11

CLASS

Newton’s Law
of Motion
Basic Concepts

JEE 2024 Jayant

NamoNagda
Kaul
In the Previous Chapter, we have studied Kinematics i.e we discussed
the motion of a particle.
Displacement (s) Velocity (v) Acceleration (a)
 In this chapter we will understand the
Basic Concepts & Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion
In this chapter we will be dealing with the CAUSE OF MOTION ⇒ FORCE
Imagine a girl standing in a stationary bus which suddenly starts
moving.
Have you ever imagined why does the girl feels a push in the
backward direction?

acceleration
Imagine a car taking a sudden Turn!
Have you ever imagined why we feel a radially outward force?

Direction of
travel
Imagine sitting on a merry go round!
Have you ever imagined why we feel a radially outward force?
Imagine a moving car hitting a wall
What happens to the car after hitting the wall?
➔ Why does the driver tend to move forward during collision?
➔ What would happen if the wall was replaced by a big
cushion?
Let us try to understand this and many other phenomena
similar to this as we move forward in this chapter…
➔Change in the state of motion
➔In both the cases there is something which is
common & is responsible for acceleration

➔The answer to previous examples is FORCE

➔Now the question is what exactly is force?

Direction of
travel

Centrifugal
Force?
Force
Force is defined as a push or pull which tries to change or changes the
state of rest or of uniform motion of body.
Imagine a girl pushing a trolley

In this case the girl is trying to change

the state of rest of the trolley
If the block is pulled like this

In this case the pull is actually trying

to change the state of the block
Hence we say Force is being applied in both the cases
Types of Forces
Contact forces: interactions Non-contact forces: attract or repel
between objects that touch even from a distance

Applied force Magnetic force

Spring force Electric force

Drag force

Frictional force Gravitational force

Normal force
Fundamental Forces of Nature
The various types of forces in nature can be grouped
in four categories
Types of force Cause of force Range
Gravitational Force Interaction between masses ∞
Electromagnetic Force Interaction between charges ∞
The various types of forces in nature can be grouped in four categories

Types of force Cause of force Range

Nuclear Force Interaction between protons
10–15 m
and neutrons (nucleons)
These forces will be discussed in
Weak Force
higher classes
It is the force responsible to keep the nucleons binded within the nucleus. It
is very short ranged force and can be experienced within 10–15 m

All nucleons, both protons and

neutrons, attract one another by
the strong nuclear force
Newton’s First Law of Motion
 Newton’s First Law of Motion

It states that a body continues to be in state of rest or state of uniform

velocity until and unless an external unbalanced force is acted on the body.
Newton’s First Law of Motion
It states that a body continues to be in state of rest or of uniform velocity
until and unless an external unbalanced force is acted on the body.

rest Constant Velocity

Force as an agent which is the cause of change in state of rest or

motion of a body. So the first law gives “qualitative definition of force”
Place a coin on a paper sheet, on a glass.
Now if paper sheet is struck off

Just imagine what happens with coin

The coin at rest falls in to the cup.

This is Newton’s First Law of Motion
 Each and every body has a tendency to
resist its change in state of motion.

This property of the body is called INERTIA

Inertia of a body is directly proportional to its mass

Newton’s 1st law is also known as LAW OF INERTIA

A body at rest
tries to remain at
rest

A body moving
with uniform
velocity tries to
do so
Linear Momentum

v
Linear Momentum
Linear momentum is defined as product of MASS and VELOCITY
Mathematically
P = mv

It is a vector quantity

Magnitude: Direction :
is along the
P = mv direction of velocity

SI unit of linear momentum iskg m/s

 Physical significance of Momentum

If we drop two bodies, one light and one heavy, from the top of a tower
simultaneously, Obviously it is easier to catch the lighter one than the heavier
one. However both of them have same velocity at bottom.
 Newton’s II Law of Motion

P = mv

m
Newton’s III Law of Motion
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Things to keep in mind regarding Newton’s 3rd Law:
➔ Action-Reaction Pair are of same magnitude.
➔ Action-Reaction Pair act in opposite directions.
➔ Action-Reaction Pair act on different bodies.
➔ Action-Reaction Pair act simultaneously
➔ Action-Reaction Pair are of same nature.
 Basic Forces
Weight of the body

Normal force

Tension force
Weight Force
 .
Weight of the body
It is a Gravitational force
Magnitude = mg
(m = mass of body, g = acceleration due to gravity)

It is experienced by any massive body due to Earth’s gravitational attraction

Direction is towards the centre of the earth or vertically downward.
Mark the Force of Gravity m
m

m
Mark the Force of Gravity m

m
mg

mg

mg
m

Each & every block experiences mg vertically downwards.

mg
Normal Force

N
Normal Force
It comes into action whenever 2 bodies come in contact with each other
Electromagnetic force.
It is the interaction force between the charged particles of the two surfaces in
contact.

MAGNITUDE
It is a self adjusting force & the magnitude is dependent on the situation.

DIRECTION
It is always perpendicular to the common surface in contact with each other & away
from the body (pushing).
Mark the Normal Reaction

m
Illustration
Normal force on block due
N to surface. (Action force)

N
Normal force on surface
due to block. (Reaction force)
Illustration Normal force on block due
to surface. (Action force)

Normal force on surface due to

block.(Reaction force)
Mark the Normal Reaction
Mark the Normal Reaction

Horizontal & Vertical plane applies Normal Force

on the rod perpendicular to contact surface.
Mark the Normal Reaction
Mark the Normal Reaction
Mark the Normal Reaction

NOTE:- For cylinder, disk, ring, sphere normal force will always pass
through the center of the structure.
Mark the Normal Reaction
Mark the Normal Reaction

NOTE:- For cylinder, disk, ring, sphere normal force will always pass
through the center of the structure.
Tension force
Tension force

Tension force in string

It is an Electromagnetic force
This force comes into action, when the string is stretched/ taut.
It is the interaction force between the charged particles of a string.
It is always along the length of the string and is PULLING by nature.
Tension force

Magnitude
Can take any value depending upon the question or strength of string.

Direction
Along the length of string and away from body
Types of Strings
How many types of Strings are there ?

T T

Strings are of 2 types

Ideal string Non–Ideal string

 Ideal string Non–Ideal string

String is assumed to be massless String has some appreciable mass

Tension throughout the length of Tension in the string is different at

string remains CONSTANT DIFFERENT POINTS

NOTE:- The string is said to be INEXTENSIBLE (i.e length does not change)
Illustration ➔Block of mass m is attached with the IDEAL string.
C Now as the block experiences mg vertically
downward
B ➔It basically stretches the string and tension force is
generated. Now as the string is ideal (i.e massless),
A
tension force
m ➔Throughout the string will be the same
What is direction of tension force ?

Answer: It depends on what is being observed

C

m
Illustration
➔ If we observe block, as the block is
T
pulling the string down, hence tension at A
point A on block is upwards. M

➔ However if we observe string then T

tension is vertically downward at point A.

➔ In similar fashion let us find the tension
force at point C Tension Tension
at C at C
NOTE:- Block of mass M is attached on the on the
with the IDEAL string. string celing
 C

B
T
A

Tension at C Tension at C
on the string on the ceiling
Draw the Tension Forces

m
Draw the Tension Forces

T1
T2

m
Draw the Tension Forces

m
m
Draw the Tension Forces

m1

m2
➔Blocks of mass m1 & m2 are attached with the T1
strings.

➔Tension on block of mass m1 due to both the T1

strings will be along the string & away from the
block. m1

➔Tension on block of mass m2 will be along the T2

string & away from the block.

T2

m2
 11
CLASS

Newton’s Law
of Motion
Free Body Diagram

JEE 2024 Jayant

NamoNagda
Kaul
 Free Body Diagram
F.B.D

It is pictorial representation of all the forces acting on a body.

 STEPS to draw F.B.D.
1) Identify the body (or system) which is to be analyzed
2) Choose the co-ordinate axis as per convenience
3) Represent all the forces ACTING on the body by vectors

NOTE: Forces exerted by the body should not be drawn Include only
those forces which are acting on the body and not those forces which
the body itself is exerting
Draw F.B.D. of block of mass ‘m’

m
Now focus on which forces have we included & the Action Reaction Pairs

m
 Now focus on which forces have we included.

