Grammar Items Required for University Entrance Exam

1) 12 tenses – active & passive (* Irregular verb table) …….. P.2 & 3
2) Infinitives and gerunds …………………………………………………..P.4 - 6
3) Conditionals …………………………………………………………………..P. 7 - 8
4) Question tags …………………………………………………………………P.9
5) Articles (a, an , the) ……………………………………………………….P.10 -11
6) Noun clauses ………………………………………………………………….P.12
7) Inversion ………………………………………………………………………..P.13 - 14
8) Modal verbs …………………………………………………………………..P.15 - 16
9) Comparison of adjectives and adverbs …………………………..P.17 - 21
10) Reported speech / Indirect speech ……………………………..P.22 & 23
11) Relative pronouns and relative clauses ………………………P. 24 & 25
12) The participle – Present and past participle + participle clauses
………………………………………………………………………….……….P. 26
13) Prepositions, prepositional verbs and phrasal verbs …P. 27 -33
14) Connectives ……………………………………………………………..P. 34- 36
15) Subjunctive mood ……………………………………………………..P. 37

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 Grammar Notes For University Admission Exams
Verb Forms (active)
1) Simple Present Tense the 3rd person singular  V +s/es/ies,
others  V(basic form)
2) Present Continuous Tense am/is/are + Ving
3) Present Perfect Tense have/has + V(past participle)
4) Present Perfect Continuous Tense have/has + been + Ving
5) Simple Past Tense Regular verb  V+ d/ed/ied
Irregular verb  Past tense
(study the irregular verb table)
6) Past Continuous Tense was/were + Ving
7) Past Perfect Tense had + V(past participle)
8) Past Perfect Continuous Tense had been + Ving
9) Simple Future Tense <a> will + V(basic)
<b> am/is/are + going to + V(basic)
10) Future Continuous Tense will be + Ving
11) Future Perfect Tense will + have + V(past participle)
12) Future Perfect Continuous Tense will + have been + Ving

Verb Forms (passive)

1) Simple Present Tense am/is / are + past participle
2) Present Continuous Tense am/ is / are + being + past participle
3) Present Perfect Tense have/ has + been + past participle
4) Simple Past Tense was / were + past participle
5) Past Continuous Tense was / were + being + past participle
6) Past Perfect Tense had + been + past participle
7) Simple Future Tense a) will be + past participle
b) am/is/are + going to + be + past participle
8) Future Perfect Tense will have been + past participle
 have something done (passive)
e.g. One of the table's leg is broken, I will have it repaired tomorrow. (passive)
 Do not confuse this with the structure "have somebody do something" (active)
e.g. "I'll have my secretary copy the contract," Mr Brown said.

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 Tenses - Key words
Tenses Key words
Simple Present every, always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never, frequently,
regularly, occasionally, once/twice a week … etc.

Verbs of thoughts, feelings and perceptionsSimple Present

(express states and relationships)

e.g. see, want, know, hear, love, believe, be, cost, depend, equal, seem,
resemble, feel, sound, notice, smell, taste, appear, look, like, think,
have, suggest… etc.

Present Continuous now, at the moment, look, listen, watch out … etc.

Simple Future tomorrow, next, soon, later, I think, I am sure, if, otherwise … etc.

( I think, I am sure, if  will /shall +Verb standard)

e.g. You will pass the English test if you work hard.

Future Continuous at this time tomorrow, at 10 o’clock tonight , at this time next year, from
3 to 6 o’clock this Saturday … etc.

Future Perfect by/at June next year, by now

Future Perfect Continuous by/at June next year + for ten years / since 1999

Simple Past yesterday, ago, last, in the past, in 1999, when I was young...etc.

Past Continuous at 10 o’ clock last Sunday, from 10 to 11 o’ clock last night, while,

the whole yesterday morning … etc.

( “when”  comparing two past actions)

e.g. When I was taking a bath last night, the bell rang suddenly.)

Past Perfect when e.g. When I arrived, the ferry had gone.

(or in reported speech  e.g. Sally said that she had seen a

ghost last night.)

Past Perfect Continuous when + for / since

e.g. He had been waiting for an hour when I arrived at the

cinema last night.

Present Perfect already, just, yet, for, since, ever, before, never … etc.

Present Perfect Continuous for ten years, since 1999

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 Gerunds and Infinitives
1. Preposition (in/ on/ at/ for/ of/ by/ to/ with/ about … ) + gerund
2. Phrases followed by gerund

look forward to 期待 (be) used to 習慣 be accustomed to 使習慣 confess to 坦白承認

object to 反對 be opposed to 反對/反抗 devote to 奉獻/專心致力於

3. Verbs followed by gerund

admit 承認 adore 熱愛/敬重 avoid 避免 can’t help 忍不住/不能阻止

can’t stand 不能忍受 carry on 繼續 commence 開始 consider 考慮/認為
delay 使延誤 deny 否認 describe 描述 detest 憎惡 dislike 不喜
歡 dread 畏懼 end up 結局 enjoy 享受 fancy 喜愛 feel like 感覺
好像 finish 完成 give up 放棄 go(+ activity) 去…活動 go round 四處
活動 imagine 想像 involve 牽涉/參予 keep (on) 保持/繼續 mention 提及
mind 介意 miss 未擊中/逃過/錯失/掛念 postpone 延期/推遲 practise 練習
put (off) 推遲/拖延 recall 喚回/召回 resist 抵抗/抗拒 risk 冒險 suggest 建議
spend money/time 花時間/金錢 understand 明白

4. Some expressions followed by gerund

· It’s no good 不好的… … -ing · have difficulty (in)有困難

· It’s / there’s no use 沒有用 … … -ing · It’s a waste of time/money 浪費時間/金錢
· There’s no point 沒有理由/沒有意義… … -ing · spend/waste (time)花費/浪費時間
· It’s worth 值得的 / not worth 不值得 … … -ing · can’t/couldn’t help 忍不住
· busy 忙碌的

5. Verbs followed by to-infinitives

afford 買得起 agree 同意 appear 出現/顯現 arrange 安排 attempt 嘗

試
decide 決定 fail 失敗 forget 忘記 hope 希望 learn (how) 學習(如
何) manage 管理/處理/設法做到 offer 提供(幫助/金錢) plan 計劃
pretend 假裝 promise 承諾 refuse 拒絕 seem 似乎 tend 傾向/趨向
threaten 威脅/恐嚇 would like 想要 would hate would love would prefer 寧
願

6. Verbs followed by a question word + to-infinitive

ask 問/要求 decide 決定 explain 解釋 forget 忘記 imagine 想
像 know 知道 remember 記得 remind 提醒/喚起回憶 show 展示/表示
teach 教 tell 告訴 understand 明白

7. Verbs always followed by an object + to-infinitive

enable 使能夠 force 強迫 get(=persuade)說服 invite 邀請 order 命
令 persuade 說服 remind 提醒/喚起回憶 teach (how) 教 tell 告訴

