BRITISH STANDARD BS 8000-1:

1989

Workmanship on
building sites —
Part 1: Code of practice for excavation
and filling

CAWS D20

UDC [69.05 + 624.134.135]:658.562.3

BS 8000-1:1989

Committees responsible for this

British Standard

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Council for
Building and Civil Engineering (B/-) to Technical Committee B/146, upon
which the following bodies were represented:

Building Employers’ Confederation

Chartered Institute of Building
Consumer Policy Committee of BSI
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency)
Federation of Associations of Specialists and Sub-Contractors
Institute of Clerks of Works of Great Britain Inc
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Structural Engineers
National Building Specification Ltd.
National Council of Building Materials Producers
National House Building Council
Royal Institute of British Architects
Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
Society of Chief Architects of Local Authorities

This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Council for
Building and Civil
Engineering, was published
under the authority of the
Board of BSI and comes Amendments issued since publication
into effect on
31 October 1989
Amd. No. Date Comments
© BSI 12-1998

The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference B/146
Draft for comment 85/10611 DC

ISBN 0 580 17660 6

 BS 8000-1:1989

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
Section 1. General
1.1 Scope 1
1.2 References 1
1.3 Definitions 1
Section 2. Materials and preparation
2.1 Checking materials and equipment 2
2.2 Preparation of work 2
Section 3. Excavating and filling
3.1 General 3
3.2 Obstructions 3
3.3 Excavating 4
3.4 Filling 7
Index 8
Figure 1 — Battered trench 4
Figure 2 — Trench with benches 5
Figure 3 — Spoil heaps and edges of excavations 6
Figure 4 — Barriers for vehicles 6
Table 1 — Guidance on steepest angles of batter for
different soils 5
List of references Inside back cover

© BSI 12-1998 i
BS 8000-1:1989

Foreword

This Part of BS 8000 has been prepared under the direction of the Council for
Building and Civil Engineering. It makes recommendations and gives guidance
on basic workmanship for conventional types of building work.
The recommendations given are not necessarily comprehensive; particular
project documents, e.g. project specifications, may need to cover particular
recommendations not dealt with by this code of practice.
This code of practice is unique in that unlike other British Standards, it draws
together recommendations given in other codes of practice.
The purpose of this code of practice is to encourage good workmanship by
providing the following:
a) the most frequently required recommendations on workmanship for
building work in a readily available and convenient form to those working on
site;
b) assistance in the efficient preparation and administration of contracts;
c) recommendations on how designer’s requirements for workmanship may be
satisfactorily realized;
d) definitions of good practice on building sites for supervision and for training
purposes; this guidance is not intended to supplant the normal training in craft
skills;
e) a reference for quality of workmanship on building sites.
It is recognized that design, procurement and project information should be
conducive to good workmanship on site.
During the preparation of this code of practice the Building Industry’s
Co-ordinating Committee for Project Information (CCPI), produced a Common
Arrangement of Work Sections (CAWS) for building work. This code of practice
has generally been arranged in accordance with the Common Arrangement so
that it can be used easily with project specifications and bills of quantities using
this arrangement. Other major documents are being restructured in accordance
with the Common Arrangement.
NOTE The CCPI was sponsored by the Association of Consulting Engineers, the Building
Employers’ Confederation, the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and the Royal Institute of
British Architects.
When complete BS 8000 will comprise the following Parts.
— Part 1: Code of practice for excavation and filling;
— Part 2: Code of practice for concrete work;
— Part 3: Code of practice for masonry;
— Part 4: Code of practice for waterproofing;
— Part 5: Code of practice for carpentry, joinery and general fixings;
— Part 6: Code of practice for roof, slate, tile covering and cladding;
— Part 7: Code of practice for glazing;
— Part 8: Code of practice for plasterboard partitions and dry linings;
— Part 9: Code of practice for cement/sand floor screeds and concrete floor
toppings;
— Part 10: Code of practice for plastering and rendering;
— Part 11: Code of practice for wall and floor tiling;
— Part 12: Code of practice for decorative wallcoverings and painting;
— Part 13: Code of practice for above ground drainage and sanitary appliances;
— Part 14: Code of practice for below ground drainage;
— Part 15: Code of practice for hot and cold water services (domestic scale).

