NAV3–FINALS-REVIEWER

NAVIGATION 3
Final Exam Reviewer

 What is the true course of S 50⁰ E?

a. 110⁰T b. 120⁰T c. 130⁰T d. 140⁰T

 What is the true course for S 25⁰ W?

a. 155⁰T b. 205⁰T c. 025⁰T d. 335⁰T

 Departure and arrival point at the same meridians the departure point is greater than the arrival
point, what is the name of your difference of longitude ?
a. same name b. opposite name c. North d. South

 If Lo1 is 10° 30′E and Lo2 is 10° 20′W, what is the Difference of Longitude?
a. 20° 50′W b. 20° 50′E c. 00° 10′E d. 00° 10′W

 What tides occur when the sun and the moon are in quadrature with the earth?
a. neap tides b. spring tides c. diurnal tides d. mixed tides

 What is the difference in the height between consecutive high and low waters?
a. stand b. range c. crest d. slack

 What is the other name of flood which is the movement of water towards the shore?
a. downstream b. ebb c. upstream d. stand

 It is a level from which height and depths of tides are measured.

a. tidal datum b. range of tide c. tidal window d. lunitidal
interval

 What do you call the periodic horizontal movement of the water?

a. tide b. stream c. tidal current d. stand

 What do you call the speed or velocity of the current?

a. Ebb b. Drift c. Flood d. Tide Rips

 What term is the vertical distance from the chart sounding datum to a high water datum is called?
a. Height of tide b. Range of tide c. Rise of tide d. Chart datum

 Which of the following types of tide occurs when there are two high and two low waters each tidal day?
a. diurnal tide b. semidiurnal tide c. mixed tide d. solar tide

 When a Spring Tides does occurs?

a. full moon and new moon b. full moon and first quarter c. full moon and third quarter d. new moon

 What do you call a current that flows opposite directions with an instant or short period of slack
water?
a. hydraulic current b. tidal current c. rotary current d. reversing
current

 What does the term ‘tide’ refer to?

a. horizontal movement of the water b. vertical movement of the water
c. mixing tendency of the water d. salinity content of the water
  What term is used to describe when there is no sensible change to the level of tide?
a. range of tide b. rise of tide c. high tide d. stand

 Which of the following refers to the maximum height reached by the tide?
a. high tide b. low tide c. crest d. rise of tide

 What do you call the direction towards which current flows?

a. set b. course made good c. direction made good d. drift

 What do you call the movement of water towards the shore or upstream?
a. drift b. flood c. waves d. current

 What do you call a small waves formed on the surface of water?

a. eddy b. flood c. tide rips d. ebb

 How many minutes is lagging occurs to cause high tide each day?
a. 15 minutes earlier b. 15 minutes almost c. 15 minutes later d. 15 minutes
exact

 In plane sailing and Mercator sailing, in what quadrant would the course be if the D. Lat. is named south
and the D. Long. Is named west?
a. 1st b. 2nd c. 3rd d. 4th

 What do you call the tides with higher high and lower low?
a. neap tides b spring tides c. diurnal tides d. mixed tides

 Which of the following is the vertical distance from the chart sounding datum to the water surface at
any stage of the tide?
a. rise of tide b. height of tide c. range of tide d. stand

 What type of tide is produced when only a single high and a single low water occur each tidal day?
a. diurnal tide b. semidiurnal tide c. mixed tide d. solar tide

 Which of the following is a curve that crosses each meridian at the same angle?
a. course line b. rhumb line c. great circle curve d. longitude

 Which of the following is the angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, measured from 0° to
180°?
a. latitude b. longitude c. departure d. DMP

 What is the side of the plane sailing triangle opposite the course?
a. Difference of Latitude b. distance c. DMP d. departure

Plane Sailing

A vessel sailed from 8⁰ 55′N, 122⁰ 59′E to 10⁰ 56 ′N, 121⁰ 33′E

 Which of the following is her Co?

a. N 34⁰ 57′ E b. N 34⁰ 59.5′ W c. S 34⁰ 57′ E d. S 34⁰ 57′ W

 What is the Difference of Latitude in degrees?

 a. 19⁰ 52′N b. 19⁰ 52′S c. 02⁰ 01′N d. 02⁰ 0.5′S

 What is the Mean Latitude?

a. 1⁰ 10′ N b. 1⁰ 15′ N c. 9⁰ 55.5´ N d. 9⁰ 00⁰ 15″ N

 Which of the following is her departure?

a. 83.2 miles b. 84.7 miles W c. 85.2 miles d. 86.2 miles

 Which of the following is the distance she sailed?

a. 118.2 miles b. 128.2 miles c. 138.2 miles d. 147.7 miles

 What is the Difference of Longitude in degrees?

a. 01⁰ 25.5′E b. 01⁰ 26′W c. 115⁰ 27.5′E d. 115⁰ 27.5′W

Parallel Sailing

In latitude 42° 36´ N, a vessel sailed from longitude 26° 30´ W to longitude 21° 12´ W.
 What is the difference of longitude in degrees?
a. 5° 18´ W b. 5° 18´ E c. 47° 42´ W d. 47° 42´ E

 What is the true course?

a. 090°T b. 180°T c. 270°T d. 000°T

 What is the difference of longitude in miles?

a. 318 miles W b. 318 miles E c. 2862 miles W d. 2862 miles E

 What is the departure made good?

a. 244.1 miles b. 240.2 miles c. 234.1 miles d. 230.2 miles

Mercator Sailing

A vessel sailed from 41°29´S, 120° 00´E to 10° 12´N, 091° 26´E.
 What is the Difference of latitude in degrees?
a. 51° 41.0´S b. 51° 41.0´N c. 51° 42.0´S d. 51° 43.0´N

 What is the Difference of latitude in miles?

a. 3101 miles N b. 3100 miles S c. 3100 miles N d. 3101 S

 What is the Difference of Longitude in miles?

a. 1715 miles E b. 1715 miles W c. 1714 miles E d. 1714 miles
W

 What is her Meridional Parts 1 (MP1)?

a. 2721.66 S b. 2724.00 N c. 2724.66 S d. 2721.00 N

Navigation 3 Quizzes – Finals

Lesson 6 – Quiz 1
 1. The latitude of A is 40° N and the latitude of B is 60° N. What is the difference of latitude? -(20° N)
2. The latitude of A is 40° N and the latitude of B is 10° S. What is the difference of latitude? -(50° S)
3. Latitude of A is 40° 30’ N and latitude of B is 10° 30’ S. What is the difference of latitude? -(51° S)
4. The latitude of A is 45° 30’ N and the latitude of B is 22° 35’ N. What is the difference of latitude? -
(22° 55’ S)
5. Latitude of A is 12° 30’ N and latitude of B is 20° 25’ S. What is the difference of latitude? -(32° 55’
S)
6. Latitude of A is 12° 30’ N and latitude of B is 20° 25’ S. What is the difference of latitude? -(1975’ S)
7. The latitude of A is 42° 30’ N and the latitude of B is 32° 25’ N. What is the difference of latitude? -
(605’ S)
8. Latitude of A is 12° 30’ S and latitude of B is 02° 25’ N. What is the difference of latitude? -(895’ N)
9. Latitude of A is 14° 30’ S and latitude of B is 02° 25’ S. What is the difference of latitude? -(725’ N)
10. Latitude of A is 14° 30’ S and latitude of B is 22° 25’ S. What is the difference of latitude? -(475’ S)

