Statistics

Introduction & Basic
Concepts in Statistics Two Branches of Statistics

Statistics is the branch of mathematics that
deals with the theory and method of collecting, Statistical Theory – is concerned with the
organizing, presenting, analyzing and formulation of theories, principles, and formulas
which are used as bases in the solution of problems
interpreting data.
related to Statistics.
Two Main Divisions/Phases of Statistics Statistical Methods – is concerned with the

application of the theories, principles and formulas in
1.DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS - refers to the the solution of everyday problems.
summary statistic that quantitatively describes
or summarizes features from a collection of data OTHER STATISTICAL TERMS:
under investigation. POPULATION – a set of data consisting of all
-The goal is to describe. Numerical measures are conceivable possible observations of a certain
used to tell about features of a set of data. phenomenon. It refers to the totality of the
observations. Population is denoted by capital N.
Exa ples: SAMPLE – a finite number of items selected from
The average, or measure of the center of a data set, a population possessing identical characteristics
consisting of the mean, median, mode, or midrange with those of the population from which it was
The spread of a data set, which can be measured with taken. Sample is denoted by small letter n
the range or standard deviation
VARIABLE – refers to a fundamental quantity
Overall descriptions of data such as the five number
summary that changes in value from one observation to
Measurements such as skewness and kurtosis another within a given domain and under a given
The exploration of relationships set of conditions. Variables may be represented
and correlation between paired data by the letters X, Y, etc.
The presentation of statistical results CONSTANT – refers to fundamental quantities
in graphical form that do not change in value.
PARAMETERS – are characteristics/measures
2. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS - statistical tools computed from the population
that are used to examine the relationships STATISTIC/S – are characteristics/measures
between variables within a sample and then computed from the sample
make generalizations or predictions about how Four levels of data measurement
those variables will relate to a larger population. Nominal – qualitative data, categorical data
(ex sex, gender, year level)
Example
Ordinal – ranked data (1st, 2nd, 3rd ,etc)
Interval – data with arbitrary zero value (scores,
A confidence interval gives a range of values for an
unknown parameter of the population by measuring a grades)
statistical sample. This is expressed in terms of an Ratio – data coming from measurements (height,
interval and the degree of confidence that the weight, etc)
parameter is within the interval.
Tests of significance or hypothesis testing where STEPS IN A STATISTICAL INQUIRY OR
scientists make a claim about the population by
analyzing a statistical sample. By design, there is some
INVESTIGATION
uncertainty in this process. This can be expressed in 1. Collection of data
terms of a level of significance 2. Presentation of data
3. Analysis of data
4. Interpretation of data
Data Collection and Data Presentation

