UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 1: PERSPECTIVE OF PHILOSOPHY

PHILOSOPHY ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO

• the love of knowledge, or the love of wisdom • “The self has an immortal soul.”
• Christian philosopher of the medieval era
SOCRATES (470-399 BCE) • concern was with God and man’s relationship with God
• “The unexamined life is not worth living.”
• Greek philosopher ST. AUGUSTINE’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
• the mentor of Plato • God as the source of all reality and truth
• considered to be the wisest of all men by the Oracle of o people close to God will be the ones closest to
Delphi understanding the world
• He did not write anything, he is not a writer • The sinfulness of man
• a lot of his thoughts were only known through Plato’s writing o moral goodness can only be achieved through God
(The Dialogues) o the cause of evil is not God’s will but rather the free will
• wanted to discover the essential nature of knowledge, given to man by God.
justice beauty, and goodness
• He believed that his mission in life was to seek the RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650)
highest knowledge and convince others who were • “I think, therefore I am.”
willing to seek his knowledge with him • Father of Modern Philosophy
• He applied scientific and mathematic methods in
SOCRATIC / DIALECTIC METHOD Philosophy
• discovering what is essential in the world and in people • Proponent of the Cartesian method and analytic geometry
• the aim of the Socratic Method is to make people think, • Descartes’ System
seek, and ask again and again. And for them to realize • Discovered that the human mind has two powers
that they do not know everything, and to accept and o INTUITION – the ability to apprehend the direction of
continue learning and searching for answers. certain truths
• using this method, the questioner should be skilled in o DEDUCTION – the power to discover what is not
detecting misconceptions and revealing them by asking the known by progressing in an orderly way from what is
right questions already known. Truths are arrived at using a step-by-
step process
• the goal is to bring the person closer to the final
understanding
DESCARTES’ VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE
PLATO (428-348 BCE) • He deduced that a thinker is a thing that doubts,
understands, affirms, denies, wills, refuses, imagines, and
• “The self is an immortal soul.”
feels
• Plato’s real name is Aristocles
• The Cognitive aspects of human nature are the basis for the
• the student of Socrates
existence of the self
• He was nicknamed Plato because of his physical build
• APRIORI
which means wide/broad
o means that knowledge is independent from experience
• Plato’s Metaphysics o He believed that reasoning could produce absolute
o Philosophical study on the cause and nature of things truths
• Theory of Forms • MIND-BODY PROBLEM
o Dialogues (The Republic) o Descartes believed in the concept of dualism that the
mind/soul was separated from the body
PLATO’S THEORY OF FORMS o the body is like a machine that is controlled by the will
• FORMS – refers to what is real. They are not objects that and aided by the mind
are encountered with the senses but can only be grasped
intellectually JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704)
• The Forms are ageless and therefore are eternal • “The self is consciousness.”
• The Forms are unchanging and therefore permanent • “Nothing exists in the mind that was not first in the senses.”
• The forms are unmoving and indivisible • He believed in the concept of empiricism
• The self is a thinking intelligent being that has reason and
PLATO’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE reflection and can consider itself as itself
• Plato describes the soul as having three components • PERSONAL IDENTITY
1. THE REASON – is rational and is the motive for o The sameness of a rational being
goodness and truth o A matter of psychological continuity
2. THE SPIRITED – is non-rational and is the will of o Founded on consciousness or memory and cannot be
the drive toward action the substance of the soul or the body
3. THE APPETITES – are irrational and lean toward • Locke contended that ideas are not innate but rather the
the desire for pleasures of the body mind at birth is a “Tabula rasa” or blank slate
• Plato believed that people are intrinsically good.
Sometimes, however, judgments are made in ignorance
and Plato equates ignorance with evil

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 1: PERSPECTIVE OF PHILOSOPHY

DAVID HUME (1711-1776) GILBERT RYLE (1900-1976)

• “There is no self.” • “The self is the way people behave.”
• He examined the process of how ideas are formed • English philosopher
• He discovered the limitations of the mind and his optimism • He rejected the idea of Dualistic Metaphysics
turned into skepticism • decided to focus on the observable behavior of the self by
• self must be a constant, persisting, stable thing, and yet all ignoring or denying the existence of an internal,
knowledge is derived from impressions, which are transient, nonphysical self. No more inner selves, immortal souls,
non-persisting things/variable things, it follows that we do states of consciousness, or unconsciousness
not really have knowledge of a “self” and therefore, there is • He defined the self as the behavior that is presented to the
no self world, a view that is known today as behaviorism
• there is no such thing as “personal identity” behind
perceptions and feelings that come and go; THERE IS NO RYLE’S TWO TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
PERMANENT/UNCHANGING SELF • KNOWING-THAT – refers to knowing facts and
• Hume’s analysis proceeded this way: the mind received information. Ryle considered this to be empty
materials from the senses and calls its perceptions intellectualism, as it is worthless if you cannot use it to solve
practical problems
HUME’S TWO TYPES OF PERCEPTIONS • KNOWING-HOW – refers to using facts in the performance
• IMPRESSIONS – immediate sensations of external reality. of some skills or technical abilities
These are more vivid than the ideas it produces
• IDEAS – recollections of these impressions PATRICIA AND PAUL CHURCHLAND
• “The self is the brain.”
IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) • NEUROPHILOSOPHY – the philosophy of neuroscience is
• “We construct the self.” the study of the philosophy of the mind, the philosophy of
• We all have inner and outer selves which together form our science, neuroscience, and psychology
consciousness • Churchland views the self as the brain
o INNER SELF – comprised of our psychological state • argued the more you know your brain, the clearer it
and our rational intellect. becomes that the brain is each of us
o OUTER SELF – senses and the physical world • There is no “mind” beyond the brain. No “self” beyond it and
• apperception is how we mentally assimilate a new idea into no soul
old ones (inner self)
• it is mental imaginary based on past sensations and MAURICE MERLEU-PONTY (1908-1961)
experience • “The self has embodied subjectivity.”
• He developed the concept of body-subject
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) • the mind is part of the body, and the body is part of the mind
• “The self is multilayered.” • PHENOMENOLOGY OF PERCEPTION
• Austrian Neurologist o “Inside and outside are inseparable. The world is
• PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY wholly inside, and I am wholly outside myself.”
o has characteristics of philosophical thought therefore, the physical body is part of the self
o Freud made use of methods like free association and • focus on the relationship between self-experience and the
dream analysis for his clinical practice experience of other people