Lesson 6 - Quiz 2

1. The longitude of A is 40° W and the longitude of B is 60° W. What is the difference of longitude? -
(20° W)
2. The longitude of A is 170° W and the longitude of B is 160° W. What is the difference of longitude? -
(10° E)
3. The longitude of A is 10° 30’ W and the longitude of B is 10° 20’ E. What is the difference of longitude?
-(20° 50’ E)
4. The longitude of A is 170° 30’ W and the longitude of B is 170° 20’ E. What is the difference of
longitude? -(19° 10’ W)
5. The longitude of A is 175° 40’ E and the longitude of B is 176° 20’ W. What is the difference of
longitude? -(8° E)
6. The longitude of A is 40° W and the longitude of B is 60° W. What is the difference of longitude? -
(1200’ W)
7. The longitude of A is 175° W and the longitude of B is 165° W. What is the difference of longitude? -
(600’ E)
8. The longitude of A is 10° 30’ W and the longitude of B is 10° 20’ E. What is the difference of longitude?
-(1250’ E)
9. The longitude of A is 170° 30’ W and the longitude of B is 170° 20’ E. What is the difference of
longitude? -(1150’ W)
10. The longitude of A is 176° 20’ W and the longitude of B is 175° 20’ E. What is the difference of
longitude? -(8° 20’ W or 354’ W or 500’W)

Quiz – Lesson 8

A vessel sailed from 10° 35’ N, 121° 31.5’ E to 8° 56.6’ N, 122° 58.6’ E.
1. What is the Difference of Latitude in miles? -(98.4 miles S)
2. What is the Difference of Longitude in miles? -(87.1 miles E)
3. What is the Mean Latitude? -(9° 45.8’ N)
4. What is the Departure? -(85.9 miles E) or (85.8 miles E)
5. What is the True Course? -(138° 52.8’ T) or (138° 54.8’ T)
6. What is the distance traveled? -(130.6 miles)
 A vessel from 13° 53’ N, 119° 55’ E sailed on course 152° T and covered a distance of 230
miles.

7. What is the Departure? -(108 miles E)

8. What is the Latitude of arrival? -(10° 29.9’ N)
9. What is the Longitude of arrival? -(121° 45.5’ E)
10. What is the Difference of Longitude in miles? -(110.5 miles E)

Final Quiz 1
1. In plane sailing, which of the following is obtained when the Difference of Longitude is
multiplied with the Cosine mean Latitude? Departure
2. Which of the following is the angular distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, measured
from 0’ to 180’? Longitude
3. What is the side of the plane sailing triangle opposite the course? Departure
4. If Lo1 is 10’ 30’E and Lo2 is 10’ 20’ W, what is the Difference of Longitude? 20’ 50’ W
5. In parallel sailing, what is the value of the departure if the Difference of Longitude is 10’E and
the Latitude is 30’N? 519.6 miles
6. Which of the following is a curve that crosses each meridian at the same angle? Rhumb line
7. What is the true course for S 30’ W? 210’ T
8. What is the true course of S 25’ E? 155’ T
9. In plane sailing and Mercator sailing, in what quadrant would the course be if the DLat is
named south and the DLong is name west? 3rd
10. In plane sailing what is the true course if a vessel made a departure of 100 miles east and a
Difference of Latitude of 150 miles south? 146’T

Final Quiz 2
1. A vessel sailed from 8’ 55’ N, 122’ 59’ E to 10’ 56’ N, 121’ 33’ E. What is the Difference of
Longitude in degrees? 01’ 26’ W
2. A vessel sailed from 8’ 55’ N 122’ 59’ E to 10’ 56’ N, 121’ 33’ E. What is the Difference of
Longitude in miles? 86 miles W
3. A vessel sailed from 8’ 55’ N, 122’ 59’ E to 10’ 56’ N, 121’ 33’ E. What is the Mean Latitude? 9’
55.5’ N
4. A vessel sailed from 8’ 55’ N, 122’ 59’ E to 10’ 56’ N, 121’ 33’ E. What trigonometric function is
used for the mean latitude to solve for the departure? Cosine
5. A vessel sailed from 8’ 55’ N, 122’ 59’ E to 10’ 56’ N, 121’ 33’ E. What is the Difference of
Latitude in degrees? 02’ 01’ N
6. A vessel sailed from 8’ 55’ N, 122’ 59’ E to 10’ 56’ N, 121’ 33’ E. What is the Difference of
Latitude in miles? 121 miles N
7. A vessel sailed from 8’ 55’ N, 122’ 59’ E to 10’ 56’ N, 121’ 33’ E. Which of the following is her
departure? 84.7 miles W
 8. A vessel sailed from 8’ 55’ N, 122’ 59’ E to 10’ 56’ N, 121’ 33’ E. Which of the following is her
Co? N 34’ 59.5’ W
9. A vessel sailed from 8’ 55’ N, 122’ 59’ E to 10’ 56’ N, 121’ 33’ E. Which of the following is her
True Course? 325’ T
10. A vessel sailed from 8’ 55’ N, 122’ 59’ E to 10’ 56’ N, 121’ 33’ E. Which of the following is the
distance she sailed? 147.7 miles
Final Quiz 3
1. A vessel from Latitude 23’ 06’ N, Longitude 130’ 45’ E on course 270’ T and covered a
distance of 600 miles. What is the difference of longitude in miles? 652.3 miles W
2. A vessel from Latitude 23’ 06’ N, Longitude 130’ 45’ E on course 270’ T and covered a
distance of 600 miles. What is the difference of longitude in degrees? 10’ 52.3’ W
3. A vessel from Latitude 23’ 06’ N, Longitude 130’ 45’ E on course 270’ T and covered a
distance of 600 miles. What is the longitude of arrival? 119’ 52.7’ E
4. A vessel from Latitude 23’ 06’ N, Longitude 130’ 45’ E on course 270’ T and covered a
distance of 600 miles. What is the latitude of arrival? 23’ 06’ N
5. In latitude 42’ 36’ N, a vessel sailed from longitude 26’ 30’ W to longitude 21’ 12’ W. What
is the difference of longitude in degrees? 5’ 18’ E
6. In latitude 42’ 36’ N, a vessel sailed from longitude 26’ 30’ W to longitude 21’ 12’ W. What
is the difference of longitude in miles? 318 miles E
7. In latitude 42’ 36’ N, a vessel sailed from longitude 26’ 30’ W to longitude 21’ 12’ W. What
is the departure made good? 234.1 miles
8. In latitude 42’ 36’ N, a vessel sailed from longitude 26’ 30’ W to longitude 21’ 12’ W. What
is the true course? 090’ T
9. From Longitude 10’ 30’ W, a ship sailed due west along the equator for 20 hours at 16
knots. What is the difference of longitude? 5’ 20’ W
10. From Longitude 10’ 30’ W, a ship sailed due west along the equator for 20 hours at 16
knots. What is the longitude of arrival? 15’ 50’ W

FINAL Quiz 4
1. A vessel sailed from 24’ 00’ N, 074’ 15’ W to 46’ 00’ N, 053’ 45’ W. What is the difference of
latitude on miles? 1320 Miles N
2. A vessel sailed from 24’ 00’ N, 074’ 15’ W to 46’ 00’ N, 053’ 45’ W. What is the DMP?
1624.3 N
3. A vessel sailed from 24’ 00’ N, 074’ 15’ W to 46’ 00’ N, 053’ 45’ W. What is the Difference
of Longitude in miles? 1230 E
4. A vessel sailed from 24’ 00’ N, 074’ 15’ W to 46’ 00’ N, 053’ 45’ W. What is the True
Course? 037’ T
5. A vessel sailed from 24’ 00’ N, 074’ 15’ W to 46’ 00’ N, 053’ 45’ W. What is the total
distance traveled? 1655.8 miles
6. A vessel in latitude 36’ 48’ N, longitude 85’ 53’ W sailed on course 274’ T and covered a
distance of 1897 miles. What is the Difference of Latitude in miles? 741.2 miles S
7. A vessel in latitude 36’ 48’ N, longitude 85’ 53’ W sailed on course 274’ T and covered a
distance of 1897 miles. What is the DMP? 859.9
8. A vessel in latitude 36’ 48’ N, longitude 85’ 53’ W sailed on course 274’ T and covered a
distance of 1897 miles. What is the Difference of Longitude in miles? 2025.8 miles W
 9. A vessel in latitude 36’ 48’ N, longitude 85’ 53’ W sailed on course 274’ T and covered a
distance of 1897 miles. What is the Latitude of arrival? 24’ 26.8’ N
10. A vessel in latitude 36’ 48’ N, longitude 85’ 53’ W sailed on course 274’ T and covered a
distance of 1897 miles. What is the Longitude of arrival?
119’ 38.8’ W