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 8. Verbs sometimes followed by an object + to-infinitive
ask 問/要求 choose 選擇 expect 期待/期望 help 幫助
mean 意思 want 想 would like 想要 would prefer 寧願

9. Verbs followed by either gerund or an object + to-infinitive

advise 勸告 allow 允許 encourage 鼓勵 forbid 禁止 permit 準許 recommend

推薦

10. Verbs followed by either gerund or to-infinitive

begin 開始 can’t bear 不能忍受 can’t stand 不能承受/忍受 continue 繼續 hate 憎

恨
intend 打算/企圖 like 喜歡 love 愛 prefer 寧願 start 開
始

11. Verbs followed by bare infinitive

after modal verbs 情態動詞
(can, could, may, might, must, will, would, should, need, dare 膽敢, need not, dare not)
after verbs of perception 感官動詞
(see, watch, notice, hear, listen to, feel, smell … etc.)
let 讓 make 製造/使 had better 最好 would rather 寧願
cannot but 只能夠 can/could do nothing but 只能夠
Why (not) … …? 為甚麼(不) Why don’t … … ?為甚麼不
have somebody do something 叫某人做某事

12. Some verbs can be used either with gerund or to-infinitive but with a different
meaning.
forget / remember 忘記/記得 go on 繼續 regret 後悔 try 嘗試 stop 停
止

Tips:
A. Gerund B. To- infinitive C. Bare infinitive

Table 1,2,3,4,9,10,(12) table 5, 6,7,8,9,10, (12) table 11

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 The Passive Infinitive
The passive infinitive is used after verbs like hopes, expect and like. It is formed by using
to be + the past participle of the verb we are using.
e.g. I hope that someone will choose me for the swimming team.
I hope to be chosen for the swimming team.

 The passive infinitive is also used after modal verbs.

modal verb + be + the past participle
e.g. We can do it. (Active)
It can be done. (Passive)

 The Passive Infinitive (past)

to have been + the past participle
The past infinitive is often used in news reports. Some of the words followed by this
construction are ‘believed’, ‘considered’, ‘expected’, ‘known’, ‘reported’. ‘said’, ‘thought’,
and ‘understood’.
e.g. The man reported that someone has shot down a plane in China. (active)
A plane is reported to have been shot down in China. (passive)

 The passive infinitive (past form) with modal verbs.

After modal verbs, "to" is omitted.
e.g. A car could have killed you crossing the road here! (active)
You could have been killed crossing the road here! (passive)

 The Passive of the –ing form

being + the past participle
e.g. I dislike my mother make me do homework.
I dislike being made to do homework by my mother.

 The Passive of the –ing form (past form)

having + been + the past participle
e.g. The advertisement was removed after thousands of people had seen it. (active)
The advertisement was removed after having been seen by thousands of people.
(passive)

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Conditional Sentences
Type 0 -- General Conditionals (To talk about general truths)

If-clause Main clause

Simple Present Simple Present
e.g. If you heat ice, it melts.

Type 1 -- Future Conditionals (Use this structure when the situation in the if-clause will
probably happen in the present / in the future)

If-clause Main clause

Simple Present will + bare infinitive
e.g. If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

Type 2 -- Unreal Present / Future Conditionals

(Talk about something which is contrary (相反) to known present facts or something
which is unlikely (不大可能) to happen at present or in the future)

If-clause Main clause

Simple Past would + bare infinitive
e.g. If I won mark six, I would buy an island.

e.g. If I were the principal, I would cancel all the tests and exams.

Type 3 -- Unreal Past Conditionals

(Talk about something which in fact did not happen in the past)

If-clause Main clause

Past Perfect would have + past participle
e.g. If you had asked me, I would have told you the truth.

e.g. If the old man had been sent to hospital in time, he would have been saved. (passive)

Other expressions:
• unless 除非 = if not , otherwise 否則
• As/so long as, provided/providing that, on condition that = if
• even if/even though
• and/or (else)
• (Let’s) suppose, supposing, imagine, what if  Use these expressions with type 2 conditionals
• if it were not for / If it had not been for
• But for = if it were not for / if it had not been for
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• Without  is used with type 3 conditionals
• If so, If not
• Type 1 -- Variations of the Basic Forms
We can use the present perfect or present continuous in the if-clause
e.g. If it has stopped raining, we can go out now.
e.g. If you are having dinner now, I’ll call again later.
We can use can/may in the main clause instead of will for permission:
e.g. If you are in a hurry, you may leave earlier.
We can use may/might/could for possibility:
e.g. If they are on holiday, they may/might not know their flat has been burgled.
We can use can/could for ability:
e.g. If you try hard, you can/could learn to use the computer in a short while.
We can use the imperative in the main clause
e.g. If you see Charles, tell him I’m on my way.
We can use should in the if-clause if we are less sure about a possibility
e.g. I will help you with your English if you should allow me to play with your computer.
When we use should, we can omit if and begin the clause with should
e.g. Should you allow me to play with your computer, I will help you with your English.
Make a request  use “would” in the if-clause to make a request
e.g. If you would fill in this form, I’ll have your luggage taken up to her room.

• Type 2 -- Variations of the Basic Forms

We can use the past continuous tense in the if-clause
e.g. If I was not playing basketball, I would be glad to go with you.
We can use might/could in the main clause to talk about a possible result or ability.
could= would be able to (ability) Might= would possibly (possible result)
e.g. If I had another $500000, I could buy a house. (ability)
e.g. If you asked me nicely, I might get you a drink. (possible result)
We can use “would+ be+ verb-ing” for what is probably going on now.
e.g. If he were here now, we would be playing TV games.

• Type 3 -- Variations of the Basic Forms

We can use the past perfect continuous in the if-clause
e.g. If he had been playing carefully, he would not have broken his leg.
We can use “might/could + have + past participle” in the main clause
e.g. If he had not been hurt, he could have won.
“if” can be replaced by “had” at the beginning of the clause in very formal structure
(usually written English)
e.g. Had the government implemented the policy, the businessmen would have left the region

• Mixed type
If-clause=past perfect, main clause=would + bare infinitive (if the situation required)
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 e.g. If she had listened to our advice, she wouldn’t feel so bad now.

Tag Questions
1) Structure  Statement + Question Tag?
e.g. Michael is an engineer, isn’t he? e.g. Janet doesn’t like the dress, does she?
(+) (-) (-) (+)

2) A question tag has the same auxiliary verb that is in the statement.
Short form must be used if the question tag is negative.
Use pronoun in the tag

e.g. He’ll quit the job, won’t he? e.g. Tracy can’t accomplish the task herself, can she?

Auxiliary verbs  will, shall, can, may, would, should, could, might, must,
be (am/is/are/was/were), have (has/had), do (does/did)
3) Advanced points
 Use “it” in the tag if the subject of the statement is “this/that”
e.g. This is a joke, isn’t it? e.g. That is Jeremy’s wife, isn’t it?

 Use “they” in the tag if the subject of the statement is “these/those”

e.g. These aren’t Mary’s rings, are they? e.g. Those are my uncle’s bikes, aren’t they?