FREUD’S THREE LAYERS OF THE SELF

• ID – pleasure principle
• EGO – reality principle
• SUPER EGO – morality principle. The last structure to
develop is primarily dependent on learning the difference
between right and wrong

FREUD’S 2 KINDS OF INSTINCTS

• EROS – life instinct. The energy is called LIBIDO and urges
necessary for individual and species survival like thirst,
hunger, and sex
• THANATOS – death instinct. The behavior that is directed
towards destruction in the form of aggression and violence

PLATO’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

• Man as a product of his past lodged within his
subconscious. Man’s behavior by his pleasure-seeking for
life instinct and his destructive death instinct

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 2: PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGY

SOCIOLOGY CHARLES HORTON COOLEY (1864-1929)

• aims to discover the ways by which the social surrounding • an American sociologist who made use of the
influences people’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior sociopsychological approach to understanding how
• understanding human societies and their social processes societies work
which may aid in people understanding themselves better • LOOKING GLASS SELF – the self that is a product of
social interaction
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD o Seeing oneself is based on contemplating one’s
• born 27th February 1863 in Massachusetts, USA personal qualities and the view of the self is also
• American philosopher, and social theorist who studied the influenced by the impression of other people
self from a social behaviorist perspective
• the self cannot be separated from the society PROCESS OF DEVELOPING THE SELF (3 PHASES)
1. People imagine how they present themselves to others
MEAD’S SOCIAL SELF 2. People imagine how others evaluate him
• SOCIAL BEHAVIORISM – the approach George Mead 3. People develop some sort of feeling about themselves
used to describe the power of the environment in shaping because of those impressions
human behavior
• He described the self as a ‘dimension of personality that is ERVING GOFFMAN (1922-1982)
made up of the individual’s self-awareness and self-image’ • a Canadian American sociologist who is known for his role
in the development of Modern American Sociology
STAGES OF SELF FORMATION • IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT – the process of altering
1. PREPARATORY STAGE – self did not exist at birth. Instead, how the person presents himself to others
the self develops over time. Its development is dependent on o He observed that people in their social interactions
social interaction and social experience learned to slant their presentation of themselves to
o children’s behavior is primarily based on imitation create preferred appearances and satisfy particular
2. PLAY STAGE – skills at knowing and understanding the people
symbols of communication are important for this constitutes the • He sees similarities between real social interaction to a
basis for socialization theatrical presentation. This is the reason for the label
o role-taking is the process of assuming the perspective dramaturgical approach to his view
of another person to see how this person might behave
or respond in each situation
3. GAME STAGE – the child is about eight or nine years of age
and now does more than just role-take. The term ‘generalized
other’ was what Mead used to explain the behavior of the person
when he sees/considers other people during his actions

EXISTENCE OF
STAGE CHARACTERISTICS
SELF
PREPARATORY
none imitates one another
STAGE
PLAY STAGE developing role-taking
GAME STAGE present generalized other

MEAD’S THEORY OF THE SELF

• the self is not present at birth but begins as a central
character in a child’s world
• Family plays a major role in the formation of the self. They
are the Significant others that strongly influence the
child’s development

THE “I” AND “ME”

• explains that a person’s capacity to see the self through
others
• I SELF – when the person initiates or performs a social
action
• ME SELF – when the person takes the role of the other, the
self-function as an object

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 3: PERSPECTIVE OF ANTHROPOLOGY

ANTHROPOLOGY
• field of the social sciences that focus on the study of man
• looks into man’s physical/biological characteristics, his
social relationships, and the influences of his culture
from the dawn of civilization up to the present