Final Quiz 5

1. What does the term ‘tide’ refer to? Vertical movement of the water
2. What do you call the periodic horizontal movement of the water? Tidal current
3. What do you call the tides with higher high and lower low? Spring tides
4. What tides occur when the sun and the moon are in quadrature with the earth? Neap tides
5. What term is used to describe when there is no sensible change to the level of tide? Stand
6. Which of the following refers to the maximum height reached by the tide? High tide
7. What is the difference in the height between consecutive high and low waters? Range
8. Which of the following is the vertical distance from the chart sounding datum to the water
surface at any stage of the tide? Height of tide
9. What type of tides is produced when only a single high and a single low water occur each
tidal day? Diurnal tide
10. Which of the following types of tide occurs when there are two high and two low waters
each tidal day? Semidiurnal tide

Quiz Nav 3

Parallel Sailing

1.A vessel will sail from A 340˚ 46' N, 0620 20' W to B 300˚ 23' N, 0706 15' w. What is the Dlat. in
miles? Solve by Plane Sailing method.
Select one:
263 miles

Question 2
A vessel will sail from A 34˚ 46' N, 062˚ 20' W to B 30˚ 23' N, 070˚ 15' w.
What is the Mean Latitude? Solve by Plane Sailing method.
32° 34' 30" N

Question 3

A vessel will sail from A 34˚ 46' N, 062˚ 20' W to B 30˚ 23' N, 070˚ 15' w.
What is the Departure in miles? Solve by Plane Sailing method.
400.27 = 400.3 miles

Question 4
A vessel will sail from A 34˚ 46' N, 062˚ 20' W to B 30˚ 23' N, 070˚ 15' w.
What is the True course? Solve by Plane Sailing method.

236° 42' T = 237° T

Question 5
A vessel will sail from A 34˚ 46' N, 062˚ 20' W to B 30˚ 23' N, 070˚ 15' w.
What is the distance? Solve by Plane Sailing method.

478.94 = 479 miles

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1. A vessel from 13˚ 53 'N, 119˚ 55' E sailed on course

152˚ T and covered a distance of 230 miles. What is
the Difference of Latitude in miles?
Select one:
a. 203.1 miles S

2. A vessel from 13˚ 53 'N, 119˚ 55' E sailed on course

152˚ T and covered a distance of 230 miles. What is
the departure?

107.98 miles E

3. A vessel from 13˚ 53 'N, 119˚ 55' E sailed on course

152˚ T and covered a distance of 230 miles. What is
the difference of Longitude in miles?

110.47 miles E

4. A vessel from 13˚ 53 'N, 119˚ 55' E sailed on course

152˚ T and covered a distance of 230 miles. What is
the Latitude of arrival?

10˚29.9’N

5. A vessel from 13˚ 53 'N, 119˚ 55' E sailed on course

152˚ T and covered a distance of 230 miles. What is
the Longitude of arrival?

121˚45.47’E

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.A vessel sailed from 10˚ 35'N, 121˚ 31.5'E to 8˚56.6'N, 122˚ 58.6'E. What is the
difference of latitude in miles?

98.4 miles S

2. A vessel sailed from 10˚ 35'N, 121˚ 31.5'E to 8˚56.6'N, 122˚ 58.6'E. What is the
difference of longitude in miles?

87.1 miles E

3. A vessel sailed from 10˚ 35'N, 121˚ 31.5'E to 8˚56.6'N, 122˚ 58.6'E. What is the
departure?

85.8’ E

4. A vessel sailed from 10˚ 35'N, 121˚ 31.5'E to 8˚56.6'N, 122˚ 58.6'E. What is the True
course?

139˚T

5. A vessel sailed from 10˚ 35'N, 121˚ 31.5'E to 8˚56.6'N, 122˚ 58.6'E. What is the
distance?

130.6 nm
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. A vessel sailed from Latitude 23˚ 06 'N, Longitude 130˚ 45'E to 23˚ 06' N, 119˚ 52.7E. What is the difference
of longitude in degrees?

10˚52.3’W

2. A vessel sailed from Latitude 23˚ 06 'N, Longitude 130˚ 45'E to 23˚ 06' N, 119˚ 52.7E. What is the difference
of latitude miles?

652.3’W

3. A vessel sailed from Latitude 23˚ 06 'N, Longitude 130˚ 45'E to 23˚ 06' N, 119˚ 52.7E. What is the distance
sailed?

600 miles

4. A vessel sailed from Latitude 23˚ 06 'N, Longitude 130˚ 45'E to 23˚ 06' N, 119˚ 52.7E. What is the True
course?

270˚T

5. From Longitude 10˚ 30' W, a ship sailed due West along the equator for 20 hours at 16 knots. What is the longitude of
arrival?

15˚30’W

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1. Two vessels are 50 miles apart in latitude 35˚ N. They both traveled due south until they are 55 miles apart.
What is their present latitude?

25˚ 42'N

2. Two vessels are 50 miles apart in latitude 35˚ N. They both traveled due south until they are 55 miles apart. How
far did they travel?
558 miles

1. A vessel in Lat. 36˚ 18'N steams 090˚ T for 100 miles. She then steams 180˚T for 11 hours,
270˚T for 100 miles, and 000˚ T for 11 hours. If the vessel is then 4 miles to the east of her
starting position, find her speed if it has been constant throughout.
18.48 knots

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.A ship sailed due west along the equator for 18 hours at
16 knots. Find her final position if her departure position
was in longitude 10˚ 30'W.
Lat 0˚, long15˚18’W

2. How many miles must a vessel travel along the parallel

of latitude 56˚ South in order to change her longitude 100.
335.5 miles

4. At what speed is a point in latitude 60˚ carried around

the earth's axis?
450 knots
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Mercator Sailing
1. A vessel sailed from 42˚48'N, 38˚22'W to 27˚ 32'N, 56˚18’W (Solve by Mercator sailing)
What is her Dlat in miles?
916 miles

2. A vessel sailed from 42˚48'N, 38˚22'W to 27˚ 32'N, 56˚18’W (Solve by Mercator sailing)
What is her Dlong in miles?
1076 miles

3. A vessel sailed from 42˚48'N, 38˚22'W to 27˚ 32'N, 56˚18’W (Solve by Mercator sailing)
What is her DMP?
1122.1

4. A vessel sailed from 42˚48'N, 38˚22'W to 27˚ 32'N, 56˚18’W (Solve by Mercator sailing)
What is her True Course?
224˚T

5. A vessel sailed from 42˚48'N, 38˚22'W to 27˚ 32'N, 56˚18’W (Solve by Mercator sailing)
What is the distance she covered?
1269.1 miles

A vessel from 36˚48’N, 085˚53’W sailed on true course 242˚T and covered a distance of 1897 miles. What is
the Dlat. In degrees?
14˚50.6’S
A vessel from 36˚48’N, 085˚53’W sailed on true course 242˚T and covered a distance of 1897 miles. What is
the DMP?
1021.5
A vessel from 36˚48’N, 085˚53’W sailed on true course 242˚T and covered a distance of 1897 miles. What is
the Dlong. In degrees?
32˚01.2’W
A vessel from 36˚48’N, 085˚53’W sailed on true course 242˚T and covered a distance of 1897 miles. What is
the latitude of arrival?
21˚57.4’N
A vessel from 36˚48’N, 085˚53’W sailed on true course 242˚T and covered a distance of 1897 miles. What is
the longitude of arrival?
117˚54.2’W

A ship sailed from 25˚20’N, 074˚15’W to 46˚18’N,053˚45’W. What is the difference of Latitude in miles?
1258’N

A ship sailed from 25˚20’N, 074˚15’W to 46˚18’N,053˚45’W. What is the DMP?

