QUARTER 1

SENIOR HIGH 11
S.Y 2022-2023

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

This learning area is designed to provide a general background for the understanding of the earth on
a planetary scale. It presents the history of the Earth through geologic time. It discusses the Earth’s structure
and composition, the processes that occur beneath and on the Earth’s surface, as well as issues, concerns, and
problems pertaining to Earth’s resources.
This also contains formative activities. At the last page of this module is the answer key to all the
formative assessments. Check your answer after every activity and record your scores in the workbook.
Accompanying this module is the workbook where all the assessment activities and performance tasks are
written. Go to your workbook every time you are done studying each lesson.

There is a prompt for you to do this.

At the end of this module, you will able to:

• Describe the characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life (S11ES-Ia-b-3);
• Explain that the Earth subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow(S11ES-Ib-4);
• Identify common-rock forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties(S11ES-Ib-5;
• Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic(S11ES-Ic-6);
• Identify the minerals important to society(S11ES-Ic-7);
• Describe how one minerals are found, mined, and processes for human use(S11ES-Ic-d-8); and
• Describe how fossil fuels are formed(S11ES-Id-10).

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This module has the following lessons:

Lesson Title Expected Output Estimated number of

Week
Days

The students will

make a concept
map and use it to
ORIGIN AND explain how the
LESSON 1 STRUCTURE OF THE geosphere, 4
EARTH hydrosphere,
atmosphere, and
biosphere are
interconnected

Identify the said 4

minerals and state
LESSON 2 MINERALS their unique
characteristics and WEEK 1-3
significance.

ROCKS Classify them as to

igneous,
LESSON 3 3
sedimentary, or
metamorphic rock

LESSON 4 Mineral Resources and Using a concept map 3

Fossil fuels formation describe how ore
minerals are found,
mined, and
processed for human
use. Use the space
below

Teachers Information:
Subject teacher: Nicole Mae M. Sumalta
FB Account: Nicole Mae Sumalta
Email Address: bfcsinikkie04@gmail.com
Mobile number: 09918461415

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 11 & 12: MODULE 2 | Page

 ______
10

DIRECTION: Read the questions carefully and encircle the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is not included in Earth’s subsystems?

a. atmosphere b. geosphere c. hydrosphere d. photosphere
2. Hydrosphere includes all the _________ on Earth.
a. gases b. water c. landforms d. living things
3. Which of the following are included in the geosphere?
a. lake b. mineral c. water vapour d. nitrogen gas
4. Which of the following is TRUE about the Earth’s subsystems?
a. Earth’s subsystems are like the subsystems of other planets.
b. Earth subsystem did not change since the formation of the Earth.
c. Earth’s subsystems interact with each other making life possible on Earth.
d. Each subsystem works independently and does not depend on other subsystems.
5. Which of the following is TRUE about the geosphere?
a. It provides oxygen needed by animals.
b. It is the main source of water on Earth.
c. It is the habitable for some species of plants and animals.
d. It prevents the penetration of ultraviolet rays from the Sun.
6. All the following are TRUE about the interaction of the biosphere with other subsystems, except ______.
a. Organisms in the biosphere increase the amount of water in the hydrosphere.
b. Organisms in the biosphere consume water from the hydrosphere for survival.
c. Organisms in the biosphere form parts of the geosphere when they decompose into smaller
substance.
d. Organisms in the biosphere maintain the balance of gases in the atmosphere through
consumption and excretion of gases.
7. How do the biosphere and the hydrosphere interact?
a. Air contains water.
b. These two spheres do not interact.
c. Living things need water to survive.
d. Volcanic ash can enter the atmosphere.
8. How does the water cycle show how the hydrosphere and the atmosphere interact?
a. Plants soak up water from the ground.
b. Air evaporates to form water clouds.
c. Water filters through the soil into the ground water.
d. Heat and wind causes water in the pond to evaporate into thin air.
9. The remains of dead plants and animals can get buried under soil to form coal and oil over long periods
of time are interactions between the _________.
a. atmosphere and geosphere b. atmosphere and biosphere
b. c. geosphere and biosphere d. hydrosphere and geosphere
10. An example of biosphere connecting to atmosphere is:
a. animals eat plants b. animals live in caves
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 b. c. animals drink water d. plants produce oxygen
11. Which of these is a metamorphic rock?
a. sandstone b. granite
c. gneiss d. diamond
12. 12.Which of these is a sedimentary rock?
a. granite b. gneiss
c. sandstone d. diamond
13. 13.In order for a sedimentary rock (made of particles) to form, what must occur? Select all that apply.
a. crystallization b. compaction
c. burial d. cementation
14. Which type of rock is formed from the cooling and hardening of molten material?
a. igneous b. sedimentary
c. metamorphic d. Sand
15. Minerals makes up_____
a. rocks b. Elements
c.substance d. metallurgy
16. Big-Bang theory was postulated by
a.Edwin Hubble b. Georges Lemaitre
c.Schmidt d.Wegener
17. Mesosphere is component of
a. Atmosphere b.Hydrosphere
c. Lithosphere d.Asthenosphere
18. Expansion of universe means
a.increase in the number of stars. b. increase in space between the galaxies.
c. discovery of new celestial bodies. d. increase in the speed of rotation of planets.
19. Which of the following statements regarding our solar system are incorrect?
a.The distance between celestial bodies are measured by light years.
b. All the planets were formed in the same period sometime.
c. Our Solar system consists of nine planets.
d. All the statements are correct
20. The inner planets mean
a.Planets between the sun and the earth
b. Planets between the sun and the belt of asteroids
c. Planets in gaseous state
d.Planets without satellite

END OF PRE- ASSESSMENT

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 LESSON 1: O R I G I N A N D CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EARTH AND ITS SUBSYSTEMS
The Beginning of the Universe

Objectives:

• Describe the historical development of theories that explain the origin of the Universe;
• identify the characteristics of Earth that are necessary to support life; and
• explain the interaction of Earth’s subsystems.

There were different theories that tried to explain the formation of the solar system, but the
most popular of these was the big bang theory. This theory was first suggested by a Belgian priest,
Gerges Lemaitre, in the 1920’s. The big bang theory states how the universe began with a big
explosion. According to this theory, about 10 to 20 billion years ago, extremely high pressur e and
temperature caused the explosion and eventually propelled the contents of the universe that
were originally compressed in a small volume. Billion of years after, expansion has continued very
slowly.

Fig. 1.1 The big bang theory

As time passed and matter cooled, atoms of different kins began to form and were compressed into the
stars, planets, and galaxies that constitute the universe that exist until the present time.

Scientist further studied and looked for evidences for the big bag theory. The expansion of the universe was
the first evidence and the second was called cosmic microwave background radiation. This radiation was thought
to be the oldest remnant of the big bang theory.

There were other theories that tries to explain the formation of the universe. These theories were accepted
for a while but were eventually dubbed as ridiculous because they had no scientific basis.

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Table 1.1 Some other theories on the formation of the universe

Theory Explanation

Steady State Theory New matter is quietly but continually appearing out of
nothing from the spaces in the galaxies.

Oscillating universe theory Another big bang will occur when the universe starts to run
down.

Nebular hypothesis/ Planetesimal theory As gas swirled around, eddies of gas caused the formation of
the sun and planets.

Fission theory Bursting of the sun sent out the planets and moons.

Capture theory Planets and moons were wandering around and were
captured by the sun.

Accretion theory Small chunks of material gradually combined and the

formed Earth, then more chunks formed the moon.

Planetary collision theory Earth collided with a small planet, producing the moon.

Stellar collision theory Two stars collided and formed the planets and moons.

Gas cloud theory Gas clouds were pulled by the sun’s gravity, then formed into
planets and moons.

Earth as a living planet

Earth is the only planet in the solar system known to harbour life. Our planet has molten nickeliron core
which give rise to an extensive magnetic field, along with the atmosphere that shields us from harmful radiation
coming from the sun. In this section, you will understand the reason why planet Earth is called the “living
planet”.

Have you heard the story about Goldilocks and three bears? If yes – how is the story related on the
characteristics of planet Earth that make it different from other planets?

Based on the story, Goldilocks only take the things that is just right for her; not too cold, and not too hot,
just the right temperature; not too big and not too small, just the right size. Therefore, we can associate Earth
to Goldilocks, it take the right position in our solar system. Earth is located in what we call the “Goldilocks zone”
or habitable zone. Goldilocks zone is refers to the habitable zone around a star where the temperature is just
right, not too hot and not too cold for liquid water to exist.

Four categories that make the Earth a habitable planet

• Temperature
• Atmosphere

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 • Energy; and
• Nutrients

Earth’s subsystems

Atmosphere makes up of all the gases on Earth. It extends outward

about 10,000 km from the surface of the Earth. It is composed of the
following gases.

Table 3.8 Gases that makes up the atmosphere

Gas name Chemical formula Percent volume
Nitrogen N2 78.08%
Oxygen O2 20.95%
*Water H2 O 0 t0 4%
Argon Ar 0.93%
*Carbon dioxide CO2 0.0360%
Neon Ne 0.0018%
Helium He 0.0005%
*Methane CH4 0.00017%
Hydrogen H2 0.00005%
*Nitrous Oxide N2O 0.00003% Geosphere includes Earth’s interior, rocks and
minerals, landforms, and the processes that shape
*Ozone O3 0.000004%
the Earth’s surface. The Earth itself is not perfect
*variable gases
sphere but an oblate spheroid, with a radius of
6,357 km from Earth’s center to the North Pole and 6,378 km from the center to the Equator.

Hydrosphere is the sum of all water on Earth and the water cycle that distributes it around the planet. Earth is
unique in the solar system for its abundant surface waters. Our orbital distance from the sun, in addition to our
unique atmospheres, gives Earth the right temperature in our middle-aged solar system to have water as a
liquid. Due to the hydrosphere, life flourishes on Earth.

Biosphere contains the entirety of Earth’s living things. It is sometimes referred to as the “zone of life”. Form a
geophysical standpoint, biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living things and their
relationship including their interactions with the elements of the geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.

Subsystems Interaction

Atmosphere: Interactions with other Earth System Components

Biosphere: The atmosphere supplies oxygen and carbon dioxide that form the basis of life processes
(photosynthesis and respiration).

Geosphere: Gases in the atmosphere react with water to produce weak acids that aid in the breakdown of
rock.

Typhoon formation (atmosphere): sweep across the ocean (hydrosphere) and onto the land (geosphere),
damaging the dwellings of people (biosphere) who live along the coasts.

Geosphere: Interactions with other Earth System Components

Atmosphere: Volcanism spews significant amounts of gases into the atmosphere. For example: volcanoes
inject large amounts of sulphur dioxide to the upper atmosphere, resulting in global cooling.

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 11 & 12: MODULE 7 | Page

Hydrosphere: The formation of many minerals involves incorporation or release of water. Also, water speeds
up chemical reactions that dissolves ions from the mineral and carried them away.

Biosphere: Nutrients released from rocks during their breakdown are dissolved in water (to be used by aquatic
plants).

Hydrosphere: Interactions with other Earth System Components

Atmosphere: Water is transferred between the hydrosphere and biosphere by evaporation and precipitation.
Energy is also exchanged in this process.

Biosphere: Water is necessary for the transport of nutrients and waste product in organisms.

Geosphere: Water is the primary agent for the chemical and mechanical breakdown of rock, to form loose
rock fragments and soil, and sculpts the surface of the Earth.

Biosphere: Interactions with other Earth System Components

Atmosphere: Life processes involve many chemical reactions which either extract or emit gases to and from
the atmosphere.

Hydrosphere: Evaporation of water from leaf surfaces transfers water to the atmosphere.

Geosphere: The biosphere is connected to the geosphere through soils. Plant activity are also for the
mechanical and chemical breakdown of the rocks.

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15

INSTRUCTION: Read each question carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. An example of connection between hydrosphere and geosphere is:

a. fish swimming in water b. boat transporting goods
c. waves eroding rocks on beach d. water evaporating to make clouds
2. What main system do you interact with when you are exploring an underwater cave?
a. biosphere b. cryosphere c. geosphere d. hydrosphere
3. When volcanoes erupt, dust and ash particles spread through much of the air blocking the sun. Which two
spheres are interacting?
a. atmosphere and atmosphere b. biosphere and atmosphere
c. geosphere and atmosphere d. hydrosphere and atmosphere
4. When plants draw nutrients from the soil, the interaction is between which two spheres?
a. atmosphere and geosphere b. biosphere and geosphere
c. geosphere and hydrosphere d. hydrosphere and atmosphere
5. When carbon dioxide dissolves from the air into the ocean – the interaction is between:
a. atmosphere and atmosphere b. atmosphere and hydrosphere
c. atmosphere and geosphere d. atmosphere and biosphere
6. Wind can carry seed to new places so more plants can grow are interactions between:
a. atmosphere and biosphere b. atmosphere and geosphere
c. atmosphere and hydrosphere d. geosphere and biosphere

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 11 & 12: MODULE 8 | Page

7. The survival of organisms is impacted by the air temperature are interaction between the:
a. atmosphere and hydrosphere b. atmosphere and biosphere
c. hydrosphere and geosphere d. hydrosphere and biosphere
8. Which of the following is not included in Earth’s subsystems?
a. atmosphere b. geosphere c. hydrosphere d. photosphere
9. Hydrosphere includes all the ___________ on Earth.

a. gases b. water c. landforms d. living things

10. Which of the following is TRUE about the Earth’s subsystems?
a. Each subsystem works independently and does not depend on other subsystems.
b. Earth’s subsystems interact with each other making life possible.
c. Earth’s subsystems are like the subsystems of other planets.
d. Earth subsystem did not change since the formation of the Earth.
11. Which of eh following is TRUE about the geosphere?
a. It is the main source of water on Earth.
b. It provides oxygen needed by animals.
c. It prevents the penetration of ultraviolet rays from the Sun.
d. It is the habitat for some species of plants and animals.
12. Which of the following are included in the geosphere?
a. lake b. mineral c. nitrogen gas d. water vapour
13. The Earth system is considered __________.
a. a closed system b. an open system
c. an isolated system d. none of the bove
14. What will happen if the atmosphere on Earth is removed?
a. Solar energy will not reach the Earth’s surface.
b. The Earth will be able to sustain life.
c. The Earth will maintain its current temperature.
d. Ultraviolet rays will easily penetrate the Earth.
15. How do the biosphere and the hydrosphere interact?
a. air contains water b. living things need water to survive
c. these spheres do not interact d. volcanic ash can enter the atmosphere

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 11 & 12: MODULE 9 | Page

 ______
15
DIRECTION: From the given situations, choose two BEST earth systems that are
interacting (geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere). Write your
answer inside the box.

1. The mango tree in your backyard is blown by the wind.

and
How do they interact? ________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Your classmate Ashley gets caught in the rain.

and

How do they interact? ________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Typhoon Tisoy damages a sugar cane crop in the Bicol Region.

and

How do they interact? ________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Four categories that make the Earth a habitable planet are:

• temperature, atmosphere, energy, and nutrients.

• Earth’s subsystems are consisting of atmosphere, geosphere,

hydrosphere, and biosphere.
• Subsystems interact with each other to maintain life exists on earth.

Go to Workbook

Answer Assessment 1: Expressing in Writing

Do Mini Task 1: Earth System Interaction

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 11 & 12: MODULE 10 | Page

 LESSON 2: MINERALS

Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids of one or more elements that have definite
chemical composition with an orderly internal arrangement of atoms.

Minerals are also called as building blocks of rocks.

Objectives:

• Define what minerals is.

• Identify what are the different mineral groups.

• Identify the properties of minerals.

Common-rock forming Minerals

Feldspar Micas They are called rock-forming minerals because; most abundant
Quartz Clay minerals in Earth’s crust and an important mineral in determining a
rock’s classification.
Pyroxenes Olivine
Amphiboles Calcite

For instance, if there is a presence of calcite in any rock, we can easily say that this could be
a sedimentary rock.

Mineral Groups

Minerals are organized according to the anion or anion group (a group of atoms with a net
negative charge, e.g., SO42–) they contain, because the anion or anion group has the biggest effect
on the properties of the mineral.

Silicates is formed when oxygen and silicon are

combined. It makes up 96% of Earth’s crust.
Silicate mineral groups includes quartz,
feldspar, mica, feldspar, mica.

operties of Minerals Oxides contains oxygen (O) bounded to

elements other than silicon (Si). Si). Examples of
an oxide are hematite and magnetite.

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 Native elements are pure elements. Examples of
a native elements are gold and copper.

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15

INSTRUCTION: Read each question carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Pyrite is a yellowish mineral that looks like gold and is commonly called fool’s gold. What is the property of
mineral exhibited by pyrite wherein it reflects light and with a metallic look?
a. color b. streak c. luster d. hardness
2. Quartz can break other than along planes of cleavage. What property of minerals is shown in this situation?
a. cleavage b. fracture c. hardness d. streak
3. Some minerals like mica has surfaces with planes of weak bonds in the crystals. Thus, its crystals can be
peeled like layers of onion. What is the property exhibited by mica?
a. cleavage b. fracture c. hardness d. tenacity
4. Which property refers to the resistance of minerals to scratching?
a. cleavage b. fracture c. hardness d. luster
5. What are the building blocks of rocks and it is mostly found in the geosphere?
a. elements b. minerals c. ore d. soil
6. In its powdered form, the mineral hematite is reddish. Which mineral property is best described?
a. color b. hardness c. luster d. streak

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7. Which is not a property that can be used to identify mineral?
a. hardness b. luster c. opaque d. streak
8. What is the property of minerals that reflects light on its surface?
a. color b. crystal structure c. luster d. streak
9. Which refers to a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure and chemical
composition?
a. compound b. crystal c. mineral d. rocks
10. During the 1800’s, miners can identify real gold from pyrite through biting the surface of the mineral. If a
bite mark is exhibited, then the said mineral is considered as real gold. What property is tested in this
scenario?
a. cleavage b. hardness c. luster d. streak color
11. What is a carbonate mineral that occurs in a different crystal form and is less common than either calcite
or dolomite?
a. aragonite b. calcite c. gypsum d. silica
12. What constitute the size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains in a rock?
a. cement b. porosity c. texture d. permeable origin
13. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a mineral?
a. organic b. solid c. crystal structure d. naturally occurring
14. What refers to the tendency for a mineral to break along flat surfaces?
a. cleavage b. hardness c. ductility d. tenacity
15. What is the solid form of a mineral produced by a repeating pattern of atoms?
a. crystal b. density c. element d. fracture

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5

INSTRUCTION: Prepare a list of minerals based on the Mohs Scale of Hardness and identify some
products that make use of these minerals.
Minerals Products that contain the Mineral

1. Diamond

2. Corundum

3. Topaz

4. Quartz

5. Orthoclase

Go to Workbook

Answer Assessment 2: Finding the Perfect Match

Go to Workbook

Answer Assessment 2: Finding the Perfect Match

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 11 & 12: MODULE 13 | Page

 Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids of one or more elements that

have definite chemical composition with and orderly internal arrangement of

atoms.
• Common-rock forming minerals are feldspar, quartz, pyroxenes, amphiboles, micas,
clay, olivine, and calcite.
• Different mineral groups: silicates, halide, sulphate, sulphide, carbonate, oxide, and
native elements.
• Properties of Minerals: color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, fracture, specific
gravity, and reaction with acid.

LESSON 3: ROCKS
According to Grotzinger and Jordan (2006), rocks are solid aggregate of minerals or, in some cases,
non-mineral solid matter.

Figure 9.1 shows the different minerals that is

present in granite.

Rocks can be classified into three: igneous,

sedimentary, and metamorphic rock. These
classifications of rocks are classified according to their
formation.

Objectives:

• Identify the three classification of rocks.

• Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic.

IGNEOUS ROCK

It is form when hot, molten rock found beneath

the Earth’s surface cools down. Igneous rocks
form when magma or lava crystallizes or
solidifies. These processes turn a matter from
any state into solid. This happen when there is a
decrease in temperature or when there is an
increase in pressure where the molecules have
no choice but to stay closer with each other.

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 Igneous rocks are classified into extrusive igneous and
intrusive igneous rocks. Extrusive igneous rocks are also known
as volcanic rocks, it is form when lava solidify on the Earth’s
surface. It cools quickly and has smaller grains or crystals. On
the other hand, intrusive igneous rocks are form when
magma solidify beneath the Earth’s surface, it cools slowly
and it has large grains or crystals. Intrusive rocks are also
known as plutonic rocks.

Rhyolite and granite are similar in the sense that they

have the same composition of minerals. The amount of
feldspar, quartz, and mica are almost the same. But why do
they differ in appearance? – It is because granite is an
intrusive igneous rock and rhyolite is an extrusive igneous rock.
Granite was formed beneath the crust which permits it to cool
down slowly compared to rhyolite.

Aside from classifying igneous rocks based on the location they form, igneous rocks are also
classified based on their composition: felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic. The main
difference of these is the amount of present minerals for each classification.

When we say felsic it is literally a combination of words such as feldspar and silica. Felsic rocks
are rich in iron, aluminium and oxygen which is the main composition of feldspar. As you can see on
the graph, felsic has a higher content in silica compared to other rocks. The dominance of silica in
felsic rocks leads to its light color. Felsic has the lightest color among the four classification.

On the other hand, mafic comes from the combination of words such as magnesium and
ferric. Based from the graph, mafic has a lower silica content compared to felsic, but the magnesium
and iron content is higher. Due to the presence of magnesium and iron in the mafic rock caused it
to have a dark appearance.

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 11 & 12: MODULE 15 | Page

 Intermediate igneous rocks
have a mineral composition in
between felsic and mafic igneous
rocks. The amount of silica and
feldspar is in between felsic and mafic
igneous rocks.

Ultramafic igneous rocks have

the highest concentration
of magnesium and iron, then silica
has a lesser content.

SEDIMENTARY ROCK

It is form from sediments coming from igneous

rock, metamorphic rock, or even another
sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks may
also contain remains of living organisms.
There are processes involve in the formation
of sedimentary rocks. These are weathering,

erosion, and lithification.

Formation of Sedimentary rocks

The initial steps in the formation of sedimentary rocks are weathering and erosion.
Weathering – breaks down Erosion – carries sediments to a
existing rocks into sediments place of deposition
o Lithification is a process that convert loose sediment into hard rock. It involves
compaction and cementation.
o After the processes involved in the formation of sedimentary rocks, it will be
classified as clastic, chemical or biochemical.
Clastic sedimentary rocks consist of grains and particles that were
eroded from weathered rocks and then were transported and deposited
in loose, unconsolidated layers.
Chemical sedimentary rocks form when minerals dissolved by water
crystallizes.
Biochemical sedimentary rocks form from accumulation of remains of
living organisms.

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METAMORPHIC ROCK

It is form when rocks are exposed to extreme

temperature and pressure. Metamorphism is the
process that caused the formation of these rocks. In
metamorphism, increase in temperature and
changes in other environmental conditions,
specifically increase in pressure, transforms rocks and
minerals.

Metamorphism can either be contact and regional

metamorphism.

Contact Metamorphism Regional Metamorphism

It happens due to exposure of rock to heat and
It happens when a rock is in direct pressure caused by movement of
contact with hot molten rock. tectonic plates

Smaller area Larger area

Little to no pressure exerted to rock Extreme pressure is exerted to rocks

The following are the changes may happen to a rock when it undergoes metamorphism:

• Causes textural changes

• Changes mineral content
• Forms foliation
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15

INSTRUCTION: Read each question carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Rocks vary in color, size, texture, and shape. They are classified based on how they formed. Which of the
following deals with the study of rocks?
a. biology b. geology c. paleontology d. petrology
2. Halite is made when a body of seawater becomes closed off and evaporates and salt precipitates out
and is deposited as crystallized halite. What type of sedimentary rock is formed?
a. clastic b. chemical c. organic d. pyroclastic
3. Igneous rock is divided into two groups, extrusive and intrusive. Extrusive igneous rocks form when magma
makes its way to its surface as lava and the cools forming rocks. Which will be the characteristics of the
crystals?
a. Crystal are very large. b. crystals are phaneritic.
c. crystals are fine grained. d. crystals are coarse grained.
4. Regional metamorphism occurs due to changes in pressure and temperature over a large region of the
crust. It may happen rock is buried deep below the surface or where pieces of the Earth’s crust collide.
Which is a metamorphic rock?
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 11 & 12: MODULE 17 | Page
 a. breccia b. marble c. conglomerate d. sandstone
5. Igneous and metamorphic rock can be buried and undergo tremendous heating and stress. What is the
process of transformation of one rock type into another?
a. compaction b. lithification c. metamorphism d. weathering
6. What type of rocks are formed from sediments over a long period of time?
a. igneous b. sedimentary c. metamorphic d. minerals
7. Which type of rock is formed when heated and compressed over time?
a. igneous b. metamorphic c. sedimentary d. all of the above
8. What is the natural process that causes one kind of rock to change into another kind?
a. weathering b. rock cycle c. sediments d. metamorphism
9. Which rock type is formed from hardened magma beneath the Earth’s surface?
a. extrusive igneous rock c. intrusive metamorphic rock
b. intrusive igneous rock d. extrusive sedimentary rock
10. Which of the following is an example of igneous rock?
a. coal b. granite c. limestone d. sandstone
11. Which of the following represents the correct order of the processes responsible for the formation of
sedimentary?
a. compaction, cementation, deposition, weathering, erosion
b. deposition, cementation, compaction, erosion, weathering
c. erosion, weathering, compaction, cementation, deposition
d. weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction, cementation
12. A student obtained a cup of quartz sand from a beach. A saltwater solution is poured into the sand and is
allowed to evaporate. Afterwards, the minerals residue from salt water solution cemented the sand grains
together. Which of the following is most likely formed?
a. metamorphic rock b. extrusive igneous rock
c. sedimentary rock d. intrusive igneous rock
13. Which of the following is true about rocks?
a. coal is not considered a rock. b. most rocks are a mixture of minerals.
c. rocks do not contain minerals. d. rocks are composed of only one mineral.
14. What is the type of rock formed from lava that cools quickly that results to finer grain and smaller size of
crystals?
a. metamorphic rock b. extrusive igneous rock
c. sedimentary rock d. intrusive igneous rock
15. In which type of rock can fossils be found?
a. extrusive igneous rock b. metamorphic rock
c. intrusive igneous rock d. sedimentary rock

Rocks are solid aggregate of minerals, or, in some cases, non -

mineral solid matter.
Rocks can be classified into three: igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic rock.

Go to Workbook
Do Mini Task 2: Types of Rocks
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 11 & 12: MODULE 18 | Page
 LESSON 4: MINERAL RESOURCES AND FOSSIL FUELS FORMATION

Objectives:

o Define mineral resources. o Describe how minerals are found, mined, and processes for
human use. o Identify the main types of fossil fuels.
o Describe how fossil fuels are formed.

LESSON 4.1: MINERAL RESOURCES

The use of mineral resources will always lead you back to the start of human civilizations. In modern
times people are dependent in utilizing mineral resources. This are used for different applications.

According to Nelson (2012), mineral resources is a volume of rock enriched in one or more useful materials.

The following are the three terminologies that is related to mineral resources:

a. Mineral occurrence – concentration of a mineral that is of scientific or technical interest.

b. Mineral deposit – mineral occurrence of sufficient size and grade or concentration to enable
extraction under the most favourable conditions.

c. Ore deposit – mineral deposit that has been tested and know to be economically profitable to
mine.

Mining is a process of extracting mineral resources from the surface of the Earth.

Stages of Mining Process

1. Exploration – the process of searching for areas that contain mineral resources viable for
mining. It involves prospecting, drilling, and modelling of ore deposit.

2. Development and design – determine whether the site can be operated in an

environmentally safe, economically sound and socially responsible manner. It involves
scoping, feasibility studies, procurement of necessary facilities and equipment.

3. Construction – involves building roads, processing facilities, environmental management

systems, employee housing, and other facilities.

4. Production – the stage where actual mining and processing of minerals happen.

5. Closure and reclamation – the process of closing the mine and returning the land in its original
state.

• Ensuring public health and safety

• Minimizing environmental effects
• Removing waste and hazardous material
• Preserving water quality

• Stabilizing land to protect against erosion

• Establishing new landforms and vegetation

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 11 & 12: MODULE 19 | Page

LESSON 4.2: FOSSIL FUELS FORMATION

Fossil fuels are energy sources that originated from biological materials. There are three main types of
fossil fuels, and these are: coal, oil, and natural gas. One of the main difference of these three is the material
that is needed or are needed during their formation. Coal is most made up of remnants of plants, while oil and
natural gas is made up of marine organisms and microorganisms. Another difference of these three is the state
of matter where they belong to.

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock. It

normally occurs in rock strata as layers or veins called coal beds or
coal seams. The process of coal formation is called
coalification. The most favorable conditions for the formation of coal
occurred 360 million to 290 million years ago. The temperature and the
location where coalification happens affect the rate of it and the
quality of coal.

It all starts with a swamp on the edge of a sedimentary basin, such as a lagoon or a lake. Then tectonic
activity or other natural phenomenon raises the level of water, covering and killing the vegetation. Plant debris
accumulates and is buried under layers of mud and sand in a process known as sedimentation. Sedimentation
will happen for over a long period of time which will cover the plant debris and slow down the decomposition.
Pressure due to continuous sedimentation and heat under the Earth gradually cook plant debris to coal.

Oils is a liquid fossil fuel which is commonly called petroleum or crude

oil since it is a mixture of differently hydrocarbons. It is formed
from tiny organisms that lived on the surface of the sea and sunk
on the seafloor where they died. The dead organisms were kept
away from oxygen by layers of sediments and other creatures.
As layers pile up heat and pressure increase and turn the remains
of the organisms into liquid oil through millions of years.

Natural gas is composed of a hydrocarbon called methane.

Formation of natural gas is similar to the formation of oil. Since it is

less dense than oil, it rises above the oil.

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 11 & 12: MODULE 20 | Page

 ______
10

INSTRUCTION: Write the correct answer on the space provided. Write your answer in CAPITAL
LETTERS only.

______________________ 1. The process of searching for areas that contain mineral resources viable
for mining. It involves prospecting, drilling, and modelling of ore deposit.

______________________ 2. Concentration of a mineral that is of scientific or technical interest.

______________________ 3. It is the process of coal formation.

______________________ 4. Involves building roads, processing facilities, environmental management

systems, employee housing, and other facilities.

______________________ 5. The stage where actual mining and processing of minerals happen.

______________________ 6. Energy sources that originated from biological materials.

______________________ 7. A combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock.

______________________ 8. Mineral occurrence of sufficient size and grade or concentration to enable

extraction under the most favourable conditions.
______________________ 9. A process of extracting mineral resources from the surface of the Earth.

______________________ 10. Mineral deposit that has been tested and know to be economically
profitable to mine.

• Mineral resource is a volume of rock enriched in one or more useful materials.

• Mining is a process of extracting mineral resources from the surface of the Earth
• Stages of Mining Process are the following: exploration, development and design,
construction, production, and closure and reclamation.
• Fossil fuels are energy sources that originated from biological materials.
• There are three main types of fossil fuels, and these are: coal, oil, and natural gas.

Go to Workbook

Answer Assessment 3: Minerals, and Fossil Fuels

Answer Bible Integration

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 11 & 12: MODULE 21 | Page

REFERENCES:

Boholst, A. (2020). ADMModule_Grade11_Quarter1(S1112ES-Ia-e-4) (1). Scribd. Retrieved August 11, 2022,

from https://www.scribd.com/document/472289288/ADMModule-Grade11-Quarter1-S1112ES-Ia-e-4-1

Felicerta, Corazon N., et al., (2017). Breaking Through Earth Science for Senior High School. C & E
Publishing, Inc.

Besa, A. (2020). ELS-Final-Module--4-08082020. Scribd. Retrieved August 11, 2022, from

https://www.scribd.com/document/477540764/ELS-Final-Module-4-08082020

Besa, A. (2020). ELS-Final-Module--4-08082020. Scribd. Retrieved August 11, 2022, from

https://www.scribd.com/document/477540764/ELS-Final-Module-4-08082020

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 11 & 12: MODULE 22 | Page