Hydraulics

Situation 1
Two vertical cylindrical tank, one 5m in diameter and the other 8m in diameter are connected by a short
tube having a cross-sectional area of 0.004m 2 with C= 0.65 located at the bottom portion. When the
tube is closed, the water surface in the smaller tank is 10 m higher than that in the bigger tank.
a. Determine the discharge in the tube immediately after it is opened. (0.364)

b. Determine the time for the water surface in each tank to be at the same level (7.755 sec)
c. Determine the time for the difference in the water surface to be 4 meters (2.850 sec)
Situation 2
An open channel is to have a discharge of 37 m^3/s and the average velocity of 1.5 m/s. find the depth
of the trapezoidal channel for the following conditions:
a. Most effective section (4.25)

b. Base width is twice the depth and side slope of 2H:1V. (3.12m)
c. Minimum seepage with sides inclined 62 degrees with the horizontal. (2.9m)
Situation 4
A rectangular canal is 5.2 meters wide and 1.2 meters’ depth. The canal is laid on a uniform slope of
0.001 and roughness coefficient is 0.012
a. Calculate the discharge in the canal in m^3/s. (14.42)

b. What savings in lining per meter length of canal could have been effected if the most efficient
rectangular section were used for the same discharge and slope? (0.662m^2)
c. What savings in earth excavation per meter length of canal could have been effected if the most
efficient rectangular section were used for the same discharge and slope? (0.223m^3)
The pressure exerted onto a liquid is transmitted undiminished to all portions of the liquid. this principle
of mechanics is attributed to: (Pascal)
In any strain flowing steadily without friction, the total energy contained is the same at every point in its
path of flow. this principle is attributed to: (Bernoulli)
Situation 5
Pipeline 1, 2 and 3 are connected with parallel to each other with pipeline 1 having diameter of 450 mm,
600m long, pipeline 2, 400 mm diameter, 800m long and pipeline 3, 500 mm diameter, 700 m long. The
three carries a combined discharge of 0.86m^3/s. Assuming f=0.02 for all pipes.
a. Calculate the discharge of pipeline 3 in m^3/s (0.3637)

b. Calculate the discharge of pipeline 1 in m^3/s (0.3018)
c. Calculate the discharge of pipeline 2 in m^3/s (0.1947)
Situation 6
A pump draws 24 liters per second of water from reservoir J and lifts it to reservoir M as shown in Figure
JM-02. The head lost from J-1 is 3 times the velocity head in the 150 mm suction line and the head lost
from 2-M is 25 times the velocity head in the 100 mm discharge line.
a. What is the power delivered by the pump to the system in hp? (79.62)
b. What is the pressure head at point 1 in meters of water? (19.62)
c. What is the pressure head at point 2 in meters of water? (271.42)
Situation 7
A rectangular plate of dimension 0.60 m x 1.2 m is submerged vertically in water with its shorter edge at
the liquid surface and parallel to it.
a. Evaluate the total force acting on one side of the plate in kilonewton. (4.24)
Situation 8
Water flow in a triangular channel (Apex down) at a depth of 0.90 m. The apex angle is 90 degrees. A
hydraulic jump occurs and the depth just down the stream of the jump is found to be 1.80 m.
a. Determine the discharge. (4.25)

b. Determine the Froude number after the jump. (0.44)
c. Determine the energy dissipated due to jump in kW. (17.51)
Situation 10
Water flows in 400-mm diameter pipe at the rate of 600 liters per second. The pipe has a length of 60 m.
a. Compute the head lost using Darcy- Weisbach formula with f=0.028. (4.88 m)
b. Compute the head lost using Hazen- William’s formula with c=0.92. (5.02 m)
c. Compute the head lost using Manning’s formula with n=0.013. (4.98 m)
Situation 11
A closed tank has a bottom radius of 33 cm and is 50 cm tall. The tank contains 0.026 cu.m of water.
a. What is the depth of water in the tank in centimeters? (12.34m)

b. What is the total volume of the tank in cubic meter? (0.057)
c. How much water is required to fill the tank in cubic meter? (0.031)
Situation 12
Water flows at the rate of 22.5 m^3/s in a trapezoidal canal having bottom width of 6m and side slope of
2H to 1V. The depth of flow is 1.3 m, use n=0.013.
a. Determine the specific energy of flow. (1.507m)