This force is acting ON

m
Action force lock hence we include it
from IIIrd law

mg
This force is
applied by block
hence we DON’T Reaction force
INCLUDE it mg
Similarly

Action force
N

Reaction force
From IIIrd law
Finally N and mg are NOT action reaction forces
Reason : N and mg are of DIFFERENT
nature
N

mg
Now let’s draw the FBD of each block

m1

m2
Imagine blocks M1 and M2 kept on ground as

FBD of M1 FBD of M2
Normal Contact force
N1 Normal Contact force N2 on m2 due to ground
on m1 due to m2
m1 m2

m 1g Gravitational force N1 m g
Gravitational force on m2
2
on m1

NOTE:- Normal Contact force on M2due to M1

Do not draw M1g directly
What is a System?
System
System is a body or combination of bodies which are being observed.

Man

Monkey
Horse
 ➔Imagine these 3 beings standing on the
Man
surface of earth.
➔We can assume any one of the body to be
our system

Monkey
Horse
Now the question is whether is this the only System?

Man

Monkey
Horse
What exactly is the system in the diagram?

m1

m
2
 The answer is clear that it is just a
m1 matter of choice i.e. what actually is
to be observed becomes our system

m
2

We can assume m1 to be our system , Or if required as per the question we can

assume m2 to be our system, Or m1 , m2 , string , pulley, table & earth can all
combine to form a system.
Classification of Forces

Internal External
 If the force acting on a body/particle is
Internal
applied by some other body which is
included in the system, then such a force is
termed as Internal force.
FORCE
If the force acting on a body/particle is
External applied by some other body which is not a
part of the system & acts as an external
agent.

Note: However the application of the same will be discussed later in the chapter.
 Ram Shyam

Imagine Ram and Shyam playing tug of war.

If we consider Ram, Shyam & string to be a
system, then the pulling force acting on Ram
due to Shyam (part of system).
Or the pulling force acting on Shyam due to
Ram (part of system).
Both are the examples of INTERNAL Force
 Ram Shyam

The other classification is we consider only

Ram to be our system
And the force experienced by Ram due to
Shyam is said to EXTERNAL FORCE.
Hence Shyam acts as an external agent.
If force F = 5N, then find :
a) Acceleration of 2 blocks.
b) Contact force between m1 and m2.

A. 5/3m/s2 , 23/7 N
B. 5/4m/s2 , 24/7 N 4 kg
F = 5N 3 kg
C. 5/7m/s2 , 20/7 N m2
m1
D. None of these
 4 kg
F = 5N 3 kg
m2
m1
Solution: a

F m1 m2

➔We have seen, both block moved together.

➔Take both blocks as a system.
➔So, acceleration of both block will be same.
Acceleration of system = a (let)

Mass of system = m1 + m2 = 3 + 4 = 7kg

Force on system = F = 5N
Force on system
∴ Acceleration of System =
Mass of system
a = 5/7 m/s2
Solution:
a

F m1 m2 N
N

+
Applying Newton’s 2nd law on block m2. 1. Let’s apply contact forces between two
N = m2a blocks
5
As, m2 = 4kg and a = m/s2 2. To find contact force, take m2 as the system
7 3. Apply Newton’s 2nd law on block m2 in
5
horizontal direction
⇒ N = 4× ⇒ 20
7 N = N 4. Contact force (N) on m2 will be in right
7
direction and on m1 in left direction
2 blocks of mass 2kg and 4kg are kept on a smooth floor as shown.
Find the normal contact force
I. between the blocks
II. between 4kg and surface.
A. 20 N, 60 N 2 kg
B. 60 N, 20 N
4 kg
C. 40 N, 60 N
D. None of these
 Two blocks of mass 2kg and 4kg are kept on a surface as shown. Find the
normal contact force
I. between the blocks
II. between 4kg and surface.
Solution:
N1 Applying IInd law 2 kg
+
4 kg
2 kg Fnet = M a
N1 – 20 = M (0)
20 N
N1 = 20 N

Let us start with FBD of the blocks

 Two blocks of mass 2kg and 4kg are kept on a surface as shown. Find the
normal contact force
I. between the blocks
II. between 4kg and surface.
Solution: N2 Applying IInd law 2 kg

Fne = Ma 4 kg
4 kg
t
N2 – N1 – 40 = M (0)
N1 40 N
N2 = N1 + 40
N2 = 20 + 40

N2 = 60
N
From FBD of 2kg we Calculated
N1 = 20N

N2 Normal contact force between 4kg and ground

N1 Normal contact force between 2kg and 4kg
Concept of Weighing Machine
Concept of Weighing Machine

m
Weighing Machine
Weighing Machine

m
Concept of Weighing Machine

m
Weighing Machine
Weighing Machine

N
N

N – mg = m (0)
m
⇒ N = mg

mg
N

m
Weighing Machine

mg N

N
Reading of weighing machine = kg.
g

mg N = mg
= kg.
g As calculated
earlier
= m kg.
 N
+

m
– Weighing Machine

mg

N
Reading of weighing machine - Summary
➔ Normal force (N) will be vertically upward
N – mg = m (0)
m ➔ Apply all the forces on block of mass m
⇒ N = mg ➔ Weight mg will be vertically downward
➔ Acceleration of block, a = 0
mg ➔ Take upward direction as +ve and downward
direction as –ve.
➔ So, N will be +ve and mg will be -ve
Concept of Weighing Machine N

m m
Weighing Machine
Weighing Machine

mg
N

Weighing machine is sensitive for NORMAL FORCE it applies on body.

N kg
Reading of weighing machine (in kg) = g
.

Where,
N = Normal force applied by weighing machine on body (in Newton)
g = acceleration due to gravity (in m/s2)
A block of mass m is kept on weighing machine, which is placed in lift,
accelerating up with acceleration ‘a’. Find reading of weighing machine.

A. (mg - ma)/g
B. (mg + ma)/g
C. m
D. mg + ma a

m
Weighing Machine
 A block of mass m is kept on weighing machine, which is placed in lift,
accelerating up with acceleration ‘a’. Find reading of weighing machine.

Solution: Normal force (N) will be

N
N vertically upward

a Applying Newton’s 2nd law on

block.

m ⇒ N – mg = ma
Weighing Machine
m
+ a ⇒ N = mg + ma

mg
– mg

Ground
observer
 A block of mass m is kept on weighing machine, which is placed in lift,
accelerating up with acceleration ‘a’. Find reading of weighing machine.

Solution: N
∴ Reading = g kg.

=
mg + ma
kg.
g

⇒ N = mg + ma

1) Apply all the forces on block of mass m

2) Consider an observer on ground (INERTIAL FRAME) For observer, Acceleration
of block = a
3) Take upward direction as +ve and downward as –ve. So N will be +ve and mg
will be –ve
Motion on Inclined Plane

θ
A block of mass m is placed on an inclined plane of inclination θ with the horizontal. If
all the surfaces are smooth and the inclined plane is fixed on ground. Find the
acceleration of block and the normal contact force between the block and wedge just
after the block is released.

A. g sinθ, mg cosθ
B. g cosθ, mg cosθ
C. g sinθ, mg sin θ
D. None of these

θ
fixed
Solution:
➔ As the wedge is fixed on ground.
➔ The block is constrained to move only
along the wedge Or we can say the
acceleration of block in the direction
perpendicular To wedge is zero.
➔ Take along the inclined & downward
direction as +ve and upward as –ve
➔ Take perpendicular to inclined & upward
direction as +ve and downward as –ve θ
fixed
➔ Now apply IInd law
Solution: N
Along the incline Perpendicular to incline
Fnet = Max Fnet = May
As ay = 0
Mg sinθ = Ma θ
Fnet = 0
mg cos θ
a = g sin θ N = mg cos θ θ
fixed

Concept : Once the motion of particle is clear always choose co–ordinate axis
parallel and perpendicular to that direction.
String based Questions
Block of mass M is attached with ideal string (negligible mass). Find tension at
(i) point A
(ii) point B (Point B is midpoint of string).

A. Mg, 0
B. 0, Mg
C. Mg, Mg
D. None of these
B

M
Solution: Tension at point A :
Tension at point A :
T
Applying Newton’s 2nd law
F = Ma B
M
⇒ TA – Mg = M(0) = 0 +
A
(acceleration of block = 0)
Mg M
So, TA = Mg –
Solution:
Tension at point B:
Let's consider block & string below point B as the body.

