Health Optimizing

Physical Education
H.O.P.E 2
Quarters 3 – Module 2:
Athletics in Relation
to Health-Related Fitness

CO_Q3&4_HOPE2 SHS
Module 2
Health Optimizing Physical Education 2
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 2: Athletics in Relation to Health-Related Fitness
First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

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Development Team of the Module

Writers: Avangeline M. Barcena, Christine Joy B. Ancero
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 Health Optimizing
Physical Education 2
H.O.P.E 2
Quarters 3 – Module 2:
Athletics in Relation
to Health-Related Fitness
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand
each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust
that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written to help you understand the Health
Optimizing Physical Education specifically about athletics in relation to
health-related fitness. The scope of this module permits it to be utilized
in many various learning situations. The given activities in this module
can be done individually or with the help of a family member. This
module focuses in self-assesses health-related fitness (HRF) status,
barriers to physical activity assessment participation and one’s diet.

After browsing this module, you are expected to:

1. Describe the nature and background of athletics.
2. Identify the different categories/events in athletics.
3. Execute different skills in athletics.
4. Initiate family participation in doing the activities.

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 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. Which is the best strategy for improving the flexibility of the body?
A. Perform different stretching exercises targeting multiple areas.
B. Perform stretching exercises in between strength-building exercise.
C. Perform the same exercise over and over until the target is reached.
D. Perform a set of routine exercises, targeting only one area of the body.
2. Which is not a good body composition?
A. Improve muscle endurance
B. Increase range of motion
C. Increase range of movement
D. Weightlifting for muscles
3. Which of the following exercises is best for improving muscular strength and
endurance?
A. Bicycling C. Running
B. Push-ups D. Walking
4. In which type of events do athlete race over short distances?
A. Hurdles C. Middle-distance
B. Long-distance D. Sprints
5. Long Jump, Triple Jump, High Jump and Pole Vault are examples of what
event in Track and Field?
A. Hurdles C. Sprint
B. Jumps D. Throws
6. The following are health-related fitness test. Which among the selection
below is intended for cardiovascular endurance?
A. 1-km run C. Sit and Reach
B. Push-ups D. Squats
7. Rain is an athlete and she must leap over a number of barriers that is placed
at specific area around the track. What event will best fit Rain?
A. 100-m dash C. Relays
B. Hurdles D. Shotput
8. Aleyra is an athlete that throws a heavy disc in attempt to mark a farther
distance than her competitors. What event will best fit her skills?
A. Discus Throw C. Long Jump
B. Javelin Throw D. Shot-put

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9. Which field event combines athletes’ speed, strength, and agility in attempt
to leap as far as possible from a take-off point?
A. Discus Throw C. Javelin Throw
B. Long Jump D. Triple Jump

10. In which field event does an athlete use a flexible pole as an aid to jump
over a horizontal bar?
A. Discus Throw C. Pole Vault
B. Long Jump D. Triple Jump

11.Kiel has been running five times a week with his track team to improve his
mile run time. Which health-related fitness components is he working on?
A. Cardiovascular Endurance C. Muscular Endurance
B. Flexibility D. Muscular Strength

12.Which meter races are considered sprints?

A. 100, 200, 400 C. 150, 250, 350
B. 110, 210, 410 D. 200, 300, 500

13.The cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance,

flexibility, and body composition components of _______.
A. Body Mass Index C. Health-Related Fitness
B. Flexibility D. Skill-Related Fitness

14. What skill enables one to become and stay physically healthy?
A. Body Mass Index C. Health-Related Fitness
B. Flexibility D. Skill-Related Fitness

15.What term is used to describe running, throwing, and jumping events?

A. Athletics C. Relays
B. Meeting D. Track and Field

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 Lesson Health Optimizing Physical

1 Education 2: Athletics in Relation

to Health-Related Fitness

What’s In

Activity 1. MY FITNESS JOURNEY

Direction: Complete the table below. The first row has been filled for you as
an example. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Components of
How to Integrate
Health-Related Description Benefit(s)
in Your Real Life
Fitness
It reduces the risk
of death from
20 to 30 minutes heart attack or
It is the ability to
1.Cardiovascular jogging at least 2 stroke and
exercise without
Endurance to 4 time per reduces the risk of
being overly tired
week. having any
cardiovascular
disease.
 2.      
 3.      
 4.      
 5.      

Please be reminded of these tips and learning strategy before you

start reading and answering all the activities provided. Try to
write out what you know and be detailed as possible. Then check
the module for accuracy and correctness to see if you really
understand what you read.

