UTY REVIEWER 😊 Volt or Voltage – is the electrical pressure that

causes the electrons to move through a conductor

ELECTRICITY - fundamental form of energy that is (wire). In other words, voltage is the electromotive
observable in positive and negative forms that force.
occurs naturally or is produced and is expressed in
terms of the movement and interactions of Circuit – refers to the wire installations that supply
electrons. current to light and convenient outlets

Electric current is the flow of electric force in a Ampere – is the standard unit used in measuring
conductor. the strength of an electric current, named after
Andre M. Ampere.
Direct current flows in one direction the flow is
said to be negative to positive. Watt – is the rate or measure of power used or
consumed. It represents the equivalent heat volts
Alternating current constantly reverses its and ampere consumed by lights, appliances, or
direction of flow motors.
SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY Resistance is the frictions or opposition to the flow
Chemical energy. This is stored, or “potential,” of current by the wires and transformers.
energy. Releasing chemical energy from in
carbonbased fuels generally requires combustion –
for example the burning of coal, oil, natural gas, or OHMS LAW
biomass.
OHM - the SI unit of electrical resistance, equal to
Thermal energy. Typical sources of thermal the resistance of a conductor in which a potential
energy are heat from underground hot springs, difference of one volt produces a current of one
ampere
combustion of fossil fuels and biomass.
OHM’S LAW that law that for any circuit the electric
Kinetic energy is movement which occurs when current is directly proportional to the voltage and
water moves with tides or flows downstream, or inversely proportional to the resistance
when air moves wind turbines in the wind.
I= V/R
Nuclear energy. This is the energy stored in the
bonds inside atoms and molecules. When nuclear Impedance the term for resistance in AC electricity
energy is released, it can emit radioactivity and
For AC electricity the Ohms law is expressed as
heat
I=V/Z
Rotational energy. This is the energy of spinning,
V=IXR
typically produced by mechanical devices such as
flywheels. R = V/I
Solar energy. Energy radiates from the sun and I = V/R
the light rays can be captured with photovoltaics
and semiconductors. Mirrors can be used to
concentrate the power, and the sun’s heat is also a POWER FORMULA
thermal source.
Under the principles of DC electricity. Power is the
product of voltage and current.
DEFINITION OF TERMS Watts = Volts x Amperes
Ion - Is the term applied to an atom or molecule Under the principle of AC electricity, the product of
which is not electrically balanced. It is an atom volts and amperes is equal to the quantity called
or molecule that is electrically charged. It simply volt ampere (v.a.) which is not the same as watts.
means there is a loss or gain of one or more Thus.
electrons. Volt Amperes = Volt x Amperes
And to convert volt-ampere to watts or power, a 4. Nonmetallic-Sheathed Cable - it is a
power factor (pf) is introduced. And to get power in flexible electric cable, having an assembly of
an AC circuit, we have the following formula. two or more insulated conductors that are
protected by an outer plastic
Watts = Volts x Ampere x power factor
sheathing.
W= V x I x p - usually used in interior residential wiring
inside walls, in the floor or in the ceiling.
5. Shielded Nonmetallic Sheathed Cable - a
METHODS OF ELECTRICAL WIRING SYSTEM group of two or more insulated conductors
covered with a moisture and flame-resistant
CABLE – a group of wire inside a covering that is nonmetallic material and wire shield,
used to convey electricity. jacketed with an extruded moisture, flame,
oil, corrosion, fungus, and sunlight resistant
_________________________________________
material.
CABLE WIRING METHODS - usually used in dry locations