 The tag for “I am” is “aren’t I”

e.g. I am wrong, aren’t I?

 Use a tag with “will/would/can/can’t/could you” after an order or request with an imperative
e.g. Close the door, will you? (less polite) e.g. Please give me a ride, would you? (polite)

 After “don’t”, only “will you” can be used.

e.g. Don’t turn left, will you?

 Use “shall we” in the tag after “Let’s” to express a suggestion

e.g. Let’s take a break ,shall we?

 Use “will you” in the tag after “Let me” or “Let us” for a request
e.g. Let me try, will you?

 Use “they” in the tag when the subject of the statement is

somebody/someone/everybody/everyone/nobody/no one”
e.g. Somebody broke the window, didn’t they? e.g. No one has invited me, have they?

 Use “it” in the tag when the subject of the statement is “nothing/something/everything”
e.g. Everything is fine, isn’t it? e.g. Nothing can disturb her, can it?

 Use “there” in the tag when the subject of the statement is “there”
e.g. There are thirty students, aren’t there?

4) Answer the tag question

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 In Chinese, we say “yes” to tag question “The sun doesn’t rise in the west, does it?” to show
agreement but it is wrong in English.

Articles (a/an/the)
A) Indefinite Articles = a, an B) Definite Articles = the C) Zero Articles = No article
 When we mention something the first time, we put “a” or “an” before the noun.
 We use “the” when we mention something the second time.
 If both the speaker and the listener know which thing/person they are talking about, use “the” even
though it is mentioned the first time.
 Use “the” when there is only one of something.
 Use “the” before the following nouns when they have a general meaning.

weather/climate/wind/ snow/ rain/ sea/ sky/ mountains/ ground/ environment/ atmosphere/

public/ future/ past/ radio/ television/ telephone/ army/ north/ south/ east/ west/ guitar /piano/
violin/ countryside

 Use “the” before “same”

 Use “the” with some adjectives (poor/rich/old/young/blind/deaf/mute) to talk about a certain group of
people.
 Use “the” before a superlative adjective.
 Use “the” with some nationality adjectives to refer to the people of that country.
 Do not use “the” before the nouns school/college/university/church/ hospital/prison, etc. when these
places are used or visited for their main purposes.

Without Articles With Articles

catch cold have a cold
at home, leave home in the house
at dawn/noon/midnight in the morning/afternoon/evening
by day
at first/last in the beginning/end
at present at the moment
in haste in a hurry
at half price at a fixed price
at a discount
in darkness in the dark
in case of in the event of
with hopes of in the hope of
in order to with a view to/ with an aim to
have time to do something have a good time
be pressed for time
ahead of/ behind time
have cancer/diarrhea/asthma • have (a) toothache [ˋtu:θeik] 牙痛
[ˋkænsə][͵daɪəˋrɪə][ˋæsmə] (a) stomachache [ˋstʌməkeɪk]

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 癌症 腹瀉 哮喘 胃痛
(a) backache [ˋbækeɪk] 背痛
Note: “a” is not used when these illnesses are
talked about generally.
e.g. I am afraid of toothache.
[kɒf] 咳嗽
• have a headache/cough/fever
[ˋhedeɪk] 頭痛 [ˋfi:və] 發燒
• have the flu
[flu:] 流行性感冒

Words starts with a consonant sound Words starts with a vowel sound

a cup [kʌp] an apple [ˋæpl]

an egg [eg]
an item [ˋaɪtəm]
an orange [ˋɔ:rɪndʒ]
an umbrella [ʌmˋbrelə]

a house [haʊs] an hour[ˋaʊə]

an honest man [ˋɒnɪst]

a unit [ˋju:nɪt] an urgent message

a university [͵ju:nɪˋvɜ:sɪtɪ] [ˋɜ:dʒənt]
a uniform [ˋju:nɪfɔ:m]
a useful tool [ˋju:sfəl]

a European [͵juərəˋpi:ən] 歐洲人 an event [ɪˋvent] 事件

a ewe [ju:] 母羊

a one-way ticket [wʌn] 單程票 an organ [ˋɔ:gən] 器官

a once popular song [wʌns]

a T-shirt [ti:] an F.B.I. agent [ef]

a V.I.P. [vi:] Federal Bureau of Investigation agent
美國聯邦調查局 情報員
an 18-year-old girl [ˋeɪˋti:n]

Noun Clauses
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 Pattern = introductory word + a noun clause
e.g. I don’t know Mr Christy’s address.

I don’t know where Mr Christy lives..

(S + V)

 Most noun clauses begin with that but we can also use who, whom, whose, which,
when, where, how, how many/much/long, if/whether, what, …etc.

 No question mark for the noun clause since it is not a question!

 A noun clause can be: The subject of a verb

e.g. His action is horrible.
What he did is horrible.

 The object of a verb

e.g. She wants to know your age.
She wants to know how old you are.

 After the “verb to be”

e.g. That is not my intention.

That is not what I have intended to do.

 After nouns as fact, news, report, belief, rumour, fear, hope, etc.
e.g. The fact that he killed the child was miserable.

 After certain adjectives/past participles + that … …

e.g. He was surprised that she had won the prize.

 It + be + adjective/present participle + that ……

e.g. It is amazing that he can lift up the lorry.

 It + be + a + noun/phrase + that … …
e.g. It is a pity that you won’t be able to come.

Inversion
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• Inversion  Put the verb before the subject
S + V + … (statement)
V + S + … (inversion)

e.g. Tom was never late for school. (statement)

(s) (v)
e.g. Never was Tom late for school. (inversion)
(v) (s)

• Inversion in yes-no questions and question tags:

Auxiliary verb + S + V(main verb)… ? (inversion)
e.g. Can fish swim?
e.g Did they finish the project?
e.g. The weather isn’t fine, is it?

• Inversion with wh-question words:

Who lost the book?
S V  No inversion
Which is your pet?
S V  No inversion
What are you doing now?
V S  Inversion

• Inversion in there + be :

e.g. There are forty tables in the room.
V S
• Sentences beginning with adverbs of frequency:
Never, Rarely, Seldom, Little, Only,
Not only … but also, Hardly… when, No sooner … than, Scarcely … when, …etc.  use inversion
e.g. Never have I seen the film.
(v) (s)
e.g. Rarely does she take a walk.
(v) (s)
e.g. Seldom do we wear jeans.
(v) (s)
e.g. Little does Mary eat every day.
(v) (s)
e.g. Only can we hear the leaves rustling.
(v) (s)
e.g. Not only is Sam clever but he is also hardworking.
(v) (s)
e.g. Hardly had the performance begun when the lights went out. (past perfect tense + past tense)
(v) (s)
e.g. No sooner had he drunk the coffee than he began to feel drowsy. (past perfect tense + past tense)
(v) (s)
e.g. Scarcely had I opened the door when my son came running in. (past perfect tense + past tense)
(v) (s)
 Inversion after adverbs of place  “on”, “down”, “in”, “out”, “over”, + intransitive verbs like
“come”, “lie”, “stand”, + subject

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 e.g. On the top of the chapel stands the cross.
(Adverb of place) (V) (S)

 neither, nor and so

A: I’m very happy today. A: I don’t like pork.
(+) (-)
B: So am I. B: Neither do I.
(v) (s) Nor do I.
(v) (s)

 Inversion in conditional sentences :

e.g. If we had met him, we would have said hello to him.
(s) (v)
Had we met him, we would have said hello to him.
(v) (s)

e.g. If I were May, I would not marry John.