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 What’s New

Physical education is one of the important components of education that

gives opportunities to attain the knowledge and skills to be physically active and
live healthy lifestyle. Active participation in physical activities will allow the
students to develop their potential skills and experiences which, in turn, develop
them into healthy members of the society.

Activity 2: CROSSWORD PUZZLE

Directions: Identify the different events in Athletics. Write your answer on a

separate sheet.

Down
What is It 1. An event where an
athlete runs and
throws a spear.
3. An event where an
athlete throws a heavy
disc as far as possible.
5. An event where an
athlete must hop, step,
and jump into the
sand pit.
6. An event where an
athlete combines
speed, agility, and
strength to leap as far
as possible.
7. An event where an
athlete runs over a
short distance.

Across
2. An event where an athlete must leap over a number of barriers placed at
specific area around the track.
4. An event where an athlete throws a heavy spherical ball as far as possible.
8. An event where an athlete runs carrying a baton to pass onto the next runner.
9. An event in which an athlete must jump using a long flexible pole over a bar.
10. An event in which an athlete must jump unaided over a horizontal bar.

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 Being physically active permits the body systems to function properly with
alertness and energy. Remaining in shape permits a person to efficiently and
effectively perform his/her daily tasks that will lead to better output and
performance.

Health-related fitness involves exercise activities that you do to improve your

physical health and stay healthy. Health related fitness includes five (5)
components namely, cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility,
muscular endurance, and body composition.

ATHLETICS

Brief History

Athletics is composed of sports involving running, walking, jumping, and

throwing. It is a group of sports divided mainly in what is popularly known as track
and field and it has been played centuries ago in a sports competition. In 776 B.C,
Greeks started to promote track and field and it opened the Olympic Games. Since
then, it has been staged every four years until 394 A.D. Athens revived the Olympic
Games in 1896. After that, the Olympic Games is stage every four years.

In the early stage, the Greeks’ participation in athletics was intended to

show the strong body and skills of the soldiers. The beauty of the games caught the
attention and interest of more than 5000 people. Olympic Games became very
competitive and in 1923 women were included in the event. The competition was
under the support of the Amateur Athletics Union.

Track and field event was introduced to the Filipinos by the Americans. It
was warmly accepted as one of the events for competition. Athletics, as part of the
local competition, was governed by the Philippine Athletics Track and Field
Association. It followed the rules of International Amateur Athletic Federation as a
world governing body for track and field athletics. Because of its worth and value, it
was included as a subject in the Physical Education.

Events in Athletics

Running Event

100-meter dash 4 x 100-meter relay

200-meter dash 4 x 400-meter relay
400-meter dash 110-meter high hurdles
800-meter run 100-meter hurdles
1500-meter run 400-meter low hurdles
3000-meter run 3000-meter Steeple Chase
5000-meter run Marathon and Walkathon

Jumping Events Throwing Events

Long Jump Shot Put

Triple Jump Discus Throw
High Jump Javelin Throw
Pole Vault Hammer Throw

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Athletics Playing Venue

Running events are played in an oval. It has eight lanes and the inner most
lane measures 400 meters. The seven other lanes are appropriately marked to
indicate the 400-meter distance and the exceeding land measurement.

The surface of the oval is even and levelled, covered by mixture of sand and
cinder, some are combination of asphalt and synthetic rubber. The modern
running tracks are made of synthetic rubber like materials.

Long Jump and Triple Jump

High Jump

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Pole vault

Shot Put

Discus throw

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Javelin Throw

Different Athletics Events/Games

According to MichelletheRunner.com, like ballet, running is just as graceful.
Every stride and kilometer have a purpose inside a race. Each section of the race
must meet specific criteria in order to complete the race in a specific time.
Ballerinas have to time their steps to music; runners must time their strides to
pace”.
On the other hand, Stephen Baker says, “Understanding and applying
physiology could improve your running.”
Therefore, by combining the art of running and science-based running, a
champion shall be born.

Running Events

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Body position of the sprinter

Body position of the distance runner

Can you be both a sprinter and a distance runner? Not really. For sure, you
can do both activities for recreational purposes and overall fitness. However, your
training routine and your genetics shall eventually determine what you are best at.