b. Determine the slope of the channel bed. (0.00074)
c. Determine the boundary shearing stress. (6.84 Pa)
Situation 14
A pipe diameter of 20 mm and a length of 80 m. A liquid having a kinematic viscosity of 4x10^-5 m^2/s is
flowing through the pipe.
a. Calculate the Reynolds’ Number. (1500)

b. Compute the friction factor “f”. (0.043)
c. Compute the head loss of pipe. (78.90)
Situation 16
The specific energy of flow in a 4.5 m wide rectangular channel is 2.2 m.
a. What is the critical depth? (1.47 m)
Situation 17
Water is flowing in a 200-mm diameter rigid pipe that is 850 m long, at the rate of 0.25 m/s. The valve
near the exit end of the pipe was closed in 0.5 seconds. Bulk modulus of elasticity of water is 2.07x10^9
Pa.
a. What is the water hammer pressure due to instantaneous closure, in kPa. (359.7)
Situation 18
a 200 mm x 200 mm x 400 mm block weighs 250 N when fully submerged in water.
a. What is the weight of block in air? (207 N)

b. Determine the specific gravity of the block. (1.32)
c. Determine the unit weight of the block. (12.94)
Situation 20
An open channel has a bottom width of 4.5 m. The velocity of flow is 1.2 m/s. Determine the discharge
under the following conditions:
a. Most effective section. (31.57)

b. Trapezoidal section with one side vertical and the other sloping 45 degrees and the depth of
flow of 2/3 the base width. (21.60)
c. Minimum seepage with side slope of 65 degrees. (11.28)
Situation 22
A rectangular channel carries a discharge of 6m 3/s for a width of 4m.
a. Find the critical depth. (0.612)

b. Find the critical velocity. (2.45)
Situation 23
A concrete dam of trapezoidal cross section is shown for which J=1m, M=4.30m. The weight of concrete
is 24 kN/m3. For the given conditions, evaluate.
a. Total hydrostatic force on the dam, in kN per meter length. (177)

b. The righting moment in kN-m. (1605)
c. Factor of safety against sliding. If the coefficient of friction between the supporting ground and
the concrete is 0.5. (1.62)
Situation 24
Water flows in a 4-m wide rectangular channel at Froude number √10; the depth of flow is 1m. if the
water undergoes a hydraulic jump.
a. What is the velocity at the downstream side? (2.48 m/s)

b. Calculate the flow rate per meter width of the channel. (9.91)
c. What is the Froude number downstream of the jump? (0.395)
It is the normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area. (Pressure)

It is the quantity of matter contained in unit volume of the substance. It is expressed in three different
ways; mass density, specific weight and relative density/ specific gravity. (Density)
The property that represents the internal resistance of a fluid to motion (i.e. fluidity ) is called.
(Viscosity)
it is used basically to increase the head. Usually to raise water from a lower to a higher elevation.
(Pump)
Neglecting air resistance, determine to what height a vertical jet of water could rise if projected with a
velocity of20 m/s? (20.4 m)
A fireman has to put out a fire but is blocked by a firewall. To reach over the wall, he directed the water
jet from the nozzle at an angle of 30 degrees to the horizontal. evaluate the velocity of the water in
meter/ sec, leaving the nozzle of his hose to reach over the wall if he stands 30 meters away from the
wall is standing 2 meters higher than the nozzle hose. Neglect friction in the jet. (19.6)
Abrupt rise of water due to retarded flow at lower stage to the upper stage of flow. (Hydraulic Jump)

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Situation 1

a. Determine the discharge in the tube immediately after it is opened. (0.364)

a. Most effective section (4.25)

a. Calculate the discharge in the canal in m^3/s. (14.42)

a. Calculate the discharge of pipeline 3 in m^3/s (0.3637)

a. Determine the discharge. (4.25)

a. What is the depth of water in the tank in centimeters? (12.34m)

a. Determine the specific energy of flow. (1.507m)

a. Calculate the Reynolds’ Number. (1500)

a. What is the weight of block in air? (207 N)

a. Most effective section. (31.57)

a. Find the critical depth. (0.612)

a. Total hydrostatic force on the dam, in kN per meter length. (177)

a. What is the velocity at the downstream side? (2.48 m/s)

It is the normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area. (Pressure)

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