(s) (v)
Were I May, I would not marry John.
(v) (s)

Modal Verbs
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 will, shall, can, may, would, should, might, must, ought to, need, dare
• Don’t have an infinitive or participles
• Don’t take an –s with the third person singular
• Questions and negatives don’t have ‘do’
• Are followed by the infinitive without to

• can, could  talk about ability, possibility, permission, make offers, requests.

e.g. We can speak both Putonghua and English well. (ability)

e.g. People can buy many famous brands products in Macao Venetians Resort Hotel. (possibility)

e.g. I don’t believe it. It can’t be raining now.

(We use can’t be + adjective/noun/participle when we don’t believe something.)

e.g. Why didn’t you study hard for the test? You could have passed it.

(We use could have + past participle to say that something was possible but did not happen.)

e.g. Can I leave early today? (permission)

e.g. Can I help you with the heavy box? (offers)

e.g. Could you turn down the music? I’m talking on the phone. (request)

• should  to talk about what it would be good or right to do, to give and ask for an opinion,

to say what we expect to happen,

e.g. You should eat more vegetables and drink more water.

(to talk about what it would be good or right to do)

e.g. Should we invite Peter for dinner? (to give and ask for an opinion)

e.g. Don’t worry. The bus should arrive soon. (to say what we expect to happen)

• should have  to say that someone did the wrong thing or did not do what was right,
to say what we think has happened, when something was expected to happen, but did not
happen.

e.g. Peter should have done his homework last night but he didn’t.

e.g. Uncle Ben and aunt Mary will be here soon. Their plane should have landed by now.

e.g. The ship’s late. It should have arrived twenty minutes ago.
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• may, might  to say that something is possible at the present. (the same as saying perhaps),
to ask for permission (more formal)
e.g. A: Where’s Jenny? B: She may be in the library.
e.g. A: John is late. What’s he doing? B: He might be sleeping.
(Might is slightly more tentative and formal than may.)

e.g. May I be excused ? (to ask for permission)

• may have, might have  To say that something was possible at a time in the past

e.g. A: Has Kate posted the letter? B: I don’t know. She may have posted it.

• must , have to  to talk about duty, obligation or necessity

use must when we are giving our own opinion that we think something is necessary
use have to when saying that something is necessary because someone or something outside
of us has made it necessary.

e.g. We must go to the airport now, or we’ll be late.

e.g. We have to arrive at the airport two hours before taking off. (The airline has told us to.)

(Note: must and have to are very similar and can sometimes be used instead of each other with no change

of meaning. had to can be used as the past tense of must.)

• must  to give instructions, as in public notices, to give invitation or make suggestions,

only used to talk about what is necessary in the present and the future,
to talk about probability or certainty

e.g. Dogs must be kept under control. (to give instructions, as in public notices)

e.g. We miss you. You must come and see us again next Christmas.

(to give invitation or make suggestions)

e.g. You must exercise more and eat less. You are too fat and it’s not healthy.

(only used to talk about what is necessary in the present and the future.)

e.g. Lisa’s never late. There must be an accident or something wrong.

( to talk about probability or certainty when we are sure about something that we say)

• must have + participle / must have + been …-ing  Talking about things in the past that we are sure about

e.g. The driver must have fallen asleep when he was driving.
e.g. Jacky must have been waiting for us for a long time at the airport last night.

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Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
Adjective  modifies a noun, Adverb  modifies a verb, an adjective, an adverb or a sentence

Adjectives
 Use “as … as”:
e.g. Mr. Black is as old as Mrs. Black. (They are at the same age.)
Use “as much/many … as”:
e.g. I have as many family members as he has.
Modification + “as … as”:
e.g. Iris is just as adorable as her brothers. (They are also adorable.)
** just, exactly, etc.
“Than” can be omitted:
e.g. Compared with her husband, Mrs. Black is shorter.
In questions:
e.g. Who is younger, Philip or Iris?
Use *modification:
e.g. Mr. Black is much taller than Ben (is). (**far, a lot, a bit, a little, twice, etc.)
Use “as … as”:
e.g. Philip is not as tall as Ben (is).
Modification + “as … as”:
e.g. Mrs. Black is not quite as tall as her husband. e.g. She is three times as tall as Ben.
( ** nearly, almost, twice, etc.)
Groups with two members:
e.g. Philip is the taller of the two brothers.
a possessive + superlatives + a noun:
e.g. Philip is Iris’s eldest brother.
without a noun:
e.g. He is the oldest.
In a group:
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 e.g. Mr. Black is the oldest of the five people.

adj. comparative superlative

cheap cheaper cheapest most adj.:
small smaller smallest + er, est
late later latest ending in –e:
nice nicer nicest + r, st
fat fatter fattest short [V] +[C]:
thin thinner thinnest double [C]

adj. comparative superlative

happy happier happiest ending in –y:
easy easier easiest  ier, iest
clever cleverer cleverest ending in /l/, /ə/:
simple simpler simplest + er, est

adj. comparative superlative

polite politer politest most adj.:
more polite most polite + er, est / more, most
careful more careful most careful ending in –ing, -ed, -ful & -less:
boring more boring most boring more, most

adj. comparative superlative

beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
*unhappy unhappier unhappiest
untidy untidier untidiest
* The opposites of 2-syllable adj. ending in –y:  ier, iest

adj. comparative superlative

good-looking better-looking/ best-looking/
more good-looking most good-looking
* Compound adj. with good, bad, well, etc: + er, est / more, most

Irregular comparison
adj. comparative superlative elder /eldest only with relatives
good better best only before a noun
bad worse worst e.g. He is my elder brother. (n.)
*far farther / further farthest/ furthest e.g. My brother is older than me.
*old older/ elder oldest/eldest

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 ill worse

Some useful expressions:

1. Double comparatives (to say that something is changing):

e.g. I am getting fatter and fatter.

e.g. We’re going more and more slowly.

2. The … , the … with comparatives (to say things change together):

e.g. The older I get, the happier I am.

3. Most = very (a formal style):

e.g. Thank you very much indeed. That is most kind of you.

4. Superlative + ever:

e.g. What is the best book you’ve ever read?

e.g. It’s the largest picture ever painted.

5. The + adj. (well-known groups of people):

e.g. He is collecting money for the blind.

e.g. The government doesn’t care about the poor.

the old the rich the unemployed the deaf the dead the handicapped

the jobless the young the mentally ill

Adverbs
 Modify a verb e.g. I run fast.
 Modify an adjective e.g. I am very happy.
 Modify an adverb  e.g. I sing quite loudly.
 Modify a sentence e.g. Fortunately, the lost boy was found.