Sprinters are innately gifted with a larger number of fast-twitch muscle fibers.
It permits them to execute explosive movements and participate in high-intensity
exercise for short period of time. According to National Academy of Sports
Medicine (NASM), the same goes for powerlifters, bodybuilders, and other strength
athletes. Fast-twitch fibers can produce more force in a shorter time than slow-
twitch fibers. Also, sprinters are naturally more muscular and have a bigger build
than long-distance runners.
The relatively short sprint distances, ranging up to 400 meters, require a
sustained top speed. Originally all sprinters start from a standing position, but in
the 1880s the crouch start was invented, and it became a rule that sprinters must
start with both feet and both hands on the track. The introduction of the adjustable
starting block aided the quick start which is critical in the sprints.
Endurance athletes or long-distance runners have 90 to 95 percent slow-
twitch muscle fibers. According to American Council on Exercise, slow-twitch fibers

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are slighter and less powerful but more resilient to fatigue than fast-twitch fibers.
So, they rely on oxygen to function properly. Slow-twitch muscle fibers are well
suitable for long-duration aerobic activities.

Note:
Short sprint distances, ranging up to 400 meters must start with both feet and
both hands on the track (crouch start).

Did you Know that:

Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt is the fastest man in history with a world record
time of 9.58 seconds and the fastest woman is history is Florence Griffith-Joyner
with a world record time of 10.49.

The Hurdles
Hurdling is a sport in athletics (track and field) in which a runner sprints
and leaps over a series of hurdles, which are set on a track with specific distance
apart. Runners must stay in their respective lanes throughout the race. If the
runner knocks the hurdles down while leaping, a runner who trails a foot or leg
alongside a hurdle or knocks it down with a hand is disqualified. The winner will be
the first player who been complete the course without violation.
Dimensions: The standard heights of the hurdles shall be:

Distance Men Men U20 U18 Boys Women/U20 U18 Girls

110m/100m 1.067m 0.991m 0.914m 0.838m 0.762m
400m 0.914m 0.914m 0.838m 0.762m 0.762m

What is a Relay?

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 The relays involve four runners per team. There are two standard events, the
4 × 100- and 4 × 400-meter relays. They are both included in local meets, in
Olympic Games, and IAAF World Championships.  The first runner in the 4 x 100-
meter relay begins the race in starting blocks. The next three runners receive the
baton in the 30 meters passing and receiving zone. The receiver begins running in
the acceleration zone within the exchange zone (30m). In the relay, runners should
not switch hands when carrying the baton. Therefore, if the first runner will carry
the baton in his right hand, the receiving hand of the second runner will be left
hand, the receiving hand of the third runner will be right and the final runner will
handle it in his left hand.

Rules of a Relay

A team may be disqualified from a relay for:

 False Starting 
 Incorrect baton passing
 For 4 x 400m illegal switching
 Passing of the baton outside the takeover zone
 During the race an athlete takes or picks up the baton of another team
 Deliberately impeding, improperly crossing the lane, or in any other way
interfering with another competitor

Jumping Events
Like running races, jumping games seem to be part of our childhood life. We
tend to see how far and high we can jump and who can do it best. There are four
athletics jumping events.
High Jump

In the high jump event, the athlete must run in the start and must jump
over a bar without knocking it over. They land on a big soft cushion. Being able to
jump high without knocking the bar is advantage to win the game. In this event
technique is important, there are many techniques used for high jump, but the
current, and most successful, is called the Fosbury Flop. The Fosbury flop
technique involves an approach from almost straight ahead, then twisting on
takeoff and going over the head first with the back to the bar.  Jumpers then land
on their back. 

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Long Jump
Long jump is the least complicated of all field events. It is formerly called
broad jumping. Long jump has been a popular athletics event since Ancient Greece
Olympics. In long jump, speed is the most vital ingredient for a successful jump.
Jumpers make their approach down the runway at almost top speed, plant a foot
on the takeoff board, and leap into the air. Jumpers must plant the forward foot
not beyond the take-off board to become legal. The most popular long-jumping style
is “Hitch-Kick,” where in the runner apparently walks in air.

Pole Vault
The pole vault may be the toughest to master of all field events. Pole-
vaulting is quite more likely to high jump. Vaulters attempt to vault over a crossbar
placed on uprights, each height. They are given three tries, then they land on a
large soft mattress for safety.

The vaulter runs down the track holding a pole at one end. After planting the
end of the pole in a metal box in the ground level, the vaulters propel themselves
up and over a high bar using both a jump and the spring to gain height. They must
get over the bar without knocking it off.

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Triple Jump 
The triple jump is like long jump, it is known as the hop, step, and jump. The
jumper will first run down the track gaining speed; at the start of the jump or take
off point they will jump or spring from one foot and land on that same foot (hop);
next they jump again, at this time landing on the opposite foot (step); lastly, they
jump as far as they can and land on both feet (jump) into the sand pit or landing
pit.

