This document provides instructions for a heat engine experiment in a mechanical engineering laboratory course. The objective is to learn how heat engines create work through a cycle by using a PASCO apparatus that measures the work done by thermal energy. Students will collect pressure and volume data at four stages of the engine's cycle and use this to calculate and plot the thermodynamic work done and understand the heat engine cycle.
This document provides instructions for a heat engine experiment in a mechanical engineering laboratory course. The objective is to learn how heat engines create work through a cycle by using a PASCO apparatus that measures the work done by thermal energy. Students will collect pressure and volume data at four stages of the engine's cycle and use this to calculate and plot the thermodynamic work done and understand the heat engine cycle.
This document provides instructions for a heat engine experiment in a mechanical engineering laboratory course. The objective is to learn how heat engines create work through a cycle by using a PASCO apparatus that measures the work done by thermal energy. Students will collect pressure and volume data at four stages of the engine's cycle and use this to calculate and plot the thermodynamic work done and understand the heat engine cycle.
This document provides instructions for a heat engine experiment in a mechanical engineering laboratory course. The objective is to learn how heat engines create work through a cycle by using a PASCO apparatus that measures the work done by thermal energy. Students will collect pressure and volume data at four stages of the engine's cycle and use this to calculate and plot the thermodynamic work done and understand the heat engine cycle.
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Eastern Mediterranean University Department
of Mechanical Engineering Laboratory Handout
COURSE QUESTIO STUDENT WEIGHT OFMARKS LEARNIN QUESTION N OUTCOME G NO. Part 1 6 OUTCOME 11 100
TOTAL - - 100
COURSE: Fundamentals of Thermodynamics (MENG244) –Group 1
Semester: FALL (2021-2022)
Name of Experiment: The Heat Engine
Lab Date: 20-21-22 December 2021
Submission due: 10 January 2022 (LMS Moodle soft copy + Paper hard copy) (Students will lose 20% of total marks for each day of late submission) Lab Assistant: Mert Inanli (e-mail: mert.inanli@cc.emu.edu.tr)
Instructor: Mohammed Yasin Alibar
Submitted by: Abdullah Kazbour
Student No: 17700446 Date of experiment: 20/12/2021 Date of submission: 10/01/2022
EVALUATION
Activity During Experiment & Procedure (30%)
Data, Results & Graphs (35%)
Discussion, Conclusion & Answer to Questions (15%)
Neat and tidy report writing (20%)
Overall Mark
Honor Pledge: By submitting this report, I pledge that I have neither given nor received unauthorized assistance on this assignment.
Date Signature
1|Page Table Of Contents
List Of Figures 3
List Of Tables 4
Introduction and Objective 5
Heat Engine Apparatus 6
Theory 8
Procedure 9
Data, Plots and Calculations 10
Discussion and Conclusion 14
2|Page List Of Figures
Figure 1. Base apparatus 6
Figure 2. Air chamber and tubing 7
Figure 3. Boiling water at room temperature experiment 7
Figure 4. Doing useful mechanical work by lifting a mass 8
Figure 5. Doing thermodynamic work in a heat engine cycle 8
Figure 6. A schematic diagram of the mass lifter heat engine 9
Figure 7. A diagram of the mass lifter heat engine at different stages of its cycle 9
Figure 8. A plot of Pressure against Volume (P-V) 13
3|Page List Of Tables
Table 1. Experimental results 11
4|Page Objective and Introduction
The purpose of the heat engine experiment is to learn how heat engines create work and work on a cycle. A heat engine is a device that receives and converts heat energy into network. According to the second rule of thermodynamics, no heat engine can run without releasing some energy to a sink, hence there is no such thing as a 100 percent efficient heat engine (Kelvin and Planck statement). The heat engine cycle is made up of two adiabatic and two isothermal operations.
The PASCO TD-8572 Heat Engine/Gas Law Apparatus is used to measure the amount of work done by thermal energy in this experiment. The heart of this technology is a nearly frictionless piston/cylinder configuration. The graphite piston is firmly in place.