ii © BSI 12-1998
 BS 8000-1:1989

Technical Committee CSB/3, Earthworks, has also participated in the

preparation of this Part of BS 8000 and the content is based on and consistent
with that of BS 6031. However, BS 6031 covers the subject matter more
comprehensively and includes design, materials and other related aspects in
addition to workmanship on site.
The text of this Part of BS 8000 includes commentaries and figures. These
commentaries are separately identified and are intended to be for guidance only
and do not form part of the recommendations. They refer, unless otherwise
stated, to the clause which immediately precedes each commentary.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 8, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.

© BSI 12-1998 iii

iv blank
Section 1 BS 8000-1:1989

Section 1. General

1.1 Scope 1.2.2 Informative references

This Part of BS 8000 gives recommendations on This Part of BS 8000 refers to other publications
basic workmanship on building sites and covers that provide information or guidance. Editions of
those tasks which are frequently carried out in these publications current at the time of issue of this
relation to excavating and filling. standard are listed on the inside back cover, but
reference should be made to the latest editions.
This code of practice does not cover civil engineering
works for which reference should be made to
BS 6031.
1.3 Definitions
NOTE This code of practice includes supplementary elements For the purposes of this Part of BS 8000, the
in the form of commentaries to assist in its use and definitions given in BS 6031:1981,
understanding. Compliance with the commentaries is not BS 6100-1.0:1984 and BS 6100-2.2.21) apply.
necessary in order to be able to claim conformity with the
standard.

1.2 References
1.2.1 Normative references
This Part of BS 8000 incorporates, by reference,
provisions from specific editions of other
publications. These normative references are cited
at the appropriate points in the text and the
publications are listed on the inside back cover.
Subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of
these publications apply to this Part of BS 8000 only
when incorporated in it by amendment or revision.

