Lab Report 4 (2ss1)
Lab Report 4 (2ss1)
Lab Report 4 (2ss1)
Instructions to student: Please make sure you fill in the form completely.
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PARTICULARS
Name: HANISAH BINTI AHMAD SOFIMAN
Matric no.: 157188
Group: W1
Expt. Code: 2SS1
Expt. Title: MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY (QUINCKE METHOD)
Lecturer in charge: DR.SHANMUGAN SUBRAMANI
Report due date: 31 January, 2022
4 √ 5 ☐ 6 ☐ B- ☐ C+ ☐ C ☐ C- ☐
D+ ☐ D ☐ D- ☐ F ☐
Lab 200
Submission Form (ver.2) 17 April 2021
Management
1
SCHOOL OF PHYSICS
UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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ABSTRACTS
From the experiment, we learn about the magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic liquid
and diamagnetic liquid by Quincke method. The objective of this experiment is to determine
the magnetic susceptibilities of 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 solution and water. The experiment consist of two parts.
The first part is to measure the magnetic flux as a function of the current. The second part is to
measure the change in the liquid column as a function of current. The best value for magnetic
flux for series and parallel connections is obtained at 𝐼 = 0𝐴. For series connection, Φ0 =
[(1.140 × 10−9) ± (6.9296 × 10−23)]𝑊𝑏. For parallel connection, Φ0 = [(1.1265 × 10−9) ±
(1.5871 × 10−21)]𝑊𝑏. Hence, the magnetic susceptibility of 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 solution and water
are 𝑋 = [0.0434 ± (1.7577 × 10−4)] and 𝑋 = [−0.0059 ± (1.2800 × 10−4)] respectively.
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Theory
The strength of interaction on placing the substance in a magnetic field was measured by the
magnetic susceptibility. The magnetic field inside the material will be the sum of the external
magnetic field, ̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵0 and the magnetic field generated by the material itself, 𝐵 𝑀 when a material
was placed in a magnetic field. Hence, the effective magnetic field can be shown as
𝐵̅ = 𝐵̅𝑜 + 𝐵̅𝑀 = μ(𝐻
̅+𝑀
̅)
The magnetic nature of the material will be determined by the quantity (1 + 𝑋). Paramagnetic
material have a positive susceptibility while diamagnetic material have a negative
susceptibility. The change of liquid level in a U-tube that is placed between the poles of the
electromagnet is to measure the magnetic susceptibility. Rise and fall will occur in the liquid
column if the current is varied.
5
This will cause the magnetic flux between the poles to be vary accordingly. The volume
susceptibility, 𝑋 of solution is given by
1 𝑎
μ ̅ 2 = 𝑔ρ 𝑧(1 + )
(𝑋𝑠 − 𝑋0 )𝐻 (4)
2 0 𝑠 𝐴
Where 𝑋0 is the volume susceptibility of air (~0.37 × 10−6𝑚−3), 𝐻 is the magnetic field
intensity, 𝑔 is the gravitational acceleration, ρ𝑠 is the density of solution, 𝑧 is the changes in
liquid level when there is an increase in the magnetic field from 0 to 𝐻, 𝑎 is the cross-sectional
area of U-tube between the electromagnetic poles and 𝐴 is the cross-sectional area of U-tube
outside the electromagnetic field. Also, it can be written as
(2𝑔𝜌)
= 𝐻 2 − 𝐻0 2 (5)
μ0 𝑋(𝑧−𝑧0 )
Where 𝐻0 is the residual magnetic field strength when the power supply is switched off, and
𝑧0 is the height of the liquid column when the magnetic field strength is at 𝐻0 . lf 𝐻0 is a
constant, (5) can be written as:
(2𝑔𝜌)
= 𝐻2 (6)
μ0 𝑋(𝑧−𝑧0 )
From the gradient of the graph of (𝑍 − 𝑍0) versus 𝐻 the value of 𝑋 can be calculated.
If density of solution and density of 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 are known, volume susceptibility and mass
susceptibility of Ferric Chloride salt, 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 can be calculated. The density of 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 salt is
2.80𝑘𝑔/𝑙. Susceptibility volume of 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 , 𝑋𝐹 can be calculated using
(𝜌 −𝜌 ) (𝜌 −𝜌 )
𝑋𝐹 = 𝑋𝑠 (𝜌𝐹−𝜌 𝑤) − 𝑋𝑤 (𝜌 𝐹−𝜌 𝑠 ) (7)
𝑠 𝑤 𝑠 𝑤
Where 𝑋𝑤 is the volume susceptibility of water and 𝜌𝑤 is its density. Note that the volume
susceptibility is defined as for a unit volume. Mass susceptibility for a unit mass is defined
as
𝑋
𝐾𝐹 = 𝜌𝐹 (8)
𝐹
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1.2 Objectives
To determine the magnetic susceptibilities of 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 solution and Water.
