Appendix A: RMS Values of Waveforms

Appendix A
RMS Values of Waveforms
A.1 Denitions
The RMS (root-mean-square) values are denoted with uppercase letters without index. We use currents in the examples given here. Physical Meaning of the RMS Value The RMS value (often called the effective value or DC-equivalent value) of a current is an equivalent of a DC current, which has the same heat dissipation as the real current on any resistor. RMS Value in the Frequency Domain When a given wave form (a current in the case) comprises components with different frequency, i.e., different harmonics, then its RMS value is given by the sum:
I=
k = 0...
2 k
(A.1)
where Ik is the RMS value of the kth harmonic. This sum can also be separated in the frequency domain into two components: The DC component: IDC = I0 The AC component: IAC =
I
k =1
2 k
The basic (the rst) harmonic is I1. The RMS value of the higher harmonics is
Ih =
I
k=2
2 k
(A.2)
Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
410
Inductors and Transformers for Power Electronics
Using Equation (A.2) we can write

2 2 2 I = I DC + I AC = I DC + I 12 + I h2
(A.3)
RMS Value in the Time Domain The RMS value of a current, dened as i(t) in the general case, is 1 T
t0 +T
I=
i(t) dt
2 t0
(A.4)
where the period of the repeating signal is T and t0 is an arbitrary time instant.
A.2 RMS Values of Some Basic Waveforms

A.2.1 Discontinuous Waveforms The current ows during some time interval DT and it is zero for the rest of the period T. For this case we can write I = ID D (A.5)
where D is the duty ratio ID is the RMS value corresponding to the nonzero part of the waveform in the frames of one period (see Fig. A.1)
i (t )
i (t )
DT
T
(a)
2T
2T (b)
3T
FIGURE A.1 Waveforms: (a) D < 1; (b) D = 1.
RMS Values of Waveforms

i(t ) I1
0 FIGURE A.2 Repeating line waveforms.
411
I2
2T
3T
A.2.2
Repeating Line Waveforms
Repeating line wave forms are shown in Fig. A.2. The start value of the current is I1, the end value is I2, the period is T. For 0 < t < T the current is i( t ) = I 1 + t ( I 2 I1 ) T (A.6)
After calculating the integral corresponding to RMS value we obtain the following result: I= 1 T
i(t)2 dt =
2 2 I1 + I 2 + I1I 2 3
(A.7)
We can also write this result as 1I I I +I I = 1 2 + 1 2 2 3 2

2 2
(A.8)
Equation (A.8) describes the RMS value as a function of the average value (I1 + I2)/2 and the deviation (I1 I2)/2. The current waveform is divided into DC current component (I1 + I2)/2 and AC current component (I1 I2)/2. Then RMS value is calculated in a similar way to the equation (A.3). A.2.3 Waveforms Consisting of Different Repeating Line Parts
The curve is composed from the line parts A, B, and C (see Fig. A.3), for which RMS values IA, IB, and IC are calculated by Equation (A.8). The RMS value of that waveform is
2 2 2 I = I A DA + I B DB + I C DC
(A.9)
where DA = TA/T, IA is the RMS value of the part with duration TA DB = TB/T, IB is the RMS value of the part with duration TB DC = TC/T, IC is the RMS value of the part with duration TC
412
i (t )
Inductors and Transformers for Power Electronics
TDA T
TDB TDC
FIGURE A.3 Different repeating line parts.
Note that the current may also be discontinuous.
A.3 RMS Values of Common Waveforms

A.3.1 Sawtooth Wave, Fig. A.4.
i(t ) Ipk
0 FIGURE A.4 Sawtooth wave.
2T
3T
I rms = A.3.2 Clipped Sawtooth, Fig. A.5.

i(t ) Ipk
0 FIGURE A.5 Clipped sawtooth.
I pk 3
DT
2T
I rms = I pk
D 3
RMS Values of Waveforms A.3.3 Triangular Waveform, No DC Component, Fig. A.6.

i (t ) Ipk
0
413
FIGURE A.6 Triangular waveform, no DC component.
I rms =
I pk 3
A.3.4
Triangular Waveform with DC Component, Fig. A.7.

i(t ) IDC
0 IDC
FIGURE A.7 Triangular waveform with DC component.
I rms = IDC
( IDC )2 1 I 2 1 + DC = IDC + 3 IDC 3
A.3.5
Clipped Triangular Waveform, Fig. A.8.

i(t ) Ipk
0
DT T
2T
FIGURE A.8 Clipped triangular waveform.
I rms = I pk
D 3
414 A.3.6
Inductors and Transformers for Power Electronics Square Wave, Fig. A.9.
i(t )
Ipk t T
2T
FIGURE A.9 Square wave.
I rms = I pk
A.3.7
Rectangular Pulse Wave, Fig. A.10.

i(t ) Ipk
0
DT
2T
FIGURE A.10 Rectangular pulse wave.
I rms = I pk D
A.3.8
Sine Wave, Fig. A.11.

i(t ) Ipk
0
2T
FIGURE A.11 Sine wave.
I rms =
I pk 2
RMS Values of Waveforms A.3.9 Clipped Sinusoid, Full Wave, Fig. A.12.
i(t ) Ipk
0
415
DT
2T
FIGURE A.12 Clipped sinusoid, full wave.
I rms = I pk D
A.3.10
Clipped Sinusoid, Half Wave, Fig. A.13.

i (t ) Ipk
0
DT
2T
FIGURE A.13 Clipped sinusoid, half wave.
I rms = I pk
D 2
A.3.11
Trapezoidal Pulse Wave, Fig. A.14.

i(t ) IDC
0 IDC
DT
2T
FIGURE A.14 Trapezoidal pulse wave.

2
I rms = I DC
1 I D 1 + DC 3 I DC

Appendix A: RMS Values of Waveforms

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Appendix A

RMS Values of Waveforms

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Inductors and Transformers for Power Electronics

Using Equation (A.2) we can write

A.2 RMS Values of Some Basic Waveforms

FIGURE A.1 Waveforms: (a) D < 1; (b) D = 1.

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

RMS Values of Waveforms

Repeating Line Waveforms

We can also write this result as 1I I I +I I = 1 2 + 1 2 2 3 2

Inductors and Transformers for Power Electronics

FIGURE A.3 Different repeating line parts.

Note that the current may also be discontinuous.

A.3 RMS Values of Common Waveforms

I rms = A.3.2 Clipped Sawtooth, Fig. A.5.

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

RMS Values of Waveforms A.3.3 Triangular Waveform, No DC Component, Fig. A.6.

FIGURE A.6 Triangular waveform, no DC component.

Triangular Waveform with DC Component, Fig. A.7.

FIGURE A.7 Triangular waveform with DC component.

( IDC )2 1 I 2 1 + DC = IDC + 3 IDC 3

Clipped Triangular Waveform, Fig. A.8.

FIGURE A.8 Clipped triangular waveform.

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FIGURE A.9 Square wave.

Rectangular Pulse Wave, Fig. A.10.

FIGURE A.10 Rectangular pulse wave.

Sine Wave, Fig. A.11.

FIGURE A.11 Sine wave.

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

FIGURE A.12 Clipped sinusoid, full wave.

Clipped Sinusoid, Half Wave, Fig. A.13.

FIGURE A.13 Clipped sinusoid, half wave.

Trapezoidal Pulse Wave, Fig. A.14.

FIGURE A.14 Trapezoidal pulse wave.

Copyright 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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