FOUR MAJOR SUBFIELDS

• ARCHEOLOGY – the study of earlier cultures and their way
of life through retrieving, and examination of material
remains of previous human societies
o Archeologists’ focus is on the past and how it may
have contributed to the present ways of how people
conduct their daily lives. As a result, what
archaeologists have so far discovered are the unique
ways in which human beings adapted to changes in
their environment for them to survive
o Archeological data suggest that in many places
around the world, the species homo sapiens did not
become extinct because of their ability to think, use
tools, and learn from experience
• BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY – gives emphasis on the
biological adaptations of man to his environment
o Biological Anthropologists focus primarily on how the
human body adapts to the different earth
environments. They look at the probable causes of
disease, physical mutation, and death
• LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY – focuses on the study of
human speech and language
o LANGUAGE identifies a group of people
o Linguistic anthropologists also study how language
and modes of communication change over time
• CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY – gave emphasis on the
study of societies and human behavior
o CULTURE – group of people’s ways of life. Including
their behavior, beliefs, values, and symbols that they
accept, socially transmitted through communication
and imitation from generation to generation
o Cultural Anthropologists are interested in knowing
what makes one group’s manner of living particular to
that group and forms an essential part of the member’s
personal and social identity

DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DEPTH (CULTURE)

1. SYMBOL – words, gestures, and symbols, that have
recognized meaning in a particular culture
2. HEROES – persons from the past or present who have
characteristics that are important in a culture
3. RITUALS – activities participated in by a group of people for
the fulfillment of desired objectives and are socially essential
4. VALUES – considered to be the core of every culture

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 4: PERSPECTIVE OF PSYCHOLOGY

PSYCHOLOGY MULTIPLE AND UNIFIED SELVES

• the field of the social sciences that deals with the • The Multiple Selves theory suggests that there exists in
description, explanation, prediction, and control of behavior the individual different aspects of the self
• derived from the Greek words psyche which means soul, • A unified being is essentially connected to consciousness,
and logos which means the study of awareness, and agency
• the study of the soul
D.W. WINNICOTT (1896-1971)
WILLIAM JAMES (1842-1910) • an English pediatrician and psychoanalyst who studied
• an American philosopher and psychologist child development
• known for his Theory of the Self • He stated that children/people have true and false selves
• He wrote many articles on both philosophy and psychology
and published several books, one of which is The TRUE SELF FALSE SELF
Principles of Psychology in 1980 • creative • lacks spontaneity
• spontaneously • dead and empty
THEORY OF THE SELF (THE ‘ME’ AND THE ‘I’ experiencing each day of • the mask that hides the
their lives true person for fear of the
• William James in his studies of human thoughts concluded • appreciate being alive pain of rejection and failure
that thoughts have five characteristics: • high level of awareness in • at times, enable the person
1. All human thoughts are owned by some personal self the person of who he is to form superficial but
2. All thoughts are constantly changing or are never static • recognizes his strengths productive social
3. There is a continuity of thoughts as its focus shifts from • accepts his limitations relationship
one object to another • enjoys winning and
4. Thoughts deal with objects that are different from and success
independent of consciousness itself • learns from mistakes
5. Consciousness can focus on particular objects and not
others ALBERT BANDURA (1925-PRESENT)
• the proponent of the personality theory known as The
3 COMPONENTS OF THE ‘ME’ SELF Social Cognitive Theory
• ‘ME’ self – refers to the total of one’s experience – it is all • The Social Cognitive Theory suggested that human beings
that a person can call his/her own are proactive, self-regulating, self-reflective, and self-
1. THE MATERIAL SELF – consists of the things or objects organizing
that belong to the person entitled that a person belongs to
2. THE SOCIAL SELF – refers to who the person is in a FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY
particular situation • refers to the essence of being human
3. THE SPIRITUAL SELF – refers to the self that is more 1. INTENTIONALITY – refers to the actions performed by the
concrete or permanent when compared to the material and person intentionally or with full awareness of behavior
social selves 2. FORETHOUGHT – refers to the person’s anticipation of likely
outcomes of his behavior
THE GLOBAL SELF 3. SELF-REACTIVENESS – refers to the process in which the
• represents the overall value that a person places upon person is motivated and regulates his behavior as he observes
himself his progress in achieving his goals
• product of all experiences that he had in society which 4. SELF-REFLECTIVENESS – refers to the person looking
accounts for the kind of person he presently is inward and evaluating his motivations, values, life goals, and
other people’s effect on him
MURRAY BOWEN
• an American Psychiatrist who conceptualized the theory of SELF REGULATION
the differentiated self • the process of conscious personal management that
• the Differentiated Self emphasizes the person’s capability involves guiding one’s own thoughts, behaviors, and
to develop and sustain his/her unique identity feelings to reach goals
• allows the person to set goals that are better, and higher
CARL ROGERS (1902-1987) than before through introspection
• an American psychologist who proposed the personality
theory known as the Person-Centered Theory

2 TYPES OF SELF CONCEPT

• REAL-SELF CONCEPT – refers to all information and
perception the person has about himself
• IDEAL-SELF CONCEPT – the model version the person
has of himself

