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CBSE CLass 10 Science

Revision Notes
CHAPTER-3
METALS AND NON-METALS

• About 118 elements are known today. There are more than 90 metals,22 non
metals and a few metalloids.
• Sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesiurn(Mg), aluminium(Al),calcium (Ca),
Iron(Fe), Barium(Ba) are some metals.
• Oxygen(O), hydrogen(H), nitrogen(N), sulphur(S), hosphorus(P),tluorine( F),
chlorine(Cl), bromine(Br), iodineO) are some non-metals.

Metals Non-metals
Generally solid except Hg(present in Can be solid, liquid organs e.g., C is
1. 1.
liquid form). solid, Br (liq), H2 (gas)
Ductile, Malleable (drawn into wires)
2. 2. Non-ductile, non-Malleable
(beaten into sheets)

3. Sonorous(producesso und) 3. Non-sonorous

4. Lustrous (have natural shine) 4. Non-lustrous except Iodine.

5. High Melting Point except Ce and Ga 5. Lower M.P. than metals.
Generally good conductors of heat and Bad conductors of heat and electricity
6. 6.
electricity except Pb and Hg. except Graphite (form of C)

Low densities except Diamond (form

7. High density except Na and K 7.
ofC)

8. Reactive 8. Not very reactive.

Covalent/Hydrogen bonding is
9. Ionic bonding is present, 9.
present

• Metals form b asic oxides e.g., Magnesium oxide(MgO), while non-metals form acidic
oxides e.g., S02, CO2 .

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• Ag and Cu are best conductors of electricity.

• Metals and Non-metals can be distinguished on the basis of their physical and
chemical properties.
• Some elements show the properties of both metals and non-metals and are called
metalloids.

Chemical Properties of Metals Reaction with air : Different metals show different
reactivities towards oxygen present in air. Metal + oxygen --+ Metal Oxide

• Some metals like Na and Kare kept immersed in kerosene oil as they react
vigorously with air and catch fire.
• Some metals like Mg, Al, Zn, Pb react slowly with air and form a protective layer.
• Mg can also burning air with a white dazzling light to form its oxide
• Fe and Cu don't burn in air but combine with oxygen to form oxide.Iron filings burn
when sprinkled over flame.
• Metals like silver, platinum and gold don't burn or react with air.

e.g.. 2Na + ½02 --+ Na20

2Mg + 02 --+ 2Mg0
2Cu + 02 --+ 2Cu0
4Al + 302 --+ 2Al203

Usually metal oxides are basic in nature,but some metal oxides show both acidic and basic
nature. Amphoteric Oxides :metal oxides which react with both acids as well as bases to form
salt and water e.g. Al203, Zn0.
eg.. Al203 + HCl--+ AlCl3 + H20
Al203 + Na0H--+ NaAl03 + H20
REACTION WITH WATER : Metal oxides on reaction with water form alkalis.
React with cold water
e.g. Na, K, Ca .
React with bot water
e.g. Mg ~ l ___-:. React with steam only
e.g. Fe and Al, Zn
to form their oxides and H1
Metals
Na+ H02 --+ Na0H + H2

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K +H02 ➔ KOH +H2

Ca+H02 ➔ Ca(OH)2 +H2

Mg+H20 ➔ Mg(OH)2+H2

In case of Ca and Mg, the metal starts floating due to bubbles of hydrogen gas sticking to its
surface.

Inert metals like Au and Ag do not react with water.

Metal oxide + water ➔ M etalHydroxide

Note: Try Balancing the above Chemical equations yourself

REACTION WITH ACIDS

Metal +dilute acid➔ Salt + Hydrogen gas

metals react with dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute sulphuric acid to form chlorides.
Fe+ 2HCL ➔ FeCl2 + H2
Mg+ 2HCl ➔ MgCl2 + H2
Zn+ 2HCl ➔ ZnCl2 + H2
2Al + 6HCl ➔ 2AlCl3 + 3H2
Note : Copper, mercury and silver don't react with dilute acids.

Hydrogen gas produced is oxidised to water. This happens because H N 0 3 is a strong

oxidising agent when metals react with nitric acid ( H N03). But Mg and Mn, react with very
dilute nitric acid to evolve hydrogen gas. 4. Reaction of metals with other metal salts :
M etal A + Salt solution of B ➔ Salt Solution of A + Metal B

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All metals are not equally reactive. Reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from
their compounds in solution. This forms the basis of reactivity series of metals. Reactivity
series is a list of metals arranged in order of their decreasing activities.

K A Metal can displace all the metats from their

Na l\1ost ReactiYc compounds which arc bdow or after it in this
Ca series.
Mg
Al
Zn Decreasing
Fe Reactivity
Pb
l-1
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au Least Reactive
Fe+ CuS04 --+ FeS04 + Cu Zn+ CuS04 --+ ZnS04 + Cu REACTION OF NON-
METALS:

reaction with oxygen non-metals form acidic oxides Eg:C+O 2 ->CO 2

non-metals do not react with water because they cannot release

reaction with water
electrons.

reaction with dilute

no reaction
acids

reaction with salt a more reactive non-metal will displace less reactive non-metal
solutions from its salt solution.

reaction with
chloride is formed. Eg;H2(g)+Cl2->2HC1
chlorine

reactions with
hydrides are formed. H2 + SO)->H 2S
hydrogen

Reaction between Metals and Non-Metals

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• Reactivity o f b u n d e rs to o d
el em en ts c a n e as a te n d e n c y to
a tt a in a c o m p le
valence shell. te ly fi ll ed
• Atom o f metal l
s c a n lose ele c tr o n s fr o m v a e n c e sh e ll s to fo rm c a ti o n s( + v
• Atom o f non-m e io n s) .
etals g a .m e lectr a n s in v a le n c e s h e 11 to fo rm a n io n s (- v e io n s)
• Oppositely c h .
a rg e d io n s a tt ra t c h o th e r a n d a h ld b y st ro n g e le c
of at tr ac ti o n form c ea re e tr o st a ti c fo rc e s
ing ionic c o m p o
u n d s.
Formation of M
gClz Mg - t Mg 2 + + 2 e- 2,8, 22,8 (M a g n e si
Cl2 2Ct- u m io n )
+ 2e- ,.
2,8,7 2 ,8 ,8 (Chloride
ion)

P ro p e rt ie s o f Io

[Ms'] ~~t~
n ic

Molecule o f
Magnesium Ch
2
loride
Compounds

• Are solid a n d
mostly b ri tt le .
• Have h ig h mel
ting a n d boiling
p o in ts . M o re e n
inter-ionic at tr ac e rg y is re q u ir e
ti o n. d to b re a k th e
• Generally solu st ro n g
ble in w a te r a n d
• Conduct elec in so lu b le in k e ro
tricity in so lu ti o se n e , p e tr o l.
n a n d in m o lt e n
a n d conduct elec st a te . In b o th c
tricity. a se s, fr e e io n s
a re fo rm e d
Occurrence o f M
etals Minerals :
ORES: Mineral fr E le m e n ts o r c o
m p o u n d s o c c u rr
o m w h ic h m e ta in g n a tu ra ll y a
sulphide ore, ox l c a n b e p ro fi ta re m in e ra ls .
ide o re, c a rb o n a b ly e x tr a c te d is
te o re . a n o re . F o r e x a m
p le ,
• Metals a t th e
b o tt o m o f activit
y se ri e s li k e gold
occur in free st at , p la ti n u m , si lv
e . But c o p p e r a n e r, c o p p e r g e n e
• Metals of m e d si lv e r also o c ra ll y
d iu m reactivity c u r a s su lp h id e
(Zn, Fe, P b etc.) a n d o x id e o re s.
carbonates. o c c u r m a in ly a
s o x id e s, su lp h id
es or
M at er ia l d ow n
lo ad ed fr om w
w w .v id ya ku l.c
om
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• Metals of high reactivity (K, Na, Ca, Mg and Al) are very reactive and are thus found in
combined state.

GANGUE: the commercially valueless materiallike soil,sand, etc. in which ore is found.called
gangue. The gangue is removed from the ore. Various Methods to remove gangue: 1.GRAVITY
SEPARATION 2.FROTH FLOATATION 3.MAGNETIC SEPARATION METALLURGY: Step-wise
process of obtaining metal from its ore.
I. *Enrichment of ore
II. *Obtaining metal from enriched ore.
III. *Refining of impure metal to obtain pure metal.
Enrichment of Ores : It is the process of the removal of impurities such as soil, sand etc. from
the ore prior to extraction of the metal. Different separation techniques are used based on
physical or chemical properties of ore. Extracting Metals from the Enriched Ore
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ch..,copys, loc, sulphkk ond Iron (CuS ~ Fc-Sl
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.~L~ rn1fll:'Y,1ts C( mer~•. ores

Extracting Metals Low in the Activity Series : By heating the ores in air at high temperature.
Heat Heat
e.g.*Mercuryfrom cinnabar 2HgS + 302--+ 2Hg0 + 2S02 2Hg0--+ 2Hg + 02
H eat
e.g. *Copper from copper sulphide Cu2 S + 302 --+ 2Cu202 S02
Heat
2Cu2S + Cu2S--+ 6Cu + S02 Extracting Metals in the Middle of Activity Series :
*Metals are easier to obtain from oxide ores, thus, sulphide and carbonate ores are
converted into oxides. *Metal ore heated strongly in excess of air (Roasting) e.g..
Heat
2ZnS + 302 --+ 2Zn0 + 2S02

Metal ore heated strongly in limited or no supply of air (Calcination) e.g ..

