1
Database Management Systems
Lecture # 1 & 2
Batch: 19CS
Subject Teacher: Zartasha Baloch
2
Data and Database
Lecture # 1 & 2
Disclaimer: The material used in this presentation to deliver the lecture i.e.,
definitions/text and pictures/graphs etc. does not solely belong to the author/presenter. The
presenter has gathered this lecture material from various sources on web/textbooks.
Following sources are especially acknowledged:
1. Connolly, Thomas M., and Carolyn E. Begg. Database systems: a practical approach to design,
implementation, and management. Pearson Education, 2005.
2. 2. Hoffer, Jeffrey A., Venkataraman Ramesh, and Heikki Topi. Modern database management. Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall,, 2011.
3
In this Lecture you will Learn about:
Data, Information, Metadata
Traditional File Processing System
Examples of Database Systems
Database
Database Management Systems
Database application programs, Views
Database environment
Functions of a DBMS
Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS
4
Data
Data is a plural form of datum, which means a
piece of information.
Data is a collection of facts & figures, such as values
or measurements.
Data can be,
Numbers
Words
Measurements
A collection of data which conveys some
meaningful idea is called information.
5
Data (cont’d)
Another definition of data can be a representations of objects and
events that have meaning and importance in the user’s environment
and stored on computer media.
For example, in a salesperson’s database, the data would include
facts such as customer name, address and telephone number.
This type of data is called Structured Data.
The most important structured data types are numeric, character
and dates.
Structured data are stored in tabular form (in tables, relations, arrays,
spreadsheets, etc) and are most found in traditional databases.
6
Data (cont’d)
Today’s databases are used to store objects such as
documents, maps, photographic images, sound and video
segment in addition to structured data.
For example, the salesperson’s database might include a
photo image of the customer contact. It might also include a
sound recording or video clip about the most recent product.
This type of data is referred to as Unstructured Data, or as
Multimedia Data.
Multimedia data are most often found on Web servers and on
Web-enabled databases.
7
Information & Metadata
Information is data that have been processed in such a way
as to increase the knowledge of the person. OR
Information is facts about situation, person, event, etc.
When data is collated or organized into meaningful form, it
gains significance, and that meaningful data is called
information.
Metadata is a data about data.
Metadata is data that describe the properties or
characteristics of end-user data, and the context of that data.
Some of the properties that are typically described include
data names, definitions, size and allowable values.
For example, if ID is a data then the ID must have data type.
8
Data Vs Information
The terms data and information are closely related
and in fact are often used interchangeably.
However, it is useful to distinguish between data
and information.
For example
221120 is a data;
it can be information if 22/11/20 date of your exam.
221120 can be a zip code of any city.
PKR 221,120 can be Salary of any Person
9
Data in context
10
Summarized data
Graphical displays turn data into useful
information that managers can use for
decision making and interpretation
11
Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the
data, including data types, field sizes, allowable
values, and data context
12
Traditional File Processing System
Traditional file processing system or simple file processing system refer
s to the first computer-based approach
of handling the commercial or business applications.
That is why it is also called a replacement of the manual file system.
While computers were introduced into the business world there is no
any concept of DBMS, therefore computer file processing systems
were developed to store, maintain and retrieve large files of data.
In Traditional File Processing System each application is designed with
its own set of data files.
13
Traditional File Processing
System
The data may already be present in files for other applications but
would need to be restructured to meet the needs of the new
application. When a new application is required it is simpler to
develop new file structures along with the new application.
Different application programs are written to extract data from these
files and to add record to these files.
But, There are Number of disadvantages in using File Processing
System, to store the data.
Duplicate Data
Traditional File Processing System
14
15
Disadvantages of Traditional File
Processing System
Program-Data Dependence, The reports produced by the file
processing system are program dependent, which means if
any change in the format or structure of data and records in
the file is to be made, the programs must be modified
correspondingly. Also, a new program will have to be
developed to produce a new report.