So, Tension will be same throughout the length of string. + B TB

A
Tension TB on body will be along the string & away from body. M

Applying Newton’s 2nd law –

Mg

F = Ma

⇒ TB – Mg = M(0) = 0

(acceleration of block = 0)

So, TB = Mg

Concept: To find tension at any point to break the system at that point
Two blocks of mass 4kg & 6 kg are attached in a vertical plane with
the help of ideal strings. Find the tension at points
I. A A
II. B
A. 100N, 60N
B. 60N, 100N 4kg
C. 80N, 60N B
D. None of these

6kg
Solution:
1. Let us draw FBD of the two blocks
2. Applying newton’s IInd law
T1 T2

–
T2 40N 60N

4kg 6kg

= Ma Fnet = Ma
Fnet
As = 0 As a = 0

Fa net = 0 Fnet = 0

T1 – T2 – 40 = 0 ….(1) T2 – 60 = 0 ….(2)
Solution: Now as the string 1 and 2 are ideal hence the
T1 – T2 – 40 = 0 ….(1) tension throughout the string will be constant

T2 – 60 = 0 ….(2)

T2 = 60N
A
Putting this value of T2 in equation (1)
String 1
T1 – T2 – 40 = 0
4kg
T1 = 100N B

Tensions at A = T1 = 100N String 2

Tension at B = T2 = 60N
6kg
A block of mass M is suspended with the help of a massive string of mass 2m
as shown in the figure. Find the tension in the string at point
i) B (lower end)
ii) A (midpoint)

M
 Solution:
T

As the acceleration of the block is zero, these

Mg forces should add to zero. A
The force on it are
Take the block as the system.
(a) Pull of the string, T, upward, B
(b) Pull of the earth, Mg, downward, M
T - Mg = 0
T = Mg
Solution:
To get the tension T at A we need the force exerted by the
upper part of the string on the lower part of the string. Take
the string below A as the system. The forces acting on this part
are
a) T′ upward by the upper part of the string
b) mg downward by the earth
c) T downward by the block.

We have already used the symbol T for the force by the string
on the block.

Applying Newton's First Law gives

T′ = T + mg = (M + m) g
Breaking Tension of string = 200N. Find the maximum acceleration of boy
without breaking the string. (mass of boy = 10 kg )
A. 10 m/s2
B. 5 m/s2
C. 2 m/s2
D. 4.5 m/s2
Solution: Let acceleration of boy is a upward
Applying Newton’s 2nd law on boy.

Maximum tension provided by string is also

called breaking tension. For maximum
acceleration, tension should be maximum.
T

mg
Solution:
Applying Newton’s 2nd law on boy
T – mg = ma
T– mg
⇒ a= T
m
a
⇒ a = 200 – 10(10)
10
100
⇒ a = 200 – 100 =
10 10 mg
a = 10m/s2
Breaking tension of string is 90N. Find the maximum acceleration of
boy with which he can climb up without breaking the string.
(mass of boy = 10kg)
A. -1 m/s2
B. -2 m/s2
C. 1 m/s2
D. boy can't climb up
Solution:
Applying Newton’s 2nd law on boy
T – mg = ma
T– mg
⇒ a= m T
⇒ a = 90 – 10(10) a
10
90 – 100 -10
a
⇒ = = = –1
10 10
mg
As acceleration is –ve even at maximum
tension, boy cannot climb up.
 11
CLASS

Newton’s Law
of Motion
String & Pulley Problems

JEE 2024 Jayant

NamoNagda
Kaul
Find acceleration of blocks, also find tension in string 1 & 2

2 1 F = 120N
3kg 4kg 5kg
 2 1 F = 120N ALTERNATIVE
3kg 4kg 5kg
Solution:
(i) For 4 kg block (A) T1
Fnet = Ma 4 kg

… (i) a A
T1 – T2 – 40 = 4 a T2
3 kg
(ii) For 3 kg block (B) +
T2 40 N a B
Fnet = Ma
T3 –
T2 – T3 – 30 = 3 a ... (ii) T3 30 N
3 kg
(iii) For 3 kg block (C) a C

Fnet = Ma
T3 – 30 = 3 a ... (iii) 30 N
 Find acceleration of blocks, also find tension in string 1 & 2

2 1
3kg 4kg 5kg F = 120N

Solution:
Mass of system = 12 kg As all three blocks
Force on system = 120 N are connected with
strings. So all three
∴ Acceleration of = Force on system blocks will move
System Mass of system with same
120 = 10 m/s2 acceleration (a).
=
12
Solution:
a = 10m/s2
(2) T2 (1) T1
3kg 4kg 5kg F = 120N

Applying Newton’s 2nd law on system

T1 = ma
⇒ T1 = 7 × 10 ⇒ T1 = 70N
Applying Newton’s
2nd law on 3kg block
T2 = ma
⇒ T2 = 3 × 10 ⇒ T2 = 30N 1. To find tension in string 1, blocks 3kg and 4kg will be
considered as System. In horizontal direction, tension
T1 is the force on the system
2. To find tension in string 2, block 3kg will be
considered as body. In horizontal direction, tension T2
is the force on 3kg
3 blocks of mass 4 kg, 3 kg and 3 kg are attached to ideal strings. If a force of
150 N is applied at point A in vertically upward direction then find the tension in
the strings.
A. 150N, 90N, 45N 150 N
B. 90N, 90N, 45N A
1
C. 90N, 130N, 45N
D. 150N, 80N, 45N
4 kg

3 kg

3 kg
 ALTERNATIVE

150 N

A
1

4 kg

3 kg

3 kg
Solution:

T1 T T
4 kg 23 kg 3 3 kg
a A a B a C

T2 40 N T3 30 N 30 N

1. Let us start with FBD of each block.

2. Let us assume acceleration of block A to be ‘a’ in vertically upward
direction.
3. Since the string is inextensible from constrained motion we can say that
each block will have the same acceleration.
Solution:
T1 – T2 – 40 = 4 a

T2 – T3 – 30 = 3 a
… (i)
T3 – 30 = 3 a

T1 – 40 – 30 – 30 = 10 a

T1 = 100 + 10 a

∴ T1 = 150 N
... (ii) • Adding (i). (ii), and (iii)
• As the strings are ideal, hence tension is through out
Hence we get
same
150 = 100 + 10a

a = 5 m/s2 ... (iii)

Solution: T1 – T2 – 40 = 4a …(i)
T2 – T3 – 30 = 3a …(ii)
a = 5 m/s2

Putting this value of a in each equation

Eq. (1)
T2 = T1 – 40 – 4a
⇒ 150 – 40 – 20
T2 ⇒ 90 N

Eq. (2)
T3 = T2 – 30 – 3a
⇒ 90 – 30 – 15
T3 ⇒ 45 N
A groove OA = 5 m cut in the plane makes an angle 30° with OX. A ball is free to slide
down in the influence of gravity. Find the time taken by the cylinder to reach from A
to O. (g = 10 m/s2)

A. 4 sec
B. 3 sec
C. 2 sec
D. 1 sec

30°

30° x
O
 A

30°

30°
O
x
Solution:

A
30°
30° x
O
Looking at the incline plane from
left, we get the image as:

mg cos30°
30°
mg

Resolving the force ‘mg’ along the plane

and perpendicular to the plane.
Solution:
Let’s view the force on the cylinder along the plane
Resolving the force ‘mg sinθ’ along the groove
A
Hence, net force on cylinder along the grove
= mg sin30° cos60° mg sin30° 30°
x
30°
mgsin30°cos60° O
∴ Acceleration along the
groove = m
1 1
= g× 2 2 ×

g
=
4
Displacement along the groove = 5m (=AO)
Solution:
1
s = ut + 2 at2
and, u = 0
1 2
∴ s = at
2
1 × g 2
⇒5 =
2 4 t
5×8 = 4
⇒ t2 =
10

⇒ t = 2 sec

∴ Time taken = 2 sec

One end of a string 0.5 m long is fixed to a point. The free end has a downward
force of 8 N and a horizontal force F acting on it, until it is 0.3 m from the
vertical through A. Find the tension T in the string & the force F.

