CHAPTER 8 Reproduction

CHAPTER – 8
HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE?

Q1. What is the importance of DNA copying in reproduction?
Ans: The importance of DNA copying during reproduction is that:
(i) It is responsible for the transmission of parental characteristic to its offsprings.
(ii) It also leads to certain genetic variation.
Q2. Why is variation beneficial to the species but not necessarily for the individual?
Ans: Variations allow organisms to exist in diverse habitats or niches. In the absence of
variations, a
species may be restricted to particular area. If this area gets drastically altered, due to various
natural or man-made causes, the species may be wiped out. However, if some variations were
present in a few individuals, these colonize other habitats and could survive. But if variations
are present in a single organism there would be very little for it to survive.
INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 133
Q1. How does binary fission differ from multiple fission?
Ans:
S.No Binary Fission Multiple Fission
.
1 In binary fission, the parent organism In multiple fission, the parents

splits to form two new organisms. organism splits to form many new
organisms at the same time.
2 It takes place during favourable It takes place during unfavourable

environmental conditions. environmental conditions.
3 It takes place in organisms like It takes place in organisms like

Amoeba, Paramecium, etc. Plasmodium.
Q2. How will an organism be benefited if it reproduces through spores?

Ans: Spores are tiny microscopic), spherical, asexual reproductive bodies which under
favourable conditions, like damp and warm conditions, germinate to produce new plants. They
are covered by the hard protective wall, which enables the plant to survive unfavourable
conditions.
Q3. Can you think of reasons why more complex organisms cannot give rise to new
individuals through regeneration?
Ans:
Multicellular organisms cannot reproduce by cell because they are not simple random
collection of cells. In them, specialised cells are organized as tissues and tissues are organised
into organs, which then have to be kept at different positions in the body. Cell-by-cell division
would be impractical. Multicellular organisms, therefore, require to use more complex ways of
reproduction.
Moreover, simple multicellular organisms possess special type of tissues which have the
potential to grow into a new organism but complex multicellular organisms have no such
specialised cells.
Q4. Why is vegetative propagation practiced for growing some types of plants?
Ans:
Vegetative propagation method is used for growing certain plants
1) which do not produce viable seeds.
2) It is also used for growing of plants bearing superior traits, because they produce
genetically identical plants.
3) It is also used for growing plants which require longer time to
grow and become mature.
4) Plant which require lot of care during early stages of development
are also grown by this method.
Q5. Why is DNA copying an essential part of the process of reproduction?
Ans:
Chromosome in the nucleus of a cell contain information for inheritance of features from
parent to next generation in the form of DNA. The DNA in the cell nucleus is the information
source of making proteins. Therefore, a basic event in reproduction is creation of DNA copy
for the next generation.
INTEXT QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 140
Q1. How is the process of pollination different from fertilisation?
Ans:
S.No Pollination Fertilization
.
1 The transfer of pollen grains from anther The fusion of male and female
to the stigma of a flower is called gamete to form zygote is called
pollination. fertilisation.
2 It involves only the male gamete It involves both male and female
(pollen grain). gametes.
3 Leads to fertilization Leads to embryo formation
Q2. What is the role of the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland?
Ans:
Secretions from seminal vesicles and prostate gland provide nutrition to the sperms and make
their transport easier by providing them a fluid medium.
Q3. What are the changes seen in girls at the time of puberty?
Ans:
Changes seen in girls at the time of puberty are as follows:
(i) Growth of hair in armpits and public region.
(ii) Mammary glands (breast) develop and hips broaden.
(iii) Uterus, vagina, Fallopian tube enlarge and pelvis widens. Menstruation and ovulation also
starts.
iv) ________________
Q4. How does the embryo get nourishment inside the mother’s body?
Ans:
The embryo gets nutrition from the mothers blood with the help of special tissue called
placenta. This is a disc-like tissue which develops between the uterine wall and embryo. It has
villi on embryo side of the tissue. On the mothers side are blood spaces This
gives a large surface area for oxygen and glucose to pass from the mother to the embryo. It also
helps in the removal of ______________________________________
Q5. If a women is using a copper-T, will it help in protecting her from sexually
transmitted diseases?
Ans:
No, copper-T does not prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. Copper-T
only prevents implantation. The only safe method used to prevent the transmission of sexually
transmitted diseases is the use of condoms.
EXERCISE QUESTIONS PAGE NO. 141
Q1. Asexual reproduction takes place through budding in
(a) amoeba.
(b) yeast.
(c) plasmodium.
(d) leishmania.
Ans:
(b) Asexual reproduction in Hydra and yeast takes place by budding.
Q2. Which of the following is not a part of the female reproductive system in human
beings?
(a) Ovary
(b) Uterus
(c) Vas deferens
(d) Fallopian tube
Ans:
(c) Vas deferens is a part of male reproductive system in human.
Q3. The anther contains
(a) sepals.
(b) ovules.
(c) carpel.
(d) pollen grains.
Ans:
(d) Anther is the male reproductive part in plants. It contains pollen grains the first cell of
male gametophyte.
Q4. What are the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
Ans:
There are a number of advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual one. These include
(i) Sexual reproduction created variations which are useful for ensuring survival of species and
species formation.
(ii) Two different individuals in a population would have quite different patterns of
accumulated variations.
(iii) The desired phenotype can be promoted by sexual reproduction.
Q5. What are the functions performed by the testis in human beings?
Ans:
Functions of testes
(i) Produce male sex cells-sperms.
(ii) Produce male sex hormone testosterone.
Q6. Why does menstruation occur?
Ans:
Menstruation occurs when the egg is not fertilised. Every month uterus prepares itself to
receive a fertilised egg, to nourish the embryo its lining becomes thick and spongy. In case egg
is not fertilised this lining breaks and discharged out of the body through the vagina in the form
of blood.
Q7. Draw a labelled diagram of the longitudinal section of a flower.
Ans:
PARTS
Petals (corolla)
 Brightly coloured.
 Attracts insects for pollination.
 Base contains nectary which produces nectar.
Sepals (calyx)
 Protect the flower while in bud.
 Generally green and serves to photosynthesize food.
Receptacle (thalamus)
 Base of the flower to which all parts are attached.
 In some cases, after fertilization become fleshy
(apple).
Pistil (carpel)
 Female reproductive part of the flower, known as
gynoecium.
 Comprises of stigma, style and ovary.
 Stigma is sticky and receives pollen during
pollination.
 Style links stigma to the ovary. It is a elongated
tube through which pollen tubes grow.
 Ovary contains ovules (female gametes), which
develop into seeds.
Stamen
 Male reproductive part of the flower, known as androecium.
 Comprises of anther and filament.
 Anther is bilobed. Each lobe contains two pollen sacs which produce pollen grains.
 Filament is the stalk of the stamen that supports anther.
Q8. What are the different methods of contraception?