What are DATA? An experiment is a procedure carried out to
Data are plain facts, usually raw numbers, words, support, refute, or validate a hypothesis. An
measurements, observations or just description experiment is a method that most clearly shows
of things. Think of a spreadsheet full of numbers cause-and-effect because it isolates and
with no meaningful description. In order for manipulates a single variable, in order to clearly
these numbers to become information, they must show its effect.
be interpreted to have meaning.
DATA PRESENTATION
TWO TYPES OF DATA
1. QUALITATIVE DATA is descriptive in nature
Once data has been collected, it has to be
ex., color, shapes
classified and organized in such a way that it
2. QUANTITATIVE is numerical information ex.
becomes easily readable and interpretable, that
weight, height
is, converted to information.
TYPES OF DATA PRESENTATION
1. TEXTUAL PRESENTATION
DATA COLLECTION-Data collection is This type of presentation combines text and
concerned with the accurate gathering of data; figures in a statistical report.
although methods may differ depending on the Example: news item in the newspaper
field, the emphasis on ensuring accuracy. The 2. TABULAR PRESENTATION
primary goal of any data collection is to capture This type of presentation uses tables consisting
quality data or evidence that easily translates to of vertical columns and horizontal rows with
rich data analysis that may lead to credible and headings describing these rows and columns.
conclusive answers to questions that have been The data are presented in more brief and orderly
posed. manner.
Example: frequency table
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION 3. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION
1. THE INTERVIEW or DIRECT METHOD It is a most effective means of presenting
The researcher or interviewer gets the needed statistical data because important relationships
data from the respondent or interviewee are brought out more clearly in graphs.
verbally and directly face-to-face contact.
2. THE QUESTIONNAIRE or INDIRECT METHOD
The questionnaire is a tool for data gathering DIFFERENT TYPES OF GRAPHS COMMONLY
and research that consists of a set of questions in USED IN DATA PRESENTATION
a different form of question type that is used to
collect information from the respondents for the 1. BAR GRAPH
purpose of either survey or statistical analysis A bar chart or bar graph is a chart or graph that
study. presents categorical data with rectangular bars
3. REGISTRATION METHOD with heights or lengths proportional to the
This method is used by the government such as values that they represent. The bars can be
the records of births at the Philippine Statistics plotted vertically or horizontally.
Authority (PSA), registration record at the 2.LINE GRAPH
COMELEC A line graph is a graphical display of information
4. OBSERVATION that changes continuously over time. A line
This method is a way of collecting data through graph may also be referred to as a line chart.
observing. The observer gains firsthand Within a line graph, there are points connecting
knowledge by being in and around the social the data to show a continuous change. The lines
setting that is being investigated. in a line graph can descend and ascend based on
5. EXPERIMENTATION the data. We can use a line graph to compare
different events, situations, and information.
3.PIE GRAPH STEP 4: Select the respondents by random
- A pie chart is a circular chart divided into sampling.
wedge-like sectors, illustrating proportion. Each CLUSTER SAMPLING- Often called geographic
wedge represents a proportionate part of the sampling. It is used in large scale surveys. The
whole, and the total value of the pie is always population is divided into multiple groups called
100 percent. clusters. The clusters are selected with simple
-Pie charts can make the size of portions easy to random or systematic sampling techniques for
understand at a glance. They're widely used in data collection and data analysis.
business presentations and education to show
the proportions among a large variety of NON-PROBABILITY-BASED SAMPLING
categories including expenses, segments of a ACCIDENTAL OR CONVENIENCE SAMPLING -
population, or answers to a survey. Researches selects subjects that are more readily
accessible or available.
5. PICTOGRAPH/PICTOGRAM PURPOSIVE SAMPLING –Subjects are selected
A pictograph is a chart or graph, which uses based on the need of the study.
pictures to represent data. A pictograph is one of SNOWBALL SAMPLING – This type of sampling
the simplest forms of data visualization. start with known sources of information , who or
which will in turn give other sources of
SAMPLING information. As this goes on, data accumulates.
QUOTA SAMPLING – Researchers takes a sample
TWO TYPES OF SAMPLING in proportion to some characteristics or trate of
Probability sampling- Provides equal chances to the population.
every single element of the population to be
included in the sampling.
Non-probability sampling- The samples are
selected in a process that does not give all the
individuals in the population equal chances of
being selected. Samples are selected don the
basis of their accessibility or by the purposive
personal judgement of the reasearcher
Probability sampling
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
-Lottery Method
-Fish Bowl Method
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
STEP 1: Identify the population (N)
STEP 2: Identify the number of sample (n)
STEP 3: Divide N by n to find the nth Interval
STRATIFIED SAMPLING- Used to ensure that
different groups in the population are
adequately in the sample
STEP 1: Identify the population and divide the

population into different groups or strata
according to criteria.
STEP 2: Decide on the sampling size or actual
percentage of the population to be considered a
sample.
STEP 3: Get a proportion of sample from each
group.

Statistics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Statistics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Statistics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction & Basic

Concepts in Statistics Two Branches of Statistics

Two Main Divisions/Phases of Statistics Statistical Methods – is concerned with the

Data Collection and Data Presentation

STEP 1: Identify the population and divide the

You might also like