Life Skills 3 and 4-1

MSCE LIFE-SKILLS
BASED ON
NEW SYLLABUS 2018
Forms 3& 4
G.G.K Mhango cell: 0999357824 or 0882993955 email; gmhango53@gmail.com Page 1

Comprehensive MSCE Life-Skills notes based on the New Syllabus. Dedicated to all students
preparing for their MSCE exams. Teachers too can use these summaries when teaching students
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 Let me thank students of Maranatha Private Schools for encouraging me to come up with
this book
 I also wish to thank my wife Violet for her patience
 I thank all teachers of Nsanje Secondary School for their encouragements
 My dear brother Galbreath, a teacher at Lirangwe CDSS for his financial support
 Aubrey Chirwa for his inspiration in designing the book
 Above all the Almighty God for the precious life and wisdom
 Samuel Kalea of Bookmate Publishers and Mtambalika Registrar of Blantyre
International University (BIU), for the skills in coming up with this material
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
He is a well-qualified secondary school teacher with more than 14 years of secondary school
teaching experience. The author a senior examiner and item writer under the Malawi National
Examination Board (MANEB) from 2010 -2017. He holds a Bachelor of Art Education Degree
from Mzuzu University, obtained in the year 2004. He also possess a number TOT certificates in
Life-Skills.
CONTENTS
LIFE SKILLS SYLLABUS
FORMS 3
CORE ELEMENT: Personal Development
 Enhancing self-esteem
 Time management
CORE ELEMENT: Growth and development
 Challenges associated with adolescents

CORE ELEMENT: Health Promotion
 Blood donation
 Use and abuse of prescribed drugs
 Non-communicable diseases
 Basic facts about HIV/AIDS
 Rights of PLWHA
CORE ELEMENT: Social & Moral Development

 Social & Moral responsibilities in one’s community
 Peaceful co-existence in the community
 Morals and values
 Cultural practices and HIV/AIDS
 Supporting the Vulnerable
CORE ELEMENT: Sex & Sexuality
 Effects of sexual identity, sexual health and reproduction and sexualization on behaviour
CORE ELEMENT: Entrepreneurship and the world of work
 Business values and ethics

 Managing a business venture
FORM 4WORKS
CORE ELEMENT; Personal development
 Self-esteem & career planning

CORE ELEMENT: Growth & Development
Growth & development
CORE ELEMENT: Health Promotion
 Preventive medicine
 Basic facts about HIV/AIDS
 Blood donation
CORE ELEMENT: Social & Moral development
 Social moral responsibility in the country

 Peaceful co-existence in the country and the world
 Morals & Values in the country and the world
 Cultural practices gender and HIV/AIDS
 Supporting the vulnerable in the country and the world
CORE ELEMENT: Sex & Sexuality
 Sexual reproductive health and human behavior

 Sexual harassment
CORE ELEMENT: Entrepreneurship and the world of work
 Risk taking in business

 Job searching strategies
 Saving culture
 Basic tax calculations

CHAPTER 1 PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
ENHANCING SELF ESTEEM
 It’s a process of trying to improve the way one feels about oneself (self-image)
 Every individual has self-esteem; however it could be either low or high.
 Low self-esteem often leads to negative social behavior while high self-esteem would
lead to good social behavior; hence it is important that the youth build their self-esteem to
avoid ant-social behavior
WAYS OF BUILDING SELF-ESTEEM
 Setting goals, to achieve in your near future in order to remain focused

 Developing positive thoughts about yourself, by considering yourself as being capable
 Avoid guilty feelings each time you make a mistake, because we all learn through
mistakes
 Aim at accomplishing things that you have planned, in order to boost your morale
 Learn to appreciate one-self by considering your strength, in order to develop confidence
 Refusing to give up to negative peer pressure
WAYS IN WHICH ONE CAN PLAY A ROLE IN THE SOCIETY
1. Participating in developmental projects such as building school blocks

2. Attending meetings in order to contribute one’s ideas towards development
3. Accepting responsibilities placed on us
4. Obeying laws that govern us in order to maintain peace
5. Caring for the needy people in order to reduce suffering
IMPORTANCE OF VALUING ONE’S ROLE IN THE SOCIETY
a. It help the society to achieve it’s goals and aspirations e.g development
b. It promote effectiveness in the way the society function in order to achieve quality
c. It help to build confidence among people that they can do something to deal with a
challenge
d. It promotes cooperation among people as they work together
e. It promotes a sense of belongingness and patriotism
FACTORS AFFECTING SELF-ESTEEM
 Lack of recognition by others

 Lack of positive role model, on which one could identify himself
 Lack of confidence, to achieve a set goal
 Lack of love and affection, by parents and others
 Excessive criticism, by parents or those in authority

 Failure to achieve a goal in life
 Unemployment, which may result in feelings of worthlessness
 Poverty, which may lead to feelings of inferiority complex
 High parental expectations, against the child’s potentials
 Abuse and unnecessary punishments
 Negative peer pressure, against what one believes in.
 Prolonged illness that affect one’s health
 Negative experiences, such as failure to achieve a goal
 Feelings of betrayal or let down by others
 Comparing oneself with others
BUILDING AND REBUILDING PEER’S SELF-ESTEEM
1. Encourage him or her to set goals in life and take necessary action in order to achieve the
goal
2. Encourage him or her to always think positively on things that can make him happy
3. Encourage him to accept positive comments from other including parents and teachers
4. Encourage him or her to emulate positive role model
5. Encourage him or her to develop connections and relationship with others in order to take
advantage of opportunities available
6. Encourage him or her to complement on other people so that he or she can build a good
relationship
7. Allow him or her to realize his or her uniqueness in order to feel proud
8. Encourage him or her to focus on good qualities about oneself
Chapter 2 PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
TIME MANAGEMENT
It’s a proper way of planning and exercising control over the amount of time spend on specific
activities in order to increase efficiency and effectiveness
EFFECTS OF POOR TIME MANAGEMENT
1. It may lead to failure for one to achieve his/her goal. A student who spend most of her
time on the playground than studying may not pass exams
2. It may lead to wastage of resources. For instance parents who pay school fees for a child
who is too lazy to go to school may just waste their money
3. It may lead to poor academic performance. Students who fail to plan well for their study
time may fail examinations
4. It may contribute to increased school drop-out. Students who fail exams may end-up
dropping out of school
5. It may lead to frustration as a person fails to accomplish a given/plan task. For instance a
student may not have enough time to write his assignment due to poor time management

IMPORTANCE OF TIME MANAGEMENT
a. It enables you to accomplish more activities with less effort, as each activity is carried out
in-line with its’ time allocation
b. It help one to make better decision regarding activities, as one does not work under
pressure
c. It reduces stress and anxiety, as one is aware of the time allocated for each activity and
have all done timely
d. It allows one to have more free time for rest and relaxation, when everything is done
accordingly
e. It leads to a disciplined life, as one stick to what is planned and avoid negative peer
pressure
f. It makes someone to learn more and faster, as one gets committed to his work or studies,
study hard and remain ahead of others
g. It lead to a higher quality work, as work is not done in a hurry but perfectly and
efficiently
h. It makes someone to be more successful, as all activities gets accomplished
WAYS OF MANAGING TIME
 Setting goals or targets as to what you want to achieve over a specific period
 Prioritizing one’s activities in order of importance or urgency
 Listing things you need to do and ticking them off if accomplished
 Evaluating activities, in order for you to find-out which activities have been
accomplished and which ones have failed
 Allocating time for fun or leisure, in order to relax and refresh
CAREER PLANNING
It’s a continuous process of thinking about your interests, values, skills and preference as well as
exploring life, work and learning options available to you while ensuring that your work fits with
your personal circumstances.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN PLANNING FOR A CAREER
1. Likes and interests, if you go for a career that you like, you may feel motivated and spend
more time on it.
2. Your skills, one may need to go for a career that suits his/her skills at hand in order to
avoid frustration
3. Consider your passion (love), one may need to go for something that he/she love most, in
order to enjoy his or her job
4. Your capacity and dedication to your chosen career, one may need to go for a career that
is in-line with his/her capacity or ability in order to reduce stress
5. Financial well-being, you may need to go for a career that will pay you better

6. Consider a career that is in-line with your personality, in order to match. For instance, a
dedicated Christian may not apply for the job as a Bar-man
IMPORATNCE OF SEEKING FOR VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE & COUNSELING
(a) It helps one to identify career opportunities available on the market, in order to make a
wide choice
(b) It helps in proper decision making, regarding the career of your choice, in order to avoid
regretting
(c) It helps one to cope with fears related to career choice, in order to gain more confidence
(d) It helps one to compared skills that he is possessing and his career aspiration
(e) It help one to make a wise choice career in life
SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT CAREER AND VOCATION
1. Schools, where teachers may provide career education to students