A. 10 N, 6 N
fixed
B. 8 N, 6 N
C. 6 N, 10 N
D. 6 N, 8 N

0.3 m
F

8N
Solution:

Given, AC = 0.5 m, BC = 0.3 m A

∴ AB = 0.4 m (By Pythagoras's Theorem) T

θ θ
and if ∠BAC = θ
B F
C
AB 0.4 4
Then cos θ = = =
AC 0.5 5
,
BC 0.3 3 8N
and sin θ = = =
AC 0.5 5
Solution:
Resolving the tension force in horizontal and
A T cosθ
vertical direction.
Applying Newton’s First law in Vertical T
direction: θ
θ
T cosθ = 8 N B F

4 T sinθ
or, T =8N
5
or, T = 10 N
8N
Applying Newton’s First law in Horizontal
direction:
F = T sinθ
3 F = 6N
F = 10 5 N
Determine the tensions T1 and T2 in the strings as shown in figure.

A. 150 N, 120 N
37°
B. 120 N, 150 N
T1
C. 90 N, 0 N
D. None of these
T2

9 kg
Solution:

Resolving the tension T1 along horizontal and

vertical directions.
T1 sin37° 37°
Applying Newton’s First law in Vertical direction:
T1
37° T1 cos37°
T1 sin 37° = 9 × 10 N ….(i) T2

Applying Newton’s First law in Horizontal direction :

T1 cos 37° = T2 ….(ii)

Solution:
T1 sin60° 60°
T1

T1 sin 37° = 90 N ….(i) 60°

T1 cos60°
T2
T1 cos 37° = T2 ….(ii)

From equation (i) From equation (ii)

T1= 150 N T2 = T1 cos 37°

= 120 N
String & Pulley based Questions
Consider the system of ideal pulley as shown. A block of mass m kg is attached
with the help of ideal string. Find the Force exerted by pulley on the ceiling.

A. mg
B. 2mg
C. 0
D. None of these

m
Solution:
Draw FBD

Block Pulley
+ T T′
+

mg
T T

Applying IInd law Applying IInd law

Fnet = Ma Fnet = Ma
T – mg = M(0) T′ – 2T = Mpap
T = mg T′ – 2T = 0

T′ = 2mg
Find acceleration of the blocks & tension in the string (m2 > m1).

A.

•
B.

C.

D.

m1 m2
 •

m1 m2
Solution:

1. For mass m1,Take upward

direction as +ve & •
downward direction as – + –
T
ve. So T will be +ve & m1g T

will be –ve.
2. For mass m2,Take a
a m1 m2
downward direction as +ve
– +
& upward direction as –ve.
So T will be –ve & m2g will m2g
m 1g
be +ve.
Solution:

Applying Newton’s 2nd law on mass m1 •

+ –
T – m1g = m1a … (i) T T

Applying Newton’s 2nd law on mass m2

a m2 a
m1
m2g -T = m2a … (ii) – +

m1g m2g
Solution:
Adding equations (i) and (ii)
T – m1g = m1a … (i)
m2g -T = m2a … (ii)

m2g –m1g = m1a + m2a

⇒ (m2 – m1)g = (m1 + m2)a

m2 – m1
∴ a = g
m2 + m1

Putting value of ‘a’ in either of Eqn. (i) or (ii), we can get value of T.

2m1m2
T = g
m2 + m1
2 masses m1 and m2 are connected by a light string going over a smooth light
pulley as shown.The system is at rest. Find the angle of the incline & force
exerted by the incline on m1

A.

B.
m2
C.

D.

θ
Solution:
Take the body of mass m2 as the system.
The forces acting on it are :
(i) m2g vertically downward (by the earth), m2

(ii) T vertically upward (by the string),

As the system is at rest, these forces
θ
should add to zero.

This gives T = m2g . . . (i) T

m2

m2 g
Solution:

Next, consider the body of mass m1 as the system.

The forces acting on this system are:
m2
(i) m1g vertically downward (by the earth),
(ii) T along the string up the incline (by the string.)
(iii) N normal to the incline (by the incline.) θ
Taking components parallel to the incline,
T = m1g sin θ . . . (ii)

N T
➔As the string and the pulley are all light and
smooth, the tension in the string is uniform
everywhere. m1g sinθ
m1g
➔As the system is in equilibrium, these forces
should add to zero.
Solution:
Taking components along the normal to the
incline,
N = m1g cosθ . . . (iii) m2

Eliminating T from (i) and (ii)

⇒ m2g = m1g sinθ. θ

⇒ sinθ = m2/m1
⇒ θ = sin-1 (m2/m1)
N T
N = m1g 1-(m2/m1)2
m1g sinθ m1g cosθ
m1g
 11
CLASS

Newton’s Law
of Motion
Constrained Motion-1

JEE 2024 Jayant

NamoNagda
Kaul
Constrained Motion
A motion in which motion of all
the bodies in a system are
depended on each other
 Constrained Motion

2 m/s

600

➔ Mathematical relation by which motion of bodies in a system are related is called constrained relation.
➔ By motion, we imply displacement ,velocity ,acceleration.
 Constrained Motion
SA SB

A B

Block A and B are connected with an inextensible string

Hence, constrained relation is

Velocity & Acceleration of both bodies will be equal
Constrained Motion
y x

A B

Block A and B are connected with an inextensible string

So, displacement of B = displacement of A

x=y
Differentiate w.r.t. time: VB = VA Velocity and Hence, constrained
Acceleration of both relation is
Differentiate w.r.t. time: aB = aA bodies will be equal
sA = sB
So, the relations between displacement / VA = VB
velocity of A, B are called constrained relation.
aA = aB
 Particle B moves along the horizontal path with speed VB.
Then find the speed of A at an instant when the string at B makes an angle θ
with the horizontal. A. VA = VB cos θ
B. VA = VB sin θ
C. VA = VB cot θ
D. None of these

A
θ
B VB
 ALTERNATIVE

A
θ
B VB
Solution:
Component of velocities / accelerations along the length of string /rod
should always be same. (As the length of the string does not change).
Let us resolve the velocities of two ends into two
Components. One along the length and the other
perpendicular to the length. We clearly see VB sin θ
being perpendicular to the string does not change
the length of string.
And as the length of the string remains constant

VA

VB sin θ VA = VB cos θ
A
θ
B VB
θ

VB cos θ
Constrained Motion Methods
Method 1: Segment method
Concept: As the string is inextensible, elongation in the string is Zero
x2 x1

P String Q

Elongation in string
(+ x1) + (–x2) = x1 – x2
As elongation in string should be zero.

x1 –x2 = 0 ⇒ x1 = x2
Method 1: Segment method
Concept: As the string is inextensible, elongation in the string is Zero
x2 x1

P String Q

Elongation in string
(+ x1) + (–x2) = x1 – x2
As elongation in string should be zero.

x1 –x2 = 0 ⇒ x1 = x2 Differentiate w.r.t. time:v = v x1 = x2

1 2
v1 = v2
Differentiate w.r.t. time: a1 = a2
a1 = a 2

1. Consider a string PQ. Point Q is displaced by x1 and point P is displaced by x2

2. Any displacement towards the center of the string will be considered NEGATIVE
3. Any displacement away from the center will be considered as POSITIVE
Let’s take an example of Atwood Machine…

m1 m2
 Q R
➔ String has two segments PQ and RS.
x1
➔ Displacement of any point of segment
attached to fixed pulley will always be
P S
A considered to be zero.eg. point Q and R
B x2 ➔ Let displacement of block A in upward
direction = x1
So, total elongation = (–x1) + (+x2) = 0 ➔ Displacement of block B in downward
direction = x2
➔ In segment PQ, end P is going towards
Differentiate w.r.t. time: v1 = v2
center so it’s contribution to elongation is (–
Differentiate w.r.t. time: a1 = a2 x1)
➔ In segment RS, end S is going away from
center so it’s contribution to elongation is
(+x2)
 • •

v
?