2 METHODOLOGY/EXPERIMENT DETAILS
1. PART 1
The series circuit was set as shown in Figure 1(a). All connections are made sure to be
connected properly and correctly. The power supply was switched on. The magnetic flux
between the electromagnet poles was determined using a fluxmeter and a search coil
when current was 0.0A. The current was made sure to not exceed the maximum value of
series circuit. The values of magnetic flux are recorded and tabulated. The step was
repeated with decreasing current values. The power supply was switched off. The circuit
was reconnected as shown in Figure 1(b) for parallel connections. The connection is
ensured to be correct before the experiment start. The step before was repeated for
increasing current values and the result was tabulated. The current was made sure to not
exceed the maximum value of parallel circuit. The step before was repeated for decreasing
current values and the result was tabulated in Table 1, 2, 3 and 4 for both series and
parallel circuit respectively. The calibration graphs (magnetic flux versus current) are
plotted: two for series connection and the other two for parallel connection (each should
have one with increasing current and one of decreasing current).
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2. PART 2
The 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 solution was prepared from the provided materials and the mass of the solution
was determined. One of the calibration graphs was selected from the first part to be used
for the second part of the experiment. It is important to be able to reproduce the
measurements for the selected calibration graph. Series circuit with increasing current
was used. The U-tube was filled with 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 solution and the narrow limb of the U-tube
was placed between the electromagnet. The meniscus of the solution must be at the centre
of the flat pole pieces of the electromagnets. The change in the liquid column was
measured as a function of current (the values of magnetic field strength was obtained
either from the calibration graph of the flux meter). The experiment with water was
repeated. The experiment values obtain for 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 and distilled water was tabulated in
Table 5 and 7 respectively. The magnetic field intensity, 𝐻 has to be calculated in order
to calculate the magnetic susceptibility. Thus, all obtained data was combined in Table
6 and 8 for 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 and in water respectively. A graph of (𝑍-𝑍0 ) versus 𝐻 2 for both cases
was plotted. The magnetic susceptibility of 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 and water was calculated.
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3 RESULTS
Part 1
25
20
15
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Current, I
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Current, 𝐼 Magnetic Flux, 𝑥 (10−9 𝑊𝑏)
1 2 3 Average
0.8 26.16 26.12 26.200 26.160
0.7 23.80 23.76 23.80 23.787
0.6 21.16 21.20 21.12 21.160
0.5 18.16 18.24 18.20 18.200
0.4 15.28 15.36 15.20 15.280
0.3 12.12 12.08 12.16 12.120
0.2 8.60 8.52 8.56 8.560
0.1 4.84 4.84 4.80 4.827
0.0 1.16 1.12 1.16 1.147
Table 2: Series Circuit (Decreasing current)
25
20
15
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Current, I
Figure 3: Graph of Magnetic Flux (Wb) against Current (I) for Series Connection with
Decreasing Current
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For series connections, the best value for the magnetic flux is at current, 𝐼=0𝐴.
𝑥 = 𝑥̅ ± 𝑆𝑚(𝑥)
𝑆(𝑥)
𝑆𝑚(𝑥) =
√𝑁
𝑁
1
𝑆(𝑥) = √ ∑[(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )]
𝑁−1
𝑖=1
Series connection
Φ𝑖 d𝑖 = Φ𝑖 − Φ d𝑖 2
Increasing current 1.133 -0.007 4.9× 10−5
Decreasing current 1.147 0.007 4.9× 10−5
Φ = 1.14 ∑ 𝑑𝑖 2= 0.000098
Hence,
√ 1 (0.000098)
2−1
𝑆𝑚(Φ0 ) = = 0.000069
√2
Φ0 = (1.14±0.000069) × 10−9 𝑊𝑏
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3.1.2 Parallel Circuit
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Current, I
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Current, 𝐼 Magnetic Flux, 𝑥 (10−9 𝑊𝑏)
1 2 3 Average
0.8 13.88 13.92 13.96 13.920
0.7 12.76 12.64 12.60 12.667
0.6 11.40 11.44 11.40 11.413
0.5 9.88 9.84 9.84 9.853
0.4 8.08 8.04 8.04 8.053
0.3 6.52 6.56 6.56 6.547
0.2 4.56 4.52 4.52 4.533
0.1 2.84 2.80 2.84 2.827
0.0 1.16 1.20 1.12 1.160
Table 4: Parallel Circuit (Decreasing current)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Current, I
Figure 5: Graph of Magnetic Flux (Wb) against Current (I) for Parallel Connection with
Decreasing Current
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For parallel connections, the best value for the magnetic flux is at current, 𝐼=0𝐴.