1)
In preparation

© BSI 12-1998 1
BS 8000-1:1989 Section 2

Section 2. Materials and preparation

2.1 Checking materials and equipment 2.2.2.2 Stripping and stockpiling topsoil. Strip
topsoil to a depth of not less than 150 mm from
Check delivery tickets and certificates against the
areas to be regraded or to be occupied by buildings,
specification and examine marks, labels and the
pavings and roads.
condition of materials and equipment. If necessary
refer to the supplier immediately. Either remove the stripped topsoil from the site or
Check quantities as soon as possible so that work is stockpile it in temporary spoil heaps not
not delayed by shortages. exceeding 1 500 mm high as directed. Keep
stockpiles separate from other materials and
In particular check that: prevent them from becoming:
a) safety barriers, screens and other equipment a) compacted;
for guarding the works are suitable for the site
circumstances; b) adulterated with subsoil, rubbish, stone or
hardcore;
b) materials and equipment for supporting the
excavations are in good order, well maintained c) contaminated by petrol, oil, lime, cement or
and in safe working condition. other injurous substances;
d) buried.
2.2 Preparation of work 2.2.2.3 Disposal of rubbish and spoil. Tip rubbish
2.2.1 General and spoil only on tips controlled or recognized by the
Local Authority and that comply strictly with any
2.2.1.1 Liaison. Liaise and cooperate with the
regulation governing the controlled tipping of
appropriate authorities, and with owners and
refuse.
occupiers of adjoining land or buildings likely to be
affected by the works. 2.2.2.4 Burning on site. Where permitted burn
unwanted timber and combustible materials on site,
Where it is necessary to make use of adjoining
ensuring such burning is safe and appropriate to the
property, check that permission from the owners
site conditions and environment. Locate fires so that
has been obtained. Clear away and make good any
no damage is caused to the spread of any tree or
damage. Do not trespass on adjoining property.
shrub to be retained.
2.2.1.2 Existing drains and services. Locate the
COMMENTARY. A minimum distance of 10 m from
positions and levels of existing drains and services
retained trees is normally adequate.
indicated on the drawings before sitework
commences; seek instructions on the method for 2.2.3 Protection and preservation
dealing with those which are likely to be affected 2.2.3.1 General. Before excavation commences
(see also 3.2.6). check that the site is securely protected against
2.2.1.3 Cables, pipes and services. Mark the location unauthorized access by the provision of adequate
of all underground cables and pipes with sign barriers, lighting and signs.
boards, indicating their type, e.g. water, gas, 2.2.3.2 Trees and planting to be retained. Before
electricity, telephone, cable TV, and their depth. commencing site clearance identify and mark
Where any overhead cables, etc., restrict headroom throughout the works, plants, trees, shrubs, hedges,
for site plant, install headroom indicators. areas of shrub, etc., to be retained, protected and
2.2.2 Site clearance preserved. Do not cut, lop or sever roots of shrubs
and trees to be retained unless otherwise directed.
2.2.2.1 Surface vegetation clearance. Cut and clear
away long grass, weeds, branches, saplings, etc.; 2.2.3.3 Drains
grub up stumps and major root runs without unduly a) Protect drains, manholes, gullies, etc., from
disturbing topsoil. damage.
COMMENTARY. Removal of vegetation is not to be b) Keep drain lines clear of debris at all times.
regarded as routine. On clay slopes, the reinforcing c) Where drains are uncovered during
effects of roots and the suction of water from the clay excavations, backfill around them with selected
by plants may have a vital stabilizing effect. fill material as specified and compact with care
Removal of all vegetation could result in instability around the pipes.
of the slope.
2.2.3.4 Bench marks. Report any bench marks and
other established survey information found on areas
to be cleared. Do not remove or destroy them unless
instructed to do so.

2 © BSI 12-1998
Section 3 BS 8000-1:1989

Section 3. Excavating and filling

3.1 General COMMENTARY. Plant left unattended should be

properly immobilized to prevent unauthorized use or
3.1.1 Site care
tampering.
Take all practical steps during site operations.
The correct and up-to-date documentation required
a) Do not carry out excavations which could by statute for each item of plant is to be made
undermine or affect the stability of adjoining available.
property, buildings, services and pavings. Where
such excavation cannot be avoided ensure that 3.2 Obstructions
adequate protection and support is provided and
3.2.1 Underground voids and tanks
has been approved by the owner.
b) Minimize noise, vibration, dust and other Report any underground chambers, vaults, wells,
pollution which causes nuisance and damage. etc. Do not enter or disturb them until checks have
been completed and instructions given.
c) Make safe provision for pedestrian and
vehicular traffic when working in or near public COMMENTARY. Special care is needed when
highways. working in made-up ground on domestic waste and
building debris tips, on the site of previous
d) Check, adequately maintain and vary as industrial activity or in peat-bearing soils. In any of
necessary all barriers, lighting and signs these cases dangerous chemicals and/or gases,
provided for the prevention of unauthorized e.g. methane, may be present in the soil.
access and the safety of the public and site staff.
3.2.2 Waterways
COMMENTARY. A site survey and ground
investigation may not provide complete data. Temporarily divert, as necessary, ditches, field
Prudence in carrying out excavations is essential in drains and other waterways encountered during
order to avoid injury to people and damage to excavations; reinstate them to approval on
property. completion. Do not fill in existing ditches until
diversion ditches have been excavated.
3.1.2 Keeping excavations free of water
COMMENTARY. The diversion of waterways can
Provide temporary gradients, water courses, only take place after approval by the statutory body
ditches, drains, pumping or other means for the concerned (usually the appropriate Water
rapid disposal of water flowing on to the area of Authority).
work during excavation and filling. Ensure that:
3.2.3 Old foundations
a) when pumping, excavated faces are not
disturbed; Break out and clear away old foundations
encountered within excavations and fill any
b) the disposal of pumped water does not affect
resulting voids as instructed.
the stability of other parts of the site or adjoining
property by flooding; 3.2.4 Disused manholes
c) any sumps for water collection are constructed Remove any disused manholes to 450 mm below the
clear of the excavations and filled in on formation level and fill the void as instructed.
completion of the works; 3.2.5 Disused drains
d) permanent drains are not used for the disposal When disused drains are encountered during
of water from the excavations unless otherwise excavations, trace and excavate for them as
directed. instructed, then with approval either:
COMMENTARY. The Construction Industry a) take them up and clear away; or
Research and Information Association
Report 113 [1] gives guidance on techniques of b) completely fill them with concrete; or
dewatering for various circumstances. c) plug the ends with concrete of effective
When pumping in granular soils, particular care is length 150 mm or equal to the diameter of pipe,
necessary to avoid extracting the fine particles. whichever is the greater.
Remove any contaminated earth and fill the void, as
3.1.3 Plant and transport
instructed.
Use only equipment which is:
a) of suitable type for the location and type of
work;
b) in the charge of a competent operator;
c) maintained in good working condition.

