St.

Mary’s College of Baliuag

Baliuag, Bulacan
SY 2022-2023

ISO 9001:2015 Certified

Certificate No. 01 100 1534708 PAASCU Level III Accredited

Subject: General Chemistry 1 Grade Level: 12 Quarter: First

Module Number: 5 Topic: Ionic Bonding

I. INTRODUCTION
Ever given something to someone without asking
for anything in return? Have you realized the beauty of
donating to charity? Donating or helping others is (https://img.freepik.com/free-
vector/illustration-charity-support_53876-
beneficial to not just those on the receiving end, but to 5257.jpg?size=626&ext=jpg)
the ones doing the helping as well. In short, giving
charity is deeply rewarding.

Did you know that atoms represent this

concept? The idea of Give-and-Take! Through this
(https://img.freepik.com/free-vector/illustration-
idea, they can bond with other elements and form charity-support_53876-5257.jpg?size=626&ext=jpg)
compounds! Amazing isn’t it!

In this module we are to tackle the first type of chemical bonding which is ionic bonding;
How does it form? What type of elements follow this process? How is it useful to us?

II. THIS MODULE WAS MADE FOR YOU TO

• draw the Lewis structure of ions
• predict the formula of the ionic compound formed by a metal and non-metal among
the representative elements
• name compounds given their formula and write formula given the name of the
compound
• list the properties of ionic compounds and explain these properties in terms of their
structure

III. DISCUSSION
A. Presentation of the Lesson
1. CHEMICAL BONDING

Many things found in our environment are

compounds. Compounds form when two or more
atoms combine. Water is formed by combining
hydrogen and oxygen, table salt is made up of sodium
and chlorine atoms, and others more.

Chemical bonding is the result of an atom’s

quest for stability. It comes from the interactions of
valence electrons and is the force that holds the atoms
together.

Figure 1. Household Products

(https://image.shutterstock.com/image-
vector/household-goods-products-on-
shelves-260nw-383378377.jpg )

Figure 2. Element vs Compound

(https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Elements-
And-Compounds-700x327.png)
 2. Types of Chemical Bonding
According to your earlier years in studying
chemistry, there are 3 types of bonds: ionic, covalent,
and metallic. But in our discussions, we will be
focusing solely on two types: ionic and covalent.

3. Ionic Bonding
Basically, this type of bond is defined as a bond
between metals and non-metals. This is true for
lower-level type of defining the bonds between such
elements. But we will be redefining such terms to
better understand why it is called “ionic bond.”

First, recall that an atom with equal number of

protons and electrons is described as a neutral
atom. These neutral atoms can become charged
species when electrons are either lost or gained. Figure 3. Types of Chemical Bonds
(https://wirdou.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/typ
es-of-chemical-bonds.jpg)
Now for these atoms to be charged, we must
take a closer look into its valence electrons and
compare it to the stability of noble gas elements.

Take note of this!

Based on your last module, metals, which
The no. of electrons has low ionization energies, can easily remove or
that a neutral atom loses “give up” their electrons at their outermost shell.
is numerically equal to
the charge of its ion.

To prove such concept, consider the elements given below.

Table 1. Ions of Metals

Element Electron Config. E- Shell Config. Valence e- Ion

3Li 1s2 2s1 2,1 1 e- Li+
12Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 2,8,2 2 e- Mg2+
13Al 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 2,8,3 3 e- Al3+
20Ca 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 2,8,8,2 2 e- Ca2+

Notice the charges of the elements above is the same as their valence electrons? It is
because the valence electrons are being given up. For example, in the element Lithium
and Magnesium,
Li p+ = +3  p+= +3 Mg p+ = +12  p+= +12
- - -
e = -3 e = -1 e = -12 e- = -10

Due to the difference in the number of electrons, an atom becomes charged! Now
when it comes to non-metals, since they have high electronegativity values, they do
not lose those valence electrons, rather they gain more to fill their orbitals.

Table 2. Ions of Non-Metals

Element Electron Config. E- Shell Config. Valence e- Ion
7N 1s2 2s2 2p3 2,5 5 e- N3-
8O 1s2 2s2 2p4 2,6 6 e- O2-
15P 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 2,8,5 5 e- P3-
17Cl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 2,8,7 7 e- Cl-
 In this case, based on the valence electrons
of these non-metals, you can determine the Take note of this!
number of needed electrons for them to reach
several eight (8) valence electrons. (Octet Rule) Like metals, the no. of
electrons gained by an
Based on the examples presented, the ones atom is numerically equal
with a positive charge are called cations and the to the charge of its ion.
ones with a negative charge are called anions.

To know more about the ions and how they form, follow the link provided below,

What are Ions | Properties of Matter | Chemistry | Fuse

School
Fuse School - Global Education
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=900dXBWgx3Y

Lewis Structure of Ions

Ions may be represented using Lewis structures by simply removing (or adding)
the number of dots that corresponds to the electrons lost (or gained) by an atom. For
example, let us use the examples presented on table 1.

– e- Li+

– 2e- Mg2+

– 3e- Al3+

– 2e- Ca2+

For anions, gained electrons are represented as additional dots in the

configuration of the neutral atom, basically forming an octet enclosed in brackets.