 Tell us things like how, where, when, how much and how often.

e.g. I talked to him loudly.

e.g. I talked to him at the party.
e.g. I talked to him just now.
e.g. I told him a lot.
e.g. I talked to him every night.

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  How to change an adjective to an adverb?
 adding –ly (quick → quickly, quiet → quietly, beautiful→ beautifully)
 a slight change ( funny → funnily, true → truly, accident → accidentally)
 adj. end in –ly (silly  in a silly way)
 special form (one  once, good  well, likely probably)
 However, some adverbs do not have –ly:
e.g. hard, fast, high, low, deep, late, long, near, alone, soon, etc.
 The following words ending in -ly are adjectives:
e.g. friendly, lively, lovely, likely, lonely, ugly, silly, cowardly, etc.

Note:
hard with great effort e.g. We work hard in exams.
hardly  almost impossible e.g. I am so tired that I could hardly stand.
(I am too tired to stand.)
just  a moment ago e.g. He has just came in.
justly  fairly e.g. The fish are not treated justly.
near  not far e.g. She lives quite near me.
nearly almost e.g. My grandpa is nearly 90.
late  after a certain time e.g. My friend is always late for work.
lately  recently e.g. What have you been dong lately?
high  at a high level in position e.g. The athlete jumped high and won the game.
highly  very e.g. It is highly unlikely that he will come.

Comparative adverbs : adding “more”/ “-er”, followed by “than”

e.g. He works harder than me.
Superlative adverbs: adding “most”/ “-est”, with “the”
e.g. I ran the fastest of everyone in the race.
Regular adverbs:

+ er + est
one-syllable adverbs longer longest

more most

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adverbs ending in -ly more happily most happily
Irregular adverbs:

comparative superlative
well better best
badly/ill worse worst
little less least
much more most
far farther/further farthest/furthest

 much, far, a lot, a bit, any, no (to show how different they are)
e.g. Our car goes much faster than yours.
e.g. Even after a warning he worked no harder than before.
 as…as (to show they are the same)
e.g. He swims as well as my father does.
 Double comparatives (to say that something is changing)
e.g. The two women talked louder and louder.
e.g. They are arguing more and more fiercely.
 Comparison with two definite articles
e.g. The longer I sleep, the later I get up.

 There are 4 kinds of adverbs:

 Adverbs of manner (softly, carefully, quietly, slowly)
 Adverbs of place (in the hall, in her kitchen, at home, in the park)
 Adverbs of time (yesterday, soon, this morning, in 1990)
 Adverbs of frequency (every day, once a year, twice a month, five times a day)

 Normal order
 Verb manner + place time/frequency (small to big)
e.g. She cooked quickly in her kitchen this morning.

 Verbs of movement
 verb of movement place manner time/frequency (small to big)
e.g. She went to the market slowly this morning.

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Direct and Indirect Speech / Reported Speech
Direct speech  repeat the exact words/ word for word
with quotation marks

Indirect speech change the pronoun, change the place and time, change the tense

 no quotation marks

 Change the pronoun

Ann said, “I bought a present for my friend Amy.”
 Ann said that she bought a present for her friend Amy.
 Change the place and time
She said, ‘I am here.’  She said that she was there.
She said, ‘I went to Tokyo last week.’  She said that she had been to Tokyo the week before.

Direct speech Indirect speech Direct speech Indirect speech

here there ago before
this that last week the week before
these those last Monday the previous Monday
next week the week after
next Monday the following Monday
this week/ month/ year that week/ month/ year
today that day
tonight that night
tomorrow the following day / the next day
the day after tomorrow in two days’ time
yesterday the day before / the previous day
the day before yesterday two days before
now Then

 Change the tense

e.g. He said, ‘I’m not playing football.’  He said that he wasn’t playing football.

Direct speech Indirect speech

will / shall would / should
can /may could / might
Simple present Simple past
Present Continuous Past Continuous
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 Present Perfect Past Perfect
Simple Past Past Perfect
Past Perfect Past Perfect

 Verb tenses often change in indirect speech but they sometimes stay the same:
1) Universal truth
2) Still true at the time of reporting
3) Verb of speech is in the present tense

e.g. Miss Chan said that the sun rises in the east. (Universal truth)

e.g. Miss Chan said that it is windy outside. (Still true at the time of reporting)

e.g. Miss Chan says that she is happy. (Verb of speech is in the present tense)

 Report yes-no questions  if/ whether, no question mark

e.g. He asked, “Is it your birthday, Nancy?”  He asked Nancy if it was her birthday.

 Report wh-questions  use wh- question words, no question mark

e.g. Jenny asked Dave, ‘When is your birthday?’  Jenny asked Dave when his birthday was.

e.g. Miss Chan asked Eric, ‘How many marks did you get in the exam?’
 Miss Chan asked Eric how many marks he had got in the exam.

 Report orders, commands, advice, requests, offers, promises, threats … etc.  to-infinitive
e.g. The librarian said, ‘Please put your bag here.’  The librarian told me to put my bag there.
e.g. Miss Chan said, ‘Don’t cheat.’  Miss Chan told us not to cheat.

Some verbs for reporting orders, commands, advice, requests, offers, promises, threats … etc.

agree ask claim demand emphasis invite offer

order promise reply state tell threaten urge

 Report suggestion  suggest + gerund or suggest + that - clause

e.g. ‘Let’s go for a swim,’ Tommy said.  Tommy suggested going for a swim.
 Tommy suggested that we (should) go for a swim.

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Relative Pronouns and Relative Clauses
Relative pronouns  who, whom, whose, which, where, when, why

 who  person/ people (subject)

 whom  person/ people (object)
 whose  possessive adjectives (his/ her/their/ your/our/my)
 which  thing(s) and animal(s)
 when  time
 where  place
 why  reason

e.g. I know the boy. He is wearing a leather jacket.  I know the boy who is wearing a leather jacket.
(s) (relative clause)
e.g. The girl is my cousin. I was talking to her.  The girl whom I was talking to is my cousin.
(o) (relative clause)
e.g. I met the man. His daughter won the first prize.  I met the man whose daughter won the first prize.
(possessive adjective) (relative clause)
e.g. The novel is interesting. You lent me the novel.  The novel which you lent me is interesting.
(thing) (relative clause)
e.g. The hotel was very far from the airport. We stayed at this hotel.
 The hotel where we stayed was very far from the airport. (no preposition ‘at’)
(relative clause)
e.g. The light went out just now. I was reading a book at that time.
 The light went out just now when I was reading a book. (no preposition ‘at’)
(relative clause)
e.g. We can’t go now because it is raining.  The reason why we can’t go now is that it is raining.
(relative clause)
e.g. Susan failed the test. This surprised us all.  Susan failed the test, which surprised us all.
(‘which’ refers to the whole sentence, with comma)
 ‘All of’ and other expressions:
In non-defining relative clauses a variety of words with “of” are used with “whom” and “which”.
e.g. I have a lot of friends. I like all of them.
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  I have a lot of friends, all of whom I like very much.

e.g. She’s got lots of dresses. Few of them still fit her!
 She’s got lots of dresses, few of which still fit her.
Other examples are:

a few of any of both of each of

either of half of lots of many of

most of none of one/two of some of

 Identifying relative clauses  tell us which particular person or thing is meant.

 no comma(s)
e.g. The boy who lives next door is very naughty.