𝑥 = 𝑥̅ ± 𝑆𝑚(𝑥)
𝑆(𝑥)
𝑆𝑚(𝑥) =
√𝑁
𝑁
1
𝑆(𝑥) = √ ∑[(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥̅ )]
𝑁−1
𝑖=1
Parallel connection
Φ𝑖 d𝑖 = Φ𝑖 − Φ d𝑖 2
Increasing current 1.093 -0.0335 1.122× 10−5
Decreasing current 1.160 0.0335 1.122× 10−5
Φ = 1.1265 ∑ 𝑑𝑖 2= 0.0022
Hence,
√ 1 (0.0022)
2−1
𝑆𝑚(Φ0 ) = = 0.00156
√2
Φ0 = (1.1265±0.0016) × 10−9 𝑊𝑏
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Part 2
3.2.1 FeCl3
0.004
(𝑍 − 𝑍0) (m)
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
𝐻2 (109) A2 m-2
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𝑋 of 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 is given by
𝑋 = 0.0434
If 𝑋 > 0, the 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 solution is paramagnetic.
As given, 𝑋 is a function of (𝒁 − 𝒁𝟎) and 𝐻 2 . For 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3, the standard error for (𝑍 − 𝑍0 ) is
given by (0.00247±0.00001)m. The 0.00247m was obtained from Table 6. This is because
𝐼 = 0.4𝐴 being the median of the measurement.
In order to obtain the best value of 𝑋 of 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 the standard error for 𝐻 2 need to be determined.
𝐻 is a derived quantity and the equation is given by
Φ
𝐻=
𝑁𝐴𝜇0
Where 𝑁 = 100turns, 𝐴 = 6.26 × 10−4 𝑚2 and 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 𝑇𝑚𝐴−1. Assume that 𝐻is
constant. The standard error for magnetic flux is Φ = [(1.448 × 10−8 ) ± (6.930 ×
10−23 )𝑊𝑏. Median of the magnetic flux at 𝐼 = 0.4𝐴 is 1.448 × 10−8 𝑊𝑏 that were
obtained from series connection at increasing current. With the standard error for series
connection at Part 1 which is 6.930 × 10−23 𝑊𝑏.
Both sides were divided with squared from the equation of magnetic field intensity, 𝐻.
𝑆𝑚 (𝐻) 2 𝑆𝑚 (Φ) 2
( ) =( )
𝐻 Φ
𝑆𝑚 (Φ)
= 4.786 × 10−15
Φ
𝑆𝑚 (𝐻) 𝑆𝑚 (Φ)2
= √ = √(4.786 × 10−15 )2
𝐻 Φ
𝑆𝑚 (𝐻)
= √(4.786 × 10−15 )2
0.1841
𝑆𝑚 (𝐻) = (4.786 × 10−15 )(0.1841) = 8.811 × 10−16 𝑇
𝐻 = [(0.1841) ± (8.811 × 10−16 )]𝑇
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Finally, the error propagation of 𝑋 of 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 may be obtained as follows
𝛿𝑋 𝛿𝑋
𝑆𝑚 2 (𝑋) = ( )2 𝑆𝑚 2 ((Z − 𝑍0 )) + ( )2 𝑆𝑚 2 (H)
𝛿(Z − 𝑍0 ) 𝛿H
1 2 2 −2(Z − 𝑍0 ) 2 2
𝑆𝑚 2 (𝑋) = ( 2
) 𝑆𝑚 ((Z − 𝑍0 )) + ( ) 𝑆𝑚 (H)
𝐻 𝐻3
𝑆𝑚 (𝑋) 𝑆𝑚 (Z − 𝑍0 ) 2 𝑆𝑚 (𝐻) 2
= √( ) + (−2 )
𝑋 (Z − 𝑍0 ) 𝐻
𝑆𝑚 (𝑋)
= √(0.00405)2 [(−2)(4.786 × 10−15 )]2
0.0434
𝑆𝑚 (𝑋) = 1.7577 × 10−4
𝑋 = [0.0434 ± (1.7577 × 10−4 )]
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3.2.2 Distilled Water
-0.0004
-0.0005
-0.0006
-0.0007
-0.0008
y = -0.0059x - 0.0002
-0.0009
-0.001
𝐻2 (109) A2 m-2
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𝑋 of water is given by
𝑋 = −0.0059
If 𝑋 < 0, the water solution is diamagnetic.
