MIDTERM - READINGS 3 - GIT - Amit

Amit, Vincent Luther John M.
BSN UV – MARTINSEN A November 6, 2021,

2021
Extensive transmission of microbes along the gastrointestinal tract
The gastrointestinal tract is home to an extensive microbial community, with over 90% of
strains originating from the mouth. Although rare, the translocation of oral species from the mouth
to the intestine is considered a major event that can affect the gastrointestinal microbiome. Around
a trillion bacteria and other microbial organisms live in the human body. These organisms are most
likely responsible for the development of the mouth and the gut. Failure to keep the oral microbes
in the gut at bay can lead to the overgrowth of these organisms in the gut, which could contribute
to diseases such as arthritis and bowel cancer. In experiments, the scientists discovered that about
one in three oral microbes in healthy people passes through the digestive tract to enter the gut.
Their findings challenge the notion that a person's mouth-to-gut barrier prevents them from having
a full gut. The studies show that the mouth is a reservoir that contains microbes that travel to and
from the gut. These organisms can trigger inflammation in other parts of the body, which could
explain why some of them contribute to diseases.
The large intestine and the oral cavity are both home to unique microbial communities that
have relevance to human health. These communities can be linked to the development of disease
and can be adapted locally. The segregation of the oral and intestinal communities is maintained by
various mechanisms, including the presence of antimicrobial bile acids and gastric acidity. The
accumulation of certain oral microbes in the intestine can lead to an intestinal infection. Increased
presence of specific taxa in the intestine has been linked to various diseases, such as rheumatoid
arthritis and colon cancer. It has also been hypothesized that these taxa could be acquired through
the environment. The presence of commensals in the gut has been hypothesized to be a rare but
significant event that occurs as a result of ectopic colonization. Although the link between the gut
microbiome and disease is poorly understood, it is possible that these organisms can become part
of the GIT through continuous transmission.
The coronavirus disease 2019 caused by SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread across almost
200 countries. Although most people infected with this illness exhibit fever, cough, myalgia and
pneumonia, few of them experience severe GI symptoms. What remains unclear is how SARS-
CoV-2 can trigger GI symptoms and why it should be transmitted through the GI tract. Aside from
its respiratory tract, SARS-CoV-2 also uses the Angiotensin Converting enzyme-2 to enter host
cells. The high level of ACE2 expression was found in the upper and stratified cells of the
Esophageal erosion. This finding may explain the SARS-CoV-2 detection that was detected in the
esophagus. An elderly patient with severe acute colitis died after being treated with high dose IV
corticosteroids. In about 50% of the COVID-19 patients, the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 in the
stool samples and the presence of enteric symptoms suggested that the infection was caused by the
invasion of enterocytes by the bacteria. The other 50% exhibited enteric symptoms.
The main characteristic of aging is the loss of physiological integrity. This impairs the
ability to perform various activities and maintain our health. It is regarded as the leading risk factor
for various diseases. Currently, the elderly population is defined as people who are 65 years or
older. However, with increasing longevity, this cut off may reach upwards of 20% by 2050. The
gastrointestinal system is a major component of the circulatory system. It controls various
functions such as digestion and absorption. It is also known to alter the effects of certain
medications. The study revealed that the vast majority of strains in the gut and oral cavity are
related to each other. They also showed that the prevalence of these communities is high in healthy
individuals. Through the study, we were able to establish that oral-fecal transmission is a
continuous process. In addition, the data revealed that about 2% of the human gut's microbial
population is composed of classifiable salivary cells. We also note that using saliva and stool as
Amit, Vincent Luther John M. BSN UV – MARTINSEN A November 6, 2021,
2021
metagenomic readouts may underestimate the colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by oral
microbes. In addition, the data suggest that the number of known transmissible species is higher
than previously estimated.
The gastrointestinal tract is an important part of the pig's overall health care. It is known to
play a crucial role in the development of the animal's metabolism and other physiological and
performance measures. The gut health of a newly-weaned pig is of interest due to the significant
changes in its GIT structure and function following the transition from a previous generation. In
the absence of enteric disease(s), a reduction in gut health may be linked to the overall health of the
pig. This can be a subtler and less obvious link. The various factors and conditions that affect the
gut health are often poorly explained and are sometimes incorrectly interpreted. As a result, the gut
can get distorted and cause an imbalance. This can lead to the development of enteric diseases or
conditions that can affect the general equilibrium of the gut. The term gut health refers to the
quality of life for the GIT, as it responds to its environment and its various challenges.
The management of patients with gastrointestinal disease presents a unique challenge for
healthcare providers. This paper aims to provide a framework for the effective management of this
population. Also, polypharmacy and comorbidities can increase the likelihood of developing
complications in elderly patients. It is important to discuss these goals with the elderly so that their
care is coordinated and effective. Since the elderly often have atypical symptoms, it is not
uncommon for physicians to miss the opportunity to diagnose them in a timely manner. Being
aware of these symptoms and the possible side effects of medications can also help in making a
diagnosis. It is often confusing which changes in gastrointestinal function are normal and which
are pathological. There is a lack of reliable information on this topic. The patients are mainly from
the elderly population. Due to their unique needs, the team members are trained to provide the best
possible care. The studies provide new insights into the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the various
interventions that can be utilized to prevent its spread. However, many unanswered questions
remain, such as how COVID-19 can survive in the GI tract and the significance of stool testing for
the virus. Despite the explosion of research on the gut microbiota in the last decade, its role in
disease and health is still limited.
REFERENCES
Pluske, J. R., Turpin, D. L., & Kim, J. (2018, June). Gastrointestinal tract (gut) health in the young pig.
ScienceDirect.com | Science, health and medical journals, full text articles and books.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405654517301920
Schmidt, T., et al. (2019, February 12). Extensive transmission of microbes along the gastrointestinal tract.
eLife. https://elifesciences.org/articles/42693
Ng, S. C., & Tilg, H. (2020, June 1). COVID-19 and the gastrointestinal tract: More than meets the eye. Gut.
https://gut.bmj.com/content/69/6/973.abstract

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Amit, Vincent Luther John M.

BSN UV – MARTINSEN A November 6, 2021,

Extensive transmission of microbes along the gastrointestinal tract

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