 Non-identifying relative clauses  give extra information about a person or thing that is already
identified.
 with comma(s)
e.g. My youngest brother, who graduated from high school last year, is studying in Canada now.
e.g. We often go to see our grandparents in Yuen Long, which is ten kilometres away.

 ‘that’ is only used in identifying clauses, not with non-identifying clauses.

e.g. The boy that had been up all night fell asleep in class. (identifying clause) 
(who)

e.g. Sam, that had been up all night, fell asleep in class. (non-identifying clause) 
 Object pronoun in identifying clauses can be left out.
e.g. The fish which we ate yesterday was bad. (identifying clause) 

e.g. John Chan, whom I think you know, is going to Canada. (non-identifying clause) 
 Participle clauses  participles can also be joined with other words to form participle clauses.
 are like adjectives and tell us something about the noun they go with.
Often this kind of clause is used instead of a relative clause.
e.g. The students who attend St. Paul School are all intelligent. 

The students that attend St. Paul School are all intelligent.
The students attending St. Paul School are all intelligent.  (active  present participle)

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 e.g. The passage which was taught yesterday will be tested next week. 
The passage that was taught yesterday will be tested next week. 
The passage taught yesterday will be tested next week.  (passive  past participle)

Participles
Present and Past participles  as adjectives to describe nouns.

 Present participle (Ving)  describe a noun that produces the feeling

 describe a continuous state
describe an active state
e.g. The movie was really boring. (describe a noun that produces the feeling)
e.g. A falling leaf is ‘flying’ in the sky. (describe a continuous state)
e.g. The frightening movie made the children cry. (describe an active state)

 Past participle (Ved/ irregular verb)  describe the person’s feeling

describe a completed state
describe a passive state
e.g. I am disappointed because I have failed the exam. (describe the person’s feeling)
e.g. The drunk man shouted at everyone on the street. (describe a completed state)
e.g. The police found the stolen car by the river. (describe a passive state)

Present and Past Participle Phrases

 Used to introduce reasons in a sentence

 e.g. Since I wanted to quit, I applied for a new job.  Wanting to quit, I applied for a new job.

 Used to show two actions which happen at the same time or one right after another. These phrases
are always placed at the beginning of the sentence.
 e.g. After the robber was assured of the safety by the officer, he let the hostages go.
 Assured of the safety by the officer, he let the hostages go.

 Use comma to separate the participle phrase from the main clause.
 The subject and the participle phrase should be the same to the subject of the main clause in the
sentence.
 e.g. She turned and walked away because she was angered by his refusal.
 She turned and walked away, angered by his refusal.

 The Present Participle Phrase is used when the verb is in active voice.
 e.g. The tourists jumped into their jeep and quickly drove away from the lion.

26
  Jumping into their jeep, the tourists quickly drove away from the lion.

 The Past Participle Phrase is used when the verb is in passive voice.
 e.g. As Michael was told that he would be the winner, he burst into tears.
 Told that he would be the winner, Michael burst into tears.

Phrasal Verbs
30 Common Phrasal Verbs (Form 4 – 2nd term)
Phrasal Verbs Meanings Examples Synonym
1) bring about If you bring about something, e.g. Science has brought about make happen,
you cause it to happen or you many changes in our lives. cause
make it happen.
2) bring back to bring something with you e.g. Whenever Joey goes overseas, she
when you return from brings back gifts for everyone she
somewhere knows.

3) bring (sth.) forward to change the date or time of e.g. Let's bring the wedding forward to
an event so that it happens March so it'll be a spring wedding.
earlier than originally planned
4) bring (sth.) off to succeed in doing e.g. You got the top score in the exam! pull off
something that's difficult How did you bring that off?
5) bring (sth.) on to cause something like an e.g. I just saw Maria crying. I wonder cause
illness or a painful emotion what brought that on?

6) get around to find a way of avoiding e.g. Sorry, but there’s no way of getting avoid
something around the new tax, so you’ll just
have to pay it.
7) get away to leave a place e.g. Two of the prisoners got away. escape
8) get over (sth.) to recover from something e.g. How long did it take you to get over recover from
like an illness or a shock the illness?
9) get back to return to a place e.g. We go to school at 9 in the morning
and we usually get back about 4 in
the afternoon.
10) get together to meet and spend time e.g. Every Saturday night I get together meet up
together with some friends and have dinner
in a restaurant.
11) make into to change someone or e.g. All the Harry Potter books will be turn into
(be made into sth.) something into someone or made into movies.
something different
12) make off with If you make off with e.g. The chairman made off with
something, you escape with millions of dollars he'd stolen from
something that you've stolen his company.
or something you got by
cheating people.
13) make out to see or hear something, but e.g. If you can't make out what
only with difficulty someone's saying, ask them to
repeat it.
14) make up to invent a story or think of e.g. Rebecca's teacher says that she's think up, invent

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 an explanation for something very good at making up stories.
15) make up for to do something to improve e.g. Joanna forgot my birthday last
the situation after you've week, so now she wants to make
done something wrong up for it by taking me but to a
fancy restaurant
16) take down to remove something that's e.g. The notice has been on the bulletin
fixed to a wall, like a picture board for 30 days already, so it's
or a poster time to take it down.
17) take (sth.) apart If you take something apart, e.g. I took my bicycle apart so that I
you separate it into the could clean each part.
pieces it's made of.
18) take up to start doing something new e.g. Joe's a great musician. He took it up
like playing a sport, doing a as a hobby when he was a kid, but
job, or pursuing a hobby now he makes his living from
music.
19) take over to begin doing a job or a task e.g. Gordon will take over the position
that someone else had been of project manager when Trevor
doing previously goes back to Canada.

20) take back If you take something back, e.g. If you change your mind after return
you return it to the place you you've bought something, you can
got it from, or return it to the take it back and get a refund.
shop you bought it from.
21) keep at If you keep at something, you e.g. Your English has improved a lot, so persevere with
continue doing it. the new course must be working.
You should keep at it.
22) Keep (sb) from If something or someone e.g. Are you busy? I don’t want to keep
(sth.) keeps you from doing you from your work.
something, it means you can't
do it.
23) keep to If you keep to something like e.g. If we don't keep to our budget, we stick to
a limit, a budget or a won't have enough money left
schedule, you don't go over it over to pay the rent.
or outside it.
24) keep (sth/sb) If you keep something or e.g. Keep the children away from
away someone away, you don't let medicines.
the thing or the person come
near.
25) keep back If something keeps you back, e.g. The country wants to develop, but hold back, hinder
it stops you from getting their poor education system will
where you want to go. keep them back.
26) go along with to agree with someone or to e.g. I usually go along with whatever agree with
support something Eason Chan says, but this time I
don't agree with him.
27) go back to return to a place, a person, e.g. I'm feeling much better, thanks. I return
a condition, etc. should be able to go back to work
tomorrow.
28) go under If a company goes under, it e.g. Jenny's company went under fail
goes out of business and because of the economic
closes down. slowdown, and she had to look for
a job.
29) go with If one thing goes with e.g. Which of these ties does my blue match

28
 another, they look good shirt go with?
together or seems to work
well together.
30) go up If something like a price or a e.g. Whenever Henry sees the girl who rise, increase
rate goes up, it becomes lives next door, his blood pressure
higher. goes up.

