World Englishes

j
 World Englishes and Language Acquisition
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Topic j121:Second jLanguage jAcquisition jand jWorld jEnglishes

Second jLanguage jAcquisition
The jstudy jof jindividuals jand jgroups jwho jare jlearning ja jlanguage jsubsequent jto jlearning jtheir jfirst jone jas
jyoung jchildren, jand jto jthe jprocess jof jlearning jthat jlanguage.

Distinctions jin jsecond jlanguage jin jSLA

• Second jlanguage
• Foreign jlanguage
• Auxiliary jlanguage
• Additional jlanguage
SLA jand jworld jEnglishes
• Growing jrecognition jof jthe jplurality jof jEnglish junderlying jthe jWorld jEnglishes j(WE) jparadigm j
• Problematizing jof jthe jconventional jSLA jviews jof jsecond jlanguage jlearning
World jEnglishes jclaims
According jto jKachru, jWE jmakes jthree jbasic jclaims:
• There jis ja jrepertoire jof jmodels jfor jEnglish, jnot jjust jthe jnative jEnglish
• Localized jinnovations jin jEnglish jdeserve jrecognition
• The jownership jof jEnglish jlies jwith jall jthose jwho juse jit. j
Challenge jto jtraditional jSLA jparadigm
• Rejects jthe jattainment jof jnative-like jcompetence jas jthe jEnglish jlearning jgoal jfor jall jlearners j
• Native jspeakers jnot jresponsible jfor jthe jstandardization jof jEnglish
SLA jand jWorld jEnglishes
• Gloabal jspread jof jEnglish
• Socio-cultural jand jpragmatic jneeds jof jnew jspeech jcommunities jof jEnglish j
• Generation jof jmultiple jnorms jat jthe jlocal, jnational jand jregional jlevels
SLA jand jWorld jEnglishes
View jof jdeviations jfrom jthe jstandard jEnglish:
• In jSLA: jerrors
• In jWE: jvariations
SLA jand jWorld jEnglishes
• Non-native jspeaker j(NNS) jnorms jtreated jas jequal jto jnative jspeaker jnorms
• jUse jof jNNS jnorms jfor jevaluating jthe jappropriateness jof jEnglish juse jin jouter jcircle jcontexts

Topic j122: jSecond jLanguage jAcquisition j(SLA) jin jMultilingual jContext

SLA jand jmultilingualism
The jworld jEnglishes jorientation jrecognizes jthat jadditional jlanguages jare jlearned/acquired jin jmultilingual
jcontexts

Functions jof jan jadditional jlanguage

• The juses jand jfunctions jof jthe jadditional jlanguage jare jdetermined jby jthe jrole jand jstatus jthe
jadditional jlanguage jenjoys jin ja jcommunity

• WE jperforms jvarious jfunctions jin jdifferent jsettings

Benefits jof jworld jEnglishes jto jthe jstudy jof jSLA
• Provides jfertile jground jfor jSLA jresearch
• Offers jresearch jpotential jin jApplied jLinguistics jand jSociolinguistics
World jEnglishes jand jSLA jconcepts
Lack jof jrelevance jbetween jworld jEnglishes jand jSLA jconcepts jof:
• Fossilization
• Interlanguage
• Input
• Monitor
Focus jof jworld jEnglishes jresearch
• The jimpact jof juses jand jfunctions jof ja jlanguage jon jits jacquisition
Topic j123: jSLA jand jFormal jInstructions
Orthodox jview jof jSLA
• Native-like jcompetence jas jL2 jlearning jgoal
• Deviations jfrom jNS jnorms jare jbelieved jto jresult jfrom jlimited jlinguistic jcompetence
World jEnglishes jview jof jSLA
• L2 jlearning jgoal jmay jnot jnecessarily jcorrespond jto jNS jnorms
• Deviations jfrom jstandard jEnglish jnorms jmay jnot jnecessarily jbe jerrors jin jWE jparticularly jwhen
jan jidiosyncratic jform jappears jsystematic jand jis jshared jby ja jspeech jcommunity

Language jinstruction jin jWorld jEnglishes jcontext

• English jlanguage jinstruction jis jcarried jout jby jnon-native jEnglish jspeaking jteachers
• No jexposure jto jnative jspeakers
• No jor jlimited jexposure jto jmaterials jfrom jthe jinner jcircle
Topic j124: jIssues jof jProficiency jand jCommunicative jCompetence-I
Foreign jlanguage jinstruction jin jNNS jcountries
• Native jlanguage jas jthe jmodel jfor ja jforeign jlanguage jlearning
• Native jspeaker jnot ja jrequirement jas jteacher jor jinstructor
English jlanguage jinstruction jin jNNS jcountries
• Preference jfor jnative jEnglish jspeaking jteachers
• NNS jteachers jnot jbeing jproficient jenough, jspoilt jthe jlanguage
English jlanguage jinstruction jin jNNS jcountries
• Which jpedagogical jmodel
• Which jEnglish j– jUS, jUK jor jnative?
English jlanguage juse jin jNNS jcountries
There jare j‘millions jof jL2 jusers jwho jlearn jand juse jsecond jlanguages jin jtheir jown jcountries, jfrom jtheir jown
j(nonnative) jteachers, jfor juse jprimarily jwith jother jnonnative jspeakers, jand jwho jmay jnever jcome jacross ja

jnative jspeaker jface jto jface’

Sridhar jcited jin jB. jKachru, jY. jKachru j& jNelson, j2006)
Ideal jdefinition jof ja jnative jspeaker
• Someone jwho jacquired ja jgiven jlanguage jas jher/his jhome jlanguage jat jmother’s jknee, jwithout
jbenefit jof jformal jinstruction. j

• She/he jhas juseful jintuitions jabout jgrammatical jcorrectness, jand jdoes jnot jhave jto jthink jabout jhow
jto jsay jwhat jshe/he jwants jto jsay

Proficiency jof jnon-native jspeakers

• Non-native jspeakers jas jproficient jspeakers
• Show jbetter jproficiency jthan jthe jnative jspeakers jin jsome jcases
• Do jwe jneed ja jnative jspeaker jor ja jproficient jspeaker?
SLA jand jnative jspeaker
• Primary jcriteria: jmonolingual jnotion
• Secondary jcriteria: jsocial jfactors
SLA jand jnative jspeaker
• Need jto jacknowledge jouter jand jexpanding jcircle jvarieties jof jEnglish jin jSLA
Topic j125: jIssues jof jProficiency jand jCommunicative jCompetence
Genetic jand jfunctional jnativeness
Genetic jnativeness
Refers jto jthe jhistorical jrelationships jof jcontact jand jconvergence jbetween jlanguages
Genetic jand jfunctional jnativeness
Functional jnativeness
• Sociolinguistic jstatus jin jrange jand jdepth jof juse jin ja jsociety j
• Users jrecognize jstandard jEnglish
• Users’ jexhibit jproficiency jcomparable jto jnative jspeakers’ jproficiency
Communicative jcompetence
The jability jto juse ja jcommunity’s jlanguage jin jappropriate jways jto jachieve j jgoals jand jto joperate jin jthe
jsociety jin jan jintended jmanner

Communicative jcompetence
• Refers jto jboth jthe jtacit jknowledge jof ja jlanguage jand jthe jability jto juse jit jeffectively
• The jsocially jappropriate juse jof jlanguage
Communicative jcompetence
• Knowing jand jacting jin jaccordance jwith jthe jsociocultural jknowledge
• Conventions jof jlanguage juse
Communicative jcompetence jand jnative jspeaker
A jnative jspeaker jdoes jnot jmake jfor ja jmore jcompetent jcommunicator jin jdifferent jcontexts
Communicative jcompetence jand jworld jEnglishes
• Wide jexposure jto jvarieties jof jEnglish jallows jfor jbeing jflexible jin jone’s juse jof jthe jlanguage j
• Inclusion jof jthe jnotion jof jworld jEnglishes jin jteacher jeducation jprogrammes
Topic j126: jNativization jand jEnglishization
Nativization
Effective jcommunication jin jworld jEnglishes jcontext jdepends jon:
• An jawareness jof jnativization jof jEnglish
• Englishization jof jthe jlocal jlanguages jin jcontact jwith jEnglish
Nativization
• Adaptation jof jEnglish jto jlocal jsocio-cultural jenvironments
• Leads jto jqualifying jdescriptors jsuch jas:
• US jEnglish
• Indian jEnglish
• Singaporean jEnglish
Englishization
The jtransformation jwhich jtakes jplace jin jnon-English jcultures jand jlanguages jas ja jresult jof jexposure jto jthe
jEnglish jlanguage