+3e- 3-

+2e- 2-

3-
+3e-

–
+1e-
4. Formation of Ionic Compounds
Based on your previous lessons, metals tend to lose their electrons, while
nonmetals gain them. These two processes in ions can be considered as an exchange
of electrons. This means that the electrons lost by metals are gained by the nonmetals,
forming an ionic bond!

Look at the next page for a more illustrative explanation!

If we try to combine,

(1) Li + Cl  ?

Figure 4. Transfer of electrons from a lithium atom to a chlorine atom

(https://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/lewisdot3361354611693092798.png)

(2) Mg2+ + Cl- ?

Figure 5. Transfer of electrons from a magnesium atom to chlorine atoms

(https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images-archive-read-only/wp-
content/uploads/sites/53/2014/08/19211358/20140811155231903185.png )

(3) Al3+ + O2- ?

Figure 6. Transfer of electrons from aluminum atoms to oxygen atoms

(https://s3mn.mnimgs.com/img/shared/content_ck_images/ck_59cb096026786.png)

For a more illustrative way of showing how ionic bonds form, follow the link bellow,

Ionic Bonding Animated! | Lewis Dot Diagram and

Octet Rule
EH Productions Videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsadD1ari-o

5. Formula Writing and Naming Ionic Compounds

The formula of ionic
compounds is written by combining
the symbols of the cation and the
anion. Writing the chemical formula
of ionic compounds is done by
setting the charge number of one
ion as the subscript of the other ion.

This method is known as the

crisscross method.

Figure 7. How to write chemical formulas

(https://images.topperlearning.com/topper/tinymce/imagemanager/files/a41ef002d7
b71f0cf63d97d668eff6255c11dfe75283a5.19387661MolecularFormula.PNG )
To understand further about the crisscross method, follow the link provided below,

The Criss-Cross Method for Writing Chemical

Formulas
Wayne Breslyn
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnzIqpdEims

In naming ionic compounds, the cation is named first followed by the anion.
(1) For monoatomic anions, we change the last syllable to -ide.
Example:
bromine  bromide oxygen  oxide
sulfur  sulfide phosphorus  phosphide
hydrogen  hydride

Cation Anion Compound

Li+ + Cl- LiCl

Lithium Chlorine Lithium chloride

Mg2+ + Cl- MgCl2

Magnesium Chlorine Magnesium chloride

Al3+ + O2+ Al2O3

Aluminum Oxygen Aluminum oxide

Ca2+ + N3- Ca3N2

Calcium Nitrogen Calcium nitride

(2) For polyatomic anions, these are ions containing 2 or more atoms inside it, we
do not change its name.

Example:

Cation Anion Compound

Zn2+ + SO42- ZnSO4

Zinc Sulfate Zinc sulfate

K+ + OH- KOH
Potassium Hydroxide Potassium hydroxide

Ca2+ + PO43+ Ca3(PO4)2

Calcium Phosphate Calcium phosphate

HCO3- NaHCO3
Na+ + Bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate or
Sodium
( or hydrogen carbonate) Sodium hydrogen carbonate
 Here is a list of some of the
polyatomic ions that you would
be encountering in the next
modules. Be sure to familiarize
yourself with some of these.

Figure 8. Polyatomic Ions

(https://images.sampletemplates.com/wp-
content/uploads/2016/03/05105324/Sample-
Polyatomic-Ions-Chart.jpg )

6. Properties of Ionic Compounds

The atoms in ionic compounds are bound by strong
forces, which can explain the physical properties of the
compounds. Try to examine and see if all these properties
are present with an example of an ionic compound found at
home, salt! (a.k.a. sodium chloride, NaCl)

1. High melting point and boiling point

2. Conducts electricity when dissolved in a solution.
3. Solid at room temp.
4. Hard and brittle. Figure 9. Salt
5. Often soluble in water. (https://as1.ftcdn.net/jpg/01/
76/09/28/500_F_176092849
_KgfKNRF1qwKaxokx85Mq
GpV6hE5yfF6p.jpg)

Lastly, to understand further of the properties of ionic compounds, follow the link below,

Ionic Compounds & Their Properties | Properties of Matter |

Chemistry | FuseSchool
FuseSchool - Global Education
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxHi5FtMYKk
IV.REMEMBER
• Ionic Bonding is a bond between positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions). It
results from the transfer of electrons from the metal to the non-metal.
• When a neutral atom gains or loses an electron, they become charged and referred to
as ions.
• Metals tends to lose their electrons due to their low ionization energies and becomes
positively charged (cations).
• Non-metals tends to gain more electrons due to their high electronegativity values and
becomes negatively charged (anions).
• The crisscross rule is applied when writing chemical formulas.

V. REFERENCES
Video References
EH Productions Videos. (2015, December 5) Ionic Bonding Animated! | Lewis Dot
Diagram and Octet Rule. [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wsadD1ari-o
FuseSchool - Global Education. (2013, September 9) Ionic Compounds & Their
Properties | Properties of Matter | Chemistry | Fuse School [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxHi5FtMYKk
FuseSchool - Global Education. (2013, June 27) What are Ions | Properties of Matter |
Chemistry | FuseSchool. [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=900dXBWgx3Y
Wayne Breslyn. (2019, December 23). The Criss-Cross Method for Writing Chemical
Formulas. [Video]. You Tube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnzIqpdEims