Abuelnuor2018 - PCM For Indoor Air Comfort A Review

Received: 3 August 2017 Revised: 22 December 2017 Accepted: 22 December 2017
DOI: 10.1002/er.4000
REVIEW PAPER
Improving indoor thermal comfort by using phase change

materials: A review
Abuelnuor A. A. Abuelnuor1 | Adil A. M. Omara1 | Khalid M. Saqr2 | Ibrahim H. I. Elhag1
1
Mechanical Engineering Department,
Summary
Faculty of Engineering, Sudan University
of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Phase change materials (PCMs) have great potentials to be used in modern
Sudan building materials to stabilize indoor temperature fluctuations for improving
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, thermal comfort. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the use of
College of Engineering and Technology,
Arab Academy for Science, Technology PCMs in buildings to improve thermal comfort without increasing energy con-
and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, sumption. Concise discussions of the experimental and computational works
Egypt
reported in literature are presented. A special focus of this review is devoted
Correspondence to discussing different analysis methods and models used to test, characterize,
Abuelnuor A.A. Abuelnuor, Mechanical and measure the performance of PCMs in modern building applications under
Engineering Department, Faculty of
Engineering, Sudan University of Science
different conditions. This detailed review also highlights the special attention
and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan. given to organic PCMs, such as paraffin, due to their favorable properties, such
Email: abuelnuor99@gmail.com as low price, chemical stability, non‐corrosiveness, and high latent heat of
fusion. The review shows the scarcity of literature reporting the use of eutectic
PCMs in building applications, despite their high volumetric storage density.
KEYWORDS
indoor temperature, indoor thermal comfort, PCM, thermal energy storage
1 | INTRODUCTION of solar energy usage is to use thermal energy storage

(TES).4,5 TES functions by absorbing and releasing
The global energy demand is consistently increasing.1 thermal energy in the form of heat using a storage
Such an increase has driven the renewable energy media.3 TES systems stabilize power generation from
research sector to improve current alternatives to reduce solar energy throughout dedicated or combined energy
energy consumption, especially in the building energy cycles.
sector.2 Solar energy is one of the main renewables with Over the years, the use of TES with solar energy
applications to the building energy sector.3,4 Unlike other systems has been verified to reduce efficiently the exces-
renewables, such as wind or wave energy, solar energy is sive usage of fossil fuels in building energy systems.6-10
intermittent along a short time scale and is only available TES plays a necessary role in a wide range of industrial
during daytime. One way to improve such a disadvantage and residential applications to improve the efficiency of
Abbreviations: EPS, expanded polystyrene; GP, glass powder; HVAC, heating ventilation and air conditioning; LA–LWA, lauryl alcohol‐lightweight
aggregate; LHS, latent heat storage; MPCM, microencapsulated phase change material; PCM, phase change materials; SHS, sensible heat storage;
SSPCM, shape‐stabilized phase change material; TCM, thermochemical material; TES, thermal energy storage; TESC, thermal energy storage
concrete; EAFD, electric‐arc furnace dust; TGA, thermo gravimetric analyzer; UHI, urban heat island; VIP, vacuum insulation panels; WPC, wood‐
plastic composite; xGnP, exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets
Symbols: QSENSIBLE, The sensible heat storage [kJ].; QLATENT, The latent heat storage [kJ].; m, Mass of storage material [kg].; ΔT, Temperature change
of storage material [K].; Cp, Storage material specific heat capacity [kJ/kgK].; Δh, Specific melting enthalpy of storage material [kJ/kg].; Q, Amount of
heat stored/released [kJ].; Tes, the exterior surface temperature [°C]; T is, the interior surface temperature [°C]; Ta, the internal air temperature [°C]
2084 Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/er Int J Energy Res. 2018;42:2084–2103.
ABUELNUOR ET AL. 2085
the power generation and to stabilize the power supply at 3.1 | Sensible heat
a suitable cost. Many techniques can be used in TES sys-
For sensible heat storage (SHS), the amount of absorbed
tems based on the processing of energy storage to keep
heat depends on 3 characteristics: the mass of the
it in a certain field with a specific time relevant to each
medium, its ability to absorb heat, and temperature
application.8,11-14 A vital purpose of TES can be found in
changes.4 In sensible heat systems, the energy is stored
its use to reduce peak loads in HVAC systems.15,16 TES
in the media and the temperature increases according to
is a practical method which is used to generate cooling
this process, and this energy can be used when the media
or to reduce cost during the period of cooling demand
releases it during a temperature decrease.52 The disadvan-
depending on the storage process, so it could be the most
tage of sensible heat is the use of large storage mass to
suitable method to reduce the mismatch of the gap
store thermal energy which leads to an increase in
between the consumption and supply of the energy.17,18
temperature.15 The sensible heat can be calculated
The materials, which apply the principle of TES and
according to Equation 116:
absorb or release a specific amount of heat to change from
phase into another, are called phase change materials QSENSIBLE ¼ m:cp:ΔT (1)
(PCM).19 In recent years, the application of PCMs has
increased in different fields, such as solar power
plants,20-23 solar dryers24-26 and waste heat recovery27-29;
photovoltaic electricity systems,30-32 electronic devices33;
3.2 | Latent heat
electric vehicles,34,35 lithium batteries36,37; and some Latent heat storage (LHS) is one of the most efficient
biomedical applications.38 This review focuses on the methods of storing thermal energy.53 Latent heat storage
use of PCMs in building construction applications, partic- functions as the enthalpy of a material change when it
ularly in indoor temperature control for improving changes from 1 phase to another.54 LHS provides higher
thermal comfort. Therefore, the discussions presented in heat capacity with a small change in temperature between
this review primarily focus on the effect of using PCMs, charging and discharging.55 LHS could be divided to solid‐
with different applications criteria, on building indoor liquid, solid‐gas, solid‐solid, and liquid‐gas depending on
temperature and thermal comfort. the change of phase during the process.56 The transforma-
tions of liquid‐gas and solid‐gas phase are inappropriate for
TES applications because of the complicated large volume
alteration through the phase change.57,58 The advantage of
2 | DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES OF
an LHS method, which makes it exceed an SHS method, is
REDUCING THE I NDOOR
higher heat storage capacity per volume with a smaller
TEMPERATURE OF BUILDINGS
change in temperature between the charging and
discharging processes.13,59 The heat storage capacity for
Temperature control strategies can be divided into 2 main
latent heat media depends on the specific heat and the
groups: active and passive. Active strategies include all
latent heat capacity.10,60 The LHS can be expressed as16:
HVAC systems which are integrated with the environ-
ment to exploit the variable sources of nature for supply- QLATENT ¼ m: Δh (2)
ing low energy buildings. On the other hand, passive
cooling is the system which utilizes the energy available Equation 3 calculates the total heat stored or released
from the natural environment without using any by a media through a phase change is61:
mechanical units in order to reduce the consumption of
conventional energy resources.39,40 The different ways of Q ¼ ðm:cp:ΔT Þ þ ðm: ΔhÞ (3)
cooling buildings are shown in Figure 1. In the figure,
the TES with PCM is considered as a passive system by
heat modulation. 3.3 | Thermochemical
Thermochemical storage relies on the energy which is
absorbed and released depending on breaking and
3 | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE reforming molecular bonds.12 In the charging process,
MECHANIS M the material separates and supplies an amount of heat.
In the discharging process, the 2 parts mix at certain pres-
TES methods can be divided according to the storage sure and temperature conditions and energy is released.
mechanisms into 3 methods: sensible heat, latent heat, The materials which rely on this principle are termed
and thermochemical (as shown in Figure 2). “thermo‐chemical materials” (TCM)s.62
2086 ABUELNUOR ET AL.
FIGURE 1 Different techniques of

temperature reduction inside the
buildings39-50 [Colour figure can be viewed
at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
composition, PCMs can be classified into 3 main groups:

organic compounds, inorganic compounds, and eutectic
mixtures.39,65,66 This classification is shown in Figure 3
and is explained in the following points:
4.1.1 | Organic phase change material

Although organic PCMs occupy a significant space in the
list of PCMs, paraffin and fatty acids are the most
renowned because of their high LHS.69 Other organic
PCMs used are high density polyethylene, palmitic acid,
FIGURE 2 Types of thermal energy storage51 [Colour figure can
be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] and capric acid.10,70 Organic PCMs have significantly
attracted research attention because of their high latent
heat capacity, suitable phase‐change temperature, and
4 | P H A S E CH A N G E MA T ER I A L S
The definition of a phase (thermodynamically) is the state

of material which is homogeneous throughout in
the chemical composition and the physical state.61,63
Therefore, the materials, which follow the LHS principle
and capture or release an amount of heat when changing
from 1 phase into another at a specific temperature and
pressure, are considered PCMs.64
4.1 | Classification of phase change

material
A considerable variety of PCMs is available in any desired FIGURE 3 PCM classification10,12,32,51,61,64,67,68 [Colour figure
temperature range. According to their chemical can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
stable physical and chemical properties.40,71 Organic TABLE 1 The selection criteria of phase change mate-
PCMs are also non‐toxic, non‐corrosive, and have negligi- rials12,13,40,51,54,67,77-90
ble supercooling and segregation properties.56,71 On the Thermodynamic 1. Suitable phase‐change
other hand, organic PCMs have disadvantages, including properties temperature
low thermal conductivity, flammability, and low 2. High latent heat of transition
enthalpy.13 A supercooling phenomenon implies that the 3. High specific heat
latent heat cannot be extracted even at much lower 4. High thermal conductivity
temperatures than the phase transition temperature in 5. Homogenous melting
the heat recovery stage.72 A segregation phenomenon Kinetic properties 1. No super‐cooling
occurs with the separation of the components' materials 2. High crystallization rate
over successive freeze/melt cycles.73 3. High nucleation rate
Physical properties 1. Favorable phase equilibrium
2. High density
3. Small/no volume change
4.1.2 | Inorganic phase change materials 4. Low vapor pressure
5. No phase segregation
Inorganic materials are further classified as salt hydrate
and metallic. The most common salt hydrates are Chemical properties 1. Chemical stability
2. Compatible with container
K2HO4.6H2O, KF.4H2O, K2HO4.4H2O, LiBO2.8H2O,
materials
FeBr3.6H2O, and CaCl2.6H2O.12,61,74 The most common
3. Non‐toxic
metallics are Gallium and Cerrobend eutectic.12 Inorganic 4. Non‐flammable
PCMs have some attractive properties, including high 5. Non‐explosive
latent heat, non‐flammable, high thermal conductivity, 6. Non‐corrosiveness
and low vapor pressure.12,51,75 However, they suffer from 7. No degradation
inappropriate properties, including corrosiveness, insta- Economic properties 1. Available
bility, and supercooling.75 2. Low price
3. Easy recycling and treatment
4. Good environmental performance
4.1.3 | Eutectic phase change materials

5 | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
An eutectic is a combination of 2 or more components, IN B UIL DING S
each of which melts and freezes homogenously forming
a mixture of the component crystals during TES systems are quite relevant to contemporary global
crystallization.12,76 Eutectic PCMs are mixtures of warming scenarios and concerns. The use of fossil fuel
materials with proportions that provide the lowest in power generation, transportation, and industrial plants
possible melting temperature.40 The most common is the main reason of carbon emissions. Carbon emissions
eutectic PCMs are Triethylolethane + water + urea, are considered as the main sources for global warming.91
Triethylolethane + urea, Mg(NO3)3.6H2O + NH4NO3, The residential energy sector has a significant share in
Mg(NO3)3.6H2O + MgCl2.6H2O, and the world's energy consumption.92 It consumes approxi-
Mg(NO3)2.6H2O + MgBr2.6H2O.12 The eutectic PCMs mately 40% of the available energy in the world. In
have advantages, such as melting or freezing without seg- addition, economic development in the twentieth century
regation as well as high volumetric energy storage den- has mainly led to improvements in lifestyles in the
sity.67 In spite of their high volumetric storage density, residential sector. Throughout the past decades, a consis-
their availability is limited.64 tent increase in the use of residential HVAC systems
and units across the developing world can be easily noted.
This has led to a corresponding increase in the energy
consumption of buildings as well as a significant contribu-
4.2 | Selection criteria
tion to carbon emissions and global warming. HVAC
In fact, any substance can be used as a PCM in TES systems in buildings must provide both thermal comfort
applications, as long as it can go through the phase and required ventilation for occupants with suitable
transitions when the external conditions are satisfied.54 energy efficiency.9,10
However, for employment as a LHS medium, the material During the past few decades, the development and the
must possess certain desirable properties which are optimization of HVAC systems received increasing atten-
mentioned in Table 1. tion from builders, architects, and engineers to increase
energy efficiency in the construction of modern buildings. 16.0°C to 20.8°C and a latent enthalpy of 30.7 kJ/kg.
One way of achieving such a goal is by incorporating The model was produced and applied in Montreal. PCMs
PCMs into the building materials.9,10 TES systems using were joined into gypsum wallboards by 25 wt%. The
PCMs have been accepted as one of the most advanced numerical simulation was conducted using an explicit
energy technologies in enhancing energy efficiency and finite difference model to simulate the transient heat
the consumption of buildings. The use of PCMs in build- transfer procedure in the walls. From the results, the
ings promises better indoor thermal comfort for occu- gypsum wall boards were able to reduce the peak temper-
pants by reducing indoor temperature fluctuations, and ature by 4°C during daytime. It was also shown that the
lowering overall energy consumption due to the load simulation results were in close agreement with the
reduction.93 TES systems have the advantage of managing experimental results.
energy through storage, and they are also useful for reduc- Kissock et al100 utilized a test in basic structures
ing the usage of fossil fuels which are the main cause of treated to 30 wt% using industrially paraffinic PCM
CO2 production.91 The purpose of implementing PCMs (K18) so as to assess the wallboard's thermal performance.
into building is to virtually reduce the maximum thermal Test cells were led on the experiment with and without
load on the building in order to reduce and regulate the paraffinic PCM wallboards. The outcomes acquired
electricity demand for heating and cooling.94 demonstrated that, on sunny days, the phase transition
test‐cell with PCM was lower than that for control test cell
without PCM by 10°C. An improved (finite difference
5.1 | Integration of phase change
simulation) was capable of predicting the temperature of
materials into building components
the interior wall within the test cells with considerable
PCMs, as a LHS technology, integrated in lightweight accuracy (average error 1.7°C) depending on environmen-
building components, are considered as an interesting tal data and measured characteristics.
alternative to sensible heat storage in heavyweight Kissock and Hannig et al101 carried out an experimen-
constructions, because of their theoretical volumetric tal and numerical study to investigate the thermal
storage density which can be up to 15 times higher than performance of PCM integrated with wallboards. The
that of traditional storage materials.12,83,95 The enhance- experiment used 2 test cells with small scale dimensions
ment of thermal performance for a building integrated (1.22 m × 1.22 m × 0.61 m). The cells used basic light‐
with PCMs depends on many factors, including design, frame construction practices to evaluate the phase change
climate, the orientation of the construction, and the types wallboard for exploratory review. The regular wallboard
of PCMs used.93,96 Thermal storage can be part of the was introduced in one of the test cells, and the wallboard
building structure, even for light weight buildings, by (soaked up to 29% by weight with K18) was introduced in
the addition of PCMs to gypsum board, plaster, concrete, the other test cell. A finite‐difference simulation model
or other building materials.97,98 was adjusted and approved by utilizing experimental
PCMs can be incorporated into virtually all the information to anticipate inside wall temperatures in the
components of a building. In spite of that, the major test cells. The outcomes showed that maximum tempera-
common PCM incorporation into the building is in the tures in the PCM test cell were dependent upon to 10°C
walls, floors, ceilings, roofs, and windows, because of not as much as that utilizing the ordinary wallboard
their ease of installation and their effective heat transfer. during sunny days.
The most influential studies, based on citations as well Harald Mehling102 presented his project report at the
as the authors' viewpoints, were reviewed based on using 8th Expert Meeting and Work Shop, Kizkalesi, Turkey
PCM integrated with buildings' construction elements on the (Innovative PCM Technologies) in which it was
(walls, floors, ceilings, roofs, and windows) to evaluate recommended that windows are introduced with PCM
their performance of reducing the indoor temperature of shutters to reduce the room temperature by 2°C and to
buildings. defer the ideal shading temperature by 3 hours.
Farid and Khudhair13; and Tardieu103 built a variety of
symmetric wood‐framed test cottages on the Tamaki
5.2 | Review of phase change material
Campus, University of Auckland, New Zealand. The
integration with building components
single‐storey building measurements were
Athienitis et al99 carried out experimental and numerical 2.60 m × 2.60 m × 2.60 m, providing a floor zone of
studies on a full scale model room with the dimensions 5.76 m2 each. Their wooden casings were made of
(2.82 m × 2.22 m × 2.24 m) integrated with PCMs. 9.8 cm × 6.3 cm strong pine wood profiles. Windows were
Gypsum board has been immersed into a liquid butyl introduced on the north side walls and doors on the east
stearate type PCM, having a phase change range of side walls. The 1.25‐cm‐thick sheets of plywood were
utilized as the outside wall covering. The wall cavities to calculate the non‐linear thermal properties of construc-
were loaded with fiberglass thermal insulation. Tardieu103 tion materials. They focused on applications with PCMs
lifted the test cabins from the ground. The PCM‐upgraded in interior wall materials to prevent overheating. To
gypsum sheets were subjected to field tests where the validate the simulation results, they constructed a test
seasonal energy performance was identified utilizing facility for wall samples of 50 cm × 50 cm. The simulated
entire‐building energy simulations. With the end goal of results showed that the air temperature of a room with
this project, gypsum sheets were incorporated with PCMs is less than that of a room without PCMs by 3°C,
27 wt% of PCM with a liquefying range of 18°C to 23°C as shown in Figure 6.
and a latent heat of melting of 134 kJ/kg. Overall building Some interesting field studies exploring the consider-
energy simulations using EnergyPlus package were ation of PCMs into concrete, bricks, insulations, and other
performed to predict the thermal energy performance. building envelope materials were performed by a research
Both the simulation results and field test information group in the University of Lleida, Spain. Cabeza et al105
have demonstrated that the use of PCM‐ upgraded analyzed PCM and its performance by using PCM‐
gypsum sheets enhances the thermal inertia of buildings enhanced concretes to build one of the 2 symmetric test
(Figure 4). One of the conclusions was that the extra cottages. The other test cottage was built with ordinary
thermal mass of the PCM can decrease the daily indoor concrete for reference. An entire‐building energy model
temperature vacillation by up to 4°C on an ordinary TRNSYS utilizing the PCM subroutine was created by
summer day, as shown in Figure 5. the University of Lleida and was approved based on the
Schossig et al104 carried out a parametric study with a laboratory experimental outcomes. Ibanez et al96 was
building simulation program to identify promising fields utilized for energy performance investigation. The
of application. For this purpose, they implemented a paraffinic PCM with a melting point of 26°C and a latent
model in the open‐source building simulation tool ESP‐r heat of 110 kJ/kg were utilized as a part of this work. The
obtained results demonstrated that hovel PCM incorpora-
tion in the concrete decreased the temperature on the test
hut containing PCM. The temperature contrast between
the reference cabin and the PCM cottage was around 2°C
(Figure 7). Additionally, the air in the reference cabin
achieved the same day top temperature (36°C) approxi-
mately 2 hours prior in contrast with the PCM cottage.
For the numerical model, an average maximum room
temperature reduction of 3°C was obtained.
Ahmad et al106 improved the thermal performance of
light envelopes, which are normally being utilized as part
of current modern structures by using PCM incorporated
in vacuum insulation panels (VIP). Two test cells were
FIGURE 4 Temperatures inside the cabin with PCM [Colour designed, and each one was composed of 1 coated face
figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] and 5 opaque faces protected with VIPs. The thermal
FIGURE 6 Simulated resultant room temperature profile for a

lightweight construction office with and without PCM in the
FIGURE 5 Temperatures inside cabin 1 and 2 [Colour figure can interior plaster [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.
be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] com]
FIGURE 9 The curves of indoor temperature
FIGURE 7 Temperature of south wall in both cubicles [Colour Voelker et al108 applied, experimentally, microencap-
figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] sulated PCM incorporated in the plaster in Weimar,
Germany. The experiment used 2 test rooms developed
inertia of one of the cells was expanded by introducing 5 with lightweight walls. The PCM was incorporated in
PCM panels. During summer, the effectiveness of the the plaster and was connected to 1 test room. The
PCM test cell was observed to be striking with a decrease outcomes demonstrate that the maximum temperatures
in temperature of 20°C. In winter, the PCM cell avoided can be reduced up to 4°C by the use of PCM consolidated
negative indoor temperature efficiently as shown in plaster, as shown in Figure 10. Nevertheless, it is observed
Figure 8. that if a few consecutive hot days occur, the PCM cannot
Shilei et al107 experimentally assessed the thermal release the stored heat and this causes loss of their heat
performance of incorporating gypsum wallboards with storing capacity. To avoid this issue, powerful night
26 wt% PCMs, which were a blend of capric and lauric ventilation (NV) can be connected.
acids. The experiment location was in Shenyang in Kuznik et al109 evaluated, experimentally, the thermal
northeast China, and the test was conducted in winter. conduction of a light‐weight‐building‐inner‐divider wall
The thermal performance of the model room using a PCM‐based wallboard. The experimental study
(5 m × 3.3 m × 2.8 m), with and without PCM gypsum was done in a full‐scale test where the surrounding
wallboards, was observed for 3 sequential days. During environment (temperature and solar radiation) was con-
the measurement period, the rooms were heated by an trolled to simulate an agent summer day. The installation
electric heating film (2040‐W capacity) introduced in the consists of 2 identical enclosures, called “cell 1” and “cell
roof. As indicated by the test outcomes, the greatest 2,” which dimensions are 3.10, 3.10, and 2.50 m. The first
temperature change in the PCM wall room was 1.15°C, cell was constituted of 60% microencapsulated PCM, with
lower than that of the normal wall room (Figure 9). the melting temperature of 22°C. The final form of the
Besides, the thermal stream in the PCM wall room was PCM material was flexible sheets of 5‐mm thickness with
lower than that of the normal wall room. Along these a density of 1019 kg/m3. It was demonstrated that the
lines, PCM wallboards can reduce the temperature fluctu- vacillation of the inner air temperature and the inside wall
ations inside buildings as well as the size of heating equip- surface temperature were decreased by 4.7°C and 3.5°C
ment and hence decrease the related operating cost. separately, when a PCM wallboard was utilized.
FIGURE 8 Thermal behaviour of the 2 test‐cells (without and FIGURE 10 Air temperatures (strength of coating of the plaster
with PCM) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] 3 cm)
Furthermore, a pinnacle removal of 40 minutes on the

inside wall surface temperature was noted.
Kuznik and Virgone110 experimentally tested a
comparative light building envelope with a microencap-
sulated copolymer composite PCM wallboard with 60%
paraffin. The test room was composed of 2 symmetric
fences in areas called “Test Cells 1 and 2.” The test cell
had dimensions of 3.10 m × 3.10 m × 2.50 m and was
limited on 5 sides by air volumes controlled at a steady
temperature. The sixth face was a coated facade that
disconnected the test cell from a climatic room. The
experiment used the controlled test cell and assessed the
aftereffects of 3 cases, namely: a summer day, a winter
day, and a mid‐season day. From the test results, it was FIGURE 12 Indoor temperature variation at the center of the test
found that the air temperature in the room with PCMs cell [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
diminished up to 4.2°C (see Figure 11).
Memon et al111 researched the plausibility of utilizing utilization will give manageable solutions for reusing
soda‐lime squander glass powder (GP) for the application waste glass.
of LHS. n‐octadecane was stacked into GP. The thermal Zhou et al112 carried out a numerical study on the
execution of a cement bond glue composite PCM was thermal performances of shape‐stabilized PCM (SSPCM)
additionally assessed. The most extreme mass percentage plates in buildings for free cooling in summer. They also
of n‐octadecane held by GP was observed to be 8. Fourier investigated the thermal effects of SSPCM plates as inner
transformation infrared spectrum analysis (FT‐IR 57) linings on the indoor air temperature under NV
demonstrated that the association between the parts of conditions. A typical south‐facing middle room in a
composite PCMs is physical in nature. The melting and multi‐layer building in Beijing, China, was considered as
solidifying temperatures of the composite PCMs were the model room for analysis, which has only 1 exterior
found to be 26.93°C and 25.03°C, while the corresponding wall (the south wall) while other walls are all interior
latent heat of melting and freezing were 18.97 and 18.95 J/ envelopes. The dimensions of the room are assumed as
g, respectively. A thermo‐gravimetric analyzer and 3.9 m (length) × 3.3 m (width) × 2.7 m (height). The south
thermal cycling test results affirmed that the composite wall is externally insulated with a 60‐mm‐thick expanded
PCM is thermally stable. The thermal performance test polystyrene (EPS) board. There is a 2.1 m × 1.5 m double‐
demonstrated that the cement bond glue board with glazed window in the south wall and a 0.9 m × 2 m wood
composite PCMs reduced the indoor temperature by 3°C door in the north wall which is adjacent to another room
(Figure 12). It was inferred that the composite PCM can or the corridor. The results obtained showed that the
be utilized for TES applications in buildings. Also, its SSPCM plates could diminish the daily maximum temper-
ature by up to 2°C because of the cool stockpiling during
the evening.
Ansuini et al113 developed radiant floor boards with
granulated PCM with consolidated pipes for heating and
cooling. The results showed that the PCM boards could
be helpful in summer, yet their performance was not
useful in winter. The expanded resistance between the
pipes and the dissolved granulated PCM is the reason
for the awful execution of PCM boards during the
warming seasons. With the plan to diminish the thermal
resistance of granulated PCM, a special steel framework
(acting as a thermal diffuser) was intended to advance
the inner structure of the radiant floor. A numerical
simulation was done after this advancement in winter,
mid‐season, and summer season. It was inferred that, in
FIGURE 11 Composition of the walls with and without the summer season, the amount of cooling water to keep
composite PCM [Colour figure can be viewed at the temperature within the comfort range was decreased
wileyonlinelibrary.com] by 25%; however, in the winter season, there was no
impact. In the mid‐season, the floor temperature pinnacle 1. Reference cubicle (Reference): This cubicle has no
was decreased by around 3.5°C (Figure 13). This frame- insulation.
work is viably advantageous to keep up the room temper- 2. Polyurethane cubicle (PU): The insulation material
ature agreeable with no additional energy source. used is 5 cm of spray foam polyurethane.
Kendrick and Walliman114 reviewed different 3. PCM cubicle (RT27 + PU): The insulation used is
simulations and demonstrated that a phase change tem- again 5 cm of spray foam polyurethane and an
perature of 22°C, which is the mid‐ purpose of the picked additional layer of PCM. CSM panels containing RT‐
comfortable zone range (20°C–24°C), was the best for the 27 paraffin are located between the perforated bricks
contemplated case. In commercial buildings, peak and the polyurethane (in the southern and western
temperatures can be decreased by around 3°C to 4°C, walls and the roof).
and day hours when the temperature is over 24°C can
be diminished by 80% (Figure 14). Their results demonstrated that the interior tempera-
Castell et al115 evaluated a full‐scale test to study the ture was lessened by up to 1°C and turned out to be
macro‐encapsulated PCM added to the building envelope steadier under free‐floating conditions (Figure 15). Entrop
for field cooling. Five different cubicles were built using et al116 and Prins et al117 examined and evaluated PCM‐
different Mediterranean typical constructive solutions to improved floor systems in 4 plastic holders with the
be able to compare the results obtained with the concrete dimensions of 1.0 m × 1.0 m × 0.5 m. These dimensions
cubicles. The internal dimensions of the new cubicles are made the test boxes different from and contrary to
(2.4 m × 2.4 m × 2.4 m). The cubicles are located in reference modern Dutch residential structures. Within
Puigverd de Lleida. each experimental compartment, thermocouples were
Three cubicles using different insulating solutions are installed to measure the temperature profiles crosswise
compared: with the building shell segments. Two out of the 4 test
compartments had the floors containing microencapsu-
lated paraffinic PCM, of a dissolving temperature of
approximately 23°C. Two types of thermal insulated
envelopes were utilized (heavy and light insulation). The
test has demonstrated that indoor maximum space
temperatures can be lessened by up to 4.0°C and 3.7°C
in the test holders utilizing PCM‐improved floors, for
heavy and light insulated envelope forms, respectively.
Gowreesunker and Tassou118 explored the perfor-
mance of a PCM‐clay composite board put on the walls
of a custom constructed test‐cell, with wall properties like
a timber outline wall. The board contained 21% PCM with
a mean enthalpy of fusion 16.5 kJ/kg and a melting
temperature range of 12°C to 22°C. A test cell with the
FIGURE 13 The room air temperature calculated in the mid‐
inward measurements of 1.3 m × 0.8 m × 1.4 m and
season simulations for the PCM and the standard radiant floor
[Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
FIGURE 15 Conventional brick cubicles. Inside reference, PU

FIGURE 14 Effect of PCM on temperature profile for residential and RT27 + PU temperatures [Colour figure can be viewed at
conditions wileyonlinelibrary.com]
coated veneer measurements of 1.3 m × 0.8 m was (mineral wool). The roof is composed of sandwich panels
developed to give a controlled environment where in the with glass fiber and an anti‐steam protection layer (total
transient conduct of air and PCM could be examined. of 8 cm). The internal wall partition that divides both
The wall/ceiling/floor system was made of 48‐mm compartments is also a sandwich panel reinforced with
plywood, 90‐mm insulation, and 18‐mm plywood with 2 layers of 4 cm of insulation (4 cm on each side). The
skimmed PCM mud sheets set within the surface of the floor, besides of the steel structure, is composed of
walls only. The study comprised the experimental 18 mm of insulation material with a vinyl finish. The air
approval of a CFD numerical model of the test‐cell, later temperature was measured inside the test cell, which
used to research diverse forms of the PCM sheets' perfor- comprised 2 next‐to‐each‐other cubicles. The observed
mance. Initially, applying the PCM sheets brought in 3°C diminish in temperature was found to be 16.6°C in the
lessening in peak air and surface temperatures, in respect peak air temperature inside the cell with the PCM shutter
to gypsum plasterboards, avoiding the overheating in contrast to that of the reference cell (Figure 16).
inclination of the building space. Cui et al123 carried out an experimental and numerical
Shi et al119 carried out an experimental study on the study to decide the ideal position of PCM in a room. A
performance of using macro‐encapsulated PCM incorpo- macro encapsulated lauryl alcohol‐lightweight aggregate
rated into concrete walls in the subtropical climate of (LA‐LWA) was prepared for subsequent development of
Hong Kong. The experiment included a small‐scale model TES concrete (TESC). The macro encapsulated LA‐LWA
of an indoor air temperature level at the focal of the test was obtained by encapsulating the surface of LWA with
rooms to highlight the effect of 3 positions of PCM in epoxy and modified cement paste. Computer simulations
concrete walls (outside and inside fortified with concrete for the room model were then performed using the build-
walls, as well as overlaid inside the concrete walls). The ing energy simulation program EnergyPlus. As indicated
obtained results show that the air temperature level inside by the outcomes, it was observed that PCM incorporated
the room models was balanced by the macro encapsulated into walls gave the best thermal performance. The best
PCM; all things considered, its position in the concrete thermal performance of the room model with PCM
walls played an important role in its productivity. A incorporated into walls was found when the decrease in
thermal performance examination of 3 variables cases room temperature was up to 10°C (Figure 17).
exhibited that the best inside temperature control was Xuming Mi et al124 showed the inside surface
accomplished by the model with the PCM overlaid inside temperature profiles alongside temperature profiles for
the concrete walls with a 4°C lessening in the peak the southern wall (in the presence and absence of PCM)
temperature. on a normal 1‐day climate in June. The effect of PCM
Royon et al120 continued their previous experimental on the energy consumption of a typical multistorey office
study121 and carried out a numerical study to determine building, located in 5 different cities (Shenyang,
the ideal quantity of SSPCM to be brought into the similar Zhengzhou, Changsha, Kunming, and Hong Kong),
floor board to manage the building's inside temperature. representing different climate regions of China, was
To examine the thermal performance of the PCM floor, simulated for a whole year using EnergyPlus. The PCM
a numerical model of the floor with 5 annular setups of used (PCM27 having a melting temperature of 27°C),
PCM (different percentages of PCM concentrations) was was directly selected from the simulation program
developed using Comsol Multiphysics. The simulation
outcomes were approved against experimental estima-
tions, and a decent correlation between the 2 methodolo-
gies was made. The results showed that the surface
temperature varieties in the floor board were diminished
by roughly 2°C and the impact of maximum load removal
was intensified by the fuse of PCM.
Silva et al122 led a full‐scale experimental model in a
Mediterranean climate to analyze the thermal perfor-
mance of 2 comparative window shutters, present and
absent of PCM, in 2 cells' compositions. The external
dimensions of the test cells are 7.00 m × 2.35 m × 2.58 m
(length × width × height) and the internal floor areas are
5.17 m2. The main cell structure is made of galvanized FIGURE 16 Internal air temperature comparison and its decline
steel profiles, and the external opaque walls are composed between cubicles [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.
by sandwich panels with 4 cm of insulation material com]
FIGURE 17 Comparison of simulated indoor center

temperatures for the room model (without window) with PCM
integrated into different position [Colour figure can be viewed at
FIGURE 18 Temperature variation of the test rooms with and
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
without PCM at a 1.5‐m height [Colour figure can be viewed at
DesignBuilder. The office building (with PCM) situated in wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Changsha decreased the most extreme temperature by
2.1°C, while, in Hong Kong, the peak temperature door in the north wall, were studied. The 3 cubicles are
diminished by 1°C. built based on the traditional brick system which consists
Barreneche et al125 directed a current experimental of 2 brick layers with an air gap between them. The
study to assess the thermal and acoustic performance of cubicle, called “Reference cubicle” (REF), has no insula-
a shape‐settled PCM layer for an intermediate wall of a tion in its wall constructive system; on the other hand,
building in Spain. The new shape balanced out PCM the Polyurethane cubicle (PU) is insulated between the
was made out of a polymeric matrix, 12% paraffin PCM, brick layers with 5 cm of spray foam polyurethane. In
and electric‐arc furnace dust (EAFD). The thermal review the same way as the previous cubicle described, the
required in‐situ estimations of the surrounding tempera- PCM cubicle (PCM) is insulated with polyurethane, but
tures and wall temperatures for 2 identical cubicles, with it also contains a PCM layer on the internal face of the
and without PCM thick sheets. The aftereffects of the insulation. The PCMs are macro‐encapsulated in
thermal investigation exhibited the capability of the aluminum panels which are implemented in the southern
PCM thick sheet to diminish the inside temperature by and western walls, and in the roof. The total amount of
up to 3°C. PCM for each wall/roof is 33 kg. The results showed that
Akeiber et al8 built 2 identical full‐scale test models the PCM cubicle managed to decrease more indoor
with sizes (3 m × 2.5 m × 2 m) at the University Technol- temperature than both the Reference cubicle and the
ogy site of Iraq. For the purpose of investigation of the Polyurethane cubicle.
thermal performance of these 2 test rooms, PCM (which Alam et al127 carried out an experimental study to
is composed of 40% oil and 60% wax) was incorporated investigate the potential of (PCM) in reducing the
into the walls and the roofs to evaluate their effects under heating/cooling energy consumption of residential houses
the Iraqi climate. The wall and roof of 1 model were along with several factors influencing the effectiveness of
integrated with PCM, and those of the other model were PCM using EnergyPlus. Simulations were carried out
integrated without PCM. The thermal behaviors of these using 5 different phase change temperature ranges at 8
models were compared to observe the performance of Australian cities which represent 6 climate zones. A single
PCM. The obtained results showed that the incorporation room house was considered for the simulation. The
of the PCM in the building reduced the room temperature results showed that the daytime zone temperature was
peak load by 5°C for the same time period (Figure 18). reduced by 1.7°C, and the nighttime zone temperature
Navarro Farré et al126 carried an experimental study to was increased by 1.3°C during April in Melbourne
analyze the thermal performance of an insulated through the incorporation of PCM, as shown in
constructive system and another one with (PCM) located Figure 19.
in the envelopes as passive cooling system. The experi- Kim et al128 prepared shape‐stabilized (SSPCM) by
ments were done in the experimental facility of Puigverd impregnating hexadecane, as a PCM, into exfoliated
de Lleida, Spain. Three different cubicles, with the same graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP), as a supporting material.
inner dimensions (2.4 m × 2.4 m × 2.4 m) and orientation In addition, mortar with the prepared SSPCM was investi-
(N‐S, 0°), with no windows, and with an insulated metal gated in terms of developing advanced building materials
representation of improvement of indoor thermal com-

fort). Results revealed that the PCM incorporation yields
a reduction in the peak indoor operative temperature of
1°C and 2.5°C on 2 consecutive days (see Figure 20).
Sage‐Lauck and Sailor131 built a newly, constructed
passive house duplex to monitor indoor environmental
quality metrics and building energy use. One unit of the
duplex was outfitted with 130 kg of PCM (type BioPCM),
while the other unit served as a control. The performance
of the PCM was evaluated through an analysis of the
observed data and through an additional computer
simulation using an EnergyPlus, whole‐building energy
FIGURE 19 Zone mean air temperature [Colour figure can be simulation model validated with observed data. The
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] results showed that the PCM in the west unit could
reduce the peak indoor temperature by 0.9°C, more than
with TES properties. The heating and cooling behavior that of the unit without PCM (east unit) (see Figure 21).
test of the SSPCM mortar demonstrated the improvement Guichard et al132 focused on the integration of PCM in
of the thermal mass and inertia by the mortars containing the roof with a non‐ventilated air layer, in order to assess
the SSPCM. Consequently, the thermal behavior of the thermal performances of a dedicated test cell, especially
test buildings made of the hexadecane/xGnP SSPCM for thermal comfort. Experimental equipment was set up
mortar was computationally investigated using at Reunion Island under tropical and humid climatic
EnergyPlus. The internal air temperature variations, for conditions. A mathematical model, based on the apparent
5 days in the test buildings, in winter, spring, and summer
time, were simulated. The results showed that the test
house temperature was approximately higher than that
of the non‐treated test house (the control) by 9.1°C,
5.5°C, and 4.8°C, during winter, spring, and summer,
respectively.
Nghana et al129 carried out numerical and experimen-
tal studies to investigate the potential of PCM. The field
experimental study is conducted using twin side‐by‐side
buildings exposed to the same interior and exterior
boundary conditions, and EnergyPlus, after being
benchmarked with the experimental results, is used for
the numerical study. In the experimental study, 2 build-
ings located side by side each other, with and without
PCM, are monitored synchronously for the month of
September, 2014. The numerical study was carried out
for an existing residential apartment unit with a particular FIGURE 20 Effect of PCM application on 2 consecutive days
[Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
emphasis on the effects of different design parameters,
such as orientation and window‐to‐wall ratio. Preliminary
analyses of experimental data show that PCM are effective
in stabilizing the indoor air by reversing the heat flow
direction. In fact, the indoor air fluctuation was reduced
by 2.7°C, respectively.
Ramakrishnan et al130 carried out a numerical study
and presented a design optimization related to the
application of PCM within buildings, which aims to
maximize the utilization of latent heat capacity to
improve indoor thermal comfort during summer season.
Two performance indicators are developed: efficiency
coefficient (a representation of the effective utilization of FIGURE 21 Compares the observed east (without PCM) and west
LHS capacity) and effectiveness coefficient (a (with PCM) unit air temperatures
heat capacity method, is used to predict the actual impact surface temperatures (Tes and T is) and the internal air
of PCM on thermal comfort. On the experimental temperature (Ta) were measured. Whole building energy
platform, 4 small‐scale cells (called ISOTEST) and a simulations were conducted by using the software
normal‐scale building (called LGI) are installed. The EnergyPlus to evaluate the cooling energy savings
ISOTEST cell model is a reduction in size of the LGI through the combined use of cool paint and PCM in a
building. In order to simulate the dynamic thermal behav- tropical climate. A numerical building model was
iour of a multizone building according to its description developed based on a singlestorey building located in
and the climate of its location, a prototype of building Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. It is a
thermal software, which integrates the hygrothermal rectangular‐shaped building consisting of 2 rooms, ie, a
and aeraulic phenomena called “ISOLAB,” has been test room and a store room. The incorporation of 20 wt%
developed. It is observed that the indoor air temperature PCM microcapsules into the skim coat also leads to a
is higher in the non‐PCM building than that in the PCM reduction in the peak interior air temperature. The peak
building by 1.7°C throughout the whole day and by internal air temperatures of the type 3 (PCM) and type 4
1.1°C throughout the nighttime. (CP + PCM) were 0.8°C and 3.70°C, respectively, lower
Kim et al133 developed a PCM model based on the than that of the control system (Figure 22).
specific heat capacity of the SSPCM sheets measured Yang et al135 presented a study to derive the reduction
using a thermostatic chamber, and the simulations' effect on the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon by
results were obtained using EnergyPlus. The validity of applying PCM in building roofs. In their study, an effect
the PCM model was examined by comparing the simula- of reduction in surface temperature was verified through
tion and experimental results, which showed a similar a mock‐up performance test on a PCM cool roof system,
temperature tendency. The model was then examined to manufactured by combining a PCM and radiation
determine the applicability of PCM to the various climates hardened wood (wood‐plastic composite WPC), and an
in Japan through annual heating load simulations. Three analysis of the temperature distribution simulation was
identical test huts were constructed in the Chiba Prefec- conducted by utilizing the mock‐up test results to verify
ture, Japan. The target buildings were classified as Type the temperature reduction in the canopy layer and roof
A (no PCM, reference), Type B (only the floor contained surface. This study conducted a test with 3 specimens:
PCM), and Type C (the floor, walls, and ceiling contained WPC, WPC + Bio25 (phase change: 25°C), and
PCM) using a standard Japanese house. Types B and C WPC + n‐docosane44 (phase change: 44°C). The study
had the same amount of PCM as 2.5‐mm SSPCM sheets result showed that the temperature was decreased by
were installed. The simulation was run for 21 cases, with 6.8°C on average when the PCM cool roof system was
one being run for each type of building in 7 Japanese applied.
climates. The results showed that the peak indoor temper- Figueiredo et al136 presented the results of a study on
ature during the daytime in Hut B decreased by 2.0°C, indoor thermal comfort and energy efficiency regarding
while it decreased by 2.6°C in Hut C. The averages of the PCM's positive role when applied to new constructive
the measured indoor temperatures, and the values solutions, inside a building with a geothermal system
calculated by EnergyPlus were compared. linked to the air conditioning system. The PCM study
Lei et al134 investigated the integration of cool colored
coating and PCM for building cooling through experimen-
tal and numerical studies. Four types of coating systems
were prepared to investigate the cooling performance of
combining cool paint and PCM. Type 1 (Control) is a
control system where a normal skim coat was coated with
normal paint on the surface and type 2 (CP) is the normal
skim coat with cool paint coated on the surface. Type 3
(PCM) adopts a PCM‐modified skim coat with the normal
paint coated on the surface, while type 4 (CP + PCM) is
the PCM cool colored coating system where the PCM‐
modified skim coat was coated with the cool paint on
the surface. The sample was fitted in a well‐insulated
cubic box with the dimension of 70 mm × 200 mm × 130 mm.
The top surface of the sample with the paint faced to a FIGURE 22 Temperature profiles of the internal air during the
halogen tungsten lamp, simulating a natural sunlight thermal tests of type 1 to 4 [Colour figure can be viewed at
condition over the box. Both the exterior and interior wileyonlinelibrary.com]
was based on real and simulated investigations in 2 rooms incorporating such paraffin (40% oil +60% wax) on the
of a new university department at the Aveiro campus. roof and walls for determining its effect on the heat trans-
Higrothermal monitoring (indoor air temperature) of 2 fer over the temperature range of 40°C to 44°C. Two iden-
rooms in which one of them has PCM panels incorporated tical test rooms of the same internal dimensions of
into a gypsum board partition wall and into a suspended (3 m × 2.5 m × 2 m) were constructed to examine the
ceiling. The scope was driven to investigate the potential energy savings and thermal comfort improvement capac-
of these solutions for overheating mitigation. The ity of the developed PCM. The stable structure is formed
numerical study was conducted by using EnergyPlus by enclosing the PCM (paraffin) inside an aluminum con-
software. In the scope of this optimization process, tainer. Figure 23 shows the effects of the PCM panel (over
constructive solutions with the incorporation of different the concrete slab) on the heat transfer for the month of
types of PCMs with different melting temperatures and August (peak summer). It is observed that the room
enthalpy, and different flow rates of natural ventilation temperature at 1.5‐m height without PCM is higher than
were combined to investigate the potential and the that of the one with the PCM incorporated panel by 10°C.
payback time of these novel solutions. The results showed Abuelnuor et al140 carried out an experimental study
that the PCM application in one of the rooms led to a to evaluate the performance of using PCM systems in
reduction of 2°C in indoor temperature, less than that of buildings. The PCM used was calcium chloride hexahy-
the other room. drate (CaCl2.6H2O) whose latent heat is 187.8 KJ/kg K
Siddiqui et al137 compared and contrasted the thermal and melting point is 30°C. They built 2 small scale models
performances of 2 (PCM)s in the Toronto's Net‐Zero (with and without PCM) with the dimensions
Energy House with commonly available forms of thermal (0.36 m × 0.30 m × 0.34 m). The construction material
masses using the simulation software (TRNSYS). The roof was compressed wood with the thermal conductivity of
assembly consists of drywall on 19 mm × 19 mm furring 0.17 W m−1 K−1. Four thermocouples were attached to
and 0.15‐mm polyethylene vapor retarder attached to the indoor air temperature inside the model, with and
the bottom of the 294‐mm pre‐engineered Ijoists. Walls without PCM. The results showed that the PCM in the
below grade are of the insulating concrete form and have building structure reduced the peak indoor temperature
6.3 cm of a rigid polystyrene board with a waterproof by 3.5°C for the same time period, as shown in
membrane. The results exhibited that the performance Figure 24.
of a novel solid‐solid phase PCM, recently developed by Ramakrishnan et al141 carried out a numerical study
researchers at Dalhousie University and known as to investigate the potential applications of PCM to be
“DalHSM‐1,” could be comparable to a commercially integrated into buildings to reduce heat stress risks during
available PCM from BASF (Micronal) in the heating extreme heatwave periods. A detached single‐storey
mode. The results indicated that DalHSM‐1 could reduce house, without an active air‐conditioning system, is
the peak indoor temperature by 8.8°C in winter and refurbished with the installation of macro‐encapsulated
0.2°C in summer, while Micronal could reduce it by Bio‐PCMTM mats as inner linings of walls and ceilings.
9.1°C in winter and 1.7°C in summer. Dynamic thermal simulations have been undertaken to
In order to validate the model developed, several reveal the performance of, as well as factors influencing,
dynamic measurements of an insulated wall, with PCM,
were carried out in a laboratory setup, and the experimen-
tal data were compared with the simulated data of the
same setup by Fateh et al.138 The test chamber consists
of 2, separate plates controllable by the 2 thermostats;
one at the top and one at the bottom. As a sample, some
XPS insulation with a DuPont Energain board as a PCM
layer was used. The PCM was inserted at different
positions of wallboards. The PCM proved its effect on
reducing the indoor temperature of the model it
integrated in.
Akeiber et al139 evaluated the thermal performance
and economy of a newly developed PCM called “local
paraffin.” This PCM, which can be used in potential FIGURE 23 Measured air temperature profile at height of 1.5 m
(TES) systems, was extracted from Iraqi crude petroleum inside the test room without PCM and with PCM of thickness 6‐
waste products and encapsulated in the building construc- cm encapsulation during the month of August [Colour figure can be
tion. Two identical test rooms were constructed by viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Different types of PCMs are available and accessible,

