of life-styles, images, popularity of fashion. Whether it is a
are quicker and pleasanter. In that final count it seems that if you have
deep influence on behaviour is questionable, because it could (1 see)
a certain aptitude and desire (5 learn), you can acquire a language
as both a force for good and a force for evil. I think that television is a
even by the poorest method (6 offer). It is all a question of efficacy
reflection of the society in which y o u live, as long as that television is
and speed. But one thing appears certain: if you want (7 learn) the (8
free (2 be) that reflection.
speak) language you must hear it (9 speak). Conversations (10
In this country television has on the whole been run by people of a
reproduce) in textbooks are necessarily dead matter. A classroom
certain amount of education, and a certain social background for many
situation is at least half dead matter since the only good speaker of
years. That television has been what a certain group of people think
English is the teacher. (11 be) in the country where the language is
other people ought (3 have). It certainly h a s n ' t been a straightforward
spoken is of course excellent but some preparatory (12 train) is
television (4 be) what people would (5 like) (6 have). Television (7
indispensable if you are (13 profit) fully by it.
be) what people would (8 like) (9 have) is a lowest common

273
272
 Л уэ(нк\ TV programme wilh an (14 accompany) text seems (15 offer) north-west frontier. But with her (15 limit) forces Britain simply could
nearly ideal conditions for (16 observe) the language at work, but what not ensure (16 meet) all possible challenges by herself.
about the learner's participation? Won't the learner (17 remain) a mere T h e implication (17 draw) from Britain's military weakness was
passive listener? Certainly he may, but the programme itself provides that she must seek diplomatic support. (18 expand) in the Far East,
that he does not. His participation is ensured through questions (18 Russia put Britain's trade at nsk. It was in this context that Joseph
address) to him. Viewers are not only invited (19 answer) questions but Chamberlain and others proposed (19 establish) an alliance with
also (20 repeat) words and phrases just as they might be in a classroom. Germany. T h e combined strength of the t w o countries might be
A TV learner, of course, lacks a guide (21 point) out to him his indivi- sufficient (20 m a k e ) Russia (21 give up) any further gains. However
dual mistakes, but if he is intelligent enough, he will develop a sharp this would (22 increase) G e r m a n y ' s fears of a two-front war with both
ability of self-observation. All these we believe (22 be) powerful Russia and France. This was worth (23 risk) only if Britain was
encouragement to active involvement in the course, (23 provide) again willing and able (24 sustain) Germany. On balance Salisbury judged
the viewer aspires (24 participate). If not, he will at least (25 expose) to that it would be a mistake (25 support) Germany; for as the strongest
the language for so many minutes a week, which will inevitably be of Continental p o w e r she might simply (26 encourage) (27 make)
some help. How much he will learn from such a course depends after another attack on France in the future. As a result, Britain reached the
all predominantly on himself. But isn't that true of any method of (26 turn of the century still in isolation, but (28 feel) vulnerable.
teach)?

Exercise 84
Put the verbs in the brackets in the correct form of the Infinitive,
Gerund or Participle.

Until the end of the 19th century Britain managed (1 maintain) her
traditional policy of 'splendid isolation5. This meant (2 rely) on the
navy (3 defend) communications with the colonies, (4 protect) food
supplies and (5 deter) any Continental enemy from attempting (6
invade) the British Isles. On rare occasions when a superior land
power threatened (7 dominate) the European mainland, Britain
reverted to the tactic of building an alliance with the weaker states.
But on the whole she preferred (8 keep up) diplomatic isolation. This
really meant that (8 maintain) relations with the other powers, she
avoided (9 give) binding commitments (10 join) in a war. In short,
Britain had friends but lacked allies. This was not wholly true. For
example, Britain had committed itself (11 secure) territorial integrity
of Belgium. But such promises were, as Salisbury commented, only
(12 accomplish) if it suited Britain's current interests (13 do) so.
Throughout the 1890s Britain clashed over colonial issues. The
Indian Empire was regarded as vulnerable (14 attack) from across the

275