Form 5 -- 1st term Phrasal Verbs

1. ask (somebody) out -- invite on a date
e.g. My friend asked me out to have a drink..

2. ask around  ask many people the same question.

e.g. I asked around but no one has seen my book.

3. bring (somebody) down = make unhappy

e.g. Don't listen to this sad music which will bring you down.

4. bring (somebody) up = raise a child

e.g. My aunt brought me up after my parents died.

5. break down = get upset

e.g. Mary broke down when she knew that her husband had died in an accident.

6. break out = escape

e.g. Several prisoners broke out of the jail.

7. break in = interrupt
e.g. The TV station broke in to report the earthquake in Japan.

break in = to enter a building by using force in order to steal something

e.g. Someone broke in and took several computers.

8. break up = end a relationship

e.g. Sean has just broken up with her girlfriend.

9. check in = arrive and register at a hotel or airport

e.g. We will get the keys of our hotel room when we check in.

10. check out = leave a hotel

e.g. We have to check out of the hotel before 1:00 pm.

11. call around = phone many different places/people

e.g. Although we called around, we couldn't find a restaurant for dinner .

12. call on (somebody) = visit someone

e.g. We called on you yesterday but you weren't home.

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13. call (somebody) back = return a phone call
e.g. Please tell Kathy to call me back.

14. call (something) off = cancel

e.g. The school called off the match because of the bad weather.

15. chip in = help

e.g. If everyone chip in, we can finish the project earlier.

16. go back = return to a place

e.g. I have to go back home to get my cell phone.

17. go out = leave home to go on a social event

e.g. We are going out for dinner tonight .

18. go over (something) = review

e.g. Please go over your answers before handing in your test paper.

19. hand (something) in = submit

e.g. I have to hand in the form before Monday.

20. hand (something) out = to distribute to a group of people

e.g. We can hand out the promotion leaflets on the street.

21. hand (something) down = give something used to someone else

e.g. My sister handed down her old clothes to me.

22. hand (something) over = give (usually unwillingly)

e.g. They handed over their weapons to the police.

23. hold (something/somebody) back = prevent from doing/going

e.g. My sister just managed to hold back her tears in front of the guests.

24. hold up (something) = rob

e.g. Masked men held up a bank yesterday.

25. hold on = wait a short time

e.g. Please hold on, I'll transfer you to Mr. Smith immediately.

26. keep (something) up = continue at the same rate

e.g. If you keep up the good result, you will pass your final examination.

27. keep (something/somebody) out = stop from entering

e.g. Please keep the wet dog out of the living room.

28. keep on = continue (to do something)

e.g. The boss kept on talking and talking in the meeting.

29. Let (somebody) down = disappoint

e.g. Peter is a reliable person. He will never let you down.

30
30. let (somebody) in = allow to enter
e.g. Please let me in! Don't lock me outside.

Form 5 -- 2nd term Phrasal Verbs

1. come across  find unexpectedly
e.g. Peter came across these photos when he was tidying up the bookshelf.
2. come apart  separate
e.g. The top and bottom come apart if the man pulls hard enough.
3. come from  originate in
e.g. People say that the art of origami comes from Asia.
4. count on  rely on
e.g. I am counting on you to make dinner tonight.
5. cut down  make something fall to the ground
e.g. The man had to cut the old tree in his yard down after the storm.
6. cut off  stop providing
e.g. The phone company cut off my phone because I didn’t pay the bill.
7. cut out  remove part of something
e.g. He cut this advertisement out of the newspaper.
8. Dress up  wear nice clothing
e.g. It’s a fancy restaurant so Jane has to dress up.
9. drop back  move back in a position / group
e.g. Andrew dropped back to the third place when he fell of his bike.
10. drop in  come without an appointment
e.g. You are invited to drop in for tea.
11. drop off  take somebody/ something and leave them/ it there
e.g. Tom’s mother has to drop his son off at school before she goes to work.
12. drop out  quit a class, school, etc.
e.g. The naughty boy was dropped out from the school.
13. fall apart  break into pieces
e.g. The pair of pants was fallen apart.
14. fall down  fall to the ground

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 e.g. The picture was fallen down from the wall.
15. fall out  separate from an interior
e.g. The coins are falling out from the coin bag.
16. look after  take care of
e.g. Mary has to look after her sick mother.
17. look down on  think less of
e.g. Since the child stole the chocolate bar, the men looked down on him.
18. look for  try to find
e.g. Mary is looking for a red dress for the wedding party.
19. look into  check and research
e.g. He’s looking into the price of the snowboard today.
20. look out  be careful, and take notice
e.g. Look out! The car is coming.
21. look over  examine
e.g. Can you look over my essay for spelling mistakes?
22. look up  search and find (from a book / database)
e.g. I’m looking up the word from the dictionary.
23. make up  invent
e.g. Susan is making up a story.
24. pass away  die
e.g. The clown has just passed away.
25. pass out  faint
e.g. The clown has just passed out under the hot weather.
26. put down  insult / to make somebody look or feel stupid, especially in front of
other people
e.g. This man was put down by others.
27. put off  postpone
e.g. The competition was put off from 25 Jan, 2012 to 27 Jan, 2012.
28. put out  extinguish
e.g. the firemen put the fire out.
29. put up with  tolerate
e.g. I can’t put up with such a congested bus.
30. put on  put (clothes) on your body
e.g. The cat has put on the Christmas costume.