1562.6

A ship sailed from 25˚20’N, 074˚15’W to 46˚18’N,053˚45’W. What is the Dlong in miles?
1230’E

A ship sailed from 25˚20’N, 074˚15’W to 46˚18’N,053˚45’W. What is the true course?
038˚T

A ship sailed from 25˚20’N, 074˚15’W to 46˚18’N,053˚45’W. What is the distance travelled?
1601 miles
What does the term ‘tide’ refer to?

- Vertical movement of the water

What do you call the periodic horizontal movement of the water?

- Tidal current

What do you call the tides with higher high and lower low?

- Spring tides

What tides occur when the sun and moon are in quadrature with earth?

- neap tides

What term is used to describe when there is no sensible change to the level of tide?

- Stand

Which of the following refers to the maximum height reached by the tide?

- High tide

What is the difference in the height between consecutive high and low waters?

-Range

Which of the following is the vertical distance from the chart sounding datum to the water surface at any stage of the
tide?

- Height of tide

What type of tide is produced when only a single high and a single low water occur each tidal day?

- Diurnal tide

What kind of tide have two high tides and two low tides each day?

- Semidiurnal tide

Lesson 6 – Sailing problems (Departure and Longitude)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. Define departure and state its relationship with difference of longitude

Guide Questions

1. How would you define departure? What is its relationship with difference of
Longitude?
Departure and its relationship with the difference of longitude
To clearly establish the difference between the departure and the difference of longitude
( Dlong,),we have to consider talking about distance. The vertical lines that connect the north pole
and the south pole are meridians or meridians of longitude. The distance between meridians is
called departure when you are not measuring along the equator. The diatance between
meridians when we measure along the equator is called Difference of Longitude.
 We can now establish the relationship between the departure and difference of longitude. The
value of the distance between meridians along the equator would remain the same if we take the
measurement along the equator. As we go higher towards the poles we will have various values
for the departure as indicated by the arrows. Along the equator, the latitude is 0° while at the
poles the latitude is 90°. The distances between meridians is normally used in parallel sailing
wherein the ship sails along the parallel eastward or westward only. So talking about the distance
between meridians, the distance along the equator will always be greater than the distance in
higher latitudes. In other words, as the latitude gets higher towards the poles, the distance
between meridians becomes lesser because the meridians converge towards the poles.

Lesson 7 - Sailing Problems (True Course and Rhumbline)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. Define true course and rhumbline

Guide Questions

1. How do you describe true course and rhumbline?

The Rhumb Line – This is the curve on the earth’s surface which represents a line of constant
course, thus crossing all meridians at the same angle. It will appear on the Earth’s surface as a
spiral towards the poles. It represents the track which a navigator Normally uses when steaming
between two points, having calculated or measured the course from a chart.
 True course is the
direction of travel of the vessel. It is expressed in three digit notation in which the observer is
imagined at the center of the compass and the direction of the true north is taken to be the
reference direction of 000°. It is measured from True north, clockwise around the compass from

Lesson 8 Sailing Problems (Plane Sailing)

PLANE SAILING

Plane Sailing solves problems involving a single course and distance, the difference of latitude, and
departure, in which the earth is regarded as a plane surface.

The plane Sailing method is used to find the approximated course and distance between two
positions that are on different latitudes.

The plane Sailing method is not intended for solving distances more than a few hundred miles.

Since the track is cutting all meridians at the same angle, Plane Sailing is also one of the methods of
Rhumb Line Sailing. In a short distance, a rhumb line appears as a straight line, but the track is
actually a curve and, if extended, it will eventually spiral on the North or South Pole. Because the unit
of latitude is not the same as the unit of longitude, the difference of longitude has to be calculated to
become departure, which is expressed as latitude unit.

Lesson 8 - Sailing Problems (Plane Sailing)

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. Demonstrate the uses of plane sailing formula

2. Calculate correctly the course and distance between two positions using the plane sailing
formula
3. Calculate a DR position or an estimated position by using the plane sailing formula, given
course and distance.
4. Solve problem of plane sailing using calculator.
Guide Questions

1. How do you demonstrate the uses of plane sailing formula?

2. How do you calculate the course and distance between two positions using the plane sailing
formula?
3. How do you calculate a DR position or an estimated position by using the Plane sailing
formula, given compass course and distance.
How do you solve problem of plane sailing using calculator?
The plane sailing triangles

Plane Sailing may be used to find the course and distance between two positions which are not
in the same latitude. It is used over areas of small distances only. Given the latitude and longitude
of the two positions the difference of latitude (d lat) and the difference of longitude (dlong) can
be readily found.

The dlat and the distance are measured in the same units and can be graphically represented by
the two sides of a right triangle, the distance being the hypotenuse and the angle between the
two sides the course as shown in the figure above.
 Plane sailing formula:

Sin Course = Dep/Distance (Opposite/Hypotenuse)

Cos Co = Dlat / Dist (Adjacent/Hypotenuse)

Tan Co = Dep/ Dlat (Opposite/Adjacent)

SOH
CAH
TOA

Given the two sides of the right plane triangle the third side could be determined using the Plane
Sailing formula.

When only the departure ( L1 and Lo1) and arrival position (L2 and Lo2) are given the Plane
Sailing by Mean Latitude can be used. The mean or average of the two latitudes can be
determined by adding the half of the dlat to the Lat1. To solve for the Departure the formula
below can be used:

Departure = D long x Cosine Lat.

To calculate the course and distance between two positions using the plane sailing formula.

Sample problem:

Find the course and distance from 37° 01′ N 009° 00′ W to 36° 11′ N 006° 02′ W Procedure:
1. From the two given positons calculate the D lat and the D long. These are named according to the
direction where the ship is heading to determine the quadrant which the course will lie.
2. Using the mean latitude find the departure.
3. Solve the right angled plane sailing triangle using the D lat and Departure, for course and
distance.

L1 = 37° 01′ N LO1 = 9° 00′ W L1 = 37° 01′ N

L2 = 36° 11′ N LO2 = 6° 02′ W 1/2Dlat = 25′(-)

Dlat = 00° 50′ S DLONG = 2° 58′ E Mean Lat = 36° 36′ N
x 60
Dlat = 50 miles Dlong = 178 miles Mean Lat = 36° 36′ N
Departure = Dlong x Cos Mean Lat
= 178 x Cos 36° 36′
= 142.9 miles

Tan Course = Dep/Dlat = 142.9 ÷ 50 = shift Tan = shift degrees

= 70° 42′ 55″

Course = S 70° 42′ 55″ E SE Quadrant (3rd Quadrant) 180°- course True Course = 109°T

Distance = Dlat/ Cosine Course 50 miles/ Cos 70° 42′ 55″

= 151. 39 miles or 151.4 miles
°

Things to remember in finding Dlat and Dong:

1. If Lat1 and Lat2, Lo1 and Lo2 have the same names, subtract lesser from greater and
Dlat/Dlong named according to the ship’s heading.
2. If Lat1 and Lat2, Lo1 and Lo2 have different names, add them together and Dlat/Dlong is
named according to ship’s heading
3. If Dlong exceeds 180° subtract it from 360° and reverse the name.

To you calculate a DR position or an estimated position by using the Plane sailing formula, given
compass course and distance?

At 0800H your vessel is 5 miles off South of the lighthouse and sailed on course 045° T speed 10
knots. What time will your ship be due east of the lighthouse and how far would your ship be
from the light at this time?

Using the plane sailing formula:

Dep/Dlat = Tan Co Dep = Dlat x Tan Co 5 miles x Tan 45° = 5 miles Dep = 5
miles

Distance = Dlat/ Cos Co Distance = 5/ Cos 45° = 7. 07 mile to DR psn

Time to DR psn = Distance/Speed = 7.07/10 = .707 Hr x 60min/hr= 42.42 mins or 43 miins.