Duplication of Data, Since each application has its own data
file, the same data may have to be recorded and stored in
many files. For example, personal file and payroll file, both
contain data on employee name, designation etc. The result
is unnecessary duplicate or redundant data items.
16
Disadvantages of Traditional File
Processing System
Limited Data Sharing, There is limited data sharing possibilities with
the traditional file system. Each application has its own private
files and users have little choice to share the data outside their
own applications.
Lengthy Development Times, each new application requires that
the developer essentially start from scratch by designing new file
formats and descriptions and then writing the file access logic
for each new program.
Excessive Program Maintenance, all above factors combined to
create a heavy program maintenance load in organization.
Problems with Data Dependency
Each application programmer must maintain
his/her own data
Each application program needs to include
code for the metadata of each file
Each application program must have its own
processing routines for reading, inserting,
updating, and deleting data
Lack of coordination and central control
Non-standard file formats
17
18
Problems with Data Redundancy
Waste of space to have duplicate data
Causes more maintenance headaches
The biggest problem:
Data changes in one file could cause inconsistencies
Compromises in data integrity
19
SOLUTION: The DATABASE Approach
Central repository of shared data
Data is managed by a controlling agent
Stored in a standardized, convenient form
Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)
20
Examples of Database Systems
Purchases from the supermarket
Purchases using your credit card
Booking a holiday at the travel agents
Using the local library
Renting a video
Using the Internet
21
Database
A shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this
data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization.
22
Database
Shared collection – can be used simultaneously by many
departments and users.
Logically related - comprises the important objects and the
relationships between these objects.
Description of the data – the system catalogue (meta-data)
provides description of data to enable data independence.
23
Database
In computing, databases are sometimes
classified according to their organizational
approach.
The most prevalent approach is the Relational
Database, a tabular database in which data is
defined so that it can be reorganized and
accessed in a number of different ways.
A Distributed Database is one that can be
dispersed or replicated among different points
in a network.
An Object-Oriented Database is one that is
congruent with the data defined in object
classes and subclasses.
24
Database Management Systems
A software system that enables users to define, create, and
maintain the database and that provides controlled access to this
database.
25
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
◼ A software system that is used to create, maintain, and
provide controlled access to user databases
Order Filing
System
Invoicing Central database
DBMS
System
Contains employee,
order, inventory,
Payroll pricing, and
customer data
System
DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardwar
resources
26
Database application program
A software program that interacts with the database by issuing an
appropriate request (typically an SQL statement) to the DBMS.
27
Views
Allows each user to have his or her own view of the database.
A view is essentially some subset of the database.
28
Views
Benefits include:
Provide a level of security;
Provide a mechanism to customize the appearance of the database;
Present a consistent, unchanging picture of the structure of the
database, even if the underlying database is changed.
29
DBMS
30
Components of the Database Environment
31
Components of DBMS Environment
CASE Tools–computer-aided software engineering
Repository–centralized storehouse of metadata
Database Management System (DBMS) –software for managing
the database
Database–storehouse of the data
Application Programs–software using the data
User Interface–text and graphical displays to users
Data/Database Administrators–personnel responsible for
maintaining the database
System Developers–personnel responsible for designing
databases and software
End Users–people who use the applications and databases
32
Functions of a DBMS
Data Storage, Retrieval, and Update.
A User-Accessible Catalog.
Transaction Support.
Concurrency Control Services.
Recovery Services.
33
Functions of a DBMS
Authorization Services.
Support for Data Communication.
Integrity Services.
Services to Promote Data Independence.
Utility Services.
34
Advantages of DBMSs
Control of data redundancy
Data consistency
Sharing of data
Improved data integrity
Improved maintenance through data
independence
35
Advantages of DBMSs
Improved security
More information from same amount of data
Enforcement of standards
Increased Concurrency
Improved backup and recovery services
36
Disadvantages of DBMS
Complexity
Cost of DBMS
Cost of conversion
Performance
Higher impact of a failure