Throwing Events
It's always fun to see who can throw something the farthest, whether it's a
ball, or even a rock. These events necessitate explosive movements. Power is the
component to be considered. Athletics is the place where you can throw stuff for
distance as a real sport. There are four major throwing events outlined below. 

Discus 
A discus is plate like or round disc (implement), typically made of plastic
with a metal rim. It is thrown from a concrete circle that is about 2.50 meter in
diameter. The thrower’s feet cannot leave the circle unless the discus lands on
sector area or else the thrower will be at fault, and the throw will not be counted.
To achieve maximum distance in the discus, the thrower shall maintain these three

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components - speed, technique, and strength. The thrower that throws the farthest
inside the sector area and without committing any violation wins. 

Javelin 
The javelin is something like a spear (implement). It was introduced in the
Olympics at 708 BC. This event should be supervised at all times to be sure no
one is hurt. Javelin throw does not use a circle when throwing. The thrower must
hold the javelin at the grip part and should always be maintained above the
shoulder level. The javelin must lie before the specified zone and its tip should hit
the ground to become valid. The thrower should maintain his balance until the
javelin lands on the ground. Once the competition has started, the athletes cannot
use the perimeter for practice purpose.
The throw will be considered as foul in the following cases:
 Improper throw of the javelin in the attempt.
 Thrower goes out of the marking line while throwing (continuous
motion)
 The tip of the javelin lies outside the edges of the landing sector.
The thrower who throws farthest inside the landing sector and didn’t commit any
violation wins.

Shot Put
Shot is a piece of spherical iron ball that is thrown from a concrete circle
that is seven feet in diameter. The front of the circle has a metal board called a toe
board or stop board. The thrower cannot touch the top of the stop board or step

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over it during the throw. The thrower holds the shot close to his/her neck in one
hand.

There are two common throwing techniques:

1. Slide or "glide"
2. Spin or rotational

The goal is to build momentum and finally push or put the shot inside the
sector landing area. The thrower must stay in a circle until the shot has landed or
else their throw is invalid. The thrower throws farthest inside the landing sector
and without committing any violation wins. 

Hammer Throw
Hammer throw does not actually involve throwing a usual hammer like you
think. In this Athletics throwing event, the thrower throws a metal ball attached to
a handle and a straight wire about three feet long. The hammer is thrown from a
concrete circle 2.15 meter in diameter (just like the shot put) but there is no toe
board or stop board. Like the discus and the shot put, the thrower must stay in a
circle until the hammer lands. The thrower rotates several times to gain
momentum prior to releasing and throwing the hammer. Maintaining balance is
important due to the force generated by having the heavy ball at the end of the
wire. The thrower that throws farthest without committing any violation wins. 
Official Implements
In all International Competitions, the implements used shall comply with
current IAAF specifications. Only IAAF certified implements may be used. The
following table shows the implement to be used by each age group:

Implement Girls Women Boys U18 Men U20 Men Senior

Shot 3.000kg 4.000kg 5.000kg 6.000kg 7.260kg
Discus 1.000kg 1.000kg 1.500kg 1.750kg 2.000kg
Hammer 3.000kg 4.000kg 5.000kg 6.000kg 7.260kg
Javelin 500g 600g 700g 800g 800g

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 What’s More

Activity 3: LET’S DO THIS

Directions: Perform each activity at a time and answer the given questions below.
Muscular Strength and Endurance Exercise

Cardiovascular endurance Flexibility Exercise

Exercise

Answer the following questions after performing the activities.

1. How did you feel while performing the activities?
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. How was your breathing?
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. How much did you sweat?
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Do you feel pain in your muscle while doing the exercises? Why do you think so?
__________________________________________________________________________________

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Reflection:
1. On a scale of 1 to 10, how fit do you see yourself? Why?
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. When is the most probable time for you to engage in your own personal
workout?
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Is there any reason why you do not engage in physical activity?
__________________________________________________________________________________

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 What I Have Learned

Activity 4: THE ATHLETICS CONCEPT MAP

This activity will measure your skill on identifying games in each athletic
event. Fill in the diagram below with the needed information.

Activity 4: LET’S MAKE A FLIPCHART!!

Direction: Make a flipchart showing your understanding of how each athletics

event differ from the other and what health related fitness you need to develop
when playing specific event in Athletics.