© BSI 12-1998 3
BS 8000-1:1989 Section 3

3.2.6 Existing services 3.3.7 Trench support

a) Support and protect existing operating service Provide adequate trench support to retain the sides
lines exposed by excavations. of excavations and ensure the safe and proper
b) Report details of any unrecorded services that construction of works and completion of filling
may be discovered and obtain instructions. (see 3.4).
COMMENTARY. Existing services, once identified, Before starting to dig, ensure that there is enough
are to be marked on site in a manner which makes material for support available at the point of work.
their location visible to site operatives, particularly Fix it in such a way that no one working in the
those driving plant. trench, not even the fixer, has to work outside a
support. Fix the first support from within a
3.3 Excavating protection box or from the surface level.
3.3.1 Profiles and levels Provide support for all vertically sided trenches
more than 1.2 m deep and for shallower trenches in
Excavate to required profiles and levels. which personnel will have to work substantially
3.3.2 Foundation and over-site formation below surface level.
levels COMMENTARY. Sides of trenches or other
Excavate to the formation levels required by the excavations can never be relied upon to stay up
specification and drawings. Take out soft soil, loose without support. A person can be buried even in a
rocks and other unsuitable material if found at the shallow trench. Many collapses occur soon after the
foundation or formation depths specified. Fill the trench has been excavated. It is important that no
extra excavation with concrete or suitable one enters an unprotected trench for any reason at
compacted materials as directed. all.
COMMENTARY. Soft or otherwise unsuitable If temporary excavations are to be made
material may be encountered at locations not self-supporting by battering the sides (see Figure 1
recorded in the pre-contract site investigations. It is and Figure 2), the angle of batter of the ground will
necessary to determine its extent and depth and normally be stable if it is in general accord with the
bring it to the attention of the specifier. The type of values given in Table 1.
material for filling the extra excavation, the effect on Further guidance is given in BS 6031 and the
the overall foundation design and the need for Construction Industry Research and Information
additional excavation and backfilling have to be Association Report 97 [2].
considered. The legal requirements for the temporary support of
3.3.3 Making good excavations are contained in the Construction
Make good all formation surfaces damaged, e.g. by (General Provisions) Regulations, 1961 [3].
weather conditions or the construction traffic. Strip
the surface layer, replace it with suitable fill and
then consolidate.
3.3.4 Approval of excavations
Obtain approval of the level and condition of the
formation or foundation bottom, before covering
them with any subsequent construction.
3.3.5 Adjacent trenches
Where foundation trenches and services trenches
are adjacent, excavate the deepest trenches first.
3.3.6 Foundation bottoms Figure 1 — Battered trench
Do not excavate the last 50 mm of foundation
trenches until immediately before laying concrete.
Obtain instructions where a natural bearing bottom
cannot be obtained at the depths required because
either:
a) solid rock is encountered at a lesser depth; or
b) the ground is unsuitable for building upon; or
c) the ground is made-up.