1. Armored Cable – plastic insulated

conductors in a metallic enclosure; called AC
RACEWAYS - act as protection for cables and wires
or BX Cable; three stranded copper wires;
against different conditions such as heat, humidity,
large appliances and indoor applications.
water interference, corrosion, and all types of
WIRE TYPES physical threats. playing a critical role in electric
wiring.
• Hot wire – conveys electricity from the
supply to the load
• Neutral wire - conveys electricity from the RACEWAY METHODS
load back to supply
• Galvanized Steel - this type of raceway
2. Metal Clad Cable - insulated with a PVC system is primarily used for industrial and
jacket and enclosed in an interlocking, commercial purposes. due to its supreme
metallic sheath, tape or in a corrugated strength, galvanized steel raceways help
metallic tube protect wires that are in corrosive
environments.
WIRE TYPES
• Non-metallic Conduit - non-metallic or
• Hot wire – conveys electricity from the conduit raceway systems are typically used
supply to the load in homes and underground. this type of
• Neutral wire - conveys electricity from the raceway is non-conductive and water
load back to supply resistant. The most common types of
• Ground Wire - a wire that is used when there nonmetallic conduit are the following:
is a ground fault or other problem in the
electrical system.

3. Mineral Insulated Metal / Metal Sheathed

Cable - one or more conductors insulated
with a refractory mineral which is highly
compressed, and it is enclosed in a gastight
and liquid tight continuous copper or steel
sheath.
- can be used for the most demanding • Non-metallic Conduit
applications like instrumentation and 1. Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride Conduit (PVC) –
power in hazardous areas, feeders most common type of nonmetallic
and branch circuits, and nuclear conduit, being lightweight and affordable,
reactors. while offering decent mechanical
 resistance for its low weight. In addition, therefore cheaper. it is of course but the money you
it is virtually unaffected by humidity and saved from buying cables will be used in buying joint
corrosion, and is also an electrical boxes, thus equation is balanced. this method is
insulator. suitable for temporary installations, and it is cheap.
2. High Density Polyethylene Conduit
(HDPE) - type of nonmetallic conduit for
applications where the circuit is buried or
encased in concrete. it is not approved
for indoor use or for exposed installation.
3. Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Conduit
(RTRC) - more commonly known as
fiberglass conduit. PVC can become
brittle when exposed to very cold
weather, while RTRC conserves its
mechanical properties. RTRC is suitable Loop-In or Looping System - this method of wiring
for exposed or buried installation, indoor is universally used in wiring. lamps and other
or outdoor use, and is unaffected by appliances are connected in parallel so that each of
humidity and corrosion. the appliances can be controlled individually. when
4. Liquidtight Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit a connection is required at a light or switch, the feed
(LFNC) - self-explanatory name: it is a conductor is looped in by bringing it directly to the
type of nonmetallic conduit intended for terminal and then carrying it forward again to the
connections and cable runs with next point to be fed.
obstacles that are difficult to bypass with
rigid conduit. LFNC is a versatile option,
approved for various indoor and outdoor
applications.
5. Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing (ENT) -
ENT has similar applications to LFNC but
can be used for runs longer than 6 feet.
in indoor locations, ENT can be either
exposed or concealed. it resists moisture
and corrosion, but can only be used
outdoors if encased in concrete or
protected from sunlight ELECTRICAL WIRING - a process of connecting
6. Flexible Metal Conduit (FMC) - flexible cables and wires to the related devices such as fuse,
metal conduit raceway systems are ideal switches, sockets, lights, fans etc to the main
for wiring that needs to curve or turn in distribution board is a specific structure to the utility
different directions during its pathway. pole for continues power supply.
these are great for areas that experience
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL WIRING
high levels of vibrations as the flexibility
of the raceway protects the wires against Cleat Wiring - this system of wiring comprises of
sudden jolts and movements. ordinary VIR or PVC insulated wires b raided and
compounded held on walls or ceilings by means of
porcelain cleats, plastic, or wood.
INSTALLATION METHODS
Casing And Capping Wiring - casing and capping
Joint Box or Tee or Jointing System - in this wiring system was famous wiring system in the past
method of wiring, connections to appliances are but, it is considered obsolete these days because of
made through joints. these joints are made in joint conduit and sheathed wiring system. the cables
boxes by means of suitable connectors or joints used in this kind of wiring were either VIR or PVC or
cutouts. this method of wiring doesn’t consume too any other approved insulated cables.
much cables size. you might think because this
method of wiring doesn’t require too much cable it is
Batten Wiring - single core or double core or three like hospitals and hotels. do not disturb switch is
core TRS cables with a circular oval shape cables generally used to ensure privacy and silence.
are used in this kind of wiring. mostly, single core
Light Dimmer / Stepless Regulator - a light
cables are preferred. TRS cables are chemical
dimmer/stepless regulator is used to control or
proof, waterproof, steam proof, but are slightly
change the speed of a fan or sometimes to change
affected by lubricating oil. the TRS cables are run on
the intensity of a light between bright and dim. the
well-seasoned and straight teak wood batten with at
regulators available earlier used to rotate in steps,
least a thickness of 10mm
each step representing a definite level of fan speed,
Conduit Wiring - there are two additional types of but the light dimmer/stepless regulator allows you to
conduits wiring according to pipe installation: rotate it freely without any steps or levels.
1. Surface conduit wiring Bell Push Switch - a bell push switch is connected
to a doorbell. so, when the switch is pushed, it rings
2. Concealed conduit wiring
the bell connected to it. it can be used at homes,
TYPES OF SWITCHES offices or at any other place wherever required. a
bell push switch always maintains a broken circuit
Mechanical Switches - are physical switches, unless the button is pressed.
which must be activated physically, by moving,
pressing, releasing, or touching their contacts. PLUGS