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 Form 5 – 3rd term Phrasal Verbs
1. fill sth in (填資料) – to write information in blanks
2. fill sth up (使充满) – make something full
3. find out (發現) – discover
4. get along (with) (相處)– to form a friendly relationship
5. get away (去度假) – go on a vacation
6. get back (返回/回來) – return
7. get off (離開) – leave
8. get on sth (踏上一交通工具) – step onto a vehicle
9. get sbd/sth over (使人明白) – make people understand
10. get over sth (克服困難) – overcome a problem
11. give sth away (給別人某東西) – give sth to someone
12. give in (不情願地停止打鬥或爭執) – reluctantly stop fighting or arguing
13. give up (停止嘗試) – stop trying
14. go after (跟隨某人) – follow somebody
15. go ahead (開始/繼續進行) – start, proceed
16. run away (逃走) – escape; get away
17. run into sbd/ sth (没有預期下相遇) – meet unexpectedly
18. run out (耗盡) – have none left
19. run over sth (排練/覆查) – rehearse, review
20. take off (起飛) – start to fly
21. take sth/sbd out (將某事物從一處移除/帶被你邀請的人去某處) – remove from a place; to go
somewhere with somebody you have invited
22. try sth on (試衣服) – sample clothing
23. try sth out (測試) -- test
24. turn sth down (減少音量或力度) – decrease the volume or strength
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25. turn sth off (關掉) – switch off
26. turn sth on (開啟) – switch on
27. turn up (突然出現/ 增加級數) – appear suddenly; increase the level
28. use sth up (用盡) – finish the supply
29. warm up (熱身) – prepare the body for exercise
30. work out (練習/計算出/ 找到… 的答案或解決辦法) -- exercise; to calculate something; to find the
answer to something

Connectives
 Connectives help us to connect our ideas while we are writing and speaking.
 Connectives can be:
1) conjunctions (e.g. but, although, or, and, so, because … …)
2) Some adverbs (e.g. Moreover, However, Luckily, Unluckily, Fortunately, Unfortunately, Frankly … )
3) Some prepositional phrases (e.g. In conclusion, To sum up, In addition, For example …)

 Types of Connectives:
1) Adding information 加上資料

and too as well in addition in addition to (+ n./ gerund) moreover also

furthermore besides except apart from what’s more not only … but also
e.g. Macanese people are not only kind but (they) are also hardworking.
The factories produce not only clothes but also shoes.
( * Words followed “not only” and “but also” must be the same part of speech.)

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2) Giving examples 給例子

for example for instance such as like for one thing for another thing this includes

3) Showing sequences or orders 表示次序 / Narration 敍事

first second third firstly secondly at first first of all next then
after that after afterwards before when while during soon
as soon as suddenly immediately once until eventually finally
at the end in the end at last
4) Showing similarity 表示相同處

similarly in a similar way likewise in the same way

5) Showing the end 表示結束/ Summing up / Concluding 總結

in conclusion to conclude in summary to sum up in short all in all

by and large overall generally finally I would like to conclude by saying that

6) Expressing a condition 表達條件句

If unless so long as as long as providing that even if or

otherwise in case no matter according to as if = as though
e.g. He behaved as if nothing had happened. (as if 似乎/彷彿 + past tense)
e.g. You had better take an umbrella in case it rains. (in case 萬一 + simple present tense)

7) Expressing effect/ result 表達影響/結果

consequently so as a result therefore thus so … that such … that

too … for somebody to … (not) … enough for somebody to …
e.g. He is so nice that he has many friends. e.g. He is such a nice boy that he has many friends.
(so + adj. + that) (such + a/an + adj. + noun + that)
e.g. The watch is too expensive for me to buy.
e.g. The trousers are not big enough for me to wear.

8) Expressing purpose 表達目的

to so as to in order to in order that so that

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 e.g. Jacky went to the party to see her. (to-infinitive)
e.g. Jacky went to the party so as to see her. (so as 以致/為了 + to-infinitive)
e.g. Jacky went to the party in order to see her. (in order to 以致/為了 + to-infinitive)
e.g. Jacky went to the party so that he can see her. (so that 以致/為了 + clause)
e.g. Jacky went to the party in order that he can see her. (in order that 以致/為了 + clause)

9) Giving a choice 給予選擇

either … or 兩者選其一 neither … nor 兩者都不 or

或
e.g. She is either a writer or a teacher. e.g. She is neither a writer nor a teacher.

10) Emphasis 强調

undoubtedly obviously especially particularly naturally exactly because

above all whatever whenever indeed in fact actually after all
as a matter of fact

11) Showing contrast 表達相反

but however despite in spite of regardless of although though even though

nevertheless on the contrary on the one hand on the other hand while
in contrast compared with/to
e.g. Despite the storm, we went for an outing. (despite 儘管 + n./ noun phrase/ gerund)
e.g. In spite of the storm, we went for an outing. (in spite of 儘管 + n./ noun phrase/ gerund)
e.g. Regardless of the storm, we went for an outing. (regardless of 不顧 + n./ noun phrase/
gerund)

e.g. Although there is a storm, we went for an outing. (although + clause)

e.g. Even though there is a storm, we went for an outing. (even although + clause)

12) Expressing cause or reason 表達成因/原因

because as since that’s why for this reason because of due to owing to
on account of as far as … is concerned
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 e.g. We cancelled the outing because it was raining heavily. (because + clause)
e.g. We cancelled the outing because of the heavy rain. (because of + n. / noun phrase/
gerund)
e.g. We cancelled the outing due to the heavy rain. (due to + n. / noun phrase/ gerund)
e.g. It was raining heavily. That’s why we cancelled the outing. (That’s why + clause)
e.g. It was raining heavily. For this reason, we cancelled the outing. (For this reason, + clause)

(* because of/due to/owing to/ on account of + noun / noun phrase/ gerund)

(* because / as / since + clause)

e.g. As far as the climate is concerned, I like Australia better.

(以氣候為考慮因素)

13) Expressing opinion 表達意見

I would say that… In my opinion I think I believe personally

Subjunctive Mood
· Common uses of Subjunctive mood in toasts, blessings, and songs.

· May is used with the base form of the main verb.

· Structure: May + Noun / Noun Phrase + Verb in Base Form
e.g. May all your dreams come true.
May the sun shine upon your face.
May your days be merry and bright.

· Negative: May + Noun / Noun Phrase + NOT + Verb in Base Form

e.g. May your experiences with Shakespeare’s works not be tiring nor boring.

· to express a wish or a condition which is contrary to fact.

· Verb-to-be “WERE” will be used, regardless what the subject is.
e.g. I wish I were a millionaire. (a wish)
e.g. If I were you, I wouldn’t buy that car. (a condition contrary to fact )

· In THAT clause to denote a command, decision, suggestion, etc.

· After such verbs as ** decide, decree, demand, insist, move, order, prefer, propose,
recommend, request, require, suggest, vote, etc.
· Structure: subject + **certain verb in any tense + that + subject + verb in base form

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 e.g. He ordered that the books be sent at once.
e.g. The judge insisted that the accused man appear in person.

· Negative: subject + **certain verb in any tense + that + subject + NOT + verb in base form

e.g. I suggest that you not rent the video on Hamlet before you read the play.

· After such adjectives as ** advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, fitting,

imperative, important, impossible, necessary, obligatory, proper, etc.
· Structure: It is  + **certain adjective + that + subject + verb in base form
e.g. It is absolutely essential that all the facts be examined first.
e.g. It is important that he be placed in the appropriate job.

· Negative: It is  + **certain adjective + that + subject + NOT + verb in base form

e.g. It is important that you not try to analyze every word in Shakespeare’s plays if you want to enjoy
them.

· After such nouns as **decision, decree, demand, instruction, order, requirement,

resolution, etc.
· Structure: **certain noun + (verb-to-be) + that + subject + verb in base form

e.g. Our decision is that the school remain closed.

e.g. The demand of the citizens is that this tax be abolished.

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