Time to DR position = 0800H + 43 mins = 0843H time when the ship would be due east of
the light.

Solving problem of plane sailing using calculator.

1. Your vessel steers 225° T and makes a departure of 456.8 miles. How far did she steam?

Solution:

Departure = 456.8 miles True Course = 225° T (3rd quadrant) 225° - 180° = 45° Course =

45° Sin Co = Dep/Distance

Distance = Dep/Sin Co = 456.8/Sin 45° Distance

= 646.0 miles

2. A vessel made a Dlat of 454.94 miles N and a Dep of 202.55 miles W. Find her true course and the
distance she travelled.

Solution:

Tan Course = Dep/ Dlat = 202.55 miles/454.94 miles = shift Tan = degrees

= 23° 59′ 59.12″ since true course is required, determine the quadrant. This is taken From the
name of the Dlat and Dlong. North and West. (4 th Quadrant)
So 360° - 23° 59′ 59.12″ = 336° T

Distance = Dlat/Cos Co = 454.94 ÷ Cos 23° 59′ 59.12″ = 497.99 miles or 498 miles.
Lesson 9 Sailing Problems (Parallel Sailing)
Parallel Sailings are very basic as there is no change in latitude, only in longitude. However, as such,
they can only be used when sailing either due East or West, which greatly restricts their use.
Nonetheless, if you’re looking to head straight in either of those directions, here’s how you ought to
proceed.

IF BOTH INITIAL AND FINAL POSITIONS ARE GIVEN

If you are given both the starting and final positions and need to find the course and distance between
them, start by finding the course. If position 2 is farther west than position 1 then you are headed in a
westerly direction and your course is 270°T. If position 2 is farther East than position 1 then you are
headed in an Easterly direction and your course is 090°T. Next, solve for the Dlo in minutes. Simply
subtract or add the two longitude values by applying the rules in finding Dlo. After you determine the
value of your Dlo in minutes or miles, use the basic formula in parallel sailing to solve for departure.
Dep/Dlo = cos Lat. Departure is the distance sailed by the vessel in that particular latitude.

IF THE INITIAL POSITION, COURSE, AND DISTANCE ARE GIVEN

If the initial position, course, and distance are given and the final position is asked, begin by finding
the Dlo using the basic formula Dep/Dlo=Cos Lat. The answer you get will be in minutes, which can
easily be converted into degrees. Once you know the Dlo, you can add or subtract appropriately to
find Lo2.

Lesson 9 - Sailing Problems (Parallel Sailing)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. Use the parallel sailing formula

2. Calculate the course and distance between two positions on the same parallel
3. Calculate the Difference of Longitude for a given distance run along a parallel.
4. Derive the final position after sailing along a parallel

Guide Questions

1. How do you demonstrate the uses of parallel sailing formula?

2. How do you calculate the course and distance between two positions on the same parallel?
3. How do you calculate the Difference of Longitude for a given distance run along a
parallel?
4. How do you derive the final position after sailing along a parallel?

The parallel sailing formula

Parallel sailing is used for vessels that are sailing along a parallel of latitude. Its course
must be either east (090° T) or west (270° T). There are two categories of parallel
 sailing problems.

1.Problems where the latitude and longitude of the point of departure are given. The vessel then
proceeds on course 090° T or 270° T for a given distance. You must find the longitude of the
point of arrival.

2. Problems where the coordinates of two positions along the same parallel of latitude are
given, and you must find the course and distance between the. two positions.

Departure/Dlong = Cos Lat is the formula used in Parallel Sailing. It is very important for
you to know the relationship of the Departure to the Dlong and Latitude. The departure is
thedistance between meridians when not along the equator while Dlong is the distance
between meridians when along the equator. As the latitude gets higher, the departure
becomes lesser. The value of the Dlong will always be greater than the value of departure.

Calculating the course and distance between two positions on the same
parallel

Sample problem:

Your vessel is sailing from Lat. 37° 50′ N, Long. 18° 36′ W, to Lat. 37° 50′ N. Long. 43° 32′
W. Determine your course and distance by parallel sailing.

Note that Lat. 1 and Lat. 2 have the same value which is 37° 50′ N. Meaning that your ship is
sailing along the parallel of latitude.
Given: Latitude 37° 50′ N. The Dlong can be determined using Long 1 and Long 2. Long 1 =

18° 36′ W
Long 2 = 43° 32′ W
Dlong = 24° 56′ W (Lo1 and Lo2 have the same name, so subtract lesser from greater)W X 60 (
to get the value in miles. !° = 60′)
Dlong = 1496′ or miles

Departure = Dlong x Cos Lat = 1496′ x Cos 37° 50′ = 1181.5 miles

The course could only be 090°T or 270°T.

Remember the rule in finding Dlong? Dlong is named according to ships heading. The
Dlong here is named West so the ship’s heading is 270°T

Course = 270° T

Calculate the Difference of Longitude for a given distance run along a parallel.

In the above example, you calculate the Difference of Longitude by either adding or
subtracting the longitude 1 and longitude 2. Subtract the lesser from greater if they have the
same name but add them together when they have different names. If the Dlong exceeds
180° subtract it from 360° and change its name.
Example: Lo1 170° E + 175° W = 345° W. Subtract this from 360° and change
the name W to E.
360° - 345° = 15° E. This is now your final Dlo. and you multiply this by 60 to get the value in
miles.

How to derive the final position after sailing along a parallel.

Your vessel sailed from Lat. 33° 56′ S, Long. 18° 24′ E and sailed West covering
a distance of 126.4 miles. Determine her arrival or final position.

Solution:
Given: Latitude 33° 56′ S
Departure = 126.4
miles
From the formula Departure/ Dlong = Cos Lat

Dlong = Departure/Cos Lat = 126.4 miles ÷ Cos 33° 56′ = 152.3 miles ÷ 60 to get the value in
degrees = 2° 32.3′ W. (the name of the dlo is west because the because the problem states
that she sailed westward)

To find the Longitude of arrival or the Lo2, apply the Dlong to the Lo1.
Add them together if they have common name and subtract the lesser from greater if
they have different names and copy the name having the greater value.

Lo1 = 18° 24′ E

Dlo = 2° 32.3′ W (-)
Lo2 = 15° 51.7′ E

Remember that in parallel sailing, the ship is sailing along the parallel of latitude. So
latitude 1 and latitude 2 is the same.

The final position or the arrival position is Lat 33° 56′ S, Long. 15° 51.7′ E
Lesson 10 Sailing Problems (Mercator Sailing))
Mercator Sailing may be used to find the course and distance between any two positions
of the earth’s surface.

The Mercator Sailing triangle may be imagined to be drawn on a Mercator chart. The
hypotenuse of this angle triangle represents the rhumb line distance between the two
positions, one side represents the meridian through one of the positions, and the other
side the parallel through the other position. The angle between the meridians and the
hypotenuse will be the course angle. The adjacent and opposite sides must be expressed
in the same units if they are to be used in the solution. The side opposite the course angle
along a parallel can be expressed as the difference of longitude. The side adjacent to the
course angle, that is the side along the meridian through one of the positions can be
expressed in units of the longitude scale by taking the difference in the meridional parts
(DMP) between the two latitudes.

The meridional parts for all latitudes are tabulated in nautical tables. The meridional parts
for the two latitudes must be extracted and the difference in meridional parts (DMP) found
from them. The DMP will be the difference between the two meridional parts if the latitudes
carry the same name and will be the sum if they carry opposite names. This will be the
same rule as finding the Dlat.

Lesson 10 - Sailing Problems (Mercator

Sailing)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. State the Mercator sailing formula

2. Use the Mercator formula to calculate course and distance between two
positions.
3. Use the Mercator formula to calculate the final position given the initial
position, course and distance

Guide Questions

1. What is the Mercator sailing formula?

2. How do you use the Mercator sailing formula to calculate the course and
distance between two positions?
3. How do you use the Mercator sailing formula to calculate the final position
Given the initial position, course and distance.
The Mercator sailing formula

In Mercator sailing there are several things to consider The Meridional Parts for any
Latitude is the length along a meridian on a Mercator chart between the equator and
that parallel of latitude expressed in units of the longitude scale.

The difference of meridional parts between any two latitudes is the length of a
meridian on a Mercator chart between the two parallels expressed in units of the
longitude scale.

Mercator Sailing may be used to find the course and distance between any two
positions on the earth’s surface on greater distances like over 600 miles.

The Mercator sailing triangle may be imagined to be drawn on a Mercator chart. The
hypotenuse of this right angle triangle represents the rhumb line distance between the
two positions, one side represents the meridian through one of the positions and the
other side the parallel through the other position. The angle between the meridian and
the hypotenuse will be the course angle. The adjacent and the opposite sides must be
expressed in the same units if they are to be used in the solution. The side opposite the
course angle along a parallel can be expressed in units of the longitude scale by taking
the difference in the meridional parts (DMP) between the two latitudes.

The meridional parts for all latitudes are tabulated in nautical tables. The meridional
parts for the two latitudes must be extracted and the difference of meridional parts
(DMP) found from them. The DMP will be the difference between the two meridional
parts if the latitudes carry the same name and will be the sum if they carry opposite
names. The same rules apply in finding the Dlat.

The formula used in Mercator Sailing is

Tan Co= Dlong/DMP

and
Dist = Dlat/Cos Co
Formula for MP by calculator:
MP = Log Tan (Lat ÷ 2 + 45) x 7915.7 = - Sin Lat x 23.3 =

What is the meridional parts for lat 10°?

Log Tan (10° ÷ 2 + 45) x 7915.7 = - Sin 10° x 23.3 = 599.02
Lat 10°------------MP = 599.02

How to use the Mercator sailing formula to calculate the course and distance between
two positions.

Sample problem:

By Mercator sailing find the true course and distance from Lat. 49° 10′ N, Long. 12° 30′W
To Lat. 25° 15′ N, Long. 26° 50′ W.

First we need to get the value of DLAT, DLONG AND DMP. DLAT AND DLO ARE
MULTIPLIED BY 60 TO GET THE VALUE IN MILES.

Lat 1 = 49° 10′ N MP = 3379.7 Lo1 = 12° 30′ W

Lat 2 = 25° 15′ N MP = 1556.6 Lo2 = 26° 50′ W
Dlat = 23° 55′ S DMP= 1823.1 Dlo = 14° 20′ W
X 60 X 60
Dlat = 1435′ Dlo = 860′
Having obtained the value of the three factors, you can now proceed to solve
For the course and distance.

Tan Co = Dlong/DMP = 860 ÷ 1823.1 = Shift Tangent = degrees.

Course = 25° 15.3′ = S 25° 15.3′ W

Note: The quadrant for the course is given by the directions of the Dlat and Dlong.

(Southwest quadrant or 3rd quadrant) in finding the true course in the 3rd quadrant, add the
course to 180° so
25° 15.3′ + 180° = 205° 15.3′ T. You can now round this off to whole number of degrees
True Course is 205° T.
To solve for the distance
Distance = Dlat/Cos Co = 1435 ÷ Cos 25° 15.3′ = 1586.7 miles
Distance = 1586.7 miles

How to use the Mercator sailing formula to calculate the final position given the
initial position, course and distance.

Sample problem:

A vessel in position 25° 47′ S, 163° 48′ E, steered 038° T for 2475 miles. Find her arrival
position.

Solution:

Dlat = Dist x Cos Co = 2475 x Cos 38° = 1950.3′ ÷ 60 to get the value in degrees
Dlat = 32° 30.3′ N (N because 038° T is in the 1st quadrant or the NE quadrant).
Remember again your rule that the Dlat is named according to ship’s heading.

Having obtained the value for the Dlat, you can now solve for the Lat2 and then solve
for the DMP.

Lat1 = 25° 47′ S Lat1 = 25° 47′ S MP = 1591.9

Dlat = 32° 30.3′ N(-) Lat2 = 6° 43.3′ N(+) MP = 401.2(+)
Lat2 = 6° 43.3′ N Dlat = 32° 30.3′ N DMP = 1993.1
Having obtained the value of your DMP you can now solve for Dlong and then the Lo2.

Dlo = DMP X Tan Co = 1993.1 x Tan 38° = 1557.2 ÷ 60 = 25° 57.2′ E. East because the
true course 038°T lies in the 1st quadrant or the NE quadrant. Go back to your rule
again. The Dlo is named according to your ship’s heading.

Lo1 = 163° 48′ E

Dlo = 25° 57.2′ E (+)
Lo2 = 189° 45.2 E (exceeding 180° so it must be subtracted from 360° and reverse its
sign).

360°
189° 45.2′ (-)
170° 14.8′ W (the name or sign is changed or reversed)

The arrival position is Lat. 6° 43.3′ N, Long. 170° 14.8′ E

 Lesson 11 - Tides

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1. Demonstrate basic knowledge and understanding of tides

2. Define ‘spring tides’, ‘neap tides’, ‘height of tide’ ‘high water’ and ‘low
water’,
‘mean high water springs’.’ mean high water neaps’, ‘mean low water
spring’,
‘mean low water neaps’, ‘range’, ‘chart datum’, ‘highest astronomical tide’

3. Find the time of a desired height of tide

4. Find the predicted time and height of high and low water at the standard and
secondary ports

Guide Questions

1. How would you demonstrate your basic knowledge of tides?

2. How do you define ‘spring tides’, ‘neap tides’, ‘height of tide’, ‘high water’ and ‘low
water’, ‘mean high water spring’, ‘mean high water neaps’, ‘mean low water
spring’, ‘mean low water neaps’, ‘range’, ‘chart datum’, ‘highest astronomical tide’?
3. How do you find the time of a desired height of tide?
4. How do you find the predicted time and height of high and low water at the
Standard and secondary ports?
Tides

Tides and tidal streams are the result of gravitational attractions between astronomical
bodies, mainly the earth and the sun, and the earth and the moon. The gravitational
force between two bodies varies as the product of the masses and inversely as the
square of the distance between the bodies.. If the earth moon system is considered,
there is therefore a difference between the gravitational force acting between the solid
earth and the moon, and that acting between the moon and the water on the earth
directly under it. This will cause an excess of water directly beneath the moon which is
referred to as a tidal wave. Similarly the gravitational attraction between the solid earth
and the moon is greater than the force between the moon and the water on the
opposite side of the earth and a tidal wave is caused on the side of the earth away from
the moon. Variation in the height of water at any place on the earth will occur as the
earth rotates with respect to these tidal waves, giving two high waters and two low
waters with each rotation. The period of rotation for the solar tidal wave is once per day
and for the lunar tidal wave once in 24h 50m, which is the period of rotation of the
earth with respect to the moon.

The highest high waters and the lowest low waters will occur when the lunar and the
solar tide wave coincide that is when the moon and sun are in line or almost so near to
new and full moon. At these times the two tides reinforce giving spring tides. At first
and third quarter when the two tidal waves are in opposition they partially cancel giving
lowest high waters and highest low waters, which are termed neap tides.
Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of
the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun, and the rotation of the Earth.
Tide changes proceed via the following stages:

 Sea level rises over several hours, covering the intertidal zone; flood tide.
 The water rises to its highest level, reaching high tide.
 Sea level falls over several hours, revealing the intertidal zone; ebb tide.
 The water stops falling, reaching low tide.
Definitions
Highest astronomical tide (HAT) – The highest tide which can be predicted to occur.
Note that meteorological conditions may add extra height to the HAT.
Mean high water springs (MHWS) – The average of the two high tides on the days of spring
tides.
Mean high water neaps (MHWN) – The average of the two high tides on the days of neap
tides.

Mean sea level (MSL) – This is the average sea level. The MSL is constant for any
location over a long period.
Mean low water neaps (MLWN) – The average of the two low tides on the days of neap
tides.
Mean low water springs (MLWS) – The average of the two low tides on the days of spring
tides.

Lowest astronomical tide (LAT) and Chart datum (CD) – The lowest tide which
can be predicted to occur. Some charts use this as the chart datum. Note that under
certain meteorological conditions the water may fall lower than this meaning that there
is less water than shown on charts.
Chart datum – The arbitrary level from which chartered soundings and tidal height
prediction are expressed. This level is chosen so that the sea level will rarely fall below
chart datum.
Height of Tide – Is the vertical distance from the chart sounding datum to the water
surface at any stage of the tide.
High Water or High Tide – is the maximum height reached by tide.
Low Water or Low Tide – the minimum level to which the tide falls. The rate of rise
and fall is not uniform. From low water, the tide begins to rise slowly at first but at an
increasing rate until it is about halfway to High Water. The rate of rise then decreases
until High Water is reached and the rise ceases. The falling tide behaves in a similar
manner.
Spring Tides – Tides with higher high and lower low. They occur at times of new and
full moon when the sun and moon are in conjunction and at opposition with the earth.
Neap Tides – Tides with lower high and higher low. They occur at times of first and
third quarters when the sun and moon are in quadrature with the earth.
Range – Is the difference in height between consecutive high and low waters.
Tide – is the rise and fall of water
Finding the time of a desired height of tide

Part I of the Admiralty Tide Tables Vol 1, gives the predictions of the times and the
heights above chart datum of these high and low waters for a number of selected ports
throughout the coverage area which includes UK, Ireland and European Channel ports.
These ports are called Standard Ports. For each Standard Port there is also a tidal curve
plotting the relative tidal heights between a low water and the next low water, against
the interval of time from the nearest high water. This tidal curve also contains a
graphical means of finding height of tide between the times of high and low waters.
Part II of the tide tables gives tidal predictions for a large number of secondary ports.
The information is such that the tidal predictions can be made for these ports by
application of corrections to a Standard Port which has tides of a similar nature. The
Standard Ports are tabulated in geographical order starting in the UK at Falmouth and
following the coast anticlockwise followed by Irish ports starting at Dublin, and then to
the European channel ports from Hook of Holland to Brest including the Channel
Islands.
To find the times and heights of high and low water at a Standard Port

These may be extracted directly from Part I of the Admiralty Tide Tables Vol I for the
required Standard Port, and for the required date. (see extracts from ATT Vol I). The
times will be in the official standard time kept at the place which for the United
Kingdom is Universal Time (GMT). For ports which do not keep UT the difference
between the zone time and UT is shown at the top of each page of predictions. The
sign attached to this correction is appropriate to correct the tabulated times to (UT).
The user must apply any corrections to obtain any summer time that may be in force.

Example (refer to extracts from ATT Vol i)

Find the time of high and low water at Avonmouth on the morning of 29 th January
and the depth of water at these times at a place off Avonmouth where the
charted sounding is 4.2 meters. Find also the predicted range of tide.

From ATT Vol I HW 0723 Height 13.4 meters

LW 0147 Height 1.4 meters

Depth of water = charted depth + height of tide

Depth at high water 13.4 + 4.2 = 17.6 meters

Depth at low water 1.4 + 4.2 = 5. 6 meters
Predicted range 12.0 meters

Finding the predicted time and height of high and low water at a Standard
Port This is done with the aid of the tidal curve given with the Standard Port. There is
one curve for spring tides given in full line, and one for the neap tides given in dotted
line where it diverges from the spring curve. For times between springs and neaps then
an interpolation between the two curves should be made if necessary. To establish
which curve to use the range for the tide in question should be compared to the mean
spring and neap ranges given in a small box above the curves. Thus for the example
given above the predicted range of 12 meters is very close to the mean spring range of
12.2 meters. The mean neap range is 6.0 meters. This tide on 29 th January is therefore
slightly below a mean spring tide, and the spring curve is used.

Procedure
1. Extract from ATT Vol I the times and heights of the high and low waters which bracket the
time for which the prediction is required. This time should be expressed in the same time
zone as the tidal predictions for the port.
2. Subtract the height of low water from the height of high water to give the predicted range.
3. On the bottom scale to the left of the tidal curve, marked L.W. Hts.m. mark the low
 water obtained for this tide.
4. On the top scale to the left of the curves marked H.W. Hts.m. mark the height of high
water obtained for this tide. Join this point with the low water marked in 3, with a
straight line.
5. Take the difference between the time for which prediction is required and the time of high
water. This is called the interval from high water. Note whether it is negative (rising tide)
or positive (falling tide)
6. Compare the predicted range with the mean spring and neap ranges given above the
tidal curves. This will determine whether the spring curve or the neap curve should be
used and if interpolation is necessary.
7. Enter the tidal curves on the bottom scale directly beneath the curves at the point
of the established interval from high water. Draw a vertical to meet the curve to be used
(springs or neaps) or to a point between the two if interpolation is to be done. From this
point draw a line horizontally to meet the straight line drawn in 4. From this point go up or
down to the top or bottom scales and read off the height. This is the height of tide above
chart datum at the time selected.

Example (refer to the figure)

Find the height of tide at Avonmouth at 1530 GMT on 9 th April and hence the depth of
water at a place where the charted sounding is 2.0 meters.

From ATT HW 1730 Ht 11.3 meters

LW 1136 Ht 2.5 meters..................................1
8.8 meters= predicted range…......2

time HW 1730
time required 1530
int from HW -0200 (rising tide)…........................3

From tidal curve spring range = 12.2

neap range = 6.0
predicted range = 8.8 (assumed half way between
springs and neaps)…............4

From Figure ht of tide = 9.0 meters

(see constructed lines) charted sounding = 2.0
depth of water = 11.0
How to find the predicted time and height of high and low water at
secondary ports.

Unless indicated otherwise in the tide tables the tidal rise and fall at a secondary port
are similar enough to those at its Standard Port for the Standard Port tidal curves to be
used for the secondary port. After finding the times and heights of the high and low
waters at the secondary port the problem is then identical to that for the Standard Port.
The spring and neap ranges at the secondary port must be found for comparison with
the predicted range to determine which of the two curves to use.

Procedure

1. Extract the times of the high and low waters which bracket the time in question, for the
Standard Port together with the heights.
2. Apply the time differences to obtain the times of high and low water at the secondary
port. Be careful that after application of the time differences the times do not bracket the
time in question. If this happens then new times will have to be taken for the
 Standard Port. Apply the height differences to find the heights at the secondary port.
3. Subtract the height of low water at the secondary port from that of high water to
obtain the predicted range.
4. Take the difference between the time in question and the time of high water to find
the interval from high water.
5. Apply the secondary port spring and neap height differences to the heights of MHWS,
MHWN, MLWS and MLWN for the Standard Port to obtain these values for the
secondary port.
6.Subtract the height of MLWN from the height of MHWN to obtain the neap range and the
height of MLWS from MHWS to obtain the spring range. Compare this with the predicted
range to determine whether to use the spring or the neap curve or if interpolation is
necessary between the two.
7.Enter the tidal curve for the Standard Port with the interval from high water and
extract the height of tide in the same manner as described for the Standard Port
problem.

Example

Find the height of tide at Clevedon (ATT 525) at 1000 UT on 16th March. What will be
the under keel clearance of a vessel of draft 8.1 meters, when passing over a shoal of
charted depth 3.4 meters?