- can be classified into different types based on OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICES

several factors such as the method of actuation
OVERCURRENT - An overcurrent is a condition that
(manual, limit, and process switches), number of
exists in an electrical circuit when the normal load
contacts (single contact and multi-contact switches),
number of poles and throws (SPST, DPDT, SPDT, current is exceeded. An overcurrent condition can be
etc.), operation and construction (push button, caused by a short circuit and overload situation.
toggle, rotary, joystick, etc.), based on state SHORT CIRCUIT - When an electric current flows
(momentary and locked switches), etc down the wrong or unintended path with little to no
Electrical Switches - the electrical and electronic electrical resistance. It can cause serious damage,
systems use at least one switch to control the on and fire, and even small-scale explosions. In fact, short
circuits are one of the leading causes of structural
off operations of the device. in simple words, a
fires around the world.
switch is used to control the circuit operation by
activating or deactivating the whole or certain parts CAUSES OF SHORT CIRCUIT
or processes of a connected circuit.
✓ The wiring encounters water or some other
One-Way (Single Pole) SPST - a one-way or single- liquid.
pole electrical switch is the most common one in
use. they are used to control lights, fans, or other ✓ Faulty insulation or loose connections can
devices from a single location. result in the live and neutral wires coming in
contact with each other.
Two-Way (Double-Pole) DPST - two-way or
double-pole electrical switch is generally used in ✓ Nail and screw punctures that cause the wire
industrial applications but can also be found in some casings to deteriorate.
home wiring systems. like the single-pole switch, a ✓ An abnormal buildup of electrical currents
two-way or a double-pole electrical switch may also within your home's electrical wiring system.
have the on and off markings on them. These
switches control a device or equipment from more ✓ Common pests, like rats, mice, and squirrels,
than one location. chew the wires.

