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    COPD

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    Mary Grace Agata
    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable respiratory disease characterized by airflow limitation caused by airway and/or alveolar abnormalities usually caused by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases. It is the third leading cause of death worldwide and the prevalence rate in the Philippines is approximately 19.5%. Risk factors include cigarette smoking, passive smoking, increasing age, and occupational exposures. Diagnosis involves tests such as chest x-rays, sputum cultures, and arterial blood gases. Treatment includes smoking cessation, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and surgery in severe cases. Prognosis depends on disease severity and airway obstruction with 5-year mortality rates ranging from

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    COPD

    Uploaded by

    Mary Grace Agata
    26 views15 pages
    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable respiratory disease characterized by airflow limitation caused by airway and/or alveolar abnormalities usually caused by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases. It is the third leading cause of death worldwide and the prevalence rate in the Philippines is approximately 19.5%. Risk factors include cigarette smoking, passive smoking, increasing age, and occupational exposures. Diagnosis involves tests such as chest x-rays, sputum cultures, and arterial blood gases. Treatment includes smoking cessation, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and surgery in severe cases. Prognosis depends on disease severity and airway obstruction with 5-year mortality rates ranging from

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    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable respiratory disease characterized by airflow limitation caused by airway and/or alveolar abnormalities usually caused by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases. It is the third leading cause of death worldwide and the prevalence rate in the Philippines is approximately 19.5%. Risk factors include cigarette smoking, passive smoking, increasing age, and occupational exposures. Diagnosis involves tests such as chest x-rays, sputum cultures, and arterial blood gases. Treatment includes smoking cessation, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and surgery in severe cases. Prognosis depends on disease severity and airway obstruction with 5-year mortality rates ranging from

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views15 pages

    COPD

    Uploaded by

    Mary Grace Agata
    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable respiratory disease characterized by airflow limitation caused by airway and/or alveolar abnormalities usually caused by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases. It is the third leading cause of death worldwide and the prevalence rate in the Philippines is approximately 19.5%. Risk factors include cigarette smoking, passive smoking, increasing age, and occupational exposures. Diagnosis involves tests such as chest x-rays, sputum cultures, and arterial blood gases. Treatment includes smoking cessation, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and surgery in severe cases. Prognosis depends on disease severity and airway obstruction with 5-year mortality rates ranging from

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    CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE

    PULMONARY DISEASE
    STUDENT NURSES:
    MARY GRACE AGATA
    GWYN LEEN LAO CAGAS
    DEFINITION

    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and


    treatable slowly progressive respiratory disease of airflow obstruction
    involving the airways. It also refers to disease of the lungs in which the
    airways become narrowed. This leads to a limitation of the flow of air to
    and from the lungs causing shortness of breath.

    Abnormalities in the small airways of the lungs lead to limitation of


    airflow in and out of the lungs. Several processes cause the airways to
    become narrow. There may be destruction of parts of the lung, mucus
    blocking the airways, and inflammation and swelling of the airway
    lining.

    COPD is sometimes called emphysema or chronic bronchitis.


    Emphysema usually refers to destruction of the tiny air sacs at the end
    of the airways in the lungs. Chronic bronchitis refers to a chronic cough
    with the production of phlegm resulting from inflammation in the
    airways.
    RISK FACTORS

    Exposure to tobacco smoke accounts for


    an estimated 80% to 90% of cases of
    COPD
    Passive smoking (secondhand smoke)
    Increase age
    Occupational exposure
    INTERNATIONAL

    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease


    STATISTICS (COPD) is the third leading cause of death
    worldwide, causing 3.23 million deaths in
    2019.

    NATIONAL

    There are 14,228 recorded COPD


    patients, with the prevalence rate of
    COPD in the Philippines being
    approximately 19.5%
    Cigarette smoking
    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY I
    Inflammation
    I
    Narrowing occurs in airway
    I
    Proximal airways
    I
    Increased number of goblet cells and enlarged
    submucosal glands
    I
    Hypersecretion of mucus
    I
    Peripheral airway inflammation
    I
    Thickening of the airway wall
    I
    Scar tissue formation, narrowing lumen
    I
    Decrease in elastic recoil in alveoli (inability to exhale)
    I

    Chronic inflammatory affect pulmonary vasculature


    I
    Thickening of the lining
    I
    Pulmonary hypertension

    Clinical Manifestation:
    Chronic cough
    Sputum production
    Dyspnea

    DIAGNOSTIC TEST

    CXR (Chest X-ray)


    -Positive findings include Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)
    hyperinflation of the lung, -Will measure the expiratory ability and
    cardiac enlargement, help assess condition improvement
    flattened diaphragm, after treatment.
    congested lung fields.

    SPUTUM CULTURES
    -SPECIFICALLY IDENTIFY ABG CBC
    INFECTIOUS AGENT -decreased pao2; increased -Increased WBC indicative of

    pco2 infection

    MEDICAL

    INTERVENTION

    1. Smoking cessation and elimination


    of environmental pollutants
    2. Palliative measures such as regular
    exercise, good nutrition, flu and
    pneumonia vaccines
    3. Bronchodilators,corticosteroids,
    anticholinergics and NSAIDs
    SURGICAL INTERVENTION

    Bullectomy
    Bullae are enlarged airspaces that do not
    contribute to ventilation but occupy space
    in the thorax, these areas may be surgically
    excised.
    Lung volume reduction surgery
    It involves the removal of a portion of the
    diseased lung parenchymal this allows the
    functional tissue to expand
    Lung transplantation
    NURSING INTERVENTION

    Monitor and record vital signs


    Monitor respiratory status, including
    rate and pattern of respirations, breath
    sounds, signs and symptoms of
    respiratory distress, and pulse oximetry
    Monitor for any signs of infection,
    such as a fever or change in sputum
    color, caracter, consistency, or
    amount.
    Monitor I & O of the patient
    Provide adequate rest period
    Raised the side rails up
    Note for changes in the level of
    consciousness.
    Assess the management of the
    secretion
    Assist the patient sitting up in a
    semi-fowler’s position
    Administer oxygen at the lowest
    concentration
    Review laboratory data, such as
    ABGs
    Suction secretions, as necessary
    and as ordered by the physician
    PROGNOSIS

    FEV1 is a strong predictor of survival in people


    with COPD. Those with severe airway
    obstruction on long-term oxygen therapy have
    low survival rates (roughly 70 percent to year
    one, 50 percent to year two, and 43 percent to
    year three).
    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    (COPD) is a basically benign disease, but the
    prognosis is so poor that the mortality rate is
    similar to some malignant diseases. Depending
    on the disease severity, the 5-year mortality rate
    of patients with COPD varies from 40 to 70%.
    References:

    Books:
    Brunner & Suddarth’s. (2018). Medical – Surgical Nursing 14th
    edition. Wolters Kluwer
    Udan, J. Q. (2019). Concepts and clinical application [Book]. In
    Medical-Surgical nursing (1st edition). Educational Publishing
    House.

    Website:
    Nishimura, K., & Tsukino, M. (2000). Clinical course and
    prognosis of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary
    disease. Current opinion in pulmonary medicine, 6(2), 127–132.
    https://doi.org/10.1097/00063198-200003000-00008
    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (2022, May 20).
    https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-
    obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd)
    THANK YOU FOR LISTENING !!

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