2. Media, such as newspapers, radios etc transmit a lot of information concerning vocation
and career education
3. Libraries, where students may access information from various books about various
career and vocation training programs
4. Families and friends, may decide to provide advice and information regarding
opportunities available
5. Organization or institutions such as schools, colleges, among others may also provide
vital information on career opportunities
JOB INTERVIEWS
It’s a process of trying to determine whether an applicant is suitable for the position of
employment
SHORTLISTING DURING INTERVIEWS
This done by checking the applicant’s ;
 Curriculum Vitae (CV)

 Applicant’s letter
 Copies of certificates submitted
 Any other requested documents available eg driving license, passport etc
If the candidate has all the required documents then he or she may be shortlisted for interviews
PREPARING FOR JOB INTERVIEWS
Before the interview day:

 Research the company's profile and background, in order to acquire more information
about the company so as to stand a better chance of answering any question regarding the
job
 Understanding the nature of the job, in order to avoid confusing yourself when trying to
answer questions in the board. This can be done by meeting those serving officer in the
company
 Study anticipated questions from the interviewer, in order to gain confidence when trying
to answer questions in board
 Understand the details of the ideal candidate required, so that you can prepare yourself
better in-line with the required candidate. This can be done by checking from the
requirements of a vacancy advertised as well as meeting serving officer at the company
 Analyze and compare candidates, in order to find out if you are more competitive than
other seeking for the same job. This would help you market yourself better during the
interviews.
 Rehearse the anticipated interview questions, in order to gain more confidence during the
interviews
On the day of interviews:
 Do some simple exercise in order to reduce stress eg jogging

 Dress smartly and appropriately
 Arrive at the venue of the interviews before the scheduled time, in order to have
time of relaxing
 Carry with you all necessary documents and their copies in case they may be
needed
Chapter 3 : GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
MEDIA
It’s the path through which message, news, information is communicated from one person to
another
Media can be divided into two forms: (i) Print eg Newspaper (ii) Electronic eg Radio
EFFECTS OF MEDIA ON ADOLESCENTS BEHAVIOR
Positive:
1. Where it influences positive behavioral change, for instance discouraging the youth
from indulging risky sexual relationship
2. Where it encourages adolescents to take part in community activities, such as
participating in some charitable activities and engaging them in environmental
protection
3. Where it encourages development of social skills, such as tolerance, peaceful conflict
resolution, effective communication etc.

4. Where it impact the adolescents with survival skills such as entrepreneurship,
budgeting and planning
Negative effects:
1. Where it influences drug and substance abuse as depict in the movies or video
2. Where it influences violate behavior against others in the society
3. Where it influences sexual activities by exposing the youth to pornography
4. It may displace active social activities that could be beneficial as more time is spend
on one on
5. They may end-up wasting one’s time instead of studying. Eg watching vedi
PEER PRESSURE:
It’s the influence we get from our friends or colleague to do something that may be
considered good or bad.
If one indulges in bad behavior because of the influence from others then it is referred to
as negative peer pressure, however if one adapt good behavior from interaction with
others then it’s positive peer pressure
EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE PEER PRESSURE
1. It leads to development of bad habits such as smoking, drinking and premarital sex
2. It leads to loss of identity, as one just copy any kind of bad behavior from friends and
neglecting his good behavior
3. It may make an individual to make wrong decision under influence of others
4. It may make to fall into health problems such as HIV/AIDS infection
EFFECTS OF POSITIVE PEER PRESSURE
a. It may make an individual to stop smoking and drinking beer

b. It may influence one to indulge in some physical exercise
c. It may influence one to stop premarital sex
d. It may influence one to study hard
e. If may influence one to find a better way of earning money than prostitution
COPING WITH PEER PRESSURE
1. Seek for support from well experienced people such as teachers, parents among others
2. Understand your value and stick to what you believe is right
3. Develop self-confidence in order to avoid negative influence
4. Learn to say “NO” to any kind of negative influence from others
5. Develop a sense of self identity in order to avoid bad influence
6. Building self-esteem by setting goals and cerebrating one’s achievement in life.

SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH
ADOLESCENTS
 Parents who teach their children about the danger of teenage pregnancies
 The media that has programs on the dangers of HIV/AIDS infection among the youth
 Peers that encourage positive behavior change during interaction
 Social gathering where the youth share information about challenges they face in life
 School where the youth are taught about the dangers of drug and substance abuse
 Health institutions such as hospitals and clinic that provide information on HIV/AIDS
including STI infection
NOTE: Parents, media, religious and health institutions are more reliable sources that peers
DECISION MAKING & PROBLEM SOLVING
It’s a process of making choices by setting goals, gathering information and assessing alternative
options
THE PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS
It involves the following process:-
1. Problem definition; it involves trying to find out the causes of the problem at hand
2. Problem analysis; it involves understanding where the problem is coming from
3. Generating possible solution; it involves trying to find out different ways of solving the
problem
4. Analyzing solutions; it involves investigating the advantages and disadvantages of each
solution suggested
5. Selecting the best solution(s); it involves choosing the best way of dealing with the
problem at hand and leaving out other solutions that have more disadvantages
6. Planning the next course of action; this is the implementation stage of the chosen solution
to a problem
SKILLS REQUIRED IN DECISION MAKING & PROBLEM SOLVING
a. Identify the nature of the decision to be made and it’s impact (seriousness of the decision)
b. Gather relevant information about the issue at hand before passing a decision
c. Identify all alternative ways of dealing with the problem at hand
d. Weigh evidence that you have, in order to verify it
e. Choose among alternatives the best possible way of dealing with the problem
f. Take action by implementing the decision you have chosen
g. Review your decision and its’ consequence and find out if the problem has been solved or
not
SITUATIONS REQUIRING DECISION MAKING & PROBLEM SOLVING

 Sexual relationship, in order to avoid falling into problems fallowing rapid physical and
psychological changes taking place among the youth
 Peer pressure, in order to learn to make the right choice that will not lead them into
problems
 Choice of a career; in order to avoid regretting after making wrong choices that would
lead to stress and anxiety
 Adolescence; in order to avoid falling into social and health problems
 Harmful cultural practices; in order to prevent infection with HIV/AIDS including STI
INFLUENCES OF PEER PRESSURE
Negative influences:
1. Early sexual activities that may lead to unplanned pregnancy

2. Indulging in drug and substance abuse which may lead to mental illness
3. School drop-out due to unbecoming behaviors
4. Practicing prostitution in order to get money easily
5. Loss of interest in academic activities, due to increased need of social activities
6. Loss of identity as the youth change their good behavior and adopt that of their peers
Positive influences:
1. Developing of good habits, such as studying hard in order to pass exams

2. Giving up bad habits, such as drug and substance abuse
3. Improvement in communication skills, and becoming more tolerant with others
4. Development of human skills, such as being responsible and gaining confidence in team
work
5. Improvement in academic performance as one start dedicating oneself in his or her
studies
DEALING WITH PEER PRESSURE
This is a process of avoiding negative influence from others
1. Avoid those people you feel may exert negative influence on you
2. Be assertive and stick to your values and standards
3. Have a good choice of friends who will support what you believe in
4. Develop self-confidence, in order to avoid being negatively influenced by others
5. Build your self-esteem, in order to reduce bad habits
IMPACT OF NEGATIVE PEER PRESSURE ON INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP
a. It affects family relationship, as the youth finds their value being to totally different from
that of the family
b. It leads to hostilities, as the youth finds family members blocking their way and hence try
to force it out

c. It affects workplace relationship, as the youth or peers find themselves standing against
set standards by the employer
d. It affects marital relationships, as the spouse (husband/wife) find themselves engaging in
extramarital affairs
e. It affects peer relationship, as the youth becomes intolerant against each other. This is
common during competitions
Chapter 4: HEALTH PROMOTION
QUALITIIES OF A BLOOD DONOR
1. Must be in good health, i.e. not sick

