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Chemical Reaction & Equation

Chemical Reaction
Chemical reaction is the process by which two or more substance react with each other to form new
substance with different properties.
These are the following changes to determine that the following changes to determine that the
chemical reaction has taken place.
• Change in State
• Change in Colour
• Evolution of Gas
• Change in temperature
• Formation of Precipitate
Chemical Equation
A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and
formula
Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium → Magnesium oxide
i. The substance which take part in a chemical reaction are called reactants.
ii. The New produced as a result of chemical reaction are called products
(Products formed have properties, which are entirely different from those of the reactant)
When a magnesium ribbon is heated, it burns in air with dazzling white flame to from a
Heat
Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium Oxide Powder
i. Mg and O are reactant
ii. MgO is a product which is a white coloured powder
Mg Ribbon is cleaned by Rubbing with a sand paper. This is done to remove the protective layer of
magnesium oxide from the surface of magnisum ribbon.
Chemical Reactions in Daily life
1. Souring of Milk 2. Cooking of Food
3. Digestion of food 4. Respiration
5. Rusting of Iron 6. Burning of Fuels
7. Ripening of fruits are all chemical changes involving chemical reaction.
Balanced and Unbalanced Chemical Equation
1. Unbalanced Chemical Equation
Has an unequal number of atoms of one or more elements in the reactant and products-
H2 + O2 → H2 O

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 Reactant Product

No. of H = 2 No. of H = 2

No. of O = 2 No. of O = 1

So, the above equation is unbalanced equation it means that, an unbalanced equation has unequal
masses of various element in rectant and products but, we know that according to “Law of
conservation of mass”
“mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction”
So, this means that total mass of all the rectant must be equal to the total mass of the product this is
the reason why balancing of chemical reaction is imp
Balancing of Chemical Equation
The process of making the number of different type of atoms equal on both the sides of an equation.
H2 + O2 → H2 O

Reactant Product

No. of H Atom 2 2

No. of O Atom 2 1

No. of Hydrogen Atom are balanced but, oxygen atoms are not balanced
Balanced Chemical Equation
H2 + O2 → 2H2 O

Reactant Product

No. of H 2 4

No. of O 2 2

Now, no. of oxygen atoms are equal both the sides but, no. of hydrogen atoms are Not Balanced
2H2 + O2 → 2H2 O

Reactant Product

No. of H 4 4

No. of O 2 2

Now, the above reaction is balanced

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2. Balance the following chemical equation
i. Fe + H2 O → Fe3 O4 + H2

Reactant Product

No. of Fe Atoms 1 Fe = 3

No. of H Atoms 2 H=2

No. of O Atoms 1 O=4

3Fe + H2 O → Fe3 O4 + H2
3Fe + 4H2 O → Fe3 O4 + H2
3Fe + 4H2 O → Fe3 O4 + H2
comp. balanced chemical equation
But; to make a chemical equation more informative the physical states of the rectants and
products are mentioned along with their chemical formula.
Liquid state represented by = (g)
Solid State represented = (s)
Liquid state represented = (𝑙)
So, 3Fe(s) + 4H2 O(g) → Fe3 O4 (s) + 4H2 (g)
ii. Write a balanced equation of the reaction methane burns in oxygen to form carbondioxide
and water.
CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2 O

Reactant Product

No. of C 1 1

No. of H 4 2

No. of O 2 3

CH4 + O2 → CO2 + 2H2 O

Reactant Product

No. of C 1 1

No. of H 4 4

No. of O 2 4

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2 O

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 Reactant Product

No. of C 1 1

No. of H 4 4

No. of O 4 4

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2 O(g)

3. An aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide to an aqueous solution of copper sulphate, copper
hydroxide is precipitated and sodium sulphate remain in the solution.
CuSO4 (aq) + Na(OH)(aq) → Cu(OH)2 + Na2 SO4

Reactant Product

No. of Cu 1 1

No. of S 1 1

No. of O 5 6

No. of Na 1 2

No. of H atoms 1 2

CuSO4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2 + Na2 SO4

Reactant Product

No. of Cu Atoms 1 1

No. of S Atoms 1 1

No. of Na Atoms 2 2

No. of O Atoms 1 6

No. of H atoms 2 2

CuSO4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2 (s) + Na2 SO4 (aq)

This is the comp. Balanced equation.
iii. Write the balanced equation for the following
Hydrogen + Chlorine → Hydrogen Chloride
2H + Cl2 → 2HCl

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 Reactant Product

No. of H Atoms 1 1

No. of Cl Atoms 2 1

iv. Sodium metal react with water to form sodium hydroxide and hydrogen
Na + H2 → NaOH + H2