5|Page The Heat Engine/Gas Law Apparatus
The Heat Engine/Gas Law Apparatus has two pressure ports with quick-connect fittings for attaching to the air chamber tubing. The apparatus includes the following items:
- Mass of piston and platform: 35.0 g ± .06
- Piston diameter: 32.5 mm ± 0.1 - Air chamber (Figure 2) - 3 hose configurations: one with one-way check valves and one with a clamp (Figure 2), and one plain piece of tubing (not shown) - 1 each, one-holed and two-holed rubber stopper
Figure 3 shows the connected apparatus.
Figure 1. Base apparatus
6|Page Figure 2. Air chamber and tubing
Figure 3. Boiling water at room temperature experiment
7|Page Theory
In this experiment, the engine goes through a four-stage expansion and compression cycle, which may raise small masses from one height to another while also performing valuable mechanical work. According to this experiment, the net thermodynamic work done throughout a cycle is equal to the beneficial mechanical effort done in elevating a mass, m, across a vertical distance, y, as calculated by determining the enclosed area on a P-V diagram.
The following are examples of useful mechanical work:
Figure 4. Doing useful mechanical work by lifting a mass, m, through a height, y
The work in an engine cycle as a function of pressure and volume changes is given by the expression (see Figure 4):
=∮ Figure 5. Doing thermodynamic work in a heat engine cycle
8|Page Procedure and Equipment Required
The equipment needed is:
• Heat Engine/Gas Law Apparatus
• 2 Boxes one with hot water and the other with room temperature water • Piston • 1 mass of 200 g
Figure 6. A schematic diagram of the mass lifter heat engine
The mass lifter heat engine is depicted in schematic form.
At the start, the piston is in its initial position. As more mass is added, the piston descends and the volume diminishes. When the can is moved to the hot water container, the temperature of the air inside the cylinder rises, causing the air to expand and increase the capacity. When the piston's mass is removed, it rises upwards, increasing the volume.
Figure 7. At various stages of its cycle, a simplified diagram of the mass lifter heat engine is shown.
9|Page Data, Plots and Calculations
1) Derivation of the Volume and Pressure Equations
1.a) What is the equation for the volume of a cylinder that has an inner
diameter of d and a length L?
V = (πd /4) (L)
3 SI unit of volume: m SI unit of diameter: m
SI unit of length: m
1.b) Use the definition of pressure to derive the equation for the pressure on a gas
being contained by a vertical piston of diameter d if the total mass on the piston
including its own mass and any added mass is denoted as M.
F = Mg represents the force exerted by the mass
F = Mg represents the force exerted by the mass
2 2 A= for r = d/2 => A = /4, represents the area of a circle
P = Patm + / , represents pressure after
adding Patm as suggested since it was
acting on the piston and hence the gas at
sea level
2 2 P = Patm + Mg/ (πd /4) = Patm + (4Mg/πd)
10 | P a g e Determining Volume and Pressure of Each Point
2.a) Take any measurements needed to determine the volume and pressure of air
in the system at all four points in the engine cycle. You should do this rapidly
avoid air leakages around the piston and summarize the measurements with units
in the space below.
Height Mass h a=17 mm ma=35 g h b=13 mm m b=235 g h c =49 mm mc =235 g h d=62 mm md =35 g
2.b) Next you can use your measurements to calculate the pressure and volume of the
system at point a, b, c and d. Show your equations and calculations in the space
2 2 -5 3 101738.9 Pa dVd/4) = (π(L) = ( (0.0325) π /4) (0.062) = 5.14 x 10^-5 m
11 | P a g e 1) Plotting and Interpreting a P-V Diagram
Figure 8. Pressure against Volume graph (P-V)
h = 104103.9 - 101738.9 = 2365 Pa
-5 -5 3 b = (4.06 – 0.107) x 10 = 3.953 x 10 m -5 Area under parallelogram = thermodynamic work = bh = 2365 x 3.953 x 10 = 0.0934 J
Useful mechanical work = 0.2(9.81)(49-13)/1000 = 0.070632 J
12 | P a g e Discussion and Conclusion
Due to a variety of factors, the useful mechanical work discovered was less than the thermodynamic work. To begin, a portion of the thermodynamic effort was transformed into heat, which was then distributed throughout the cylinder's walls. Furthermore, the cylinder was leaking profusely. The disparity can be attributed to both of these factors. This is in line with Kelvin's law, thermodynamics' second rule, and Planck's discovery that no heat engine can be 100 percent efficient.
