CHEM111 Week 5 - Chemical Reactions and Gas Laws

Chemical
Reactions
• A chemical equation is a written statement that uses chemical symbols
and chemical formulas instead of words to describe the changes that
occur in a chemical reaction
• In a chemical equation, there are reactants and there are products
• Conventions: Reactants are written on the left side of equation, products
on the right side. Reactants and products are separated by an arrow
pointing toward the products. Plus sign are used to separate different
reactants or different products
Chemical
Equation
Chemical Equation
• Chemical equations must be: (1) Consistent with
experimental facts and (2) must have the same number of
atoms of each king on both sides of the equation
• (2) states that chemical equations must be balanced. This is
achieved with the use of equation coefficients. An equation
coefficient is a number that is placed to the left of a
chemical formula in a chemical equation.
Chemical Reaction
• A chemical reaction is a process in which at least one new
substance is produced as a result of chemical change
• A combination reaction is a reaction in which a single
product is produced from two (or more) reactants
• A decomposition reaction is a chemical reaction in which a

single reactant is converted into two (or more) simpler
substances (elements or compounds)
Chemical Reaction
• A single-replacement reaction is a chemical reaction in
which an atom or molecule replaces an atom or group of
atoms from a compound
• A double-replacement reaction is a chemical reaction in

which two substance exchange parts with one another and
form two different substances
Chemical Reaction
• A combustion reaction is a chemical
reaction between a substance and
oxygen (usually from air) that
proceeds with the evolution of heat
and light (usually from a flame)
Gas Laws
Gases
• The particles of gas move independently of one another in a

random manner
• Under ordinary pressure, the particles are relatively far apart,
except when they collide with one another
• Gas particles completely fill their container, and the shape of
the gas is that of the container
• Since their particles are widely separated, a gas is mostly
empty space. When pressure is applied, the particles are easily
pushed closer together, decreasing the amount of empty
space and volume of gas
• Increased temperature increases the volume they occupy
Gas Law
• A gas law is a generalization that describes in mathematical
terms the relationships among the amount, pressure,
temperature, and volume of a gas
• Pressure is the force applied per unit area on an object. It is
the total force on a surface divided by the area of that
surface.
• Pressure can be expressed in millimeters of mercury (mm
Hg), or torr
• It can also be expressed in atmosphere (atm)
1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
Boyle’s Law: Pressure-
Volume Relationship
• Boyle’s law states that the volume of a fixed amount of a gas is
inversely proportional to the pressure applied to the gas if the
temperature is kept constant
• The equation is: P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
• Where P1 and V1 are the pressure and volume of a gas at an
initial set of conditions, and the P2 and V2 are the pressure and
volume of the same sample of gas under a new set of
conditions, with the temperature and amount of gas remaining
constant
• Pressure Volume
• Pressure Volume
Problem
Solving
3.30 L H2
Charles’s Law: Temperature-
Volume Relationship
• Charles’s law states that the volume of a fixed amount of
gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature if the
pressure is kept constant
• The equation is:
• Where V1 is the volume of a gas at a given pressure, T1 is
the Kelvin temperature of the gas, and V2 and T2 are the
volume and Kelvin temperature of the gas under a new set
of conditions, with the pressure remaining constant
• Temperature Volume
• Temperature Volume
For example: V2 is the missing value, derive its formula using the
Charles’s law formula
1. Cross multiply
2. The resulting formula will be: V1T2 = V2T1
3. In order the isolate the V2 (since it is the one we want to compute
How to for) on one side of the formula, divide both sides by T1
rearrange the
4. This will cancel out the T1 on the right side of the equation, leaving
formula only V2
5. The formula for V2 then is
V2 =
Problem
Solving
141 mL air
Combined Gas Law
• The combined gas law states that the product of the
pressure and volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly
proportional to its Kelvin temperature
• The equation is:
• Pressure Temperature Volume

• Pressure Temperature Volume
Problem
Solving
56 L He
Ideal Gas Law
• The ideal gas law is a gas law that describes the
relationship among the four variables temperature,
pressure, volume, molar amount for a gaseous substance at
a given set of conditions
• The equation is: PV = nRT
• Where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles
of gas present in the sample, R is the ideal gas constant,
and T is for temperature
• R has a value of:
R = 0.0821
Problem
Solving
84.2 L Cl2
Dalton’s Law of
Partial Pressures
• Dalton’s law of partial pressures
states that the total pressure exerted
by a mixture of gases is the sum of
the partial pressures of the individual
gases present
• A partial pressure is the pressure
that a gas in a mixture of gases would
exert if it were present alone under
the same conditions
• Its equation is: Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 ...
• Where Ptotal is the total pressure of a
gaseous mixture and P1, P2, P3, and so
on are the partial pressures of the
individual gaseous components of
the mixture
Problem
Solving
0.85 atm for Kr

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Chemical

• A decomposition reaction is a chemical reaction in which a

• A double-replacement reaction is a chemical reaction in

• The particles of gas move independently of one another in a

2. The resulting formula will be: V1T2 = V2T1

3. In order the isolate the V2 (since it is the one we want to compute

How to for) on one side of the formula, divide both sides by T1

5. The formula for V2 then is

• Pressure Temperature Volume

0.85 atm for Kr

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