4 © BSI 12-1998
Section 3 BS 8000-1:1989

Table 1 — Guidance on steepest angles of

batter for different soils
Type of ground Angle of slope from the
horizontal as shown
in Figure 1 and Figure 2

Dry site Wet size

degrees degrees
Boulders 35 to 45 30 to 40
Cobbles 35 to 40 30 to 35
Gravel 30 to 40 10 to 30
Sand 30 to 35 10 to 30
Silt 20 to 40 5 to 20
Clay: soft 1.2 m to 3 m Figure 2 — Trench with benches
depth of cut 30 to 45 10 to 20
Clay: firm 1.2 m 3.3.8 Keeping edges of excavations clear
to 3 m depth of cut 35 to 45 20 to 25 Keep the edges of excavation clear to prevent undue
pressure on excavation sides. Place soil raised from
Clay: stiff 1.2 m to
the excavation away from the edges to avoid
3 m depth to cut 40 to 45 25 to 35
overloading the sides of the excavation and to
Peat: soft non-fibrous 10 to 20 5 to 10 prevent loose material falling back in. Keep building
Peat: firm non-fibrous 15 to 25 10 to 15 materials away from the edges. Provide barriers to
prevent vehicles and their loads endangering the
Peat: firm fibrous 35 to 40 20 to 35 edges of excavations (see Figure 4).
Peat: stiff fibrous 35 to 45 25 to 35 COMMENTARY. It is essential that spoil heaps,
NOTE 1 Approximate equivalents of the angles given in this building materials and vehicles be kept at a distance
table, expressed as the relationship between the rise of a slope of more than the trench depth away from the trench,
and the horizontal measurements are: depending upon the soil and the weather conditions.
5° = 1 in 11 20° = 1 in 2.8 35° = 1 in 1.4
10° = 1 in 5.8 25° = 1 in 2.2 40° = 1 in 1.2
15° = 1 in 3.7 30° = 1 in 1.7 45° = 1 in 1
NOTE 2 The angles of slope are guide figures and are subject
to:
a) temporary conditions (usually not more than 14 days);
b) experience on the site;
c) water seepage affecting the stability of slopes. Ground
water flow towards the slope may be intercepted to prevent
it entering the trench by the use of cut off drains or lowered
by rising well points. The erosion and slumping of sand and
silt slopes can be minimized by weighting with a layer of
well-graded sand and gravel to act as a filter.