Do Not Disturb Switch - entirely different from the OVERLOAD - All electrical circuits are designed to
regular switches available in the market, this soft handle a limited amount of electricity. When you
touch operating switch is generally used in places draw more electricity than what a circuit can handle,
a circuit overload will occur.
SIGNS FOR CIRCUIT OVERLOAD TYPE: STANDARD CIRCUIT BREAKERS
✓ Dimming lights. Single-Pole Circuit Breakers - Single-pole circuit
breakers are the type most often found in homes
✓ Buzzing outlets or switches.
today. They're named single pole because they're
✓ Warm outlets or switch covers. designed to monitor the current of a single wire and
trip in the event of a short or electrical overload.
✓ Burning smells from or marks on outlet Single-pole breakers are intended to accommodate
covers/switches. between 15 and 30 amps and deliver 120 volts to the
✓ Power tools, appliances, or electronics aren’t circuit.
as powerful as they once were. Double-Pole Circuit Breakers - monitor the flow of
OVERCURRENT PROTECTIVE DEVICES (OCPD) electricity through two wires simultaneously. They're
easily recognized as a single breaker with two
✓ An overcurrent protection device (OCPD) is interlinked, side-by-side switches. This type of
a piece of electrical equipment used to breaker will trip if one or both of the wires short out
protect service, feeder, and branch circuits or becomes overloaded. Double-pole circuit
and equipment from excess current by breakers deliver either 240 volts or 120/240 volts to
interrupting the flow of current. an electrical circuit and can accommodate anywhere
from 15 amps to 200 amps
✓ To have a properly operating circuit, current
flow should be confined to a safe level. This TYPE: GFCI CIRCUIT BREAKERS
safe level of current is determined by the
current handling capability of the load, GFCI circuit breakers - are designed to protect
conductors, switches, and other system against a line-to-ground fault. This is when a
components. Under normal operating dangerous electrical path occurs between a
conditions, the current in a circuit should be grounded element and an electrical current. GFCI
equal to or less than the normal current level. breakers also offer protection against an electrical
short or overloaded current.
CIRCUIT BREAKER - A circuit breaker is an
automatically operated electrical switch designed to TYPE: AFCI CIRCUIT BREAKERS
protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by AFCI circuit breakers - are designed to trip when
overload of electricity or short circuit. A circuit arcing is detected within electrical wiring. This
breakers function is to detect a fault condition and, occurs when an electrical cord become damaged, or
by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue its coating becomes too thin, and it presents a
electrical flow. serious risk of a fire. Standard single-pole and
COMPONENTS OF CIRCUIT BREAKER double-pole circuit breakers won't always detect
electrical arcs because they're only tripped by
Molded Frame - Protects internal parts of the circuit excessive heat.
breaker from outside materials
FUSE - A safety device consisting of a strip of wire
Operating Mechanism - Provides a means of that melts and breaks an electric circuit if the current
opening and closing the circuit breaker exceeds a safe level.
Arc Extinguisher - Extinguishes an arc when the - is a part of the circuit which consists of
circuit breaker interrupts a fault. conductor which melts easily and breaks the
connection when current exceeds the
Contacts - Allows the current to flow through the
predetermine value. An electrical fuse is a
circuit breaker when closed.
weakest part of an electrical circuit which
Trip Unit - Opens the operating mechanism in the breaks when more than predetermined
event of a prolonged overload or short circuit current flows through it.
FUSE WIRE - to carry the normal current without
excessive heating but more than normal current
BASIC TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS when pass through fuse wire, it rapidly heats and
melts. The materials used for fuse wire are mainly quartz powder (and in the case of a liquid
tin, lead, copper, aluminum, etc. filled HRC fuses, a non-conducting liquid like
mineral oil) that acts as an arc extinguishing
TYPES OF FUSES
agent.
Fuses can be divided into two major categories, AC
3. Expulsion Fuses - These fuses are filled with
fuses, and DC fuses.
chemicals like boric acid that produce gases
DC FUSES: on heating. These gases extinguish the arc
and are expelled from the ends of the fuse.
1. CARTRIGE FUSES - most common type of fuse. The fuse element is made of copper, tin or
The fuse element is encased in a glass envelope silver.
that is terminated by metal caps. The fuse is placed
in an appropriate holder. Since the glass envelope is 4. LOW VOLTAGE FUSES - These fuses are
clear, it is easy to visually determine if the fuse is used in the relatively low voltage distribution
blown. networks.