which can be ordered into 3 distinct categories: organic,
inorganic, and eutectic PCMs. To be efficiently combined
into the building envelope and to give warm comfortable
conditions, the PCM needs to meet certain criteria. These
criteria can be classified as: thermodynamic, chemical,
physical, and kinetic.
In this review, it was observed that the organic type
(paraffin) got the most attention from researchers due to
its desirable properties, such as negligible supercooling
and segregation, low price, chemical stability, non‐corro-
siveness, and high latent heat fusion. However, paraffin
FIGURE 24 The temperature average variation [Colour figure suffers from flammability and low thermal conductivity.
can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] On the other hand, other types of PCMs, such as salt
hydrates, showed appropriate characteristics, such as high
latent heat, non‐flammability, and high thermal conduc-
tivity. However, their usage was observed to be limited
due to their corrosiveness, instability, and supercooling.
Furthermore, the eutectic PCMs were not used in these
studies, in spite of their high volumetric storage density.
This is due to their low availability and the lack of avail-
able data on their properties. This study also evaluated
the thermal performance of different integration PCM
methods into buildings segments. The numerical studies
showed that the effective software to assess the facility
of applying PCM in buildings were EnergyPlus, TRNSYS,
ANSYS, DesignBuilder, and Esp‐r. The experimental
studies showed that the available strategies to incorporate
PCM into building components were wallboards, Gypsum
FIGURE 25 Effect of PCM refurbishment on indoor operative boards, PCM shutters, PCM improved gypsum sheets,
temperature [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary. gypsum plasterboards, PCM‐enhanced concretes, VIP,
com] GP, SSPCM plates, granulated PCMs with consolidated
pipes, plastic holders, floor boards, window shutters,
the adoption of PCM to reduce heat stress during
macro encapsulated lauryl alcohol‐lightweight aggregate
heatwave periods. A discomfort index has been used as
(LA‐LWA), shape‐settled PCMs, exfoliated graphite
an indicator for measuring the indoor heat stress risks.
nanoplatelets (xGnP), cool colored coating, and wood‐
The results showed that PCM refurbishment, with and
plastic composite (WPC).
without NV, can effectively reduce indoor temperature,
indicating a significant advantage in improving the
occupant's health and comfort (see Figure 25). ORCID
Abuelnuor A. A. Abuelnuor http://orcid.org/0000-0003-
3226-2120
6 | CONCLUSION
RE FER EN CES
PCM is an effective substitute to traditional cooling
systems. PCM, which is a practical application of the 1. Sabol JC. "Characterization of intermediate phases formed
LHS concept, can thereby act as a smart material to between solid nickel and liquid zinc during cycling for a solar
control the indoor temperature of a building. The thermal energy storage system," 2012.
significance of PCM is apparent when it is combined with 2. Campbell KR. "Phase change materials as a thermal storage
light‐weight structures on the ground, that, with its device for passive houses," 2011.
considerable energy storage density, can anticipate high 3. Solomon LD. "The use of sodium chloride & aluminum as
temperature changes in day‐time and balance out temper- phase change materials for high temperature thermal energy
atures in the suitable comfort range. storage characterized by calorimetry," 2013.
4. Zhao W. "Characterization of encapsulated phase change mate- 22. Liu M, Tay NS, Bell S, et al. Review on concentrating solar
rials for thermal energy storage," 2013. power plants and new developments in high temperature ther-
5. Wicker SA. "Development of a green soft chemical method for mal energy storage technologies. Renew Sustain Energy Rev.
the synthesis of cathode materials utilized in lithium‐ion 2016;53:1411‐1432.
energy storage technologies," 2011. 23. Fornarelli F, Camporeale S, Fortunato B, et al. CFD analysis of
6. Tenorio JA, Sánchez‐Ramos J, Ruiz‐Pardo Á, Álvarez S, Cabeza melting process in a shell‐and‐tube latent heat storage for con-
LF. Energy efficiency indicators for assessing construction sys- centrated solar power plants. Appl Energy. 2016;164:711‐722.
tems storing renewable energy: application to phase change 24. Bal LM, Satya S, Naik S, Meda V. Review of solar dryers with
material‐bearing façades. Energies. 2015;8:8630‐8649. latent heat storage systems for agricultural products. Renew
7. Lo Brano V, Ciulla G, Piacentino A, Cardona F. On the efficacy Sustain Energy Rev. 2011;15:876‐880.
of PCM to shave peak temperature of crystalline photovoltaic 25. Bal LM, Satya S, Naik S. Solar dryer with thermal energy
panels: an FDM model and field validation. Energies. storage systems for drying agricultural food products: a review.
2013;6:6188‐6210. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2010;14:2298‐2314.
8. Akeiber HJ, Hosseini SE, Wahid MA, Hussen HM, Mohammad 26. Zarezade M, Mostafaeipour A. Identifying the effective factors
AT. Phase change materials‐assisted heat flux reduction: exper- on implementing the solar dryers for Yazd province, Iran.
iment and numerical analysis. Energies. 2016;9:30 Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2016;57:765‐775.
9. Parameshwaran R, Harikrishnan S, Kalaiselvam S. Energy effi- 27. Xu H, Romagnoli A, Sze JY, Py X. Application of material
cient PCM‐based variable air volume air conditioning system assessment methodology in latent heat thermal energy storage
for modern buildings. Energ Buildings. 2010;42:1353‐1360. for waste heat recovery. Appl Energy. 2017;187:281‐290.
10. Subramanian E. "Integrating phase change materials in 28. Oluleye G, Jobson M, Smith R, Perry SJ. Evaluating the poten-
building materials: experimentation, characterization and tial of process sites for waste heat recovery. Appl Energy.
numerical simulation," 2011. 2016;161:627‐646.
11. Dincer I, Rosen MA. Thermal Energy Storage: Systems and 29. Li T, Xu J, Yan T, Wang R. Development of sorption thermal
Applications. John Wiley & Sons; 2011. battery for low‐grade waste heat recovery and combined cold
12. Sharma A, Tyagi V, Chen C, Buddhi D. Review on thermal and heat energy storage. Energy. 2016;107:347‐359.
energy storage with phase change materials and applications. 30. Malvi C, Dixon‐Hardy D, Crook R. Energy balance model of
Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2009;13:318‐345. combined photovoltaic solar‐thermal system incorporating
13. Farid MM, Khudhair AM, Razack SAK, Al‐Hallaj S. A review phase change material. Solar Energy. 2011;85:1440‐1446.
on phase change energy storage: materials and applications.
31. Islam M, Pandey A, Hasanuzzaman M, Rahim N. Recent pro-
Energ Conver Manage. 2004;45:1597‐1615.
gresses and achievements in photovoltaic‐phase change
14. Elmozughi A. "Heat transfer analysis of encapsulated phase material technology: a review with special treatment on photo-
change materials for thermal energy storage," 2014. voltaic thermal‐phase change material systems. Energ Conver
15. Gravoille P. "Case study of active free cooling with thermal energy Manage. 2016;126:177‐204.
storage technology," 2011. 32. Sharma S, Tahir A, Reddy K, Mallick TK. Performance
16. Muruganantham K. Application of phase change material in enhancement of a building‐integrated concentrating photovol-
buildings: field data vs. EnergyPlus simulation. Arizona State taic system using phase change material. Solar Energy
University; 2010. Materials and Solar Cells. 2016;149:29‐39.
17. Tay N, Bruno F, Belusko M. Experimental investigation of 33. Hasan A, Hejase H, Abdelbaqi S, Assi A, Hamdan MO.
dynamic melting in a tube‐in‐tank PCM system. Appl Energy. Comparative effectiveness of different phase change materials
2013;104:137‐148. to improve cooling performance of heat sinks for electronic
devices. Applied Sciences. 2016;6:226
18. Prim EO, Cabeza LF. Thermal energy storage (TES) using phase
change materials (PCM) for cold applications. Spain: University 34. Pan D, Xu S, Lin C, Chang G. Thermal management of power
of Lleida; 2012. batteries for electric vehicles using phase change materials: a
review. 0148‐7191 SAE Technical Paper; 2016.
19. Kosny J, Shukla N, Fallahi A. "Cost analysis of simple phase
change material‐enhanced building envelopes in southern US cli- 35. Kraft W, Klein Altstedde M. "Use of metallic phase change mate-
mates," US Department of Energy, 2013. rials (mPCM) for heat storage in electric and hybrid vehicles," in
The 6th Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Conference, 2016.
20. Kuravi S, Trahan J, Goswami DY, Rahman MM, Stefanakos
EK. Thermal energy storage technologies and systems for 36. Wilke S, Schweitzer B, Khateeb S, Al‐Hallaj S. Preventing ther-
concentrating solar power plants. Progress in Energy and mal runaway propagation in lithium ion battery packs using a
Combustion Science. 2013;39:285‐319. phase change composite material: an experimental study. J
Power Sources. 2017;340:51‐59.
21. Liu M, Saman W, Bruno F. Review on storage materials and
thermal performance enhancement techniques for high 37. Nasehi R, Alamatsaz A, Salimpour MR. Using multi‐shell
temperature phase change thermal storage systems. Renew phase change materials layers for cooling a lithium‐ion battery.
Sustain Energy Rev. 2012;16:2118‐2132. THERMAL SCIENCE. 2016;20:391‐403.
38. Lin S‐H, Chang C‐P, Boorady LM, Ashdown SP. "Exploring 60. Jegadheeswaran S, Pohekar SD. Performance enhancement in
phase change materials in gloves to regulate body temperature," latent heat thermal storage system: a review. Renew Sustain
2016. Energy Rev. 2009;13:2225‐2244.
39. Souayfane F, Fardoun F, Biwole P‐H. "Phase change materials 61. Gowreesunker BLS. Phase Change Thermal Energy Storage for
(PCM) for cooling applications in buildings: a review," Energy the Thermal Control of Large Thermally Lightweight Indoor
and Buildings, 2016. Spaces. Brunel University School of Engineering and Design
40. Akeiber H, Nejat P, Majid MZA, et al. A review on phase PhD Theses; 2013.
change material (PCM) for sustainable passive cooling in build- 62. N'Tsoukpoe KE, Liu H, Le Pierrès N, Luo L. A review on long‐
ing envelopes. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2016;60:1470‐1497. term sorption solar energy storage. Renew Sustain Energy Rev.
41. Mehling H, Cabeza LF. Heat and cold storage with PCM. 2009;13:2385‐2396.
Springer; 2008.
63. Wunderlich B. Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials.
42. Elenbaas W. Heat dissipation of parallel plates by free convec- Springer Science & Business Media; 2005.
tion. Phys Ther. 1942;9:1‐28.
64. Chilakapaty AP. "Optimal design variable considerations in the
43. Arthey S, Clarke VA. Suntanning and sun protection: a review use of phase change materials in indirect evaporative cooling,"
of the psychological literature. Soc Sci Med. 1995;40:265‐274. 2014.
44. Kolokotroni M, Aronis A. Cooling‐energy reduction in air‐con-
65. Anisur M, Mahfuz M, Kibria M, Saidur R, Metselaar I, Mahlia
ditioned offices by using night ventilation. Appl Energy.
T. Curbing global warming with phase change materials for
1999;63:241‐253.
energy storage. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2013;18:23‐30.
45. Forsman BS. "Air‐cooling system," ed: Google Patents, 1998.
66. Cao L, Su D, Tang Y, Fang G, Tang F. Properties evaluation and
46. Blair RR. "Packaged air conditioner," ed: Google Patents, 1988. applications of thermal energy storage materials in buildings.
47. Wulfinghoff DR. Energy Efficiency Manual Vol. 3936. Mary- Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2015;48:500‐522.
land: Energy Institute Press; 1999.
67. Zhou D, Zhao C‐Y, Tian Y. Review on thermal energy storage
48. Geros V, Santamouris M, Tsangrasoulis A, Guarracino G. with phase change materials (PCM) in building applications.
Experimental evaluation of night ventilation phenomena. Appl Energy. 2012;92:593‐605.
Energ Buildings. 1999;29:141‐154.
68. Chilakapaty AP. Optimal design variable considerations in the
49. Duffie JA, Beckman WA. "Solar Engineering of Thermal Pro- use of phase change materials in indirect evaporative cooling,
cesses," 1980. 2014.
50. Sizemore TJ, Redd BL. "Evaporative Cooling System," ed: Google
69. Kenisarin MM. Thermophysical properties of some organic
Patents, 1998.
phase change materials for latent heat storage. A review. Solar
51. Shih P‐C. Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage Device for Auto- Energy. 2014;107:553‐575.
mobile Applications. University of Toronto; 2013.
70. Kuznik F, Virgone J, Lepers S. "Full‐scale experimental investi-
52. Nath R. Encapsulation of High Temperature Phase Change
gation of room wall containing phase change materials
Materials for Thermal Energy Storage. University of South Flor-
wallboard," in 9th REHVA World Congress CLIMA 2007
ida; 2012.
WELLBEING INDOORS, 2007.
53. Pielichowska K, Pielichowski K. Phase change materials for
71. Lane G. "Solar Heat Storage: Latent Heat Materials. Volume 1.
thermal energy storage. Progress in materials science.
Background and scientific principles," 1983.
2014;65:67‐123.
54. Zheng Y. "Thermal Energy Storage with Encapsulated Phase 72. Ryu HW, Woo SW, Shin BC, Kim SD. Prevention of