• •
Method 2: Tension Trick
Net work done by massless string on blocks will
be ZERO. •

→ →
∑T . x = 0

On Differentiation. T T
→ →
∑ T . v = 0 x x
A B
On Differentiation.
→ →
∑ T . a = 0
Short Trick:

x1 T
A T
B x2

→ →
∑ T. x =0 → →
Tx1 +( – Tx2) =0 T . x = Tx cos π
⇒ –Tx
Tx1 = Tx2

x1 = x2
On Differentiation v1 = v2
On Differentiation a1 = a2 As from block A to B there is single and massless
string, tension throughout the string will be same
Pulley Trick

a1

a0

a2
Constrained Motion Examples
 If block B moves downward with acceleration 3 m/s2, find
acceleration of block A.
A. 2 m/s2
B. 4 m/s2
C. 6 m/s2
D. 8 m/s2

•
A
•

B 3 m/s2
 ALTERNATIVE

•
A
•

B 3 m/s2
Solution: a1
T
∑ → . →
2T
= 0
T a A •
•
T
⇒ Ta1 – 2Ta2 = 0 2T

⇒ Ta1 = 2Ta2
B a2
⇒ a1 = 2a2
⇒ a1 = 2 × 3 = 6 m/s2
If velocity of block A is 2m/s upwards, find velocity of block B?
A. 4 m/s
B. 8 m/s
•
C. 16 m/s
2 m/s
D. None of these

A •

B v
 ALTERNATIVE
•

2 m/s

A •

B
v
Solution: •
8T 8T
∑ → . → = 0 v1
T v A •
4T 4T
⇒ 8Tv1 – Tv2 = 0 •
⇒ 8Tv = Tv 2T 2T
1 2
•
⇒ v2 = 8v1
T T
⇒ v2 = 8 × 2 = 16 v2
B
m/s
In the system shown in figure find the speed of block C?
A. 4 m/s
B. 8 m/s
C. 16 m/s • •

D. 32 m/s

• •

A B
C
v
3 m/s
5 m/s
 ALTERNATIVE

• •

• •

A B
3 m/s C
5 m/s
v
Solution:

Applying Short Trick

• •
→ → T T T
∑ T. v = 0
T
– 2 T (vA) – 2T (vB) + T (vC) = 0 2T 2T T
VC
⇒ – 2 vA – 2vB + vC = 0 A B C
⇒ – 2 (3) – 2 (5) + vC = 0
VA VB
⇒ vC = 16 m/s
 11
CLASS

Newton’s Law
of Motion
Constrained Motion - 2

JEE 2024 Jayant

NamoNagda
Kaul
In the system shown, the block A moves towards left at acceleration of 3 m/s2.
Find acceleration of rod B which is constrained to move vertically over the
wedge. θ = 30o
A. √3 m/s2
B. 3 m/s2
C. 1/√3 m/s2 B
D. 1 m/s2

aA= 3 m/s2

A
θ
ALTERNATIVE

A A
θ θ
x
ALTERNATIVE - 2

aA= 3 m/s2

A
θ
Solution:

Concept : The components of

B
acceleration of the two bodies along
the common normal are equal

➔Let Acceleration of A is aA aA= 3 m/s2

leftwards and acceleration of A
B is aB downwards.
θ
➔Let’s draw components of
acceleration of A, B along
perpendicular to the surface aA
of incline of A.
90–θ
θ

aB
Solution:
Components of acceleration of both A and B
B
along perpendicular to surface of wedge A aA= 3 m/s2
should be same.
A θ
∴ aA sin θ = aB cos θ
⇒ aB = aA tan θ = aA tan 300 =

aA
90–θ
θ

aB
As shown this rod’s lower end A is pulled towards right with a constant velocity
v. Find the velocity of the other end B downward when rod makes an angle θ
with the horizontal.

A. v tanθ B
B. v cotθ
C. v cosθ
D. None of these

θ v
A
 ALTERNATIVE

θ v
A
Solution:

➔Thus the two points must have same

B
velocity components in the direction of
line joining them:
➔In cases when relation between two 90–θ
u
points of a rigid body is required, we can
v v θ
make use of the fact that in a rigid body A
the distance between two points always θ

remains same.

∴ usin θ = v cos θ
cos θ
⇒u=v
sin θ
⇒ u = v cot θ
In figure below, the mass of the ball is η times as great as that of the rod. The
length of the rod is L, the pulleys are massless, as well as the friction are
negligible. The ball is set on the same level as the lower end of the rod & then
released. How soon will the ball be opposite to the upper end of the rod?

A.
•
B.

C.
•
D.

L
m

ηm
Solution:

L
m

ηm
In the arrangement shown in figure below, the mass of the ball is η times
as great as that of the rod. The length of the rod is L, the masses of the
pulleys and the threads, as well as the friction are negligible. The ball is
set on the same level as the lower end of the rod and then released. How
soon will the ball be opposite to the upper end of the rod?

➔ Hint: From constraint relation we can see •

that the acceleration of the rod is double
than that of the acceleration of the ball.
➔ If ball is going up with an acceleration a,
rod will be coming down with the
•
acceleration 2a.

L
m

ηm
Solution:
The relative acceleration of the ball with respect
to rod is 3a in upward direction. If it takes time t
seconds to reach the upper end of the rod , we
have
. . . (i)

Let mass of ball be m and that of rod is M,

the dynamic equations of these are

For rod Mg − T = M(2a) . . . (ii)

For ball 2T− mg = m(a) . . . (iii)
Solution:

Substituting m = ηM
and solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get

a = 2−η g
η+4

From Eq. (i), we have 2L(η+4)

t= 3g(2−η)
A block of mass m is resting on a wedge of angle θ as shown. With what minimum
acceleration ‘a’ should the wedge move so that the mass m falls freely?

A. g
B. g cosθ
C. g cotθ
D. g sinθ
a

θ
Solution:

Similarity

a
Solution: N
a ma sinθ
ma(pseudo force)
Resolving the force ‘mg’ along the plane and
ma cosθ
perpendicular to the plane. mg cosθ mg sinθ
mg θ
Resolving the force ‘ma’ along the plane and
perpendicular to the plane
Balancing the forces perpendicular to the plane:
N + ma sin θ = mg cos θ
The block will fall freely if N = 0
i.e., ma sin θ = mg cos θ

⇒ a = g cot θ

∴ Option (c) is correct.

Solution:

For ground observer N

a

mg cos θ – N mg sinθ
ablock ⊥ = mg cosθ
mg θ
m

N=0
θ
ablock ⊥ = g cos θ a

a sin θ θ
a sin θ ≥ g cos θ
a ≥ g cot θ

⇒ a = g cot θ
One body moves on another moving body Wedge A is moving with acceleration a
as shown in figure. Find acceleration of block B w.r.t. : (i) Wedge A
A. a
B. a sinθ
C. a cosθ
D. a cotθ

a
A
θ
Solution:
P aA Q

i) Acceleration of block B w.r.t. Wedge A R aB/A

➔ There are two segments of string PQ and QR
a B
➔ As wedge A is accelerating with a left wards, so aB/A
A
with the respect to wedge A point P will appear θ
to accelerate with a right wards.
➔ Let block B is accelerating downwards with aBA
along the surface of wedge A.
➔ In segment QR aBA is away from centre of
segment, its contribution to elongation will be +
aBA
➔ So point R which is attached with block B, will
also accelerate with aBA downwards.
➔ In segment PQ a is towards centre of segment,
its contribution to elongation will be – a
Solution:
P aA Q
i) Acceleration of block B w.r.t. Wedge A
R aB/A
Total elongation in string = 0 B
a aB/A
∴ –a+a BA = 0 A
θ
⇒ aBA = aA
One body moves on another moving body Wedge A is moving with acceleration
a as shown in figure. Find acceleration of block B w.r.t. : (ii) Ground

a
A
θ
a
A
θ
 11
CLASS

Newton’s Law
of Motion
Pseudo Force

JEE 2024 Jayant

NamoNagda
Kaul
Frame of Reference
Reference Frame or Frame of Reference
Region / Zone from where observations are taken for
“Motion parameters of a body”

Motion parameters like

1. Displacement
2. Velocity
3. Time
4. Acceleration
Inertial frame of reference
Any frame/observer which is either stationary or moving with uniform velocity

m
 v

Consider a passenger inside a car moving with CONSTANT

VELOCITY & a person standing on the ground is observing the car.

As we know ground is frame of reference.

➔ Hence the Person standing on the ground is also Inertial Frame
of reference. Now as the car is moving with constant velocity.
➔ So car is Inertial Frame of reference.
➔ the driver of the car is observing from Inertial Frame of
reference.
Non-Inertial frame of reference
Any frame/observer which is accelerating with respect to an inertial frame
is called non-inertial frame

a
θ

m
 a

In this case, the car is Accelerating.