2. AUTOMOTIVE FUSES - These fuses are 5. Cartridge fuses - They are very similar to
specifically designed for automotive systems that cartridge DC fuses. They consist of a
run up to 32V and occasionally 42V. They come in transparent envelope surrounding the fuse
‘blade’ form (a transparent plastic envelope with flat element. They can be plugged in (blade type)
contacts) and are color coded according to rated or screwed into a fixture (bolt type).
current. Some of these types are also used in other
6. Drop out fuses - They contain a spring-
high-power circuits.
loaded lever arm that retracts when a fault
3. RESETTABLE FUSES/POLYFUSE - Like their occurs and must be rewired and put back in
name suggests, these fuses are self-resetting. They place to resume normal operation. They are
contain carbon black particles embedded in organic a type of expulsion fuse.
polymers. Normally, the carbon black makes the
7. Rewireable fuses - They are a simple
mixture conductive. When a large current flows, heat
reusable fuse used in homes and offices.
is generated which expands the organic polymer.
They consist of a carrier and a socket. When
4. SEMICONDUCTOR FUSES - The power the fuse is blown, the carrier is taken out,
dissipated by a semiconductor increases rewired and put back in the socket to resume
exponentially with current flow, and hence normal operation. They are somewhat less
semiconductors are used for ultrafast fuses. These reliable than HRC fuses.
fuses are usually used to protect semiconductor
8. Striker fuse - These fuses are provided with
switching devices that are sensitive to even small
a spring-loaded striker that can act as a
current spikes.
visual indicator that the fuse has blown and
5. OVERVOLTAGE SUPPRESSION - Sometimes activate other switchgear.
voltage spikes can be harmful to circuits too, and
9. Switch fuse - A handle that is manually
often an overvoltage protection device is used with a
operated can connect or disconnect high
fuse to protect against both voltage and current
current fuses.
spikes.
GROUND FLOOR CIRCUIT INTERRUPTER
AC FUSES:
GROUND FAULT - an unintentional electrical path
1. HIGH VOLTAGE FUSES - These fuses are
between a power source and a grounded surface.
used in high voltage AC transmission lines
where voltages can exceed several -most often occur when equipment is damaged or
hundreds of kilovolts. defective.
2. HRC (High Rupture Current) fuses - HRC -can lead to disastrous results such as electrical
fuses are cartridge type fuses consisting of a shock, fire, or burns.
transparent envelope made of steatite
(magnesium silicate). The fuse is filled with
GROUND FLOOR CIRCUIT INTERRUPTER - WIRING DEVICES AND OTHER ELECTRICAL
called a GFCI or GFI, is an inexpensive electrical MATERIALS
device that can either be installed in your electrical
WIRING DEVICES - Equipment that provide
system or built into a power cord to protect you from
connection
severe electrical shocks.
- They cover devices
- are designed to shut power off if there is a
very small leak of electricity (a ground fault). CONVENIENCE OUTLET - It is a common in wall
- installed where electrical circuits may electrical receptacle
accidentally encounter water.
COVER PLATES - -switch plates
HOW GFCI WORKS?
- cover your home's outlets and light switches
A GFCI constantly monitors current flowing through
a circuit. If the current flowing into the circuit differs SWITCHES AND DIMMERS - -used to turn electric
by a very small amount (as little as 0.006 amperes) circuits ON and OFF and to switch electric circuits
from the returning current, the GFCI interrupts power - is a switch that allows you to gradually
faster than a blink of an eye to prevent a lethal dose change the brightness of an electric light
of electricity.
LAMPHOLDERS - -support lamps and connect them
GFCIs are designed to operate before the electricity to electrical circuits
can affect your heartbeat.
LIGHT CONTROL DEVICE - -an intelligent network-
HOW TO TEST GFCI? based lighting control solution that incorporates
You can test the GFCI to ensure it’s working communication between various system inputs and
correctly. outputs related to lighting control with the use of one
or more central computing devices
● Pushing the “TEST” button will mimic an
incorrect circuit, and the outlet should shut MOTION SENSING DEVICES - device that uses a
the power off. sensor to detect nearby people or objects