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 5: THE PHYSICAL SELF

PHYSICAL SELF SIGNS OF PHYSICAL MATURATION

• the concrete dimensions of the body, it is the tangible • PUBERTY
aspect of the person that can be directly observed and o denotes two general types of physical changes that
examined mark the transition from childhood to adulthood
▪ BODILY CHANGES
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ▪ SEXUAL CHANGES
• defining traits or features of the person’s body that can o brain-neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in
easily be distinguished with the naked eye early adolescence that triggers the rapid physical
changes that occur in the adolescent stage of human
development
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• the study of the human cycle from conception to death
PRIMARY SEXUAL CHANGES
• changes in the reproductive organs that prepare both boys
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
and girls for procreation
CHROMOSOMES SECONDARY SEXUAL CHANGES
• rod shapes structures that contain all basic hereditary • physical changes that distinguish boys from girls
information of an organism
• 23 pairs of chromosomes MENARCHE
• refers to the onset of menstruation that typically occurs at
GENE
age of 13
• composed of sequences of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
through which genetic information is transmitted SPERMARCHE / SEMENARCHE
• produces the characteristics of each person
• refers to the first spontaneous ejaculation or nocturnal
• XX combination results in a female child
emission (wet dreams) that occurs at about 13
• XY combination results in a male child
ESTROGEN (FOR GIRLS)
GENETICS DEFECTS
• promote physical changes such as an increase in height,
PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU) widening of hips, and increase in fatty tissues in the breast
of girls
• refers to a child who is not able to produce an enzyme that
is required for normal development
ANDROGEN AND TESTOSTERONE (FOR BOYS)
1. DOWN SYNDROME • responsible for the boy’s growth of facial and body hair,
muscles, and changes in the voice
• refers to a disease wherein the zygote receives an extra
chromosome at the moment of conception
HOW WELL DO YOU KNOW YOURSELF?
2. SICKLE-CELL ANEMIA
SELF UNDERSTANDING
• refers to a disease characterized by abnormally shaped red • According to Santrock (2014), self-understanding is the
blood cells individual’s cognitive representation of the self which
consists of the substance and the content of self-
3. TAY-SACHS DISEASE conceptions
• refers to a disease wherein the body is not capable of
breaking down fats GROWING UP

STAGES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT PUBERTY

1. GERMINAL • a period of rapid changes
2. EMBRYONIC
3. FETAL
BODY IMAGE
• refers to the way one sees himself /herself or the way
STAGES OF POST-NATAL DEVELOPMENT
he/she imagines how he/she looks
1. INFANCY (Birth to 2 years)
2. EARLY CHILDHOOD (2-6 years)
3. SCHOOL AGE (7-12 years)
4. ADOLESCENCE (13-20 years)
5. EARLY ADULTHOOD (20-30 years)
6. MIDDLE ADULTHOOD (30-50 years)
7. LATE ADULTHOOD (50-60 years)
8. OLD AGE (60+ years)

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 5: THE PHYSICAL SELF

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE SELF VS IDENTITY

PERCEPTION OF THE PHYSICAL SELF
SELF
PERSONAL FACTORS • belongs to an individual level analysis which includes self-
esteem, self-states, self-efficacy, and the like
A. INTROSPECTION AND SELF REFLECTION
• Looking inward is one of the simplest ways to achieve self- IDENTITY
knowledge • based on societal or cultural level analysis such as the
• the process by which one observes and examines one’s cultural concept of oneself and cultural make-up which
internal state (mental and emotional) after behaving in a makes a person who he is
certain way
THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON BODY IMAGE AND
B. SELF-PERCEPTION THEORY SELF-ESTEEM: THE IMPORTANCE OF BEAUTY
• CULTURE – defined as a social system that is
• explains that since one’s internal state is difficult to interpret,
characterized by the shared meanings that are attributed to
people can infer their inner states by observing their own
people and events by its members
behavior – as if they are an outside observer
• BEAUTY – the quality of being physically attractive or the
qualities in a person or a thing that give pleasure to the
C. SELF-CONCEPT
senses or the mind
• a cognitive representation of self-knowledge which includes
the total of all beliefs that people have about themselves THE FILIPINO CONCEPT OF BEAUTY
D. PERSONAL IDENTITY EUROCENTRISM
• the concept a person has about himself that develops over • the tendency to interpret the world in terms of European or
the years Anglo-American values or experiences

SOCIAL FACTORS COLORISM

• an aspect of Eurocentrism defined as “the prejudicial or
A. ATTACHMENT PROCESS AND SOCIAL
preferential treatment of same-race people based solely on
APPRAISAL the color of their skin”
• people learn about their value and lovability when they
experience how their mothers or caregivers care for them SELF-ESTEEM AND THE IDEAL BODY IMAGE
and respond to their needs • SELF-ESTEEM – the overall evaluation that a person has
of himself which can be positive or negative, high or low
B. MAINTAINING, REGULATING, AND EXPANDING
THE SELF IN INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS ADOLESCENT’S BODY IMAGE
• the sense of self is continuously shaped through ongoing 1. Perception of their physical self when they look in the mirror
interaction with others or with significant relationship 2. Feeling of like or dislike about the physical self that they see
partners 3. Their thought and how they relate to their physical self
4. Perception of how other people view them physically
C. THE LOOKING-GLASS SELF THEORY
• a person’s self grows out of society’s interpersonal
interactions and the perception of others

D. SOCIAL COMPARISON
• a process of comparing oneself with others to evaluate
one’s own abilities and opinions
o UPWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON – when an n
individual compares himself to others who are better
than him
o DOWNWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON – when an
individual compares himself to someone who is in a
worse situation than he is especially when he is feeling
low

E. SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY (COLLECTIVE

IDENTITY)
• provides a framework about how people achieve an
understanding of themselves by being a member of their
group

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 6: THE SEXUAL SELF

SEXUAL SELFHOOD BIOLOGICAL

• defined as how one thinks about himself or herself as a • knowing the structures and functions of the reproductive
sexual individual system is essential to the understanding of sexuality

PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY BRAIN

• initiates and organizes sexual behavior
HISTORICAL
• Male assumes the dominant role PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
• PENIS – (male symbol) viewed as the symbol of fertility
• prepare the male and female’s bodies for procreation
• WIVES – considered as objects to be possessed just like
property MALE FEMALE
• WOMEN – forbidden to own property and had no legal and • testes • ovaries
political rights. • penis • fallopian tubes
• GYNE – the Greek word for a woman that means bearer of • scrotum • uterus
the child • seminal vesicles and • vagina
prostate glands
MIDDLE AGES
• bore witness the strong influence of the church, SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
particularly in matters of sexuality • physical changes that distinguish the males from females
• The church decreed that all sexual acts that do not lead to
procreation were considered evil MALE FEMALE
• Women were labeled as either temptress (like Eve) or a • voice becomes much lower • breasts enlarge
woman of virtue (like the Virgin Mary) (breaks) • hair growth on under arms
• hair growth on chest, face, and pubic area
TH underarms, arms, legs, • hip widens
PROTESTANT REFORMATION OF THE 16 and pubic area • skin becomes oily and
CENTURY (1483-1546) • increase in muscle size pores enlarge
• Martin Luther, John Calvin, and other Protestant leaders • skin becomes oily and
initiated a movement against the corruption of the pores enlarge
Roman Catholic Church
• Protestantism believed that sexuality is a natural part of SOCIOBIOLOGICAL / EVOLUTIONARY
life and that priests should be able to marry and have • studies how evolutionary forces affect sexual behavior
families • According to sociobiological theory, natural selection is a
process by which organisms that are best suited to their
17TH AND 18TH CENTURY environment are most likely to survive
• Puritans, a group of people who were discontented with the
Church of England rallied for religious, moral, and societal
PSYCHOLOGICAL
reformation • sexuality is not a mere physical response, it also involves
emotions, thoughts, and beliefs
VICTORIAN ERA (1837-1901)
FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF
• Homosexuality and prostitution were rampant and DEVELOPMENT
considered to be threats to social order.
• Psychoanalytic Theory of Sigmund Freud became 1. ORAL STAFE – the child’s erogenous zone is the mouth
popular which receives gratification through eating and sucking
2. ANAL STAGE – the erogenous zone is the anus in which
sexual gratification is derived from defecation
20TH CENTURY
3. PHALLIC STAGE – erogenous zone is the genitals, the child
• Interest in sexuality became more evident and accepted in experiences sexual attraction towards the opposite sex parent
society o OEDIPUS COMPLEX – boy child towards the mother
• The separation of church and state reduced the influence o ELECTRA COMPLEX – girl child towards the father
the church had over sexual mores 4. LATENCY STAGE – sexual impulses lie dormant as the child
• Rise of feminism allowed for changes in employment, home is occupied by social activities
life, and sexual standards for women 5. GENITAL STAGE – where the erogenous zone is again the
genitals, the sexual attraction is directed towards others, usually
one of the opposite sexes

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 6: THE SEXUAL SELF

RELIGIOUS THE PHASES OF HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE

• Masters and Johnsons categorized the human erotic
JUDAISM response into four stages which they called the Human
• holds a positive and natural outlook toward marital sex Sexual Response Cycle (HSRC):
which they consider as blessed by God and pleasurable for o EXCITEMENT
both man and woman o PLATEAU
o ORGASM
o RESOLUTION
ISLAM
• family is considered of utmost importance, and celibacy THE TRIAPHASIC MODEL OF SEXUAL RESPONSE
within marriage is prohibited
• Muslim men are allowed to have up to four wives, but • introduced by Helen Singer Kaplan which includes only
Muslim women can only have one husband sexual desire, excitement, and orgasm