Reactant Product

No. of Na Atoms 1 1

No. of H Atoms 2 3

No. of O Atoms 1 1

Na + 2H2 O → 2NaOH + H2
v. Barium Chloride + Aluminium Sulphate → Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride
BaCl2 + Al2 (SO4 )3 → Ba(SO4 ) + AlCl3
Balanced Equation
3BaCl2 + Al2 (SO4 )3 → 3BaSO4 + 2AlCl3
Information Conveged by a Chemical Equation
1. The Name of various reactants and the products
2. The formula of the reactents and the products
3. The relative amount (in mol) of the rectants and products.
4. The physical state of reactant and product
5. Heat change during the reaction
6. The specific conditions necessary for the reactions.
Type of Chemical Reaction
1. Combination Reaction 2. Decomposition Reaction
3. Displacement Reaction 4. Double Displacement Reaction
5. Oxidation and Reduction Reaction 6. Exothermic and Endothermic
7. Precipitation Reaction 8. Neutralization R ∝ n
9. Oxidation and Reduction Reaction
1. Combination Reaction
Those reaction in which two or more substances combines to form a single substance, are called
combination reaction.

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2Mg(s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO(s)
Combination
Magnesium oxygen → Magnesium oxide
2. Burning of Coal
C(s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (aq)
3. Formation of Water
H2 (g) + O2 (g) → H2 O(aq)
4. Calcium oxide when reacts vigorously with water, produces slaked lime.
CaO(s) + H2 O(l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + Heat ↑
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (s) + H2 O(l)
• Slaked Lime is used to white wash the walls. Sulked lime when applied to the walls, they react
slowly with CO2 present in the air to form a shiny thin layer of CaCO3
Chemical formula of marble is also CaCO3
Decomposition Reaction
Example:
Heat
i. CaCO3 (s) → CaO(s) + CO2 (g)
Heat
ii. 2Pb(NO3 )2 → 2PbO(s) + 4NO2 + O2 (g)

Decomposition

Thermal Photochemical Electrolytic

Decomposition Decomposition Decomposition

A) Thermal Decomposition
When a decomposition reaction is out by heating
∆
i. CaCO3 (s) → CaO(s) + CO2 (g)
Heat
ii. FeSO4 ∙ 7H2 O(s) → FeSO4 (s) + 7H2 O
∆
∆
iii. 2FeSO4 (s) → Fe2 O3 (s) + SO2 (g) + SO3 (g)
Heat

B) Photochemical Decomposition
If the energy of sunlight carry out decomposition reaction; it is called photochemical decomposition
Sunlight
i. 2H2 O2 (l) → 2H2 O(l) + O2 (g)

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 Sunlight
ii. 2AgBr(s) → 2Ag(s) + Br2 (g)
Sunlight
iii. 2AgCl(s) → 2Ag(s) + Cl2 (g)
C) Electrolytic Decomposition
If the Electric Current is used to carryout decomposition reaction.
Example: Electrolysis of water
It is the decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen gas, when an electric current is passed
through water containing few drops of Dilute sulphuric Acid.
Electrolytic
2H2 O(l) → 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
Decomposition

Q. Why few drops of 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 acid are added to water before electrolsis. Why?
NCERT exercise

Sol. Water is a poor conductor of electricity; and acid dissociate to make it good Conductor.
Displacement Reaction
Fe(s) + CuSO4 (aq) → FeSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)
Reactivity series of Metals

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1. 2AgNO3 ( aq ) + Cu ( s ) ⎯⎯
→ Cu ( NO3 )2 ( aq ) + 2Ag ( s )

2. 2Fe ( s ) + 4H 2O ( g ) ⎯⎯
→ Fe3O 4 ( s )

Double Displacement Reaction

Two compounds react by exchange of ions to form two new compounds.
1. Na 2SO4 ( aq ) + BaCl2 ⎯⎯
→ BaSO4  + NaNO3 ( aq )

2. AgNO3 ( aq ) + NaCl ( aq ) ⎯⎯
→ AgCl  + NaNO3 ( aq )

3. 2KI + Pb ( NO3 )2 ( aq ) ⎯⎯
→ PbI 2  +2KNO3 ( aq )

Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions

A) Exothermic Reaction
The reaction in which heat is released along with the formation of product are called exothermic
reaction
Example:
i. Oxidation of Methane (Combustion of methane)
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 ↑ + 2H2 O(l) + Heat ↑ + Light
Production of heat and light are essential production of combustion.
ii. Respiration
• During digestion, the food is broken down to form glucose.
• Glucose then combine with oxygen in the cell of our body and provide energy this reaction is
known as respiration.
iii. Decomposition of vegetable matter into compost.
B) Endothermic Reaction
The reaction in which energy is absorbed by the rectant to complete the reaction is known as
Endothermic Reaction
Example:
Decomposition Reaction Require, energy for breaking down the rectants. Therfore, these are
endothemic reaction.
i. Ba(OH)2 (aq) + 2NH4 Cl(aq) → BaCl2 (aq)2NH3 (g) + 2H2 O(l)
ii. Decomposition of Silver Bromide.
Sunlight
2AgBr(s) → 2Ag(s) + Br2 ↑
Precipitation Reaction
The reaction in which an insoluble substance formed, is called precipitation reaction and the
insoluble substance is known as precipitate.
NaCl(aq) + AgNO3 (aq) → NaNO3 (aq) + AgCl ↓

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Neutralization Reaction
The Reaction in which, Acid Reacts with base to form salt and water essentially in dilute aqueous
solution is known as Neutralization Reaction.
Acid + Base → Salt + Water + Heat
Example:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2 O
Oxidation and Reduction Reaction
A) Oxidation
∆
Addition of oxygen 2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
Removal of Hydrogen
B) Oxidising Agent (Oxidant)
Any substance which adds oxygen or help to remove hydrogen is known as oxidising agent.
[Help in oxidation, but Reduces itself]
C) Reduction
Addition of Hydrogen
Removal of oxygen
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2 O
D) Reducing Agent
Any substance which removes oxygen and or adds Hydrogen.
2H2 S + O2 → 2S + 2H2 O
CuO + C → Cu + CO
FeO + CO → Fe + CO2
Oxidation and Reduction in terms of Electron
Oxidation is loss of electrons
Reduction is gain of electrons
Redox Reactions
The chemical reaction in which oxidation as well as reduction takes palce simultaneously
Effect of Oxidation in Everyday Life
A) Rancidity
Food Material containing Fat and oil, when left for long time become Rancid
i.e., smell and taste place due to oxidation of food.
Preventions:
In order to prevent oxidation, we have to use some Anti-Oxidants like
• Sodium Benzoate

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 • BHA (Butylated hydroxyanisol)
• BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene)
• Usually chips packets are flused with nitrogen gas
Q. i) Why is respiration considered as an exothermic reaction? NCERT Exercise
ii) Write chemical name and the formula of the brown gas produced during thermal
decomposition of lead nitrate.
iii) Why do chips manufactures flush bags of chips with gas such as nitrogen?
Sol. i) The glucose produced in our body during digestion combines with oxygen in the cells of
our body during digestion combines with oxygen in the cells of our body and provides
energy. The special name of this reaction is respiration. Thus respiration is an
exothermic process because energy is produced during this process.
C6 H12 O6(aq) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2 O(l) + Energy
Heat
ii) 2Pb(NO3 )2 → 2PbO(s) + 4NO(g) + O2(g)
Lead nitrate Lead monoxide Nitrogen Oxygen
dioxide
(Brown fumes)

Brown gas evolved is nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ).

iii) Chips manufacturers usually flush bags of chips with gas such as nitrogen because
atmospheric oxygen can react with chips which may cause change in colour, change in
taste. So to cut the contact between air and the chips, nitrogen gas is used which do
prevent its oxidation.
B) Corrosion :
The degradation of metals by the action of air, moisture on their surface is called corrosion.
Rusting of Iron (Sub Heading)
3
2Fecs + 2 O2 (g) + XH2 O(l) → Fe2 O3 . XH2 O

Prevention of Rusting of Iron

1. By painting
2. By greasing or oiling
3. By galvanisation {depositing of thin layer of Zn metal on Fe object} more Reactive Zn metal
react with Atmosphere and form Zinc oxide.
Oxidation of other Metals (like copper and silver)
Silver (Ag) and Cu lose their lusture by gaining Black and Green coating of silver sulphide and Basic
copper carbonate.
Silver Sulphide → Black
Copper Carbonate → Cu2Co3/CuCo3
2Cu + CO2 (g) + O2 (g) + H2 O(l) → CuCO3 + Cu(OH)2 (s)
So, we can say that “slow eating up of Metals by the Action of Air.