● Plug in a nightlight. PLUGS - a small plastic object with two or three

metal pins that fit into the holes of an electric outlet,
● Push the “TEST” button and see if the light allowing the equipment to connect to the electricity
goes off. supply
● If it does, the outlet is working correctly. OTHER ELECTRICAL MATERIALS
● Push the “RESET” button to reinstate the • TAPE MEASURE
power to the outlet. • MULTIMETER
• WIRE STRIPPER
THREE TYPES OF GFCI • FISH TAPE
• NON-CONTACT VOLTAGE DETECTOR
CIRCUIT BREAKER - A circuit breaker with a built- • PLIER
in GFCI may be installed in a panel box to add • LEVEL
protection to the circuits it supplies. • FLASHLIGHT
• WIRE CRIMPER
RECEPTACLE - Fits into a standard outlet box and • SCREWDRIVERS
protects against ground-faults for whatever is
plugged into the outlet and other electrical outlets INTRODUCTION:
further "downstream" in the branch circuit. Electricity is a flow that contains an electric charge
PORTABLE - One type contains the GFCI circuitry and is related to physical phenomena. Until now,
in a plastic enclosure with plug blades in the back electricity had various purpose in supporting daily
and receptacle slots in the front. It can be plugged activities. In using electricity for your daily life, you
into a receptacle, then the electrical product is need a device to measure electric voltage.
plugged into the GFCI. What is an electrical measuring instrument?
Electrical instruments are instruments that use the the element, we use a voltmeter and the amount of
mechanical movement of electromagnetic meter to current flowing in the circuit ammeter measures the
measure electrical quantities which include: current.
1. Current magnitude - is the amount of charge
flowing at a particular point.
Classification of measuring instruments:
2. Endurance - number of cycles until relay
failure, with specified electrical loading of the • Indicating instruments will give
output circuit(s) and under specified instantaneous values of the quantity to be
operating conditions. measured. The scale and pointer
3. Electrical power - is the rate at which work is mechanisms are invalid. PMMC, MI,
done or energy is transformed into an dynamometer wattmeter, frequency meter,
electrical circuit. Simply put, it is a measure and power factor meter are examples.
of how much energy is used in a span of time. • Recording instruments record the value to
4. Light power - is a form of energy, and can be be measured or observed. Recorded over
measured in energy units graph paper with a lightweight pen. These
5. Voltage - also called electromotive force are used to observe load variation
describes the “pressure” that pushes continuously. Examples are recording
electricity. voltmeter, recording wattmeter, and storage
6. Frequency - is the rate at which current oscilloscope.
changes direction per second. • Integrating instruments add the measured
Electrical technicians require electrical value to the existing value. These
measurement equipment to check the electrical instruments will give the total electricity
activity and to detect the presence of voltage or consumed over a period. Energy meter or
current. By using this instrument we can measure KWhr meter,kVARh meter, and ampere-hour
electrical parameters such as voltage, frequency, meter.
current, power factor, and resistance. Electrical • What is the Loading Effect?
measurements are depended upon either current or
voltage while measuring the frequency we will be The electrical measuring instruments draw power
measuring the frequency of a current signal or a from the measurement circuit. This power enables
voltage signal. the circuit to operate in the correct manner.
Depending on the power consumption, the circuit
In Electronics, there are different types of electrical condition may change, and the loading effect takes
and electronic instruments that can indicate or place. In AC circuits, the instrument impedance
records some physical values that are said to be changes with the frequency and changes the loading
called meters. effect.
A Meter is an instrument or a device that measures This problem occurs in the voltmeter and shows
voltage, current, resistance, power, capacitance, error readings. To eliminate or reduce the loading
temperature, frequency, etc. Many types of effect, use a voltmeter with higher sensitivity.
electronic instruments measure these electrical
quantities accurately. Electronic Industries and The types of electric tools and their functions:
Research labs use different measuring instruments
1. Ohm Meter - Ohm meter is a device that
to design, diagnose errors and faults in the electrical
functions to measure the amount of
system, and also to rectify it.
electricity from a switch. According to ohm’s
measurement, the process of associating numbers law, the circuit of electric current is directly
with physical quantities and phenomena. Originates proportional to the voltage. This device
from the latin mensural and the verb metiri through focuses more on resistance only.
the middle French measure.
Ohm meters are divided into two, one of them is
Measuring these quantities is important to analog ohm meters. It is a simpler device because it
determine the various aspects of the system. For measures with a needle, so you must be more
example, to measure the potential difference across precise in seeing where the number is located.
Digital ohm meter is an ohm meter that provides You only need to attach this ampere meter to
more accurate and detailed results. The the circuit of electric current you want to
disadvantage of this digital measure.
ohm meter is that it is
difficult to monitor
when the voltage
fluctuates. This ohm meter
also has the function of
knowing the damage to
an electrical circuit, so it
can help your work faster.
5. Watt Meter - The watt meter has a function
to measure direct current power. This electric
2. Frequency Meter - this device has a function measuring device is a combination of an
to measure the repetition of periodic ampere meter and a volt meter. Besides
movements per second. The frequency being able to measure direct current power,
meter also consists of analog and digital, the watt meter can also measure the power
where the analog meter frequency works by of a single phase alternating current and
manual needle, and digital frequency meters measure the power of a three-phase
use more detailed numbers. alternating current.

