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    Grade 10 - About Mendelian Genetics

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    abu balke
    This document discusses Mendelian genetics and key genetics concepts. It introduces Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics, who discovered the basic principles of heredity by breeding pea plants. These principles include that genes exist in pairs and segregate during gamete formation, and that one gene from each pair is passed onto offspring. The document defines important genetics terms like alleles, genotype, phenotype, dominant/recessive, and explains how to use a Punnett square to predict offspring from a monohybrid cross. It also discusses incomplete dominance where the heterozygote phenotype is intermediate between the homozygotes.

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    Grade 10 - About Mendelian Genetics

    Uploaded by

    abu balke
    80 views15 pages
    This document discusses Mendelian genetics and key genetics concepts. It introduces Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics, who discovered the basic principles of heredity by breeding pea plants. These principles include that genes exist in pairs and segregate during gamete formation, and that one gene from each pair is passed onto offspring. The document defines important genetics terms like alleles, genotype, phenotype, dominant/recessive, and explains how to use a Punnett square to predict offspring from a monohybrid cross. It also discusses incomplete dominance where the heterozygote phenotype is intermediate between the homozygotes.

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    Grade 10- About Mendelian Genetics Biology.com

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    This document discusses Mendelian genetics and key genetics concepts. It introduces Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics, who discovered the basic principles of heredity by breeding pea plants. These principles include that genes exist in pairs and segregate during gamete formation, and that one gene from each pair is passed onto offspring. The document defines important genetics terms like alleles, genotype, phenotype, dominant/recessive, and explains how to use a Punnett square to predict offspring from a monohybrid cross. It also discusses incomplete dominance where the heterozygote phenotype is intermediate between the homozygotes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    80 views15 pages

    Grade 10 - About Mendelian Genetics

    Uploaded by

    abu balke
    This document discusses Mendelian genetics and key genetics concepts. It introduces Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics, who discovered the basic principles of heredity by breeding pea plants. These principles include that genes exist in pairs and segregate during gamete formation, and that one gene from each pair is passed onto offspring. The document defines important genetics terms like alleles, genotype, phenotype, dominant/recessive, and explains how to use a Punnett square to predict offspring from a monohybrid cross. It also discusses incomplete dominance where the heterozygote phenotype is intermediate between the homozygotes.

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    Mendelian Genetics

    Introduction to Genetics
     GENETICS = branch of biology that deals with heredity
    and variation of organisms.

     Chromosomes carry the hereditary information of genes


     Chromosomes (and genes) occur in pairs
    Homologous Chromosomes
     New combinations of genes occur in sexual reproduction
     Fertilization from two parents
    Gregor Johann Mendel
     Austrian Monk, born in what is now Czech
    Republic in 1822
     Went to the university of Vienna, where he
    studied botany and learned the Scientific
    Method
     Mendel looked at 7 traits of pea plants:
     In 1866 he published Experiments in Plant
    Hybridization, in which he established his three
    Principles of Inheritance:
    1) Genes exist
    2) Genes occur in pairs
    3) One gene of each pair is
    present in the gametes
     Unfortunately his work was
    largely ignored for
    34 years, until 1900, when
    3 independent botanists
    rediscovered it.
    Genetics terms you
    need to know:
     Gene – a unit of heredity;
    a section of DNA sequence
    encoding a single protein
     Genome – the entire set
    of genes in an organism

     Alleles – two genes that occupy the same position on


    homologous chromosomes and that cover the same
    trait (like ‘flavors’ of a trait).
     Homozygous – having identical genes for a
    particular characteristic (Ex: tt, or TT)
     Heterozygous – having two different genes for
    a particular characteristic (Ex: Tt)

     Dominant – the allele of a gene that masks or


    suppresses the expression of an alternate
    allele; indicated by a capital letter (Ex: T)
     Recessive – an allele that is masked by a
    dominant allele; indicated by a lower case
    letter (Ex: t).
     Genotype – the genetic makeup of an
    organisms
     Phenotype – the physical appearance
    of an organism (Genotype + environment)

     Monohybrid cross: a genetic cross involving a


    single pair of genes (one trait)
    Punnett square
     A useful tool to do genetic crosses
     For a monohybrid cross, you need a square
    divided by four (looks like a window pane)

    We use the
    Punnett square
    to predict the
    genotypes and
    phenotypes of
    the offspring.
    Using a Punnett Square
    STEPS:
    1. determine the genotypes of the parent organisms
    2. write down your "cross" (mating)
    3. draw a p-square

    Parent genotypes:
    TT and t t

    Cross
    TT  tt
    Punnett square
    4. "split" the letters of the genotype for each parent
    & put them "outside" the p-square
    5. determine the possible genotypes of the
    offspring by filling in the p-square
    6. summarize results (genotypes & phenotypes of
    offspring)
    T T
    TT  tt
    t Tt Tt
    Genotypes:
    100% T t

    Phenotypes:
    t Tt Tt 100% Tall plants
    Punnett Square Example:
    Flower color:
    P = purple (dominant)

    p = white (recessive)

    If you cross a homozygous purple with a


    heterozygous white what will the possible resulting
    genotype and phenotypes be?

    P P
    PP x Pp
    Genotype: 50% PP, 50% Pp
    P PP PP
    Phenotype: 100% purple
    p Pp Pp
    Incomplete Dominance
    Genes show incomplete dominance
    when the heterozygous phenotype
    is intermediate.

    For example: Snapdragon flowers come in many


    colors.

    If you cross a red snapdragon (RR) RR  rr


    with a white snapdragon (rr)

    You get PINK flowers (Rr)!


    Rr
    Incomplete dominance
    When the first generation (all pink flowers) is self
    pollinated, the second generation has a 1:2:1
    red, pink, white ratio.
    Incomplete Dominance

    R r
    R R R Rr

    r Rr rr
    Make sure to summarize what you
    learned at the end of the notes.

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