As given, 𝑋 is a function of (𝒁 − 𝒁𝟎) and 𝐻 2 . For water, the standard error for (𝑍 − 𝑍0 ) is given
by (-0.00046±0.00001)m. The -0.00046m was obtained from Table 8. This is because 𝐼 =
0.4𝐴 being the median of the measurement.
(Z − 𝑍0 )
𝑋=
𝐻3
𝑋 = −0.0136
𝑆𝑚 (Z − 𝑍0 )
= −0.0217
(Z − 𝑍0 )
𝑆𝑚 (𝐻)
= 4.786 × 10−15
𝐻
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𝑆𝑚 (𝑋) 𝑆𝑚 (Z − 𝑍0 ) 2 𝑆𝑚 (𝐻) 2
= √( ) + (−2 )
𝑋 (Z − 𝑍0 ) 𝐻
𝑆𝑚 (𝑋)
= √(−0.0217)2 [(−2)(4.786 × 10−15 )]2
−0.0059
𝑆𝑚 (𝑋) = 1.280 × 10−4
𝑋 = [−0.0059 ± (1.280 × 10−4 )]
(𝜌𝐹 − 𝜌𝑤 ) (𝜌𝐹 − 𝜌𝑠 )
𝑋𝐹 = 𝑋𝑠 − 𝑋𝑤
(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌𝑤 ) (𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌𝑤 )
1
𝑋𝐹 = [(𝑋𝑤 (𝜌𝐹 − 𝜌𝑤 )) + 𝑋𝑤 𝜌𝑠 − 𝑋𝑤 𝜌𝐹 ]
(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌𝑤 )
1 133
𝑋𝐹 = (1800𝑋𝑠 − 0.0019𝜌𝑠 + )
(𝜌𝑠 − 1000) 25
1 133
𝐾𝐹 = 6
(1800𝑋𝑠 − 0.0019𝜌𝑠 + )
(2800𝜌𝑠 − (2.80 × 10 )) 25
It is for certain that both volume and mass susceptibility of 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 can be determined if 𝑋𝑠
and 𝜌𝑠 are known.
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4 DISCUSSION
For Part 1 in series connection, it is distinguished that the standard error of the magnetic flux
is small while the magnetic flux value is Φ0 = [(1.140 × 10−9) ± (6.9296 × 10−23)] 𝑊𝑏. This is
because the circuit was connected in series so similar amount of current was received by the
electromagnets, 𝐼 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼3 . Meanwhile, in parallel connection, it was observed that the
1 1
standard error is slightly high for 𝐼 = 𝑉(𝑅 + 𝑅 ). This is probably because the electromagnets
1 2
receiving different values of current. The magnetic flux value is Φ0 = [(1.1265 × 10−9) ±
(1.5871 × 10−21)] 𝑊𝑏.
For Part 2, 𝑋 = [0.0434 ± (1.7577 × 10−4)] for 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 while 𝑋 = [−0.0059 ± (1.2800 × 10−4)]
for water. The slightest standard error for magnetic susceptibility of 𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 may indicate the
experiment conducted and method of calculation that had been carried out throughout the
experiment. The largest standard error for magnetic susceptibility of water is caused by the
mathematical error from the point 𝐻2 = 0 corresponding to (𝑍 − 𝑍0 ) value is too far from the
best fit line.
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5 CONCLUSION
PART 1
Series Connection
The magnetic flux value for series connection is Φ0 = [(1.140 × 10−9) ± (6.9296 ×
10−23)] 𝑊𝑏.
Parallel Connection
The magnetic flux value for parallel connection is Φ0 = [(1.1265 × 10−9) ± (1.5871 ×
10−21)] 𝑊𝑏.
PART 2
𝐹𝑒𝐶𝑙3 solution
Water
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REFERENCES
5. “Introduction to Error Analysis”. Experiment guide for course ZCT 191/2. School
of Physics, USM, 15th December 2020.
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