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 Important NCERT Questions
Q1. a) State the law that is followed by balancing a chemcial equation.
b) Balance the following chemical equation:
Na + H2O ⎯⎯
→ NaOH + H2
Sol. a) Law of conservation of mass is followed for balancing a chemical equation which states
that mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. That is, the total
mass of the elements present in the products of a chemical reaction has to be equal to the
total mass of the elements present in the reactants in a balanced equation.
b) 2Na (s) + 2H2O(l) ⎯⎯
→ 2NaOH(aq ) + H2(g )
Q2. Explain the significance of photosynthesis. Write the balanced chemical equation
involved in the process.
Sol. Photosynthesis means synthesis with the help of light. It is the process that gives life to all
living beings.
Photosynthesis is a process by which plants utilize carbon dioxide and water in the presence of
sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen.
6CO2 + 12H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Sunlight
Chlorophyll
→ C6 H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
Glu cose

Q3. Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to produce slaked lime.
→ Ca ( OH )2( aq )
C CaO(S) + H 2O( l) ⎯⎯

This reaction can be classified as

(A) Combination reaction (B) Exothermic reaction
(C) Endothermic reaction (D) Oxidation reaction
Which of the following is a correct option?
a) (A) and (C) b) (C) and (D)
c) (A), (C) and (D) d) (A) and (B)

Sol. The reaction between CaO and H2O to form Ca(OH)2 is an exothermic combination
reaction.

Q4. When hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through a blue solution of copper sulphate, a
black precipitate of copper sulphide is obtained and the sulphuric acid so formed
remains in the solution. The reaction is and example of a
a) combination reaction b) displacement reaction
c) decomposition reaction d) double displacement reaction.

Sol. CuSO4 + H2 S → CuS + H2 SO4

It is a double displacement reaction as in this reaction CuSO4 and H2S reacting by
exchange of Cu2+ and H+ ions to from two new compounds i.e., CuS and H2SO4.

Q5. In a double displacement reaction such as the reaction between sodium sulphate
solution and barium chloride solution:

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 (A) exchange of atoms takes place (B) exchange of ions takes place
(C) a precipitate is produced (D) an insoluble salt is produced
The correct option is
a) (B) and (D) b) (A) and (C)
c) only (B) d) (B), (C) and (D)

Sol. In this reaction exchange of Na+ and Ba2+ ions takes place forming BaSO4 which is a white
precipitate i.e., an insoluble salt.
Na2 SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 ↓ + 2NaCl

Q6. In which of the following, the identity of initial substance remains unchanged?
a) Curdling of milk
b) Formation of crystals by process of crystallisation
c) Fermentation of grapes
d) Digestion of food

Sol. Formation of crystals is a physical change rest others are chemical change.

Q7. Study the following equation of a chemical reaction:

𝐇𝟐 + 𝐂𝐥𝟐 → 𝟐𝐇𝐂𝐥
i) Identify the type of reaction.
ii) Write a balanced chemical equation of another example of this type of reaction.

Sol. i) Combination reaction.

ii) Another example of combination reaction is
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)
Sodium Chlorine Sodium chloride

Q8. Identify the type of reaction taking place in each of the following cases and write
the balanced chemical equation for the reactions.
a) Zinc reacts with silver nitrate to produce zinc nitrate and silver.
b) Potassium iodide reacts with lead nitrate to produce potassium nitrate and lead
iodide.

Sol. a) It is a displacement reaction.

Zn + 2AgNO3 → Zn(NO3 )2 + 2Ag
Zinc Silver nitrate Zince nitrate Silver
b) Refer to answer 15.

Q9. You might have noted that when copper powder is heated in a China dish, the
reddish brown surface of copper powder becomes coated with a black substance.
a) Why has this black substance formed?
b) What is the black substance?
c) Write the chemical equation of the reaction that takes place.

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 d) How can the black coating on the surface be turned reddish brown?

Sol. a) The black substance is formed because copper combins with oxygen.
b) The black substance is copper oxide (CuO).
c) 2Cu(s) + O2(g) → 2CuO(s)
Copper Oxygen Copper (II)oxide
(Reddish brown) (From air) (Black)

d) The black coating on the surface can be turned reddish beown by passing hydrogen gas
over the hot copper oxide.

Q10. Name the type of chemical reaction represented by the following equation:
i) 𝐂𝐚𝐎 + 𝐇𝟐 𝐎 → 𝐂𝐚(𝐎𝐇)𝟐
ii) 𝟑𝐁𝐚𝐂𝐥𝟐 + 𝐀𝐥𝟐 (𝐒𝐎𝟒 )𝟑 → 𝟐𝐀𝐥𝐂𝐥𝟑 + 𝟑𝐁𝐚𝐒𝐎𝟒
𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭
iii) 𝟐𝐅𝐞𝐒𝐎𝟒 → 𝐅𝐞𝟐 𝐎𝟑 + 𝐒𝐎𝟐 + 𝐒𝐎𝟑

Sol. i) Combination reaction

ii) Precipitation reaction or double displacement reaction.
iii) Thermal decomposition reaction.

Ab Phod Do!

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