Heat
ZnS03 --+ ZnO + CO2

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Reduction of Metal Oxide :

USING COKE : Coke as a reducing agent.

Heat
ZnO + C----+ Zn+ CO

USING DISPLACEMENT REACTION: highly reactive metal like Na, Ca and Al are used to
displace metals of lower reactivity from their compounds. These displacement reactions are
Heat
+ 4Al----+ 3Mn + 2Al203 + heat
highly exothermic. Mn02
Heat
Fe203 + 2Al----+ 2Fe + Al203 + heat

Thermite Reaction : Reduction of a metal oxide to form metal by using Al powder as a

reducing agent. This process is used to join broken pieces of heavy iron objects or welding.
Extracting Metals at the Top of Activity Series

• These metals have more affinity for oxygen than carbon so they cannot be obtained
from their compounds by reducing with carbon.
• So are obtained by electrolytic reduction. e.g.Sodium is obtained by electrolysis of its
molten chloride NaCl---+ Na+ + cz-
As electricity is passed through the solution metal gets deposited at cathode and non-metal at
anode. At cathode: e.g. Na++ e- ---+ Na At anode: 2Cl- ---+ Cl2 + 2e- III. Refining of
Metals Impurities present in the obtained metal can be removed by electrolytic refining.
Copper is obtained using this method. Following are present inside the electrolytic tank.
Anode - slab of impure copper Cathode- slab of pure copper Solution - aqueous solution of
copper sulphate with some dilute sulphuric acid From anode copper ions are released in the
solution and equivalent amount of copper from solution is deposited at cathode. Insoluble
impurities containing silver and gold gets deposited at the bottom of anode as anode mud.

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un;,1..u, 1n
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Corrosion Metals are attacked by substances in surroundings like moisture and acids. Silver -
it reacts with sulphur in air to our form silver sulphide and articles become black. Copper -
reacts with moist carbon dioxide in air and gains a green coat of copper carbonate. Iron-
acquires a coating of a brown flaky substance called rust. Both air and moisture are
necessary for rusting of iron. Rust is hydrated Iron (III) oxide i.e. Fe203- xH2 0

Prevention of Corrosion Rusting of iron is prevented by painting, oiling, greasing,

galvanizing, chrome plating, anodising and making alloys.

In galvanization, iron or steel is coated with a layer of zinc because oxide thus formed is
impervious to air and moisture thus protects further layers from corrosion.

Alloys: These are homogeneous mixture of metals with metals or non-metals. Adding small
amount of carbon makes iron hard and strong.

Some examples of alloys are following ;

1. Steel: Hard Iron and carbon.Used for construction of roads, railways, other infrastructure,
appliances

2. Stainless steel :Hard Rust Free Iron, nickel and chromium. Used in utensils.

3. Brass :Low electrical conductivity Copper and zinc.used for decoration for its bright gold-
like appearance and in locks,gears ,plumbing and electrical appliances.

4. Bronze: than pure metal Copper and tin. used to make coins, springs, turbines and blades.
5. Solder: Low MP, used to weld wires Lead and tin. used to create a permanent bond

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between metal work pieces

6. Amalgam :Used by dentists. Mercury and any other metal

What you have learnt

• Elements can be classified as metals and non-metals.

• Metals are lustrous, malleable, ductile and are good conductors of heat and electricity.
They are solids at room temperature, except mercury which is a liquid.
• Metals can form positive ions by losing electrons to non-metals.
• Metals combine with oxygen to form basic oxides. Aluminium oxide and zinc oxide
show the properties of both basic as well as acidic oxides. These oxides are know as
amphoteric oxides.
• Different metals have different reactivities with water and dilute acids.
• A list of common metals arranged in order of their decreasing reactivity is known as
an activity series.
• Metals above hydrogen in the Activity series can displace hydrogen from dilute acids.
• A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution.
• Metals occur in nature as free elements or in the form of their compounds.
• The extraction of metals from their ores and then refining them for use is know as
metallurgy.
• An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and anon-metal.
• The surface of some metals, such as iron, is corroded when they are exposed to moist
air for a long period of time. This phenomenon is known as corrosion.
• Non-metals have properties opposite to that of metals. They are neither malleable nor
ductile. They are bad conductors of heat and electricity, except for graphite,which
conducts electricity.
• Non-metals form negatively charged ions by gaining electrons when reacting with
metals.
• Non-metals form oxides which are either acidic or neutral.
• Non-metals do not displace hydrogen from dilute acids. They react with hydrogen to
form hydrides.

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