HW Ht LW Ht
Avonmouth 0842 12.6 1533 1.7……………………………..1
Differences -0019 - 0.4 -0024 -0.0………………………………2
Clevedon 0823 12.2 1509 1.7
1.7
10.5 = predicted range.....................................3

seasonal correction is zero for both ports

High water Clevedon 0823

Time in question 1000
Interval from HW +0137....................................................................4

MHWS MHWN MLWN MLWS

Avonmouth 13.2 9.8 3.8 1.0
Differences - 0.4 -0.2 +0.2 0.0
Clevedon 12.8 9.6 4.0 1.0………..5
1.0 4.0
Spring range = 11.8 5.6 = neap range.............................6

Predicted range = 10.5 use spring curve

 From spring curve height of tide = 10.0…
..........................................7
charted sounding = 3.4
depth of water = 13.4
draft = 8.1
clearance = 5.3 meters

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ci3LSaZLLbk (Watch video about tides)

NAV 3-AAO
1. It supports the planning of deep-sea voyage on most major routes, with details of
weather, currents, ice hazard and distance between major ports.
Ocean Passages for World (NP 136)
2. What is the variation of the given problem. True course=275, Magnetic
Course=270, Compass course=265
5E
3. What is the variation of the given problem: True course=001, Magnetic course=358,
Deviation=5W
3E
4. What do you call the difference between true north and magnetic north?
Variation
5. What is the Compass Course of the given problem: True course=110,
Variation=2W, Deviation=2E
 110
6. Find the distance, initial course and final course using great circle sailing. Problem:
From A: 55’10’N 005’14’W to B: 51’07’N 056’ 10’W. What will be the distance of the
two coordinates using great circle sailing?
1807.6 miles
7. What is the deviation of the given problem: True course=275, Magnetic
course=270, Compass course=265.
5E
8. Problem: Point A: 45’18’S 168’10’E, Point B: 25’23’S 105’13’W. What will be the
initial course of the given coordinates using great circle sailing?
106.3’T
9. What is the Magnetic Course of the given problem: True course=359,
Variation=7’W, Compass course=005’
006’
10. It is a procedure to develop a complete description of a vessel’s voyage from th
start to finish. The plan includes leaving the dock and harbor area, the route portion
of a voyage, approaching thee destination, and mooring, the industry term for this is
“berth to berth”.
Passage Planning
11. What is the compass course of the given problem; True course=150, Magnetic
course=152, Deviation=4’E
148’
12. It provides comprehensive information on all aspects of Maritime Radio
Communications. The data is organize into six volumes, some divided into several
parts for ease of handling. Each of the six volumes is presented in a user-friendly
format with full color photographs and diagrams.
Admiralty List of Radio Signals
13. This book are written directions that describe the routes to be taken by boats and
ships during coastal navigation and port approaches. They are designed to
supplement and enhance the data shown on British Admiralty Charts, by describing
routes for seagoing vessels, relative to coastal features.
Admiralty Sailing Directions
14. What is the True course of the given problem: Variation=5W, Deviation=2E,
Compass course=191’ 188’
15. Problem: From A: 55’10’N 005’ 14’W to B: 51’07’N 10’W. What will be the final
course using great sailing? 242.1’T
16. These are three part series of tables, sub-divided by region, giving the shortest
distances between port. These are supporting diagrams and text as well as link
tables for places not in the same or adjacent table. Admiralty Distance Table
17. Which of the following choices below is not included in the passage planning
stages? Maintaining
18. Problem: Point A: 45’18’S 168’10’E; Point B: 25’23’S 105’13’W. What will be the
distance of the two coordinates given using a great circle sailing? 4,199.3 miles
19. The most accurate and comprehensive port information resource, assists you and
your crew in planning port call to over 17,900 global commercial ports and
terminals. guide to port entry
20. What is the True course of the given problem: Variation= 5W, Magnetic
Course=307’, Compass course=313’ 302’
21. What is the Compass Course of the given problem: Variation= 2E, Magnetic
course=178’, Deviation=5W
Answer: 183
22. Problem: Vancouver (A): 48’10’N 121’50’W; Guam (B) 13’28’N 145’ 13’E. What will
be the initial course using great circle sailing?
Answer: 294’T
23. It is consist of page of Hydrograms listing important item in the Notice, a chart
corrections section organized by ascending chart number…….
Answer: Notice to Mariners
24. What is the magnetic course of the given problem: Variation=5W, Deviation= 2E,
Compass course=191’
Answer: 193’
25. What is the true course of the given problem: Variation=2E, Magnetic Course=178’,
Deviation=5W.
Answer: 180’
26. What is the Magnetic Course of the given problem: True Course = 020° Variation=
5E Compass course = 014° 015°
27. What is the Magnetic Course of the given problem: True Course= 110° Variation=
2W Deviation= 2E 112°
28. What publication onboard the ship detail the times and heights of high and low
waters for over 230 standard and 6000 secondary ports in the UK and Ireland,
Europe, the Indian Ocean, South China Sea and Pacific Ocean for each day of the
year? Admiralty Tide Tables
29. What do you call the errors compasses are subject to? Deviation
30. It is the algebraic sum of variation and deviation. It is the difference between true
north and compass north? Compass Error
31. What is the Magnetic Course of the given problem; True Course = 243° Variation =
3E Compass Course= 240° 240°
32. What is the Deviation of the given problem: Variation= 5W Magnetic Course= 307°
Compass Course= 313° 313°
33. What is the Variation of the given problem: True Course= 150° Magnetic course=
152° Deviation= 4E 2W
34. What is the Deviation of the given problem: True Course= 243° Variation=3E
Compass Course=240° 0
35. Once the information is gathered and considered, the navigator can begin the
process of actually laying out the voyage. The process involves projecting various
future events including landfalls, narrow passages, and course expected during the
voyage. Planning
36. Find the distance, initial course and final course using great circle sailing: Problem;
From A: 55°10’N 005°14’W to B: 51° 07’N 056° 10’W. What will be the initial course
using great circle sailing? 283.8° T
37. What do you call the list of enumeration of navigational charts, sometimes with
index charts indicating the extent of coverage of the various navigational charts?
Chart Catalogue
38. What is the fourth and final stage of passage planning? Monitoring
39. IT contains clear guidance to help mariners improve their understanding of maritime
navigation, sea and ice conditions, meteorology and regulations. The Mariner’s
Handbook (NP 100)
40. It is a detailed list of navigational aids including lighthouses and other lighted
navigation aids, unlighted buoys, radio beacons, day beacons, and racons.
Light list
41. This stage of passage planning consists of gathering and contemplating all
information relevant to the voyage. Appraisal
42. Find the distance, initial course and final course of great circle sailing: Problem:
From A 30°20’ S 110°05’E to B: 10°50’S 048°15’E. What will be the distance of the
two coordinates using great circle sailing? 3,619.5 miles
43. Find the distance, initial course and final course of great circle sailing. Problem:
From A: 30° 20’S 110°050’E to B: 10°50’S 048°15’E. What will be the final course
using great circle sailing? 298.9’T
44. Essential for all mariners using Admiralty charts(both paper and ARCS), this
publication illustrates Symbols and Abbreviations in full color, along with full
explanations. The publications also contains information on hydrography,
topography and navigational aids. Symbols and Abbreviations used on
Admiralty Charts (NP 5011)
45. What is the Deviation of the given problem: True Course= 20° Variation= 5E
Compass Course= 014° 1E
46. What is the Compass Course of the given problem: True Course= 001° Magnetic
Course= 358° Deviation= 5W 003°
 47. Find the distance, initial course and final course of great circle sailing: Problem:
From A: 30°20’S 110° 05’E To B: 10°50’S 048° 15’E. What will be the initial course
using great circles sailing? 274.7°T
48. What is the Deviation of the given problem: True Course= 359° Variation= 7W
Compass Course= 005° 1E
49. Find the distance and initial course of great circle sailing from Vancouver to Guam:
Problem: Vancouver (A): 48° 10’ N 121° 50’ W ; Guam (B): 13° 28’N 145°13’E.
What will be the distance of the two coordinates using great circle sailing? 4,916.7
miles
50. What will be the result of the differing positions of the Geographic North pole and
the Magnetic North pole? Magnetic Variation

Formula