Change Materials for High Temperature Applications," 2015. supercooling and stabilization of inorganic salt hydrates as
latent heat storage materials. Solar energy materials and solar
55. Zhao W, Neti S, Oztekin A. Heat transfer analysis of
cells. 1992;27:161‐172.
encapsulated phase change materials. Appl Therm Eng.
2013;50:143‐151. 73. Arce Maldonado P. Application of passive Thermal Energy Stor-
age in Buildings Using PCM and Awnings. Universitat de
56. Agrawal A, Sarviya R. A review of research and development
Lleida; 1911.
work on solar dryers with heat storage. Int J Sustainable Energy.
2014;1‐23. 74. Sharma SD, Kitano H, Sagara K. Phase change materials for
57. Agrawal A, Sarviya R. A review of research and development low temperature solar thermal applications. Res Rep Fac Eng
work on solar dryers with heat storage. Int J Sustainable Energy. Mie Univ. 2004;29:
2016;35:583‐605. 75. Patil ND, Karale S. Design and analysis of phase change mate-
58. Wahid MA, Hosseini SE, Hussen HM, Akeiber HJ, Saud SN, rial based thermal energy storage for active building cooling: a
Mohammad AT. An overview of phase change materials for review. International Journal of Engineering Science and Tech-
construction architecture thermal management in hot and dry nology (IJEST). 2012;4:2502‐2509.
climate region. Appl Therm Eng. 2017;112:1240‐1259. 76. Lane G. In: Guyer C, ed. "Phase change thermal storage
59. Mondal S. Phase change materials for smart textiles―an over- materials," Hand Book of Thermal Design. McGraw Hill Book
view. Appl Therm Eng. 2008;28:1536‐1550. Co; 1989.
77. Cabeza LF, Castell A, Barreneche C, De Gracia A, Fernández A. 95. Mavrigiannaki A, Ampatzi E. Latent heat storage in building
Materials used as PCM in thermal energy storage in buildings: a elements: a systematic review on properties and
review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2011;15:1675‐1695. contextual performance factors. Renew Sustain Energy Rev.
78. Trp A. An experimental and numerical investigation of heat 2016;60:852‐866.
transfer during technical grade paraffin melting and solidifica- 96. Ibanez M, Lázaro A, Zalba B, Cabeza LF. An approach to the
tion in a shell‐and‐tube latent thermal energy storage unit. simulation of PCM in building applications using TRNSYS.
Solar energy. 2005;79:648‐660. Appl Therm Eng. 2005;25:1796‐1807.
79. Abhat A. Low temperature latent heat thermal energy storage: 97. Soares N, Costa J, Gaspar A, Santos P. Review of passive PCM
heat storage materials. Solar energy. 1983;30:313‐332. latent heat thermal energy storage systems towards buildings'
80. Schneider W, Teubel J, Schmiedel R. Die Anwendung der energy efficiency. Energ Buildings. 2013;59:82‐103.
Hydroraffination bei der Herstellung von Paraffinen und 98. Wang X, Yu H, Li L, Zhao M. Experimental assessment on a
mikrokristallinen Wachsen. Chem Techn. 1965;17:467 kind of composite wall incorporated with shape‐stabilized
81. Solé A, Miró L, Barreneche C, Martorell I, Cabeza LF. Review phase change materials (SSPCM). Energ Buildings.
of the T‐historey method to determine thermophysical proper- 2016;128:567‐574.
ties of phase change materials (PCM). Renew Sustain Energy 99. Athienitis A, Liu C, Hawes D, Banu D, Feldman D. Investiga-
Rev. 2013;26:425‐436. tion of the thermal performance of a passive solar test‐room
82. Tatsidjodoung P, Le Pierrès N, Luo L. A review of potential with wall latent heat storage. Build Environ. 1997;32:405‐410.
materials for thermal energy storage in building applications. 100. Kissock JK, Hannig JM, Whitney TI, Drake M. Testing and sim-
Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2013;18:327‐349. ulation of phase change wallboard for thermal storage in
83. Khudhair AM, Farid MM. A review on energy conservation in buildings. Solar Engineering. 1998;45‐52.
building applications with thermal storage by latent heat using 101. Kissock J, Hannig JM, Whitney TI, Drake ML. "Early results
phase change materials. Energ Conver Manage. 2004;45:263‐ from testing phase change wallboard," in Phase Change Mate-
275. rials and Chemical Reactions for Thermal Energy Storage First
84. Vakilaltojjar S, Saman W. Analysis and modelling of a phase Workshop, IEA Annex; 1998:16‐17.
change storage system for air conditioning applications. Appl 102. Mehling H. Strategic project “Innovative PCM‐
Therm Eng. 2001;21:249‐263. Technology”results and future perspectives,” in 8th expert meet-
85. Lane GA. "Solar Heat Storage: Latent Heat Materials," 1983. ing and work shop. Kizkalesi Turkey; 2004.
86. Telkes M. Thermal Storage for Solar Heating and Cooling," in 103. Tardieu A, Behzadi S, Chen JJ, Farid M. "Computer simulation
Proceedings of the Workshop on Solar Energy Storage Subsys- and experimental measurements for an experimental PCM‐
tems for the Heating and Cooling of Buildings. impregnated office building," in Proceedings of the building
Charlottesville(Virginia, USA); 1975. simulation 2011: 12th conference of international building per-
87. Bordeau L. “Study of two passive solar systems containing phase‐ formance simulation association, 2011, pp. 56‐63.
change material for thermal storage," in Proceedings of the 5th 104. Schossig P, Henning H‐M, Gschwander S, Haussmann T.
National Passive Solar Conference, 1980. Micro‐encapsulated phase‐change materials integrated into
88. Zalba B, Marin J, Sanchez‐Valverde B, Cabeza L. Free construction materials. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells.
cooling; an application of PCM in TES. IEA, ECES IA Annex. 2005;89:297‐306.
2002;17:1‐2. 105. Cabeza LF, Castellon C, Nogues M, Medrano M, Leppers R,
89. Ozdenefe M. "Phase change materials and thermal performance Zubillaga O. Use of microencapsulated PCM in concrete walls
of buildings in Cyprus," 2013. for energy savings. Energ Buildings. 2007;39:113‐119.
90. Akeiber HJ, Wahid MA, Hussen HM, Mohammad AT. Review 106. Ahmad M, Bontemps A, Sallée H, Quenard D. Thermal testing
of development survey of phase change material models in and numerical simulation of a prototype cell using light wall-
building applications. Scientific World Journal. 2014;2014: boards coupling vacuum isolation panels and phase change
material. Energ Buildings. 2006;38:673‐681.
91. Tyagi V, Pandey A, Buddhi D, Kothari R. Thermal performance
assessment of encapsulated PCM based thermal management 107. Shilei L, Neng Z, Guohui F. Impact of phase change wall room
system to reduce peak energy demand in buildings. Energ on indoor thermal environment in winter. Energ Buildings.
Buildings. 2016;117:44‐52. 2006;38:18‐24.
92. Baniassadi A, Sajadi B, Amidpour M, Noori N. Economic opti- 108. Voelker C, Kornadt O, Ostry M. Temperature reduction due to
mization of PCM and insulation layer thickness in residential the application of phase change materials. Energ Buildings.
buildings. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 2008;40:937‐944.
2016;14:92‐99. 109. Kuznik F, Virgone J, Roux J‐J. Energetic efficiency of room wall
93. Zhu N. Energy Performance and Optimal Control of Air‐Condi- containing PCM wallboard: a full‐scale experimental investiga-
tioned Buildings Integrated with Phase Change Materials. The tion. Energ Buildings. 2008;40:148‐156.
Hong Kong Polytechnic University; 2011. 110. Kuznik F, Virgone J. Experimental assessment of a phase
94. Thiele A. "Microencapsulated Phase Change Composite Mate- change material for wall building use. Appl Energy.
rials for Energy Efficient Buildings," 2016. 2009;86:2038‐2046.
111. Memon SA, Lo TY, Cui H. Utilization of waste glass powder for 126. Navarro Farré L, Gracia Cuesta Ad, Castell A, Cabeza LF.
latent heat storage application in buildings. Energ Buildings. "Thermal behaviour of insulation and phase change materials
2013;66:405‐414. in buildings with internal heat loads: experimental study,"
Energy Efficiency, 2015, vol. 8, núm. 5, p. 895–904, 2015.
112. Zhou G, Yang Y, Wang X, Zhou S. Numerical analysis of
effect of shape‐stabilized phase change material plates in a 127. Alam M, Jamil H, Sanjayan J, Wilson J. Energy saving potential
building combined with night ventilation. Appl Energy. of phase change materials in major Australian cities. Energ
2009;86:52‐59. Buildings. 2014;78:192‐201.
113. Ansuini R, Larghetti R, Giretti A, Lemma M. Radiant floors 128. Kim S, Chang SJ, Chung O, Jeong S‐G, Kim S. Thermal charac-
integrated with PCM for indoor temperature control. Energ teristics of mortar containing hexadecane/xGnP SSPCM and
Buildings. 2011;43:3019‐3026. energy storage behaviors of envelopes integrated with
enhanced heat storage composites for energy efficient build-
114. Kendrick C, Walliman N. Removing unwanted heat in light- ings. Energ Buildings. 2014;70:472‐479.
weight buildings using phase change materials in building
129. Nghana B, Tariku F. Phase change material's (PCM) impacts on
components: simulation modelling for PCM plasterboard.
the energy performance and thermal comfort of buildings in a
Architectural Science Review. 2007;50:265‐273.
mild climate. Build Environ. 2016;99:221‐238.
115. Castell A, Martorell I, Medrano M, Pérez G, Cabeza LF. Exper-
130. Ramakrishnan S, Wang X, Alam M, Sanjayan J, Wilson J. Para-
imental study of using PCM in brick constructive solutions for
metric analysis for performance enhancement of phase change
passive cooling. Energ Buildings. 2010;42:534‐540.
materials in naturally ventilated buildings. Energ Buildings.
116. Entrop A, Brouwers H, Reinders A. Experimental research on 2016;124:35‐45.
the use of micro‐encapsulated phase change materials to store 131. Sage‐Lauck J, Sailor D. Evaluation of phase change materials
solar energy in concrete floors and to save energy in Dutch for improving thermal comfort in a super‐insulated residential
houses. Solar Energy. 2011;85:1007‐1020. building. Energ Buildings. 2014;79:32‐40.
117. Prins J, Entrop A, Doree A. Phase change materials in 132. Guichard S, Miranville F, Bigot D, Malet‐Damour B, Beddiar K,
betonvloeren‐deel II. TVVL magazine. 2012;2012:20‐23. Boyer H. A complex roof incorporating phase change material
118. Gowreesunker B, Tassou S. Effectiveness of CFD simulation for for improving thermal comfort in a dedicated test cell. Renew
the performance prediction of phase change building boards in Energy. 2017;101:450‐461.
the thermal environment control of indoor spaces. Build Envi- 133. Kim HB, Mae M, Choi Y. "Application of shape‐stabilized phase‐
ron. 2013;59:612‐625. change material sheets as thermal energy storage to reduce
heating load in Japanese climate," Building and Environment,
119. Shi X, Memon SA, Tang W, Cui H, Xing F. Experimental assess-
2017.
ment of position of macro encapsulated phase change material
in concrete walls on indoor temperatures and humidity levels. 134. Lei J, Kumarasamy K, Zingre KT, Yang J, Wan MP, Yang E‐H.
Energ Buildings. 2014;71:80‐87. Cool colored coating and phase change materials as comple-
mentary cooling strategies for building cooling load reduction
120. Royon L, Karim L, Bontemps A. Optimization of PCM
in tropics. Appl Energy. 2017;190:57‐63.
embedded in a floor panel developed for thermal management
of the lightweight envelope of buildings. Energ Buildings. 135. Yang YK, Kang IS, Chung MH, Kim SM Park JC. "Effect of PCM
2014;82:385‐390. Cool Roof System on the Reduction in Urban Heat Island Phe-
nomenon," Building and Environment, 2017.
121. Royon L, Karim L, Bontemps A. Thermal energy storage and
136. Figueiredo A, Vicente R, Lapa J, Cardoso C, Rodrigues F,
release of a new component with PCM for integration in floors
Kämpf J. "Indoor thermal comfort assessment using different
for thermal management of buildings. Energ Buildings.
constructive solutions incorporating PCM," Applied Energy,
2013;63:29‐35.
2017.
122. Silva T, Vicente R, Rodrigues F, Samagaio A, Cardoso C.
137. Siddiqui O, Kumar R, Fung A, Zhang D, White M, Whitman C.
Development of a window shutter with phase change materials:
Modelling for performance prediction of highly insulated build-
full scale outdoor experimental approach. Energ Buildings.
ings with different types of thermal mass. Appl Therm Eng.
2015;88:110‐121.
2017;122:139‐147.
123. Cui H, Memon SA, Liu R. Development, mechanical properties 138. Fateh A, Klinker F, Brütting M, Weinläder H, Devia F.
and numerical simulation of macro encapsulated thermal Numerical and experimental investigation of an insulation
energy storage concrete. Energ Buildings. 2015;96:162‐174. layer with phase change materials (PCM). Energ Buildings.
124. Mi X, Liu R, Cui H, Memon SA, Xing F, Lo Y. Energy and eco- 2017;153:231‐240.
nomic analysis of building integrated with PCM in different 139. Akeiber HJ, Hosseini SE, Hussen HM, Wahid MA, Mohammad
cities of China. Appl Energy. 2016;175:324‐336. AT. Thermal performance and economic evaluation of a newly
125. Barreneche C, Navarro L, de Gracia A, Fernández AI, Cabeza developed phase change material for effective building encap-
LF. In situ thermal and acoustic performance and sulation. Energ Conver Manage. 2017;150:48‐61.
environmental impact of the introduction of a shape‐stabi- 140. Abuelnuor A, Alhag IHI, Omara AAM, Awad MK, Mohammed
lized PCM layer for building applications. Renew Energy. MH. Buildings Cooling: An Experimental Study of Phase Change
2016;85:281‐286. Materials Storage for Low Energy Buildings," in
Communication, Control, Computing and Electronics Engi-