© BSI 12-1998 5
BS 8000-1:1989 Section 3

Figure 3 — Spoil heaps and edges of excavations

Figure 4 — Barriers for vehicles

6 © BSI 12-1998
Section 3 BS 8000-1:1989

3.4 Filling 3.4.4 Soil filling to make up site levels to

ground not providing support
3.4.1 General
Spread but do not compact filling material, allow for
Obtain full instructions on the following:
settlement and make good any deficiencies. Make
a) the material to be used for filling; up levels for landscaping with approved sub-soil free
b) the optimum water content required in the from extraneous matter and consolidate up to the
filling material; following depths below finished levels:
c) the depth of layers; a) grass areas: 100 mm;
d) the method of compacting the layers; b) ground cover and herbaceous planting
e) the programme for the filling operation; areas: 250 mm;
f) the testing procedure and programme. c) shrub planting areas and hedge lines: 400 mm;
COMMENTARY. It is particularly important to d) within 2 000 mm of any tree planting: 600 mm.
achieve the maximum density in filling where the fill 3.4.5 Frozen materials
is to support construction work.
Do not use frozen materials for filling excavations
3.4.2 Filling providing support to structure and do not place fill material on frozen ground.
Spread and compact the filling to finished levels in
layers approximately one third thicker than the
maximum nominal particle size of the fill. Compact
each layer to the specified density or by the specified
number of passes of the specified compaction plant.
Ensure that the compacted fill is suitable to provide
permanent support to completed work.
3.4.3 Hardcore filling providing support to
structure
Spread and compact hardcore filling to finished
levels in layers not exceeding 150 mm thick with
suitable mechanical compacting plant of specified
weight. Where necessary add screenings of the same
material to even out local imperfections of level and
fill surface voids. Continue compaction until there
are no visible signs of the fill being pushed up in
front of the compacting plant, surface voids are full
and the surface is relatively smooth and even.

© BSI 12-1998 7
BS 8000-1:1989

Index
bench marks 2.2.3.4 hardcore 3.4.3 rubbish 2.2.2.3
checking 2.1 levels 3.3.1, 3.3.2, 3.4.4 services 2.2.1.3, 2.2.1.3, 3.2.6
drains 2.2.1.3, 2.2.3.3 liaison 2.2.1.2 site clearance 2.2.2, 3.1.1
disused 3.2.5 making good 3.3.3 spoil 2.2.2.3
equipment 2.1, 3.1.3 manholes (disused) 3.2.4 topsoil 2.2.2.2
excavating 3.3 obstructions 3.2 trees 2.2.3.2
water 3.1.2 preparation 2.2 trench support 3.3.7
filling 3.4 preservation 2.2.3 trenches 3.3.5, Table 1
foundation bottoms 3.3.6

8 © BSI 12-1998
 BS 8000-1:1989

List of references (see 1.2)

Normative references

BSI standards publications

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London

BS 6031:1981, Code of practice for earthworks.

BS 6100, Glossary of building and civil engineering terms.
BS 6100-1, General and miscellaneous.
BS 6100-1.0:1984, General.
BS 6100-2, Civil engineering.
BS 6100-2.2, Substructures, earthworks, foundations, tunnels.
BS 6100-2.2.2, Substructures and foundations2).

Informative references

BSI standards publications

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London

BS 8000, Worksmanship on building sites.

BS 8000-2, Code of practice for concrete work2).
BS 8000-3:1989, Code of practice for masonry.
BS 8000-4:1989, Code of practice for waterproofing.
BS 8000-5, Code of practice for carpentry, joinery and general fixings2).
BS 8000-6, Code of practice for roof, slate, tile covering and cladding2).
BS 8000-7, Code of practice for glazing2).
BS 8000-8:1989, Code of practice for plasterboard partitions and dry linings.
BS 8000-9:1989, Code of practice for cement/sand floor screeds and concrete floor toppings.
BS 8000-10:1989, Code of practice for plastering and rendering.
BS 8000-11, Code of practice for wall and floor tiling.
BS 8000-11.1:1989, Ceramic tiles, terrazzo tiles and mosaics.
BS 8000-11.2, Natural stone2).
BS 8000-12:1989, Code of practice for decorative wallcoverings and painting.
BS 8000-13:1989, Code of practice for above ground drainage and sanitary appliances.
BS 8000-14:1989, Code of practice for below ground drainage.
BS 8000-15, Code of practice for hot and cold water services (domestic scale)2).

Other references
[1] CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY RESEARCH AND INFORMATION ASSOCIATION. CIRIA
Report 113: Trenching Practice.3) 1983
[2] CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY RESEARCH AND INFORMATION ASSOCIATION. CIRIA
Report 97: Control of ground water for temporary works.3)
[3] GREAT BRITAIN. The Construction (General Provisions) Regulations 1961. London: HMSO.

2) In preparation.
3) Obtainable from CIRIA, 6 Storey’s Gate London SWIP 3AU.

© BSI 12-1998
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