TAOISM THE EROTIC STIMULUS PATHWAY THEORY

• sex is not only natural and healthy, but sacred union • by David Reed did not focus on the physical changes of
necessary to people’s physical, mental, and spiritual being sexual response but on the psychosocial aspects of sexual
response. His theory includes four stages:
o SEDUCTION – all actions that enhance attractiveness
HINDUISM
such as what people wear and how they act
• sexuality is seen as a spiritual force, and the act of ritual o SENSATION – sound, touch, and smell that affect
lovemaking is a means of both celebrating and arousal
transcending the physical o SURRENDER – orgasm
o REFLECTION – a positive or negative sexual
ROMAN CATHOLIC experience that affects future sexual patterns
• marriage is purely for intercourse and procreation
THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST,
SEXUAL TERMINOLOGIES LOVE, AND ATTACHMENT
• SEX – derived from the Latin word secare which means ‘to • ATTRACTION – a characteristic that causes pleasure or
divide interest by appealing to a person’s desires or tastes and
• SEXUALITY – means to unite causes one to be drawn to the other
• SEXUAL IDENTITY – includes sexual orientation, his ability • A desire for beauty lies within the brain
to manage sexual feelings, and his capacity to regulate his • Criteria of beauty are subjective and vary over time in
sexual behavior to avoid undesirable consequences different cultures
• GENDER – refers to the characteristics of people as males • Most romantic relationships begin with two individuals
or females falling in love with each other
• GENDER ROLE – a set of expectations that prescribes how • Early passionate love is not an emotion in and of itself.
females and males should think, act, and feel Rather, it is best characterized as a motivation or goal-
• GENDER ASSIGNMENT (natal gender) – refers to initial oriented state that leads to various specific emotions, such
assignment as male or female which usually occurs at birth as euphoria or anxiety
• GENDER REASSIGNMENT – denotes an official usually a • The emotions associated with love – elation, anxiety, joy,
legal change of gender fear – may come and go. But the motivation to be with the
• GENDER IDENTITY – a category of social identity that beloved – remains
refers to an individual’s identification as male, female, or
some category than male or female THE PHASES OF ROMANTIC LOVE
• MASCULINE – qualities and behaviors judged by a
particular culture to be ideally associated with or especially STAGE CHARACTERISTICS HORMONES AND
appropriate to men and boys NEURAL PATHWAYS
• FEMININE – qualities and behaviors judged by a particular INVOLVED
culture to be ideally associated with or especially Lust Phase intense craving for sexual androgen, estrogen,
contact pheromones, and
appropriate to women and girls
senses
• ANDROGYNY – those who have both masculine and Attraction couples are infatuated and high dopamine and
feminine traits, feelings, and qualities Phase pursue a relationship. the norepinephrine; low
• ASEXUALS – persons who do not experience sexual energy and attention are serotonin
drives or attraction to either sex focused on one person
• HYPERSEXUAL – persons with an excessive interest in Attachment the long-term bond oxytocin, vasopressin
sex to the point where it can cause problems in one’s life Phase between partners. it is a
feeling of security,
comfort, and emotional
union

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 6: THE SEXUAL SELF

JOHN LEE’S LOVE STYLES THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LOVE (PSYCHOLOGICAL

1. EROS – love is based on the strong sexual and emotional THEORIES WHY PEOPLE FALL IN LOVE)
components 1. BEHAVIORAL REINFORCEMENT THEORY – when
2. AGAPE – altruistic and selfless love someone received a reward such as free ride or other favors
3. STORGE – love-relation friendship based on nonsexual from another, a positive feeling may be experienced
affection 2. PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL THEORY – explains the most
4. LUDUS – for ludic lovers, love is just a game, something for acceptable theories about emotions: the bodies experience a
fun and entertainment physiological change first, then people assign an emotion to that
5. MANIA – characterized by an intense feeling which may lead physical sensation
to obsessive and possessive love towards the loved ones 3. EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES – explains that love arose due
6. PRAGMA – a practical and business-like love to some sociobiological need

THE TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE FACTORS THAT WOULD DETERMINE WITH WHOM
BY: ROBERT STENBERG PEOPLE FALL IN LOVE
• love is made up of three (3) components:
1. PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS – beauty is in the eye of the
1. INTIMACY – the desire to give and receive emotional
beholder
closeness, support, caring, and sharing
2. RECIPROCITY – people tend to like an individual who also
2. PASSION – the hot component of love that can be described
likes them
as intensely romantic or sexual desire for another person usually
3. PROXIMITY – being around anytime physically or virtually
accompanied by physical attraction and physiological arousal
4. SIMILARITIES – same age, religion, education, race,
3. COMMITMENT – cold component of love
physical attractiveness, intelligence, and socio-economic class
STENBERG’S SEVERAL TYPES OF LOVE
DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
1. LIKING (intimacy) – involves emotional intimacy and has no 1. SOCIOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR – sexual behavior involving
passionate intention for a long-term commitment more than one person. It is generally expressed in heterosexual
2. INFATUATION (passion) – associated with a high degree of behavior (male with female) and homosexual behavior (male
physiological arousal with male or female with female)
3. EMPTY LOVE (commitment) – involves only commitment 2. SOLITARY BEHAVIOR – self-masturbation or self-
4. ROMANTIC LOVE (passion and intimacy) – a combination stimulation with the intention of causing sexual arousal, a feeling
of both passion and intimacy that may be present during the first of pleasure and often results in orgasm
phase of a relationship
5. COMPANIONATE LOVE (intimacy and commitment) – the SEXUAL ORIENTATION
components are both intimacies that are experienced in a long
• Rosenthal (2013) defined sexual orientation as a person’s
deeply committed friendship or marriage where passion is faded
predisposition or inclination regarding sexual behavior,
6. FATUOUS LOVE (passion and commitment) – a
emotional attachment, or physical attraction to one or both
combination of passion and commitment experienced by a
sexes
couple who spent a short time in courtship and suddenly decided
to get married
7. CONSUMMATE LOVE (passion, intimacy, and
TYPES OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION
commitment) – there exists a healthy balance of passion, 1. HOMOSEXUAL – refers to a person whose sexual orientation
intimacy, and commitment shared by couples considered to be is toward another of the same sex
ideal for each other o LESBIAN – a term used to describe a woman whose
sexual and romantic attraction is toward women
THE CHEMISTRY OF LOVE o GAY – man whose sexual and romantic attraction is
• The chemistry of love explains how several chemical towards other men
substances in the body have been found to naturally 2. HETEROSEXUAL – person whose sexual orientation is
influence the experience of love: toward others of the opposite sex
1. DOPAMINE (DA) and NOREPINEPHRINE (NE) – 3. BISEXUAL – person who may be sexually oriented to both
neurotransmitters involved in mood, motivation, attention, and men and women.
excitement 4. PANSEXUAL – new sexual orientation of persons who are
2. SEROTONIN – a neurotransmitter associated with mood, sexually attracted to people regardless of their sex or gender
obsession, sex, and sleep identity
3. PHENYTHYLAMINE (PEA) – a neurochemical that can 5. TRANSGENDER – refers to the broad spectrum of individuals
increase the levels of DA and NE, especially in the pathways who transiently or persistently identify with a gender different
involving mood and pleasure also called the “love drug” from their natal gender
4. OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN – neuropeptides released
from the pituitary gland
5. ENDORPHINS – were named for “endogenous morphine”,
the body’s natural opiates, like the man-made drugs morphine
and heroin

