Data Visualization
Pictures play an important role in representing data. As we all are
aware that pictures give a more and more clear understanding of
any kind of data or complex problems. Some of the images help to
understand the structure or patterns of data flow and execution.
Basic components of Graph
A graph has the following basic components:
1. Figure or chart area: The entire area covered by the graph is
known as a figure. It can be also considered as a canvas or
chart area also.
2. Axis: These are the number of lines generated on the plot.
Basically, there are two axes X and Y-axis.
3. Artist: The components like text objects, Line 2D objects,
collection objects, etc.
4. Titles: There are few titles involved with your charts such as
Chart Title, Axis title, etc.
5. Legends: Legends are the information that represents data
with lines or dots.
After getting familiar with parts of the graph, let me introduce
matplotlib for Comprehensive notes Data Visualization Class 12 IP.
matplotlib Introduction
Python supports a variety of packages to handle data. Matplotlib is
also one of the most important packages out of them. It is a
low-level library integrated with a Matlab-like interface that offers
few lines of code and draws graphs or charts. It has modules such
as a pyplot to draw and create graphs.
In the next section of Comprehensive notes Data Visualization
Class 12 IP you will know the steps required to create a chart.
Steps – how to create graphs using
matplotlib
The following are basic steps to create a chart.
Step 1 Installation of matplotlib
Install matplotlib by following these simple steps:
Step 1: Open cmd from the start menu
Step 2: Type pip install matplotlib
Step 2 import module
Import matplotlib.pyplot using import command in the following two
ways:
1. Without instance: import matplotlib.pyplot
2. With instance: import matplotlib.pyplot as mpp
Step 3 Choose desired plot type (graph
type)
In this step, select your desired chart type for plotting. For example,
line chart
Step 4 Give proper labels to axis,
categories
A graph is made up of two-axis i.e. X and Y-axis. In this step label
them as per the need as well as apply proper labels for categories
also.
Step 5 Add data points
The next point is to add data points. Data points depict the point on
the plot at a particular place.
Step 6 Add more functionality like
colours, sizes etc
To make your graphs more effective and informative use different
colours and different sizes.
The common method used to plot a chart is plot().
In the next section of Comprehensive notes Data Visualization
Class 12 IP, you will learn about the pyplot package.
The PyPlot package
The Pyplot package provides an interface to plot the graph
automatically as per the requirements. You just need to provide
accurate values for axes, categories, labels, title, legend, and data
points.
Matplotlib provides the following types of graphs in python:
● Line plot
● Bar graph
● Histogram
● Pie chart
● Scatter chart
In the next section of Comprehensive notes Data Visualization
Class 12 IP you will learn creating a line chart or plotting lines.
Creating a Line chart or Plotting
lines
To create a line chart following functions are used:
● plot(x,y,colour,others): Draw lines as per specified lines
● xlabel(“label”): For label to x-axis
● ylabel(“label”): For label to y-axis
● title(“Title”): For title of the axes
● legend(): For displaying legends
● show() : Display the graph
Now observe the following code:
import matplotlib.pyplot as mpp
mpp.plot(['English','Maths','Hindi'],[88,90,94],'Red
')
mpp.xlabel('Subjects')
mpp.ylabel('Marks')
mpp.title('Progress Report Chart')
mpp.show()
Output:
Line plot in Python 3.8.3
In the above code, 3 subject marks are plotted on the figure. The
navigation toolbar helps to navigate through the graph. Now
observe the following code for plotting multiple lines on the graph.
import matplotlib.pyplot as mpp
o=[5,10,15,20]
r_india=[30,80,120,200]
mpp.plot(o,r_india,'Red')
r_aust=[25,85,100,186]
mpp.plot(o,r_aust,'Yellow')
mpp.xlabel('Runs')
mpp.ylabel('Overs')
mpp.title('Match Summary')
mpp.show()
Output:
Multi Line chart using Python 3.8.3
So now you understand how to plot lines on the figure. You can
change the colour using abbreviations and line style by using the
linestyle parameter also. Just do the following changes in
above-given code and see the output:
mpp.plot(o,r_india,’m’,linestyle=’:’)
mpp.plot(o,r_aust,’y’,linestyle=’-.’)
This section of this article Comprehensive notes Data Visualization
Class 12 IP talks about bar graphs.
Bar Graph
The bar graph represents data in horizontal or vertical bars. The
bar() function is used to create a bar graph. It is most commonly
used for 2D data representation. Just have a look at the following
code:
import matplotlib.pyplot as mpp
overs=[5,10,15,20]
runs=[30,80,120,200]
mpp.bar(runs,overs,width=30,
label='Runs',colour='r')
mpp.xlabel('Runs')
mpp.ylabel('Overs')
mpp.title('Match Summary')
mpp.legend()
mpp.show()
Output:
