Machine Mannual - 2

Government College University, Faisalabad
Electrical Machines
Lab Manual
Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Page 1
Department of Electrical Engineering and Technology
Government College University, Faisalabad
Submitted to Sir Mubashir sab
Submitted by Aqib Saeed
Subject Electrical Machine
Semester 4th
Roll no 8014. EET morning

Page 2
TABLE OF LAB EXPERIMENTS
Sr. Page
No. Experiment
Introduction to SimPowerSystems
1. 6
Voltage regulation of single phase transformer

2.
13
Parallel operation of transformer

3. 16
Star/Delta connections of 3single phase transformer

4. 19
Core losses of transformer using Open Circuit Test(O.C.T)

5. 24
Copper losses of transformer using Short Circuit Test(S.C.T)

6. 27
Speed control of DC motor using armature voltage control method

7. 30
Speed control of DC motor using flux control method

8.
33
Starting a Dc motor with three step resistance starter
9. 35
Speed control of Induction motor by changing stator voltage

10. 37
Speed control of Induction motor by changing applied frequency

11. 39
12. Speed control of Induction motor by changing the number of poles. 41

13 Semester Project

Page 3
PREFACE
The laboratory of each and every subject taught in the degree of Bachelors in Electrical
Engineering is of very much importance in every University. Fully equipped laboratory meeting
the industrial demands under the supervision of qualified, talented and practically motivated lab
assistants and lab engineers is also a basic criterion of the Pakistan Engineering Council. This
Manual has been formulated considering all these above mentioned points.
This manual is according to the equipment supplied by the Mechanical Engineering Services,
Faisalabad and meets the requirements of all the course of Electrical Workshop as per the
curriculum of G. C. University Faisalabad.
With Regards
Muzammil Hayat
Lab Engineer

Page 4
General Lab Instructions
 Each student group consists of a maximum of 2-4 students. Each group member is
responsible in submitting lab report upon completion of each experiment on their
practical Note book.
 Students are to wear proper attire i.e shoe or sandal instead of slipper. Excessive
jewelleries are not advisable as they might cause electrical shock.
 A permanent record in ink of observations as well as results should be maintained by
each student and enclosed with the report.
 The recorded data and observations from the lab manual need to be approved and
signed by the lab instructor upon completion of each experiment.
 Before beginning connecting up, it is essential to check that all sources of supply at the
bench are switched off.
 Start connecting up the experiment circuit by wiring up the main circuit path, then adds
the parallel branches as indicated in the circuit diagram.
 After the circuit has been connected correctly, remove all unused leads from the
experiment area, set the voltage supplies at the minimum value, and check the meters are
set for the intended mode of operation.
 The students may ask the lab instructor to check the correctness of their circuit before
switching on.
When the experiment has been satisfactory completed and the results approved by the instructor,
the students may disconnect the circuit and return the components and instruments to the locker
tidily. Chairs are to be slid in properly

Page 5
Experiment no. 1
Introduction to Matlab Simulink and Simulink
Power System.
OBJECTIVE:
• MATLAB commands.
• How to use MATLAB & SIMULINK help.
• Programming techniques in SIMULINK.
• How to debug SIMULINK programs.
• How to plot the results, input and output in MATLAB and SIMULINK.
• How to handle and represent graphs MATLAB/SIMULINK.
• Handling properties of simulation in SIMULINK.
• How to apply and solve the problems in SIMULINK.
EQUIPMENT
• Computer System Software:Matlab.
What is Simulink
Simulink is a software package for modeling, simulating, and analyzing dynamic
systems. It supports linear and nonlinear systems, modeled in continuous time, sampled
time, or a hybrid of the two. Systems can also be multirate, i.e., have different parts that
are sampled or updated at different rates. Simulink encourages you to try things out. You
can easily build models from scratch, or take an existing model and add to it. Simulations
are interactive, so you can change parameters on the fly and immediately see what
happens. You have instant access to all the analysis tools in MATLAB, so you can take
the results and analyze and visualize them. A goal of Simulink is to give you a sense of
the fun of modeling and simulation, through an environment that encourages you to pose
a question, model it, and see what happens. With Simulink, you can move beyond
idealized linear models to explore more realistic nonlinear models, factoring in friction,
air resistance, gear slippage, hard stops, and the other things that describe real-world
phenomena. Simulink turns your computer into a lab for modeling and analyzing systems
that simply wouldn't be possible or practical otherwise, whether the behavior of an
automotive clutch system, the flutter of an airplane wing, the dynamics of a predator-prey
model, or the effect of the monetary supply on the economy. Simulink is also practical.
For modeling, Simulink provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for building models as
block diagrams, using click-and-drag mouse operations. With this interface, you can draw
the models just as you would with pencil and paper (or as most textbooks depict them).
This is a far cry from previous simulation packages that require you to formulate
differential equations and difference equations in a language or program. Simulink
includes a comprehensive block library of sinks, sources, linear and nonlinear
components, and connectors. You can also customize and create your own blocks. For
information on creating your own blocks, see the separate Writing S-Functions guide.

Page 6
Models are hierarchical, so you can build models using both top-down and bottom-up
approaches. You can view the system at a high level, then double-click blocks to go
down through the levels to see increasing levels of model detail. This approach provides
insight into how a model is organized and how its parts interact. After you define a
model, you can simulate it, using a choice of integration methods, either from the
Simulink menus or by entering commands in the MATLAB Command Window.Using
scopes and other display blocks, you can see the simulation results while the simulation is
running. In addition, you can change parameters and immediately see what happens, for
"what if" exploration. The simulation results can be put in the MATLAB workspace for
postprocessing and visualization. Model analysis tools include linearization and trimming
tools, which can be accessed from the MATLAB command line, plus the many tools in
MATLAB and its application toolboxes. And because MATLAB and Simulink are
integrated, you can simulate, analyze, and revise your models in either environment at
any point.
Starting Simulink:
To start Simulink, you must first start MATLAB. Consult your MATLAB
documentation for more information. You can then start Simulink in two
ways:
• Click the Simulink icon on the MATLAB toolbar
• Enter the simulink command at the MATLAB prompt.

Page 7
• On Microsoft Windows platforms, starting Simulink displays the Simulink
Library Browser.
• Simulink library browser helps us to select any required component by

expanding the main element.

Page 8
Simulink Windows:
Uses separate windows to display a block library browser, a block library, a model,
and graphical (scope) simulation output. These windows are not MATLAB figure
windows and cannot be manipulated using Handle Graphics commands.

Page 9
Simulink Window
Opening Models:
To edit an existing model diagram, either
• Click the Open button on the Library Browser's toolbar (Windows only) or
select Open from the Simulink library window's File menu and then choose or
enter the file name for the model to edit.
• Enter the name of the model (without the .mdl extension) in the MATLAB
Command Window. The model must be in the current directory or on the
path.
Simulink Power System:

In Sim Power System the most common used blocks are shown in the figure.

Page 10
Sim power system is a category in which we can take different electrical
components such as transformers, sources, meters and other required
components.
Display:
Show the value of the input.
Library:
Sinks

Page 11
Description:
The Display block shows the value of its input on its icon.
Scope, Floating Scope, Signal Viewer Scope
Display signals generated during a simulation
Library
Sinks
PROCEDURE
Starting SimulinkTo start Simulink, you must first start MATLAB. You can then start
Simulink in two ways: Click the Simulink icon on the MATLAB toolbar. Enter the
simulink command at the MATLAB prompt.

Page 12
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
VOLTAGE REGULATION OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
APPARATUS:
• Single Phase Transformer
• Voltmeter and Ammeter
• Load of all types i.e. Resistive, Inductive and Capacitive
THEORY.
The output voltage of a transformer varies some with varying load resistances, even with a
constant voltage input. The degree of variance is affected by the primary and secondary winding
inductances, among other factors, not the least of which includes winding resistance and the
degree of mutual inductance (magnetic coupling) between the primary and secondary windings.
For power transformer applications, where the transformer is seen by the load (ideally) as a
constant source of voltage, it is good to have the secondary voltage vary as little as possible for
wide variances in load current.
The measure of how well a power transformer maintains constant secondary voltage over a range
of load currents is called the transformer's voltage regulation. It can be calculated from the
following formula:
voltage regulation=(no load voltage- full load voltage)/ no load voltage.
“Full-load” means the point at which the transformer is operating at maximum permissible
secondary current. This operating point will be determined primarily by the winding wire size
(ampacity) and the method of transformer cooling.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Page 13
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM IN SIMULINK:
PROCEDURE:
• Connect all the circuit as shown above with resistive load.
• First of all before connecting the load to the transformer, measure the no-load voltage, E2
for the transformer. At this stage I2 will be zero.
• Now connect the load and measure the load voltage, V2 and the current I2.
• Now gradually increase the load and take on measuring the values of V2 and I2.
• Now replace the resistive load with inductive load and repeat the above procedure.
• Now replace the inductive load with capacitive load and repeat the above procedure.

Page 14
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:
No Load Voltage, E2 =
No. No Load Load Load % age V.R
of Voltage Current Voltage E2 – V2
Obs. I2 (A) V2 (V) E2
1 41v 0.16A = E2 40 v 0.024 %

2 65 v 0.0015 %
0.26 A 64.9 v
3 80.5 v
0.32 A 80 V
0.006%
4
121 V 0.48 A 120 V
0.008%
5
138.5 V 0.55A 137.5V 0.0072%
6
151 V 0.62 A 150.2 V 0.0052%
7 161 V 0.65 A 160 V 0.006%
8 178.5 V
0.7 A 177 V 0.008%
9 191 V
0.79 A 190 V 0.005 %
10
201 V 0.8 A 200 V 0.0049%
CONCLUSIONS:
• In case of lagging power factor i.e. resistive and inductive load, the load voltage will
decrease as the load current increases. We will be getting positive voltage regulation.
• In case of leading power factor i.e. capacitive load, the load voltage will increase as the
load current increases. We will be getting negative voltage regulation.

Page 15
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
1ST PRIMARY IPUT VOLTAGE . 2ND SECONDARY OUT PUT VOLTAGE

Page 16
LOAD CURRENT GRAPH
AT DIFFERENT NO LOAD VOLTAGE GRAPH

Page 17
LOAD CURRENT GRAPH
AT DIFFERENT LOAD GRAPH

Page 18
INPUT AND OUT PUT NO LOAD VOLTAGE GRAPH
LOAD GRAPH

Page 19
SIMPLE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Page 20
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
PARALLEL OPERATION OF 2 SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
APPARATUS:
• 2 Single Phase Transformer
• Voltmeter
THEORY.
The essential conditions for successful parallel operation of transformers are given below:
I. Transformation or turn-ratios and voltage ratings are same.
II. Polarities of the transformers are same.
III. Percent impedances of the transformers are same.
IV. Ratios of resistance to reactance are same.
V. Phase displacement between primary and secondary windings of the transformers is same.
VI. Phase sequences of the transformers are same.
Single Phase Transformers. For single phase transformers only the first four conditions apply as
there is no phase sequence and phase displacement due to voltage transformation.
If the turn-ratios or voltage ratings are not same a circulating current will flow even at no load.
If the percent impedance or the ratios of resistance to reactance are not same there will be no
circulating current, but the division of load between the transformers when supplied will no
longer be proportional to their KVA ratings. Hence the capacities of the transformers cannot be
utilized to a full extent.
When the polarity of one transformer is additive and that of the other is subtractive, the
transformers may be operated in parallel by reversing the connection of primary or secondary
side of either transformer. In such a case check that dielectric strength is satisfactory when the
reversed winding has a graded insulation.

Page 21
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Page 22
PROCEDURE:
• Connect all the circuit as shown above.

• Connect the two transformers with the correct polarity.
• For the verification of the polarity, connect a voltmeter across the secondary of the two
transformers. It must read zero.
• If the reading of the voltmeter is double the rating of the two transformers, the
transformers have been connected with wrong polarity.
• Then interchange the polarity.
• Verify by checking the reading of voltmeter, which must be zero.
CONCLUSIONS:
I connect the circuit according to above diagram .Then I noted that the out put voltage is zero so its mean
the parallel operation of transformer is correct or we can say that its polarity is correct.beacause the
voltmeter which we connect across the secondary winding showing its 0 value’s mean its polarity is
correct. Then I connect the secondary winding in parallel and noted that same output voltage at the end like
input is peak tp peak 100v and its out put approximately near by 90 peak to peak its mean in parallel
operation the current is add uo and the voltage has no effect.
1st checked its polarity

Page 23
Parallel connection

Page 24
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
STAR-DELTA CONNECTIONS OF 3 SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
APPARATUS:
• 3 Single Phase Transformers
• Voltmeters
THEORY.
The windings of three phase transformers may be connected in by Y or Δ in the same manner as
for three single phase transformers. Since the secondaries may be connected either in Y or Δ
regardless of which connection is used on the primaries, there must be four ways of connecting
the windings of a 3-phase transformer for transformation of 3-phase voltages, namely Y-Y,Δ -Δ,
Y-Δ, and Δ -Y. The inter-connections are made inside of the case so that only the terminal leads
need to be brought outside the case.
1. Star-Star(Y-Y) Connections. It gives line voltage √3 times phase voltage. It is economical for
small high voltage transformers as the number of turns per phase and the amount of insulation
required is less. There is no phase shift between primary and secondary voltages. The drawback
is that the neutral is unstable because of third harmonic component in the exciting current.
2. Delta-Delta (Δ - Δ ) Connections. This arrangement is generally used in systems which carry
large currents on low voltages and specially when continuity of service is to be maintained even
though one of the phases develops fault. There is no phase displacement between primary and
secondary voltages. There is no distortion of flux as the third harmonic component of
magnetizing current can flow in the delta connected primary windings without flowing in the line
wires. The conductor is required of smaller x-section as the phase current is 1/√3 times of the
line current. No difficulty is experienced due to unbalancing of loads on the secondary side. The
disadvantages are that more insulation is required and the voltage appearing between windings
and core will be equal to full line voltage in case of earth fault on one phase.
3. Star-Delta(Y-Δ) Conections. Such connections are used principally where the voltage is to be
stepped down, as for example, at the end of a transmission line. The neutral of the primary
winding is earthed. In this system, line voltage ratio is 1/√3 times of transformer turn-ratio and
secondary voltage lags behind primary voltage by 30° . Also third harmonic currents flow in the
to give a sinusoidal flux.
Page 25
4. Delta-Star (Δ - Y) Connections. Such connections are used where it is necessary to step-up the
voltage, as for example, at the beginning of a ht transmission line. In this case neutral point is
stable and will not float in case of unbalanced loading. There is no distortion of flux because
existence of a Δ -connection allows a path for the third-harmonic components. The line voltage
ratio is √3 times of transformer turn-ratio and the secondary voltage leads the primary one by
30°. In recent years, this arrangement has become very popular for distribution system as it
provides 3- Ø, 4-wire system.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Page 26
STAR TO STAR
VL = √ 3 V P
VL = 11.91KV

Page 27
PROCEDURE:
• First of all connect the primary of all transformers in star connection and secondary in
star also, (Y-Y).
• Measure the line voltages and phase voltages.
• Now change the connection of secondary in delta, keeping the same connection of
primary, (Y-∆).
• Now change the primary to delta, and secondary remain unchanged, (∆-∆).
• Now again change the secondary to star, keeping unchanged the primary,
(∆-Y).
• For each of the four sets of readings, verify the following,
In Star, VL = √ 3 VP
In Delta, VL = VP
Connection Primary Voltages Secondary Voltage

Type VL VP VL VP
Star-Star(Y-Y) 140 v 80 v 140 v 80 v
Star-Delta(Y-∆) 140 v 80 v 80 v 46.1 v
Delta-Delta(∆-∆) 140 v 140 v 140 v 140 v
Delta-Star(∆-Y) 140 v 140 v 245 v 141 v
CONCLUSIONS:
This result shows that .in delta connection phase voltage or delta voltage are equals. But other connections
do not show this result because in star connection line voltage is equal to the under root 3 phase voltage .
In the table I use peak +ev value and the according to the formulas I solved that.

Page 28
Delta to y connection

Page 29
Delta to delta

Page 30
Delta to star
Star to star connection

Page 31
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
FIND THE LOSSES OF A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER USING
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST (O.C.T) .
APPARATUS:
• Wattmeter
THEORY.
The secondary of the transformer is left open-circuited. A wattmeter is connected to the primary.
An ammeter is connected in series with the primary winding. A voltmeter is optional since the
applied voltage is same as the voltmeter reading. Rated voltage is applied at primary.
If the applied voltage is normal voltage then normal flux will be set up. As the Iron loss is a
function of applied voltage, normal iron loss will occur. Hence the iron loss is maximum at rated
voltage. This maximum iron loss is measured using the wattmeter. Since the impedance of the
series winding of the transformer is very small compared to that of the excitation branch, all of
the input voltage is dropped across the excitation branch. Thus the wattmeter measures only the
iron loss. It should be noted that the iron losses consist of the hysteresis loss and the eddy current
loss. This test only measures the combined loss. Although the hysteresis loss is less than the eddy
current loss, it is not negligible. The two losses can be separated by driving the transformer from
a variable frequency source since the hysteresis loss varies linearly with supply frequency and
the eddy current loss varies with the square.
Since the secondary of the transformer is open, the primary draws only no load current which
will have some copper loss. This no load current is very small and because the copper loss in the
primary is proportional to the square of this current, it is negligible. There is no copper loss in the
secondary because there is no secondary current.
Current, voltage and power are measured at the primary winding to ascertain the admittance and
power factor angle

Page 32
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Page 33
PROCEDURE:
• Connect the primary supply to the primary of the transformer as shown and keep the
secondary as open.
• Measure the voltage and current at the primary side.
• If available, read the power shown by the wattmeter.
• The above power will be the constant/core losses of the transformer measured at open
circuit as constant/core losses are independent of load.
OBSERVARTIONS AND CALCULATIONS:
Open Circuit Test(O.C.T)
No-Load Voltage = 100 v
peak to peak
No-Load Current, I0 =
5 * 10(-11)
Constant/Core Losses = V0 I0 = .05w power loss

CONCLUSIONS:
In open circuit test a very small amount of current like 5*10(-11) pass through the circuit or the core
This current is flow due to flux leakage in the core .so we can say that our core is not proper core because
in open circuit it has miner losses this is called our core losses

Page 34
Circuit diagram
1 Simulink diagram

Page 35
(1st open circuit voltage) .(2nd open circuit ) .(3rd product of power).(4th
power loss in circuit)

Page 36
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
FIND THE LOSSES OF A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER USING
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST (S.C.T).
APPARATUS:
• Wattmeter
THEORY.
The test is conducted on the high voltage (HV) side of the transformer where the low voltage
(LV) side or the secondary is short circuited. The supply voltage required to circulate rated
current through the transformer is usually very small and is of the order of a few percent of the
nominal voltage and this voltage is applied across primary. The core losses are very small
because applied voltage is only a few percentage of the nominal voltage and hence can be
neglected. Thus the wattmeter reading measures only the full load copper loss.
For carrying short circuit test on power transformer:
 Isolate the power transformer from service.
 Remove HV/LV jumps and disconnect neutral from earth/ground.
 Short LV phases and connect these short circuited terminals to neutral
 Energize HV side by LV supply.
 Measure current in neutral, LV line voltages, HV voltage and HV line currents.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Page 37
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the primary supply to the primary of the transformer as shown and keep the
secondary as open.
2. Measure the voltage and current at the primary side.
3. If available, read the power shown by the wattmeter.
4. The above power will be the constant/core losses of the transformer measured at open
circuit as constant/core losses are independent of load.
5. Now connect the circuit for the short circuit test i.e. apply only 1-2% of the rated
voltage at the primary terminal and short the secondary of the transformer.
6. Now measure the voltage and current. Or if available, read the power measured by the
wattmeter.
• This power will be the full load copper losses for this transformer.

Page 38
OBSERVARTIONS AND CALCULATIONS:
Short Circuit Test(S.C.T)
1 Vsc isc Vsc.isc

Full load in +ev 99.34 v 15.64 A 1553 w
duration
At different 2. 425 e-9 -15.68 A -3.801 e-8
durations
-5 v 15.6 -88.7
Full Load Voltage, VS.C = 99.34 v

Full Load Current, IS.C = 15.64 A
Full Load Copper Losses = VS.CIS.C=1553 w
CONCLUSIONS:
When we short the secondary winding of transformer our short circuit current goes into amperes
Our power graph goes at 800peak w value

And at the active power graph show its value at +ev peak and -ev

Page 39
Page 40
Page 41
Page 42
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
SPEED CONTROL OF A SEPERATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR USING
ARMATURE VOLTAGE CONTROL METHOD.
APPARATUS:
• DC Machine
• Voltage Sources
• Scope
THEORY.
Direct-current motors are extensively used in variable-speed drives and position-control systems
where good dynamic response and steady-state performance are required.
For example in application of robotic drives, printers, machine tools, process rolling mills, paper
and textile industries, and many others. Control of a dc motor, especially of the separately
excited type, is very straightforward, mainly because of the incorporation of the commutator
within the motor.
The commutator brush allows the motor-developed torque to be proportional to the armature
current if the field current is held constant. Classical control theories are then easily applied to
the design of the torque and other control loops of a drive system.
Advantage of D.C. Drive
• Wide speed range
• High starting torque
• Very precise speed control
• Reliability and simple control
• Lower cost

Page 43
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
• Connect the two DC machine windings with the correct polarity.
• Connect a demux to machenical output terminal..
• Connect four scopes to the output of demux.
• Then vary the armature voltage.
• Verify by checking the reading of scope of speed.

Page 44
No. Armature Speed
of Voltage
Obs. rad/s
1 150 v 200
2 100 v 133.4
3 180 v 240
4
200 v 266.7
5
220 v 285
6
250 v 332
7
280 v 375
8
9 300 v 400
10 50 v 66.7
350 v 467
CONCLUSIONS:
The result shows that the speed of dc motor is directly proportional to the armature voltage. Because
The speed of motor increase by increasing voltage and decrease by decreasing armature voltage .it has
high starting torque.

Page 45
Circuit diagram
Armature current graph

Page 46
Field current graph

Page 47
Electrical torque graph

Page 48
Speed graph at 150 Va

Page 49

Page 50
Speed graph at 220 va

Page 51

Page 52
Speed graph at 300 va

Page 53

Page 54
EXPERIMENT NO. 8
SPEED CONTROL OF A SEPERATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR USING
FLUX CONTROL METHOD.
APPARATUS:
• DC Machine
• Voltage Sources
• Scope
THEORY:
The speed of separately excited DC motor is inversely proportional to field current current
which controls the flux induced and finally torque of the machine. So by changing the field
current the speed of DC motor could be controlled.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Page 55
PROCEDURE:

• Then vary the field voltage which will vary the flux.
• Verify by checking the reading of scope of speed.

No. Field Speed
of Voltage N
Obs. Rad/s
1 100 v 133.5
2 150 v 88.8
3 200 v 66.7
4
220 v 60.6
5
250 v 53.4
6
280 v 47.65
7
300 v 45
8
9 50 v 242
10 350 v 37
380 v 35
CONCLUSIONS:
The result shows that the speed of dc motor is inversely proportional to the field voltage. Because speed of
dc motor decrease by increasing the field voltage and increase by decreasing field voltage. And it
has high starting torque.

Page 56
Circuit diagram
Simulink diagram at 100 v and speed = 133.5 rad/s

Page 57
At 150v speed = 88.8 rad/s
Same above

Page 58
At 200 v speed -= 66.7
At 220 v speed = 60.6

Page 59
At 280 v speed = 74.6 rad/s
At 300 v speed = 45 rad/s

Page 60
At 50 v speed = 242rad/s
At 350 v speed = 37 rad /s

Page 61
At 380 v speed = 35 rad/s

Page 62
EXPERIMENT NO. 9
STARTING OF A DC MOTOR WITH A THREE STEP RESISTANCE
STARTER.
APPARATUS:
• DC Machine
• Demux
• Linear switch
• Motor Starter
• Scopes
THEORY:
A motor at rest has no back emf.At starting therefore armature current is limited only by the
resistance of armature circuit. The armature resistance is very low, however, and if full voltage
were imposed upon the motor terminal at stand still, the resulting armature current would be
many times full load value, usually sufficient to damage the machine. For this reason additional
resistance into the armature circuit at starting.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Page 63
PROCEDURE:
• Connect Ideal switch, motor starter.
• Verify by checking the reading of scope .
CONCLUSIONS:
A motor at rest has no back emf.at starting starting therefore armature current is limited only by the
resistance of armature circuit. The armature resistance is very low, however, and if full voltage were
imposed upon the motor terminal at stand still, the resulting armature current would be many times full
load value, usually sufficient to damage the machine. For this reason, additional resistance into the
armature circuit at starting. So at the starting position three step resistance are add in the series of armature
Due to this a v.low current pass through the motor therefor motor run at slow speed or we can said that the
motor is at starting position. Simply as we cut off resistance from series of motor stator the amount of
current or voltage\s of the stator will be increase as the result motor will run its full speed. .it is safe
method of starting of dc motor.
Circuit diagram

Page 64
W = SPEED GRAPH OF DC MOTOR
Ia = armature current graph

Page 65
Te = torque graph
Va = armature voltage graph

Page 66
.
1 = speed graph
2= Armature current graph
3= torque graph
4 = armature voltage graph

Page 67
EXPERIMENT NO. 10
SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR BY CHANGING STATOR
VOLTAGE.
APPARATUS:
• Induction Machine
• Demux
• Three phase programmeable source
• constant
• Scopes
THEORY.
The speed of induction motor can be controlled by changing the applied voltage of induction
motor.
Speed of induction motor is directly proportional to applied voltage and frequency but inversely
proportional to the number of poles of induction motor.
Tm=P*60/2*3.14*N
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Page 68
PROCEDURE:
• Connect Induction machine windings with the correct polarity.
• Connect a constant block to applied mechanical torque.
• Vary the applied frequency, voltage and number of poles.
• Varify the change in speed by checking N(rpm) scope.
No. Applied Speed
of Voltage
Obs. RPM
1 150 v 300
2 100 v -660
3 80 V -900
4
60 V -1100
5
50V -1150
6
40V -1200
7
8 180V 1366
9
200 V 1700
10
220V 1720
CONCLUSIONS:
When we changed the values of stator voltage the speed of motor is also be changed. for example
When we increase the value of stator voltages the speed of motor increase. And when we decrease the
value of voltages the speed of induction motor also be decrease. This result shows that the speed of
induction motor is directly proportional to stator voltage.so we can control the speed of induction
Motor by changing the stator voltages.

Page 69
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
1. V = 200v
( speed) = 1700N

Page 70
2.(V = 180v and speed = 1366N)
3. V = 100v
SPEED = -660N

Page 71
4. V = 150v
Speed = 300N

Page 72
SAME ABOVE

Page 73
EXPERIMENT NO. 11
SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR BY CHANGING THE
APPLIED FREQUENCY.
APPARATUS:
• Demux
• constant
• Scopes
THEORY.
The speed of induction motor can be controlled by changing the applied frequency of induction
motor.
Tm=P*60/2*3.14*N
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Page 74
PROCEDURE:
• Connect a constant block to applied mechanical torque.
Vary the applied frequency but keeping V/f ratio constant.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
No. Applied Speed

of Frequency
Obs. RPM
1 10 HZ 300
2 20 HZ 520
3 30 HZ 580
4
40 HZ 600
5
60 HZ 673
6
80 HZ 800
7
90 HZ 870
8
9 1100
100 HZ
10
110 HZ 1500
CONCLUSIONS:
when we increase the values of frequency the speed of motor is increased .and when we decrease
the values of frequency the speed of induction motor decrease.so this result shows that. The speed
of induction motor is directly proportional to the applied frequency.e.g at the 20 HZ speed of
induction motor is 520 N .AND another side at the 10 HZ the speed of motor is 300 N. .

Page 75
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
F=60HZ AND SPEED = 673N

Page 76
AT ZOOM VIEW
F = 40HZ AND SPEED = 600N

Page 77
Positive view by using gain
Changing the gain sign and in positive view

Page 78
EXPERIMENT NO. 12
SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR BY CHANGING THE
NUMBER OF POLES.
APPARATUS:
• Demux
• constant
• Scopes
THEORY.
The speed of induction motor can be controlled by changing the number of poles of induction
motor.
Tm=P*60/2*3.14*N
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Page 79
PROCEDURE:
Connect a constant block to applied mechanical torque.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
No Number of Speed
Of obs Poles
1 2 1738
2 4 885
3 6 595
4 8 448
5 10 26
6 12 23
7 14 18
8 16 16
9 20 13
10 22 11
the above result shows that the number of poles of motor is inversely proportional to the speed.
Because when we increase the number of poles the speed of motor decrease and when we decrease the
number of poles of motor the speed of motor increase.

Page 80
Circuit diagram
P=2 and speed =1738 rpm

Page 81
P = 4 and speed = 885 rpm
P = 4 and speed = 885rpm

Page 82

Page 83
P = 14 and speed = 18epm

Page 84

Machine Mannual - 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Machine Mannual - 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Machine Mannual - 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Government College University, Faisalabad

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Submitted to Sir Mubashir sab

Submitted by Aqib Saeed

Subject Electrical Machine

Roll no 8014. EET morning

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Voltage regulation of single phase transformer

Parallel operation of transformer

Star/Delta connections of 3single phase transformer

Core losses of transformer using Open Circuit Test(O.C.T)

Copper losses of transformer using Short Circuit Test(S.C.T)

Speed control of DC motor using armature voltage control method

Speed control of DC motor using flux control method

Speed control of Induction motor by changing stator voltage

Speed control of Induction motor by changing applied frequency

12. Speed control of Induction motor by changing the number of poles. 41

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

curriculum of G. C. University Faisalabad.

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

• Click the Simulink icon on the MATLAB toolbar

• Enter the simulink command at the MATLAB prompt.

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

• Simulink library browser helps us to select any required component by

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Simulink Power System:

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

1 41v 0.16A = E2 40 v 0.024 %

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

1ST PRIMARY IPUT VOLTAGE . 2ND SECONDARY OUT PUT VOLTAGE

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

AT DIFFERENT NO LOAD VOLTAGE GRAPH

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

AT DIFFERENT LOAD GRAPH

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM IN SIMULINK:

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

• Connect all the circuit as shown above.

1st checked its polarity

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Connection Primary Voltages Secondary Voltage

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Lab manual of Electrical Machines

Star to star connection