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 6: THE SEXUAL SELF

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STI’S) 4. STERILIZATION

1. HIV/AIDS – HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus • procedure that makes an individual permanently incapable
while AIDS stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome of conceiving or fertilizing a partner
o HIV – a virus a. TUBAL LIGATION / STERILIZATION – the surgery for
o AIDS – condition or syndrome woman in which fallopian tubes are tied to prevent eggs from
2. GENITAL HERPES – a sexually transmitted infection caused travelling to the uterus so a woman cannot get pregnant
by a large family of viruses of different strains b. VASECTOMY – an operation in which the surgeon makes a
3. GENITAL WARTS – an STI caused by the human small cut in the upper part of scrotum then ties or blocks the vas
papillomavirus; genital warts are very contagious and are the deferens
most acquired STI
4. GONORRHEA – a sexually transmitted infection caused by 5. INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD)
the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae which thrives in the moist
mucous membranes linings of the mouth, throat, vagina, cervix, • a small device that is placed in the uterus by a doctor to
urethra, and the anal tract prevent pregnancy
5. SYPHILIS – a sexually transmitted infection caused by the
bacterium Treponema pallidum, a spirochete 6. EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION (EC)
6. CHLAMYDIA – one of the most common sexually transmitted • a measure that protects against pregnancy after
infections, named for Chlamydia trachomatis, an organism that unprotected sex has already occurred
spreads through sexual contact and infects the genital of both
sexes

METHOD OF CONTRACEPTION
(ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL)

1. HORMONAL METHOD OF CONTRACEPTION

• prevents the release of an egg or ovulation
a. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES (pills) – daily oral contraceptives
b. THE PATCH – a small patch you stick on the skin that
releases estrogen and progestogen
c. THE RING – a small ring a woman inserts into her vagina
every month and releases hormones to stop ovulation
d. IMPLANTS – a small flexible rod that is placed under the skin
of the upper arm by a health professional and releases
progesterone to stop ovulation
e. INJECTIBLE –long-acting reversible contraception does not
depend on you taking it daily and is more than 99 percent
effective

2. BARRIER METHODS
• methods that physically or chemically block the sperm from
reaching an egg and provide a barrier between direct skin-
to-skin contacts
a. DIAPHRAGM – soft dome made of latex or silicone and is
used with spermicide
b. CERVICAL CAPS – like the diaphragm, though generally
made of silicone
c. MALE AND FEMALE CONDOMS OR SPERMICIDES – male
condom is made up of thin latex over the penis to stop the sperm
from entering the vagina

3. BEHAVIORAL METHODS
a. RHYTHM OR CALENDAR METHOD – a way to determine a
woman’s most fertile and infertile times by charting the
menstrual cycle
b. ABSTINENCE OR CELIBACY – refer to the avoidance of
sexual intercourse
c. OUTERCORSE – a sexual activity that does not include the
insertion of the penis into the vagina
d. WITHDRAWAL (Latin: coitus interruptus) – happens when a
man removes his penis from the vagina and ejaculates outside
the woman’s body

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 7: THE MATERIAL SELF

MATERIAL SELF 7. ESCAPISM

• According to James William, it refers to tangible objects, • consumers who enjoy fictional realities as a “means of
people, or places that carry the designation my or mine escape” from the harshness of day-to-day life