Englishization
• Obvious jinfluences jof jEnglish jon jother jlanguages j
• Levels jof jlanguages jfrom jpronunciation jto jliterary jgenres jare jaffected j
Code jmixing jand jcode jswitching
Code jmixing
Changing jfrom jone jlanguage
to janother jwithin jsentences
Code jswitching
Changing jfrom jone jlanguage jto janother jacross jsentences jand jlarger jlanguage jdomains
Code jmixing jand jcode jswitching
• Amajor jcharacteristic jof jthe j jusers jof jworld jEnglishes j
• Readily jobservable
• Not jfully japproved jby jmonolingual jresearchers
• Need jto junderstand jwhat jprompts jcode jmixing jand jswitching
 World Englishes and Language Acquisition
j j j j

Topic j127: jWorld jEnglishes jand jInterlanguage

Interlanguage
Refers jto jthe jintermediate jstates jof ja jlearner’s jlanguage jas jit jmoves jfrom jL1 jtoward jthe jtarget jL2
Interlanguage
L1 j___ j| j.................... j| j___L2
j jInterlanguage

Interlanguage jis jmetaphorically ja jhalfway jhouse jbetween jthe jfirst jlanguage j(L1) jand jsecond jlanguage j
j(L2)

Interlanguage
L1 j___ j| j.................... j| j___L2
j jInterlanguage

Learning jL2 jis ja jgradual jprocess jfrom jL1 jtowards jL2. jAt jevery jstage jof jlearning jlearners jhave jrules jof
jgrammar jwhich jare jnot jperfect jyet

Interlanguage
• Reflects jthe jlearner's jevolving jsystem jof jrules
• Is jinfluenced jboth jby jL1 jand jby jinput jfrom jthe jtarget jlanguage
Interlanguage
The jmonolingual jSLA jstance jconsiders jall jnon-native jvarieties jof jlanguage jas jfailed j jattempts jat jlearning j
Topic j128: jWorld jEnglishes jand jInterlanguage
Interlanguage
Interlanguage jas ja jconcept jhas jno jrelevance jto jstable jbilingual jand jmultilingual jcontexts jacross jthe jworld
Interlanguage jhypotheses
The jconcept jof jInterlanguage jis jbased jon jfollowing jhypotheses:
1. Varieties jof jEnglish jare jfossilized jforms jof jstandard jEnglish
2. Results jof jimperfect jlearning
Fossilization jand jworld jEnglishes
• Fossilization jis jinapt jto jthe jcontext jof jworld jEnglishes
• In jmultilingual jcontexts jdifferent jlanguages jhave jdefinite jroles
• English jhas jdefinite jroles jin jmany jsocieties
• The jroles jand jcontexts jof juse jare jconstantly jevolving
j

Fossilization jand jworld jEnglishes

• In ja jmultilingual jcontext, jeach jlanguage jhas jits juse
• One jlanguage jmany jnot jbe jappropriate jfor juse jin jall jdomains
j

SLA jin jouter jand jexpanding jcircles

• SLA jmodels jare jthe jteachers jand jmaterials
• English jhas jvarious juses joutside jthe jclassroom
• Receives jreinforcement jand jexpansion jopportunities jof j jclassroom jlearning j
Topic j129: jSecond jLanguage jAcquisition j(SLA) jTheories jand jWorld jEnglishes
SLA jTheory jConstruction j
• Immigrants jor jforeign jstudents jin juniversities jare jused jas jsources jof jdata
• Learners jof jEnglish jin jthe jouter jand jexpanding jcircles jare joverlooked
SLA jTheory jConstruction j
• Little jawareness jof jthe jfactors jrelevant jto jEnglish jlanguage jlearning jin jthese jcontexts
• Lack jof jrelevance jbetween jSLA jtheories jand jworld jEnglishes
Assumptions jof jSLA j
1. Learning jgoal jis jto jattain jnative-like jcompetence jto jcommunicate jwith jnative jspeakers
2. Input jcomprises jthe jentire jrange jand jdepth jof jBritish jand jAmerican jEnglish
3. Learners jought jto jhave jintegrative jmotivation jfor jlanguage jlearning
Assumptions jof jSLA j
4. jPrimary jlanguages j j j jconsidered jsources jof jnegative jand jpositive jtransfer
5. jDifference jfrom jstandard jBritish jor jAmerican jEnglish jamount jto jfailure j– jfossilization jor jpragmatic
jfailure

