Math FINAL TERM 2.

THE QUESTIONNAIRE or INDIRECT METHOD The

questionnaire is a tool for data gathering and research that
DATA MANAGEMENT consists of a set of questions in a different form of question
type that is used to collect information from the
Gathering, Organizing, Representing and Interpreting
respondents for the purpose of either survey or statistical
Data
analysis study.
• Measures of Central Tendency
• Measures of Dispersion 3. REGISTRATION METHOD This method is used by the
• Measures of Relative Position government such as the records of births at the Philippine
• Probabilities and Normal Distributions Statistics Authority (PSA), registration record at the
• Linear Regression and Correlation COMELEC.
Statistics – The branch of mathematics that deals with the theory and 4. OBSERVATION This method is a way of collecting data
method of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and through observing. The observer gains firsthand knowledge
interpreting data. by being in and around the social setting that is being
investigated.
Two Main Divisions of Statistics
5. EXPERIMENTATION An experiment is a procedure
1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS refers to the summary statistics
carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis. An
that quantitatively describes or summarizes features from a
experiment is a method that most clearly shows cause-and-
collection of data under investigation. The goal is to describe.
effect because it isolates and manipulates a single variable,
Numerical measures are used to talk about features of a set of
in order to clearly show its effect.
data.
 The spread of a data set, which can be measured with the range DATA PRESENTATION
or standard deviation
 Overall descriptions of data such as the five number summary Once data has been collected, it has to be classified and
2. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS statistical tools that are used to organized in such a way that it becomes easily readable and
examine the relationships between variables within a sample and interpretable, that is, converted to information.
then make generalizations or predictions about how those
variables will relate to a larger population. TYPES OF DATA PRESENTATION
 A confidence interval gives a range of values for an unknown
1. TEXTUAL PRESENTATION This type of presentation
parameter of the population by measuring a statistical sample.
combines text and figures in a statistical report. Example: news
This is expressed in terms of an interval and the degree of
item in the newspaper
confidence that the parameter is within the interval.
2. TABULAR PRESENTATION This type of presentation uses
Statistical Terms:
tables consisting of vertical columns and horizontal rows with
 POPULATION – a set of data consisting of all conceivable headings describing these rows and columns. The data are
possible observations of a certain phenomenon. It refers to the presented in more brief and orderly manner.
totality of the observations. Population is denoted by capital N.
Example: frequency table
 SAMPLE – a finite number of items selected from a population
possessing identical characteristics with those of the population 3. GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION It is a most effective
from which it was taken. Sample is denoted by small letter n. means of presenting statistical data because important
 VARIABLE – refers to a fundamental quantity that changes in relationships are brought out more clearly in graphs
value from one observation to another within a given domain
and under a given set of conditions. Variables may be DIFFERENT TYPES OF GRAPHS COMMONLY USED IN
represented by the letters X, Y, etc. DATA PRESENTATION
 CONSTANTS – refers to fundamental quantities that do not
BAR GRAPH- rectangular bars
change in value.
with heights or lengths proportional to the values that they
 VARIATE – actual values of the variables
represent
STEPS IN A STATISTICAL INQUIRY OR INVESTIGATION
LINE GRAPH - may also be referred to as a line chart
 Collection of data
PIE GRAPH - circular chart divided into wedge-like sectors,
 Processing of data
illustrating proportion
 Presentation of data
 Analysis of data SCATTER DIAGRAM - a type of plot or mathematical
 Interpretation of data diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display values for
typically two variables for a set of data
Data Collection and Data Presentation
PICTOGRAPH/PICTOGRAM - a chart or graph, which uses
DATA - are plain facts, usually raw numbers, words, measurements,
pictures to represent data
observations or just description of things
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION - A tabular arrangement of
TWO TYPES OF DATA
data showing its classification or grouping according to
1. QUALITATIVE DATA is descriptive in nature ex., color, shapes magnitude or size.