neering (ICCCCEE), 2017 International Conference on; How to cite this article: Abuelnuor AAA, Omara
2017:1‐5. AAM, Saqr KM, Elhag IHI. Improving indoor
141. Ramakrishnan S, Wang X, Sanjayan J, Wilson J. Thermal per- thermal comfort by using phase change materials:
formance of buildings integrated with phase change materials A review. Int J Energy Res. 2018;42:2084–2103.
to reduce heat stress risks during extreme heatwave events.
https://doi.org/10.1002/er.4000
Appl Energy. 2017;194:410‐421.

Abuelnuor2018 - PCM For Indoor Air Comfort A Review

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Abuelnuor2018 - PCM For Indoor Air Comfort A Review

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Abuelnuor2018 - PCM For Indoor Air Comfort A Review

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Received: 3 August 2017 Revised: 22 December 2017 Accepted: 22 December 2017

Improving indoor thermal comfort by using phase change

Abuelnuor A. A. Abuelnuor1 | Adil A. M. Omara1 | Khalid M. Saqr2 | Ibrahim H. I. Elhag1

1 | INTRODUCTION of solar energy usage is to use thermal energy storage

FIGURE 1 Different techniques of

composition, PCMs can be classified into 3 main groups:

4.1.1 | Organic phase change material

The definition of a phase (thermodynamically) is the state

4.1 | Classification of phase change

4.1.3 | Eutectic phase change materials

FIGURE 6 Simulated resultant room temperature profile for a

FIGURE 9 The curves of indoor temperature

Furthermore, a pinnacle removal of 40 minutes on the

FIGURE 15 Conventional brick cubicles. Inside reference, PU

FIGURE 17 Comparison of simulated indoor center

representation of improvement of indoor thermal com-

Different types of PCMs are available and accessible,

Communication, Control, Computing and Electronics Engi-

You might also like