Ans:
The different methods of contraception are:
(i) Barrier Methods : In barrier methods, the physical devices such as condoms and diaphragm
are used. Condoms are used by male by putting rubber convering on the penis. They prevent
sperms from meeting the egg.
(ii) Chemical Methods :In the chemical methods, the females use pills-oral pills and vaginal
pills. The oral pills contain hormones which stop ovaries from releasing ovum. The vaginal
pills contain the chemicals called spermicides which kill the sperms.
(iii) Surgical Methods In males, a small portion of sperm duct is cut by surgical methods and
the cut end is tied properly (vasectomy). This prevents the sperms from coming out. In
females, a small part of the oviduct is cut and tied (tubectomy). This prevents the egg from
entering the oviduct.
Q9. How are the modes for reproduction different in unicellular and multicellular
organisms?
Ans:
Unicellular organisms are made up of only single cell, in which all the functions are performed
by the single cell. So, reproduction is done by simple, asexual methods but in multicellular
organisms various cells perform different functions. So, production of all these specialised
cells/tissues is required and simple methods for reproduction are insignificant.
Q10. How does reproduction help in providing stability to populations of species?
Ans:
Reproduction leads to certain variations in the characteristics of the offspring. This may allow
organism to exist in diverse habitats and niches. Certain variations present in the individuals of
certain population may enable the individuals to survive those unfavourable conditions.
Organism with such favourable traits transmit the characters to their offsprings, thereby
providing stability to the population of a species.
Q11. What could be the reasons for adopting contraceptive methods?
Ans:
The reasons for adopting contraceptive methods are:
(i) To avoid frequent pregnancies, which in turn helps in population control
(ii) To prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases.

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CHAPTER 8 Reproduction

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CHAPTER – 8

HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE?

1 In binary fission, the parent organism In multiple fission, the parents

2 It takes place during favourable It takes place during unfavourable

3 It takes place in organisms like It takes place in organisms like

Q2. How will an organism be benefited if it reproduces through spores?

3 Leads to fertilization Leads to embryo formation

Q8. What are the different methods of contraception?

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