BARBARA KRUGER 8. TRADITIONAL CULTURE

• “I shop, therefore I am.”
• products, services, and brands that are viewed as part of
traditional cultures such as the culture of a nation, people,
TWO SUBCLASSES OF MATERIAL SELF or city
1. BODILY SELF – speaks on our body part which is the inner
core of material self-such as arms, legs, hair, etc.
9. SUPER CULTURE
2. EXTRACORPOREAL SELF – or self-based outside living
body referred to by Rosenberg as the Extended Self. It includes • a large culture that exists on a global basis such as sport,
clothes (my jacket), possessions (my car), places (my video games, or street fashion enthusiasts
hometown), immediate family (my parents), and other things
that we consider as ours 10. SUBCULTURE
• a subculture is a relatively small culture that surrounds a
HOW DO WE DETERMINE IF THE ENTITY social group, profession, or pursuit
IS PART OF OUR MATERIAL SELF?
• There is an emotional investment 11. NORMCORE
• We tend to react in an emotional way when a thing is • a subculture of people who just want to be normal such
applauded, commended, admired, praised, and attacked that they avoid purchases that send a strong social signal
• Abundantly paying attention to the thing
• Maintaining or enhancing it 12. BRAND INDIFERRENCE
• Represents important aspects of self (avid collectors)
• consumers who view brands with complete indifference
and buy based on practical considerations or need and
CONSUMER CULTURE price
• plays a role in our sense of self-identity and has become
increasingly materialistic 13. ANTI-CONSUMERS
• a socio-economic phenomenon where social status,
values, and activities are centered on the consumption of • consumers who believe people should minimize
goods and services. Identity may be expressed in many purchases or be completely self-reliant. View
types of consumption and may vary with the type of consumption as greed and branding as propaganda
consumer
ECONOMIC SELF-PRESENTATION AND IDENTITY
EXAMPLES OF CONSUMER CULTURE
ECONOMICS
1. CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION • the study of things that a person is lacking, of how people
make use of the things they have, and of making the right
• spending money on and acquiring luxury goods and
decisions
services to publicly display economic power
• the condition of the person, group, or region as regards to
material prosperity
2. CONSPICUOUS CONSERVATION
• a desire to signal that you are a good person who is ECONOMIC SELF-SUFFICIENCY
concerned with the environmental and social issues • the ability of individuals and families to consistently meet
their needs
3. EARLY ADOPTERS
• consumers who pride themselves on being at the ECONOMIC CONSCIOUSNESS
forefront of product trends • the result of socialization and professionalization of the
subject that acquires a particular significance in human
4. FOLLOWERS affairs
• worry about missing out on new trendy products and • includes social perceptions, attitudes, relationships, and
brands opinions of persons/social group about different economic
objects and phenomena
5. LOW-TECH
ECONOMIC IDENTITY
• enthusiasts of old technology • the psychological phenomenon that results from social
categorization. For instance, a category of economic status
6. PEAK EXPERIENCES is whether a person belongs to rich, sustainable, or poor
• consumers who seek meaning and experience through sectors of society
consumption

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER

LESSON 7: THE MATERIAL SELF

JOHN HESKETT SYMBOLIC MOTIVES

• British writer and lecturer on the economic, political, • STATUS – the extent to which people believe they can
cultural, and human value of industrial design derive a sense of recognition or achievement from owning
and using the right kind of product, can be an important
MATERIAL SELF-PRESENTATION AND IDENTITY motivator of behavior
BY: JOHN HESKETT • AFFECTIVE MOTIVES – a concept in Environmental
• Design combines “need” and “desire” in the form of a Psychology. Affect (emotions) serves as a motivator of pro-
practical object that can also reflect the user’s identity and environmental behavior
aspirations through its form and decoration
• there is a significance and function behind everyday things THE ROLE OF CONSUMER CULTURE ON THE
• explains that there is a subconscious effect in everyday life SENSE OF SELF AND IDENTITY
• CONSUMER IDENTITY – the pattern of consumption that
ROLAND BARTHES (1915-1980) describes the consumer
• French literary theorist, philosopher, critic, and semiotician • CONSUMERISM – the preoccupation with and an
inclination towards the buying of consumer goods. It is also
MATERIAL SELF-PRESENTATION AND IDENTITY based on the theory that an increasing consumption of
BY: ROLAND BARTHES goods is economically desirable
• A sign is anything that conveys meaning • BEHAVIORAL FINANCE – a new field that combines
behavioral and cognitive psychological theory with
• In the 1950s, he popularized the field of semiology (the
conventional economics and finance to provide
study of objects as signs)
explanations for why people make irrational financial
• revealed that everyday objects are not just things but a
decisions
complex system of signs which allows one to read meaning
into people and places

SEMIOTIC
• the study of signs that Barthes introduced
• examine how words, photographs, images, and objects can
work as a language to communicate a range of ideas,
associations, and feelings

TWO ELEMENTS OF SIGNS

• SIGNIFIER – refers to its physical form (e.g., a diamond
ring)
• SIGNIFIED – refers to the mental concepts (e.g., engaged
to be married)

THEORY OF THE MEANING

OF MATERIAL POSSESSIONS
• suggests that material goods can fulfill a range of
instrumental, social, symbolic, and effective functions
1. INSTRUMENTAL FUNCTIONS – relate to the functional
properties of a product. For example, a person bought a pick-up
style car for family and business functions
2. SOCIAL SYMBOLIC FUNCTIONS – signify personal
qualities, social standing, group affiliation, and gender role. For
instance, buying an iPhone instead of other mobile phones
3. CATEGORICAL FUNCTIONS – refers to the extent to which
material possessions may be used to communicate group
membership and status. Example to buying or renting a condo
unit in Makati City
4. SELF-EXPRESSIVE FUNCTIONS – reflect a person’s unique
qualities, values, or attitudes. There are people who may
represent themselves by collecting objects with a Hello Kitty
brand. Others may express their favorite color through the color
of their accessories

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF – MIDTERMS REVIEWER LOZADA, GERALD FRANCIS D.