6. Megger- Megger stands for mega ohm

meter. Megger is a measuring device to give
you information whether the conductor of the
3. Volt Meter - The next measuring instrument instances has a direct connection. Its general
is a volt meter; this device has a function to function is to measure the insulation
measure the amount of voltage of an electric resistance of power tools. The minimum is
current flowing per second. This volt meter 1000 x working voltage.
can measure the electric voltage within a
predetermined maximum limit. If the voltage
exceeds the limit it will cause damage to the
device.
Volt meters also consist of two types, they
are analog volt meters and digital volt
meters. Analog volt meter works by using a
needle, while digital volt meter can show you
the number in detail. 7. Kwh Meter- Kwh meter works by using
magnetic field induction that moves the
aluminum plate. Kwh meter is used to
calculate electrical energy consumption.
Meanwhile, the induction of kwh meter is one
of the type that is useful for calculating
household electrical power.
In general, this kWh meter is easy to find in
every house, because this kWh meter is
4. Ampere Meter- This tool serves to measure required to know each electricity
the electric voltage current in a closed circuit. consumption in households and other
 buildings that use this device. The usage will 11. A Multimeter - is a multi-function
be a bill that must be paid every month. measurement device. It can measure
voltage, current, and resistance. It is also
known as VOM (volt-ohm-milliammeter).
two types of multimeters:
• Analog Multimeter is based on the
principle of moving coil meter.
• To read the numerical
measurements, Digital Multimeter
has a digital display on which we can
read different values. The rotary
switch points to particular electrical
8. Taco Meter- This device has a function to
quantities and shows the
measure the engine rotation of vehicles,
corresponding readings with units.
such as cars and motorbikes. This device
has a screen where it displays the speed of
the vehicle. In addition, the taco meter is also
used to measure the safe point that shows
the vehicle rotation speed.