And a person standing on the ground is observing the car.

So, car is the NON-INERTIAL frame of reference. And so, the

person inside the car is observing from a NON-INERTIAL frame.

UNACCELERATED Observer ⇒ INERTIAL FRAME

ACCELERATED Observer ⇒ NON-INERTIAL FRAME
 direction of
travel
acceleration

Centrifugal
force?

Pseudo Force
Uniform Velocity
m

m
 Uniform Velocity v m

➔ Let’s take a situation to understand the concept of pseudo force

➔ Now observe the block from car moving with uniform velocity
➔ From car, it will appear that block is moving backwards with uniform velocity
➔ As car is moving with uniform velocity, car is inertial frame
➔ So Newton’s laws are valid for inertial frame also
Acceleration
m or

m
Acceleration a
m ma m
(pseudo force)
or

➔ Let’s observe the block from accelerated car (non-inertial frame)

➔ From accelerated car, block will appear to accelerate in backward direction
➔ But there is no force in backward direction
➔ So, from non-inertial frame Newton’s laws are not valid
➔ To validate Newton’s laws from non-inertial frame we need to introduce concept
of pseudo force
 Pseudo Force
In order to apply Newton’s laws in non- inertial frame, we need to apply one extra force apart
from other real forces. This force we call Pseudo force

Magnitude

Pseudo force = Mass of body × Acceleration of non- inertial frame

Direction
Opposite to direction of acceleration of non- inertial frame.
 B

a
m
Illustration: i) Lift is accelerating upward:

Let’s find the tension in the string from non-inertial frame

a m
Illustration:
i) Lift is accelerating upward:
➔ Let’s find the tension in the string
T + from non-inertial frame
➔ Lift is accelerating upwards so lift
m a
A
is non-inertial frame
➔ Imagine an observer A inside lift
mg – as observer is in accelerated
ma
frame so we need to apply pseudo
Applying Newton’s 2nd law on block. force

T – mg – ma = m(0)

T – mg – ma = 0

T = mg + ma
i) Lift is accelerating upward:
T +

m a

mg –

Applying Newton’s 2nd law on block. B

T – mg = ma

T = mg + ma
➔ Consider an observer B on ground
(inertial frame)
➔ Let’s find tension in string from
inertial frame
➔ For observer B, acceleration of
block will be a upwards
 PSEUDO FORCE

Pseudo Force Problems

A pendulum is hanging from the ceiling of a car having an acceleration a0
with respect to the road. Find the angle made by the string with the
vertical.

A.

B.
C.

D.

a0
θ

m
 a0
θ
ALTERNATIVE

m
Solution:
➔ We shall work from car frame.
➔ Observer A is in car.
–
T cosθ

+
T
+
θ θ ➔ For observer A, acceleration of mass = 0
a0 ➔ As car is accelerating, so it is non- inertial
ma0 T sinθ
m Frame, So Pseudo force ma0 will be leftwards
A
– mg

T cos θ – mg = m(0)
⇒ T cos θ = mg ….(1)
T sin θ – ma0 = m(0) ….(2)
⇒ T sin θ = ma0
Solution:

T cos θ = mg ….(1)
T sin θ = ma0 ….(2)

Dividing eqn. (2) with (1)

T sin θ ma0
⇒ =
T cos θ mg

a0
⇒ tan θ =
g
a0
θ= tan–1
g
A block of mass m is kept on weighing machine, which is placed in lift,
accelerating down with acceleration ‘a’. Find reading of weighing machine.

A.

B.
C.
a
D.
m
Weighing Machine
ALTERNATIVE

m
Weighing Machine
Solution:

As lift is accelerating, so lift is non- inertial N ma (pseudo)

frame a
Pseudo force will be ma, upward. Consider an +

observer in the lift.For observer, Acceleration of m

block = 0
– Weighing machine

Applying Newton’s 2nd law on block.

mg
N + ma – mg = m(0) = 0
⇒ N = mg – ma
Solution:

⇒ N = mg – ma
∴ Reading = N kg.
g
= mg – ma
kg.
g

Note: If acceleration of lift is g downwards (lift is falling freely), reading of

weighing machine will be zero. (as a = g) : Condition of weightlessness.
A box of mass m is placed on a wedge of mass ‘M’ on a smooth surface.
How much force F is required to be applied on wedge M so that during
motion mass m remains at rest relative to wedge.

A. (M + m)g cosθ
B. (M + m)g sinθ
C. (M + m)g tanθ F
D. None of these
M
θ
F

M
θ
Solution:
macosθ

➔ Consider observer on –
θ
wedge ma
➔ As wedge is accelerating, F θ +
wedge is non-inertial masinθ mgsinθ

frame. So we need to apply M mg θ

pseudo force.
mgcosθ
➔ Pseudo force is ma
leftwards Applying Newton’s 2nd law on block along incline
➔ With the wedge frame, mgsinθ – macosθ = m(0) = 0 ⇒ mgsinθ = macosθ
block is at rest so
acceleration of block along ⇒ a = gtanθ
incline is zero
Solution:
a
Both wedge and block are moving together, so
block + wedge can be considered as system m

Mass of system =M+m

F
Acceleration of System = a M θ
Force on system = (M + m)a = (M + m)g tanθ
 11
CLASS

Newton’s Law
of Motion
Applications of NLM

JEE 2024 Jayant

NamoNagda
Kaul
Applications of NLM
Block of mass ‘M’ is attached with Non–ideal string of mass ‘m’.
Find Tension at (i) point A (ii) point B (midpoint of string).

A. Mg, (M + m/2)g
B. (M + m/2)g, Mg
C. Mg, m/2 g B

D. None of these
A

M
Solution:

Tension at point A :
TA
+ B
Applying Newton’s 2nd law A
M
F = Ma –
Mg
⇒ TA – Mg = M(0) = 0

(acceleration of block = 0)

So, TA = Mg
Solution:
+ B T ➔Let's consider block & string
Tension at point B : A B below point B as the body
M
➔Weight on the body will be
Applying Newton’s 2nd law –
(M +m/2)g, vertically
Mg
⇒ TB – (M + m/2)g = M(0) = 0 downwards
(acceleration of block = 0) ➔As mass of string below
➔point B will be m/2.
⇒ TB = (M + m/2)g ➔So total mass of body will be
M + m/2.
Tension at different point of
string will be different
Find the Tension at midpoint of uniform rope. (mass of rope = m)

A. F
M m
B.

C.

D.
Solution:
Lets first, find acceleration of system. To find acceleration,
take block and whole of rope as a system.

Mass of system =M+m

m
Force on system = F M F

Force on system
∴ Acceleration of System =
Mass of system

F
a=
M+m
Solution:

➔To find tension at midpoint, take block midpoint of rope

m
and half of rope as a system M T
➔Tension will be along the string and
a
away from system, i.e. on right side
here. Applying Newton’s 2nd law
on this system.
Uniform rope means mass of rope is
uniformly distributed, So, mass of half of
rope will be m/2. So, mass of this system
= M + m/2
m
T = M+ a
2
m F
T =M+ 2
M+m
Find the acceleration of masses m1 & m2

A. •

B.

C.

D.