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 What I Can Do

Activity 5: Let’s Play

Direction: This activity will test your ability to run fast. Invite your siblings,
parents, relatives, neighbors to be part of this competition. Measure 40 meters on
the street or vacant place. Make sure that the place is safe to organize the event.
Put a mark on starting line and finish line.
This is a sprint challenge. First challenge, the runner will run with arms at
their side, then the second challenge will require the runner run with his/her arm
swinging. Before the start of the competition, make sure that your cellular phone is
ready to record the activity.

Note: Before the competition, make sure that all the players will do warm up
exercise and stretching.
 3 minutes jogging
 Static Stretching
Neck Stretches
Shoulder Curls
Arm Stretches
Trunk Stretches
Toe Touch
Lunges
Squats

Reminder: Please apply social distancing.

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 Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Performing different stretching exercises that are targeting the

multiple areas of the body is the best strategy for improving the _____.
A. cardiovascular endurance C. muscular endurance
B. flexibility D. muscular strength

2. Good body composition includes _____.

A. increase range of motion C. weightlifting for muscles
B. increase range of movement D. All of the Above

3. Push-ups are the best exercise when improving _____.

A. body composition C. flexibility
B. cardiovascular endurance D. muscular strength

4. Sprint is a type of event where in the athlete runs over _____.

A. an obstacle C. short distance
B. long distance D. None of the Above
5. Jumping events in athletics includes _____.
A. hop, hog, walk
B. discus throw, hammer throw, javelin throw
C. high jump, long jump, pole vault, triple jump
D. hurdles, long distance, middle distance, relay, sprint
6. The following are exercises to improve cardiovascular endurance.
Which does not belong to the group?
A. Power Walking C. Swimming
B. Running D. Weightlifting

7. Mel wants to improve her cardiovascular endurance. What program

should she include in her training routine?
A. Aerobic Training C. Flexibility Training
B. Agility Training D. Strength Training

8. Which is the standard distance of hurdler race for men?

A. 80 and 100m C. 110 and 400m
B. 100 and 400m D. 150 and 250m

9. Where did athletics originate?

A. Ancient Greece C. Britain
B. Ancient Rome D. Russia

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10. The following are the different events in athletics. Which of these is a
field event?
A. High Jump C. Shotput
B. Relay D. Triple Jump

11. It is the amount of the muscle that can produce.

A. Muscular Endurance C. Power
B. Muscular Strength D. Speed

12. 100, 200, 400m are considered _____.

A. long distance C. relay
B. middle distance D. sprints

13. Lee wants to improve power. Which health-related component should

he focus on?
A. Cardiovascular Endurance C. Muscular Endurance
B. Flexibility D. Muscular Strength

14. Health-related fitness refers to the _____.

A. ability to do well in activities and sports.
B. skills that enable one to become and stay physically healthy.
C. maximum amount of force of the muscles that can produce in a
single effort.
D. ability of the muscles to perform against a force over an
extended period of time.

15. Chloe monitors her target heart rate. What part of fitness does she
measure?
A. Intensity for flexibility
B. Time for cardiovascular endurance
C. Frequency for muscular endurance
D.Intensity for cardiovascular endurance

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 Additional Activities

Activity 6: Let’s be physical

Direction: This is a 15-day push-up challenge. Make sure that your mind and heart
are ready to this challenge.

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References

Encyclopedia Britanica . Athletics.

https://www.britannica.com/sports/athletics/The-high-jump. Retrieved June 10,
2020.
track constructional manual. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED433676.pdf.
Retrieved June 7, 2020

DLGSC. Athletics Jumping Event. July 11, 2019.

https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/sport-and-recreation/sports-dimensions
guide/athletics---jumping-events. Retrieved June 7, 2020
Andra Picincu. Between Long Distance Runners & Sprinters. April 7, 2020.
https://www.livestrong.com/article/550102-the-physical-difference-between-long-
distance-runners-sprinters/. Retrieved June 7, 2020

Evan Mahon. Coaching Athletics https://athleticscoaching.weebly.com/relay.html

Retrieved June 8, 2020

Duckters. Track and Field: Jumping Events.

https://www.ducksters.com/sports/trackandfieldjumping.php. Retrieved June 8,
2020
Tutorial Point. Pole Vault quick Guide
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25 CO_Q3&4_HOPE2 SHS
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Buenviaje,Paz A., Magbitang, Isabelo R., Wi, Corazon R., Padiz, Jr. Sevillano A.
MAPEH I. Phoenix Publishing House Inc. 2004

26 CO_Q3&4_HOPE2 SHS
Module 2
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