12. LCR Meter or Q-Meter - measures the

Inductance, Capacitance, and resistance in a
circuit or device. It also measures the phase
angle when measuring the voltage and
current through the ‘Device Under Test’
9. Oscilloscope- This device has a function to (DUT). Finally, the impedance calculation is
map the signal from electricity. This type of taken from the phase angle.
electric measuring device consists of a
physical frequency component. Oscilloscope
has measurement results based on digital as
well as graphs that are easy to read. There
are so many benefits of this oscilloscope,
such as differentiating AC and DC voltages
in electrical components, knowing noise and Summary:
checking electronic circuit signals.
Electronic Measuring Instruments measures
parameters like voltage, current, resistance,
wattage, etc. They use moving coil and moving iron
mechanisms as their working principle. Different
torques are responsible for the operation of the
instrument.
10. Avo Meter- stands for ampere, voltage and
ohm meter. Avo meter is a multifunctional The different types of electrical and electronic
electric measuring instrument for measuring instruments are a voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter,
electric current, voltage and resistance of ohmmeter, LCR meter, a multimeter, and etc. The
electronic components. Avo meter consists meter has a pointer which moves over a scale
of analog and digital. The analog avo meter whenever the quantity passes through the meter.
uses a needle as a pointer to the result.
Where the digital avo meter displays a more
accurate number behind the comma.
 INTRODUCTION:
An electrical symbol is a small image used to
represent an electrical or electronic device or
function. They are also known as circuit symbols or
5. Fuse - protects electrical circuits by stopping
schematic symbols as they are used in electrical
the flow of current when the intensity of
schematics and diagrams.
current exceed a set value. It does this by
Basic Electrical Symbols: melting a special wire.
1. Ground or Earth - A ground symbol identifies
a ground terminal. It can be used for a zero
potential reference point from where current 6. Antenna - Marks a device, rod, or wire
is measured. It is also for electrical shock designed to capture radio and
protection. There are a few different ground electromagnetic waves into electrical signals
symbols. The one we're showing here is and vice versa.
"Earth", but there's also a Chassis and
Digital/Common ground with slight variations

7. Inductor - is also called a coil or reactor. The

coils store energy in a magnetic field or flux.
to this symbol. An inductor symbol looks like a series of
2. Resistor - reduces current flow. In a looped coils.
schematic, this is represented with a few zig
zag squiggles. We're showing the US/Japan
version of this symbol. The UK uses a simple
box over a straight line. There are also
symbols for variable and adjustable resistors 8. transformer - is two or more coils coupled by
as well as thermal and preset resistors. magnetic induction. It helps keep the
frequency and reduce tension in an AC
circuit.

3. Switch - Disconnects the current when open.

We're showing a simple SPST (single-pole
single-throw) toggle switch, but there are 9. motor - is a device that can transform electric
variations for SPDT, pushbutton, dip, relay, energy into mechanical energy.
and more. For a complete list of switch
symbols, check out SmartDraw's electrical
symbol library.
10. Source - Represents the power source for
your electronics. This symbol represent a
direct current (DC). To represent AC current,
you'd replace the plus and minus sign with a
4. Capacitor - symbol shows two terminals
wave.
running into plates. The curved plate
indicates that the capacitor is polarized. The
curved side has lower voltage. A small plus
sign can be added to the straight side
indicated the positive pin. 11. Batteries - are represented on a schematic
with a pair of disproportionate, parallel lines.
 The number of lines indicates the number of
series cells in the battery.

20. DPST - is double-pole, single-throw (DPDT)

switch.
12. diode - only allows current to flow in one
direction. It's always polarized with an anode
(A, positive) and cathode side (C, negative).

21. DPDT - is a double-pole, double-throw

(DPDT) switch.
13. diode LED - is a standard diode symbol with
two small arrows showing the emission of
light.

22. Ideal source - includes an ideal voltage

source and ideal current source. An ideal
source is a theoretical concept of an
14. Wire - is used to connect the components in electrical current or voltage supply (such as
a circuit. a battery) with no losses and a perfect
voltage or current supply. Ideal sources are
used for analytical purposes because they
cannot occur in nature.
15. Outward flow - means flowing outwardly.

23. Cell - is a device containing electrodes

16. Inward flow - means flowing inwardly.
immersed in an electrolyte, used for
generating current or for electrolysis.

17. Isolator - is a mechanical switch that isolates

a part of a circuit from the system as when
required. Electrical isolators separate a part
of the system from rest for safe maintenance 24. Lamp or Light Bulb - Generates Light with
works. Flow of Current

25. Electrical Switch box - Box to Install Switches

18. SPST - is a single-pole, single-throw (SPST)

switch.
Circuit Breaker - Trip to Break the Electric Circuit
and Stop Flow of Electricity

19. SPDT - is single-pole, double-throw (SPDT)

switch.