Ex: The heights of the students in a class could be organized

into the following frequency table.
2. QUANTITATIVE DATA is numerical information ex.
weight, height

Data collection – is concerned with the accurate gathering of

data; although methods may differ depending on the field, the
emphasis on ensuring accuracy.
Components of Frequency Distribution
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
 CLASS INTERVALS or CLASS LIMITS ( Ci ) – the end
1. THE INTERVIEW or DIRECT METHOD The
numbers. The smallest value of the class is called the lower-class
researcher or interviewer gets the needed data from the
limit and the largest value of the class is called the upper-class
respondent od interviewee verbally and directly face-to-
limit. Class limits are also called inclusive classes.
face contact.
 Example: Let us take the class interval 10 – 19. The smallest Measures of Central Tendency
value 10 is the lower-class limit and the largest value 19 is the Ungrouped - the value around which the whole set of data tend to
upper-class limit. cluster
 CLASS BOUNDARIES ( CB ) - the true values which describe
the actual class limits of a class. They can be obtained by simply UNGROUPED DATA – refer to data not organized into frequency
adding 0.5 to the upper limit and subtracting 0.5 to the lower distribution
limit of each class.
1. THE ARITHMETIC MEAN ( X)
Example: Let us take the class interval 10 – 19. The exact lower
limit is 9.5 and exact upper limit is 19.5.  It is the sum of the observed values divided by the number
of observations.
 CLASS FREQUENCY ( F ) – means the number of
observations belonging to a class interval. a. SIMPLE MEAN
 CLASS MARK ( X) – also known as the midpoint or the
middle value of a class interval. It is the average of the lower
X=
∑X
and upper limits of each class. n
Example. Let us take the class interval 10 – 19. The class mark
10+19 where:
is =14.5
2 X (read as bar X) = Sample Mean
 CLASS SIZE ( i ) – the width of each class interval. The
difference between the upper- and lower-class boundaries (not n = total number of items in the sample
between the class limits) of a class or the difference between two
successive mid points is called the size of class interval. X = the observed value

b. WEIGHTED MEAN
Example. Let us take the class interval 10 – 19. The exact lower
limit is 9.5 and exact upper limit is 19.5. the class size will be
19.5 – 9.5 = 10
XW=
∑ XW
 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY (CF) – the sum of the class
and all classes below it in a frequency distribution.
∑W
where:

X W = weighted mean
W = weight of each item

X = value of each item

2. MEDIAN ( Me ) –

 is the midpoint of the distribution.

 It is the middle value in an ordered distribution.

3. MODE ( Mo )

 the value that appears with the highest frequency

 the value that appears most often

4. QUANTILES

Steps in constructing Frequency Distribution  Quantiles are values that divide the distribution into a given
number of equal parts.
1. Determine the range (R) of the distribution.
a. QUARTILES – values that divide the distribution into 4 equal
The range refers to the difference between the highest and the parts
lowest scores.
 The quartiles are Q1 (first quartile) which is 25% or less of
Range = Highest score - Lowest score the given distribution, Q2 (second quartile) which is 50%
or less of the given distribution, and Q3 (third quartile)
R = 90 - 40 which is 75% or less of the given distribution.
R = 50 b. DECILES – values that divide the distribution into 10 equal parts
2. Determine the class size (i) by dividing the range by the  The deciles are D1, D2, D3, …, D10.
desired number of class intervals. The number of class intervals,
usually, is not less than 10 and not more than 20. Let us use 10. c. PERCENTILES - values that divide the distribution into 100
equal parts
Class size = Range divided by 10
 The percentiles are P1, P2, P3, …, P100.
i = 50 / 10
 P = position
i = 5
 P/D = desired percentage
*If the obtained i is not exact, round it off to the nearest whole
number.  n = number of items

3. When the class size is 5, all the lower-class limits must be

multiples of 5. The lower-class interval should include the
lowest score while the highest-class interval must contain the
highest score.

4. Find the class marks (X) of the class intervals.

5. Tally the frequencies for each interval and sum them.