• m1

m2
 •

• m1

m2
Solution:

Apply Newton’s 2nd law for pulley B. •

F = ma
⇒ T + T – T′ = (0) a
[Mass of pulley is zero] T T
T

⇒ 2T – T′ = 0 • m1
T’
⇒ 2T = T′
T’

m2
Solution:

Applying short trick A•

T T T
→ →
∑ T. a =0 ⇒ Ta1 – 2Ta2 = 0 ⇒ Ta1 = 2Ta2 •B
m1 a1
–
+ ⇒ a1 = 2a2 …(i) 2T
m 1g
m2
Apply Newton’s 2nd law on m2 +
m2g
– m2g – 2T = m2a2 … (ii)
Apply Newton’s 2nd law on m1

T – m1g = m1a1 … (iii)

Solution:

⇒ a1 = 2a2 …(i)
m2g – 2T = m2a2 … (ii)
T – m1g = m1a1 … (iii)
T – m1g = 2m1a2
2T – 2m1g = 4m1a2 …(iv)
Solution:

m2g – 2T = m2a2 … (ii) As a1 = 2a2

2T – 2m1g = 4m1a2 ……(4) a = 2(m2 – 2m1)g

1
4m1 + m2
m2g – 2m1g = 4m1a2 + m2a2

(m2 – 2m1)g
a2 =
4m1 + m2
A man of mass M1 starts climbing the rope that goes over ideal pulley &
supports a block of mass M2 such that block is always at the same level as man.
M1
Find the ratio of
M2
A. 1
B. 2
C. 1/2
D. None of these

M1
Solution:

Applying Newton’s 2nd law on M2 •

T
T – M2g = M2a + T +
⇒ T = M2g + M2a a M a
1 M2
T
⇒ T = M2(g + a)
⇒ M = T …(1) –
M1g M2g
–
2 g+a
As man always
Applying Newton’s 2nd law on M1
observes block
T – M1g = M1a at the same level
⇒ T = M1g + M1a as him, both will
⇒ T = M1(g + a) have same
T acceleration
⇒ M1 = g + a …(2)
Solution:

T
⇒ M2 = g + a …(1)

⇒ M1 = gT+ a …(2)

From eq. (1) and (2)

M1 = M 2
M1
So, =1
M2
It is observed, a trolley of mass m, moves with a velocity V=2t as
shown. Find the force acting on the trolley (where, t represents time).
A. 2m
B. 3m
C. 4m
D. 8m
V = 2t
m
m
Solution:

We know
F = m dv + v dm
dt dt V = 2t
m
m
As mass trolley m = constant
∴ F = m dv
dt
Magnitude of force
d(2t)
F = m dv = m
dt dt
∴ F = 2m
 →
A trolley of mass ‘m’ is going with constant velocity v . Due to rain, water is getting
collected at rate r kg/s in the trolley. Find Force applied on the trolley.

→
v
Solution:
dm
F = m dv + v
dt dt →
dv = 0 v
As v = constant,
dt
dm
∴ F = v
dt
dm Rate of change of mass of
As =
dt Trolley = r (given)

∴ F =v r
In arrangement shown in figure, the ends A and B of an inextensible string
move downwards with uniform speed u. Pulleys A and B are fixed. Find
the speed with which the mass M moves upwards.

A. u tanθ
B. u cosθ
C. u secθ • •

D. u sinθ
θ

u
u
Solution:

➔As the length of the string during

.
motion remains constant v
(inextensible string), we can state • •

that velocity components of all the θ

points on a string along length of
string must remains same. m
➔As block is going up with speed v.
Speed of point P will be v upward.
u
And its component along segment u
PR/PQ will be v cos θ

∴ v cos θ =u
u = u sec θ
⇒v =
cosθ
If acceleration of ‘B’ is ‘a’ downwards, what will be the
acceleration of A ?
A. a cosθ
B B
B. a cotθ
C. a cosecθ a
D. a sinθ A
θ
Solution:

As given B is accelerating downwards

with an acceleration a. Let acceleration
of A is aA leftwards.

aA sin θ = a cos θ
aA
B
⇒ aA = a cot θ
θ

A θ
Figure shows a hemisphere and a supported rod. Hemisphere is moving in right
direction with a uniform velocity v2 and end of rod which is in contact with
ground is moving in left direction with velocity v1. Find the rate at which angle θ
is changing in terms of v1, v2, R and θ.

v
v2
1 θ
v
v2
1 θ
Solution:
➔ First of all let us find θ In terms of given quantities.
➔ Let x is distance between points A and B
➔ Rate of change of x will be equal to v1 + v2
➔ x will depend on both v1 and v2
dx = v1 + v 2
dt
d R cosecθ R
= v1 + v 2 v1 θ v2
dt x
d cosecθ
R = v1 + v 2
dt
Applying chain law

d cosec θ dθ
R = v1 + v 2
dθ dt
Solution:

R D cosec θ dθ = v1 + v 2
dθ dt
R
dθ = v1 + v 2 θ v2
R (–cosec θ. cot θ) v1
dt x

dθ –(v1 + v2)
=
dt R (cosec θ. cot θ) (negative sign signifies q will decrease with time)
In the system shown in figure , if wedge A is displaced towards right at
acceleration 1 m/s2. Find acceleration of block B w.r.t. ground ?

A. √3 m/s2
B. √5 m/s2
C. √7 m/s2
D. 2 m/s2

A aA = 1m/s2

600
XA
XA

XA

A aA = 1m/s2
600
➔As wedge A is displaced by xA right
wards, so WITH RESPECT TO wedge
A point O, P will appear to be
displaced by xA left wards
➔Points O, P will appear to be
displaced by xA away from centre of
their respective segments so
contribution to elongation will be +
xA for each point.
➔Let block B is displaced
upwards(along the incline) with xBA
(relative to wedge A), so point Q will
displaced upwards with Xba
➔As point Q is displaced towards
centre of its segment so contribution
to elongation will be – xBA.
Constrained relationship : →
aBA
+ xA + xA –xBA = 0
600 →
xBA = 2xA aAG
vBA = 2vA
aBA = 2aA = 2´ 1 = 2 m/s2

Acceleration of B with respect to Ground

aBG = aBA + aAG

aBG = √ (2)
2 + (1)2 + 2 (2) (1) cos 60
= √7 m/s2
In the system shown in figure, the block A is pulled towards right at a
constant speed of 1 m/s. Find speed of block B w.r.t. ground.

A. 8 m/s

•
B. √37 m/s
C. √23 m/s

•
D. 6 m/s

•
A B

•
VA = 1m/s

•
 X

•
• X
X

•
B
•

X
A

•
X
•

X X
Solution:

Velocity of B with respect to A

➔As wedge A is displaced by x1 right wards, so with the

respect to wedge A point N, O, P, Q, R, S will appear
to displaced by x1 left wards (relative to wedge A)
➔Points N, O, P, Q, R, S will appear to displaced by x1
away from centre of their respective segments so
contribution to elongation will be + x1 for each point
➔As point M is displaced towards centre of its segment
so contribution to elongation will be – x2.
➔Let block B is displaced upwards with x2. So point M
will displaced upwards with x2
Solution:

Velocity of B with respect to A

N
x1
x
x1 • •2
O
x1 P •
M
x1 •
B
x1 RQ • x1
x1 • VA = 1m/s
A
S
Solution:

Velocity of B with respect to A

x1 N
x
x1 • •2
O
x1 P •
M
x1 •
B
Q x1
x1 R •

x1 • VA = 1m/s
A
S

Constrained relationship :
+ 6 x1 – x2 = 0⇒ 6 x1 = x2⇒ 6 v1 = v2
∴ VBA = 6 VA = 6 × 1 = 6 m/s
 11
CLASS

Newton’s Law
of Motion
Spring Force

JEE 2024 Jayant

NamoNagda
Kaul
Spring Force
fixed
 Spring Force
When no force acts on a spring, it is in relaxed condition i.e. neither
compressed nor elongated.
When it is pushed by a force F, it is
compressed and displacement x of its free
end is called compression.
When the spring is pulled by a force F,
it is elongated and displacement x of
its free end is called elongation.
 Relaxed spring x=0 Equilibrium / Mean position

Compressed spring Compression

Force by spring on the

wall

Force by wall Force by hand Force by

on spring on spring spring on
hand
Elongation
Elongated spring

Force by wall on
spring

Force by spring on Force by spring on Force by hand on

wall hand spring
Hooke’s Law
 Spring Constant (Stiffness)

The constant of proportionality k is known as spring constant.

The slope modulus of the graph equals to the spring constant.

SI unit of spring constant k is newton per meter or (N/m).