Success jin jSLA j

• Five jpercent jof jlearners jare jexpected jto jachieve jnative jcompetence jin jL2
• The jothers jare jconsigned jto jthe jcategory jof jinterlanguage jusers j
Topic j130: jRealities jof jSecond jLanguage jLearning jin jWorld jEnglishes jContext
Realities jof jouter jand jexpanding jcircle jcontext
• Non-native jinterlocutors
• Native jEnglish jnorms jmay jbe jviewed junfavourably
Realities jof jouter jand jcircle jcontext
• Input javailable jin jindigenized jvariety jof jEnglish:
• Teachers
• Peers
• Materials j
Realities jof jouter jand jcircle jcontext
• Several jlanguages jin jthe jlinguistic jrepertoire
• Each jlanguage jwith ja jdistinct jfunction
• Irrelevance jof jideal jbilingualism
Realities jof jouter jand jcircle jcontext
• Functions jof jEnglish junique jto jthe jcontext
• Serves jas ja jhigh jvariety jin ja jdiglossic jsituation
• Used jin jadministration, jhigher jcourts jof jlaw, jtertiary jeducation
• Overlaps jwith jother jlanguages jin jinformal jsituations
Topic j131: jAcquisition jof jEnglish jin jOuter jand jExpanding jCircles
Inapplicability jof jSLA jto jworld jEnglishes
• Gap jbetween jclassical jSLA jparadigm jand jlearning jof jEnglish jin jouter jand jexpanding jcircle
• Inapplicability jof jSLA jconcepts jand jmethods jto jthe jworld jEnglishes jcontext
Outer jand jexpanding jcircle jcontexts
jMultilingual jusers

• Include jdifferent jdomains jof juse jand jrequire jdifferent jlevels jof jproficiency
• Multilinguals jare jnot jdeficient jbut jproficient jusers jof jEnglish jand jother jlanguages
• Employ jcode jmixing
Outer jand jexpanding jcircle jcontexts j
Local jinput
• Bilingual jteaching jmethods
• Teachers jproficient jin jlocal jvariety jof jEnglish
• Indigenized jversions jof jAmerican jpopular jculture
Outer jand jexpanding jcircle jcontexts j
Local jinput
• Creativity jin jthe juse jof jinternet
• Indigenized jvarieties jrather jthan jan jinternational jor j juniversal jEnglish
Outer jand jexpanding jcircle jcontexts j
Irrelevance jof jSLA jconcepts
• The jtarget jis jnot jacquisition jof jnative-like jcompetence
• Inappropriacy jof jfossilization jand jinterlanguage jfor jresearching jworld jEnglishes
Outer jand jexpanding jcircle jcontexts j
Irrelevance jof jSLA jconcepts
• Indigenized jvarieties jrather jthan jan jinternational jor j juniversal jEnglish
• Cannot jbe jcompared jto jcreolization
Outer jand jexpanding jcircle jcontexts j
Role jof jfirst jor jprimary jlanguages
• Positive jrole jof jthe jfirst jlanguage
• Innovations jhelp jin jtwo jways: j
• Increase jcommunicative jcompetence jin jthe jtarget jlanguage
• jHelp jin jacculturation jof jthe jtarget jlanguage jto jlocal jcontext

Topic j132: jAcquisition jof jEnglish jin jOuter jand jExpanding jCircles
Integrating jworld jEnglishes jinto jSLA jparadigm
Theory jconstruction jto jconsider:
• Multilingualism
• Functions jof jlanguage(s)
• Creative jpotential jof jhuman jlinguistic jbehaviour
Changing jSLA jscenario
Some jscholars jand jlinguists jsuggest jthe jfollowing:
• Inclusion jof j‘indigenized jlanguage’ jas ja jtype jof jacquisition jin jSLA jtypology
• New jperspectives jon jSLA
• Acceptability jof jstable jvariations jrather jthan jtreating jthem jas jerrors
Changing jSLA jscenario
• Native jspeakers jto jbe jmore jtolerant jand jaccepting
• Need jto jincrease jfamiliarity jwith jinternational jEnglish j
Changing jSLA jscenario
• SLA jtheories jto jconsider j jresearch jon jthe jacquisition jand juse jof jIVEs
• SLA’s jlimitations jwith jregards jto joffering jexplanations jwith jregard jto jlearning jEnglish jin jouter
jand jexpanding jcircles