Dimensions of k are MT−2

Hooke’s Law
 Equilibrium Position

F = -kx
Restoring Force (F)

Position (x)
Hooke’s Law Relaxed spring x = 0 Equilibrium / mean position

How spring force F varies with

deformation in length x of the Compression
spring is also shown in the Compressed spring
following figure. Elongation

Elongated spring

Spring force

Compression Extension
Hooke’s Law
The force F varies linearly with x and acts in a direction opposite to x.
Therefore, it is expressed by the following equation.
F = −kx

Here, the minus (−) sign represents the fact that force F is opposite to x.
The constant of proportionality k is known as spring constant
A mass M is suspended & the system is in equilibrium. Assume pulleys to be
massless. k is the force constant of the spring.
The extension produced in the spring is given by
A. 4Mg/k
B. Mg/k
C. 2Mg/k
D. 3Mg/k

M
A mass M is suspended as shown in Figure. The system is in
equilibrium. Assume pulleys to be massless. K is the force
constant of the spring. The extension produced in the spring is
given by

A. 4Mg/K
B. Mg/K
C. 2Mg/K
D. 3Mg/K
The system is in equilibrium. Pulleys are massless. K is the force constant
of the spring. Find the net tension force acting on the lower support.
A. Mg
B. 2Mg
C. 3Mg
D. 4Mg

M
The system is in equilibrium. Pulleys are massless. K is the force constant
of the spring. Find the net tension force acting on the lower support.
A. Mg
B. 2Mg
C. 3Mg
D. 4Mg
The system is in equilibrium. K is the force constant of the spring. If each of the pulley
A and B has mass M, Find the net tension force acting on the lower support.

A. 2Mg
B. 6Mg
C. 3Mg
D. 4Mg

M
The system is in equilibrium. K is the force constant of the spring. If each of the pulley
A and B has mass M, Find the net tension force acting on the lower support.
On applying a force F the point ‘P’ is displaced vertically down by y from
equilibrium position Find the force F in terms of the force constant k of
the spring & displacement y, for the cases (A) & (B)
 On applying a force F the point ‘P’ is displaced vertically down by y from
equilibrium position Find the force F in terms of the force constant k of
the spring & displacement y, for the cases (A) and (B)
Solution:
One end of a massless spring of natural length 3R/4 is attached to the lowest
point O of the wire track. A small ring of mass m is held stationary of point P
such that the spring makes an angle of 60° with the vertical. k = (mg/R).
At the instant when the ring is released :-
Determine the tangential acceleration of the ring &
the normal reaction between ring and track.

g
Solution:
1. The free body diagram of the ring is shown in figure. The forces
acting on the ring are:
a. The weight mg acting vertically downwards
b. Normal force N by the wire track.
Normal force on the ring could be either radially outwards or →
radially inwards depending on whether the ring presses against
the inner surface or outer surface of the track. To ascertain
whether normal force is inwards or outwards assume that, to
→
begin with, it is inwards, then from ∑F = ma find the Value of
normal force, if it is positive it is inwards if it is negative, it is
outwards.
a. Force of the spring kx. In the given physical situation, the
spring is extended, it will pull the ring. So the spring force kx is
along the spring towards O.
Solution:

2. Length of the spring in the position shown = R.(CP = CO = R; ∠COP =

∠OPC = 60°; ∠COP is equilateral)
Change in length of the spring
=

Now from Ft = mat,

cos 30° + mg cos 30° = mat ⇒ at =

Now consider radial direction N + kx cos 60° = mg cos 60°

N = mg cos 60° - kx cos 60 ° =

String Cut Problems

•
m
String Cut Problems
•
Tension Spring Force

Instantly Vanishes/Changes Stays

m
 2 blocks are connected by a spring. The combination is suspended, at rest,
from a string attached to the ceiling, as shown in the figure. The string
breaks suddenly. Immediately after the string breaks, what is the initial
downward acceleration of the upper block of mass 2m?

2m

m
 Two blocks are connected by a spring. The combination is suspended,
at rest, from a string attached to the ceiling, as shown in the figure.
The string breaks suddenly. Immediately after the string breaks, what
is the initial downward acceleration of the upper block of mass 2m?
Solution:
Step-I: Discuss the problem before cutting the
string: From force diagram of lower block,Kx0
= mg. From force diagram of upper block: T = T Kx0
2mg + Kx0

Step-II: Discuss the problem after cutting the

A B
string, 2mg + Kx0 = 2ma or 2mg + mg = 2ma

or 3mg = 2ma Kx0

2mg mg
 The system of two weights with masses m1 & m2 are connected with
weightless spring as shown the system is resting on the support ‘S’. Find
the acceleration of each of the weights just after the support ‘S’ is quickly
removed.

m1

m2

support
Solution:
Force of spring does not change instantaneously so find spring force at initial
instant Initially m1g = kx when support is removed spring force does not change

For m1 : m1g - kx = m1a1 or a1 = 0

M1g M1g

For m2 : m2g - kx = m2a2 or a2 =

M1 M1

kx kx
m1
M2g M2g
kx kx

m2 M2 M2

N=0
FBD initially
support FBD when support is
removed
 If string connecting blocks m2 & m3 is cut at point A. Find the
accelerations of masses m1, m2, & m3 just after the string is cut!

A
m2

m3

m1
 Three blocks are arranged with pulley and spring as shown in the figure.
If string connecting blocks m2 and m3 is cut at point A. Find the
accelerations of masses m1, m2, and m3 just after the string is cut at
Point A.

Solution:
Let us analyse the system at equilibrium. The forces acting on the

•
blocks are shown in figure.
Just after cutting the string at A, the tensions T and T’ will be
A
zero. But the spring force will remain unchanged just after cutting. m2
Figure shows the forces acting on the blocks just after cutting the m3
string.

m1

The forces acting on m1 just before and just after cutting the string
is same and just before cutting the string, equilibrium, hence the
acceleration of m1 will be zero just after cutting the string.
Solution:

At equilibrium Fs = m1g
As Fs does not change just before and just after cutting the string,
acceleration of m2

From free-body diagram of block m3 just after cutting the string, only
m3g will act and

tensions in the string will disappear. Hence acceleration of m3 a3 =

Finally, acceleration of m1 = 0

Acceleration of m2 = and acceleration of m3 = g

The block m2 hangs from a fixed smooth by an inextensible string that is
fitted with a light spring of stiffness k as shown. Find the acceleration of
the bodies just after the string S is cut.

m1

•
m2
 Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are in equilibrium. The block m2 hangs
from a fixed smooth by an inextensible string that is fitted with a light
spring of stiffness k as shown in the Fig. Neglecting friction and mass of
the string, find the acceleration of the bodies just after the string S is cut.

Solution: FBD: Let the spring forces be F = kx just after cutting the spring. Hence,
at that instant the forces acting on m1 are T = kx → m1g 4↓ and N↑: on m2
the forces arc m2g ↓ and T↑.

S kx T
Force equation: Initially, all the m1

•
particles are stationary;
T
T
m2

m2g
Solution:
Hence a1 = a2 = 0. Applying Newton’s 2nd law
For m1: ΣF = T’ - kx = 0 …(ⅰ)

For m2: ΣF = T’ - m2g = 0 …(ⅱ)

For spring : ΣF = T - kx = 0 …(ⅲ)

Solving eq.(ⅰ), (ⅱ) and (ⅲ) we have

T’ = T = kx = m2g as shown in Fig.
Just after the string S is cut, tension T’ vanishes immediately, but the spring cannot
regain its shape and size instantaneously. Therefore, the spring remains as it is. Then,
just after cutting the string, the net force acting on m1 is equal to kx whereas the net
force acting on m2 is equal to T-m2g. Hence, the acceleration of m1 and m2 just after
cutting the string is given by
ΣF = m1a1 = kx = m2g,
ΣF = m2a2 = T - m2g = 0

This gives and a2 = 0

Composite Springs
Springs in Parallel
keq F
Springs in Parallel
This situation is shown in figure If the
force F pulls the mass m by y, the
stretch in each spring will be y,
i.e., y1 = y2 = y

Now as for a spring F = ky and as k’s are not equal so F1 ≠ F2 but for
equilibrium

F = F1 + F 2 i.e., ky = k1y1 + k2y2 [as F = ky]

which in the light of Eq. (i) reduces to k = k1 + k2 + ....

This is like capacitors in parallel or resistance in series.

keq = k1 + k2 + ....
Springs in Series
Springs in Series

keq F
Springs in Series
This situation is shown in figure

As springs are mass less, force in these must be

same, i.e.,

F1 = F 2 = F (i)

Now as F = ky and k’s are not equal, stretches will not be equal,
i.e., y ≠ y2

But, y = y1 + y2 or [as for F = ky, y = (F/k) ]

which in the light of Eq. (i) reduces to

4 identical springs are connected as shown each spring has a spring
constant of 10 N/m. Find the net extension of the spring system on
attaching a 25 kg mass

A. 5m
B. 10m
C. 15m
D. 25m

25 kg