2. Must be of the age range of 16-65
3. Must not be engaged in risky sexual relationship such as prostitution
4. He must have a weight of 42kg and above
5. He must not be on any treatment off drugs
EXPECTATIONS OF A BLOOD DONOR

a. The quantity of blood to be donated
b. When to donate blood during the next routine blood donation
c. What method would be used to donate blood
d. The place where blood donation would take place
e. What would happen to the donated blood
f. What his blood group type is
g. Whether his or her health would remain stable after donating the blood
IMPORTANCE OF DONATING BLOOD
1. It helps the donor to know his health status, due to a series of test that are conducted
before the blood is donated
2. It ensures the availability of blood supply in hospitals and clinics in case if emergency
3. It helps save life of many people who may need the blood
4. It improves the health of the blood donor by renewing his/her blood
5. It bring in a sense of personal satisfaction that you can save a life
WHAT HAPPENS TO DONATED BLOOD
a. It is labeled (group type, etc) and transported to the blood collecting body (MBTS)
b. It is sorted out according to the needs of each patients such as red cells, platelets, plasma
and cryoprecipitate
c. It undergoes a number of tests in order to get rid of any potential infection such as
hepatitis B or C, syphilis, HIV among others
d. It is stored in preparation for distribution to various health institutions
e. It is then distributed to hospitals and other places where required

BENEFITS OF RECEIVING BLOOD
1. It helps to maintain the level of oxygen in one’s body (patient) since blood carries
oxygen and food nutrients to various body parts
2. It helps prevent bleeding especially if the patient receives platelets or cryoprecipitate
3. It helps maintain blood volume especially if the client receives blood inform of plasma
4. It helps prevent life threatening complications if the blood is lacking any of the
components it is supposed to have.
5. It boosts the patients’ immunity
6. It helps nourish the patient as the blood also carries food nutrients
USE & ABUSE OF PRESCRIBED DRUGS
Types of prescribed drugs:
1. Antibiotics include, bacterium, penicillin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol (reduce

infection)
2. Analgesics include, morphine, panado, aspirin ect (reduce pain)
3. Anesthetics include drugs used to reduce sensation during operation
4. Stimulants, meant to reduce sleepiness and keeps someone awake by increasing the
activity of the central nervous system
5. Depressants, they make someone to be sleepy, mainly meant to reduce activity by
inducing sleep.
SUITABLE PERSONS WHO CAN PRESCRIBE DRUGS
Doctors
Nurses
Medical assistants
Pharmacists
Clinical officers
IMPORTANCE OF USING PRESCRIBED DRUGS ACCORDING TO INSTRUCTIONS
1. It prevents medical complications that may be caused by the drugs

2. It may prevent death that may be caused by overdosing the drug
3. It ensures quick healing from the illness
NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
These are diseases that cannot be transmitted from one person to the other.
TYPES OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

a. Cardiovascular diseases, these include heart diseases such as stroke, which may cause
paralysis of body parts.
Causes:
 Smoking
 Overweight
 Lack of regular exercise
 Diabetes
 Eating too much fats
b. Cancer (abnormal cell growth), examples of cancer include; lung, breast, cervical,
leukemia (blood) cancers
Causes:
 Smoking
 Exposure to radiation (x-ray)
 Lack of physical activity
 Eating too much fat but low fiber diet
 Obesity
 Environmental pollutants
c. Respiratory diseases, such as asthma
Causes:
 Air pollution
 Tobacco smoking
 Factory fumes
 Flower pollen
 Dust
 Chemicals
 medications
d. Diabetes,
Causes:
Non-functioning pancreas (doesn’t produce enough insulin)
Non-responsive of cells to insulin produced by pancreas
Signs:
 Frequent thirsty
 Feels hungry and eats too much
 Urinates frequently
WAYS OF PREVENTING NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
1. Avoid smoking any kind of tobacco or Indian hemp

2. Do regular exercise to stimulate blood flow
3. Live in a clean and hygienic environment
4. Eat healthy diet (avoid too much fats and salts)
5. Conduct awareness campaigns on the prevention of non-communicable diseases

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
It refers to all medical practices conducted in order to screen for any possible disease
TYPES OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINES
They can be divided into three parts;
1. Primary preventive medicine;

It involves actions that an individual may undertake in order to prevent contraction or
development of a disease
Examples:
 Eating healthy diet with fruits, vegetables and whole grain
 Conducting regular exercise
 Avoiding smoking and too much beer drinking
 Washing hands after visiting a toilet and before eating
 Immunization against infection
 Avoid promiscuous behavior
 Conduct regular medical check-ups
 Maintain a healthy body weight
 Sleep under mosquito net
2. Secondary prevention:
It refers to activities undertaken to detect and address a disease at an early stage before
symptoms appear
Examples:
 HIV testing
 Screening for cancer, STI, chlamydia, syphilis and gonorrhea
 Treatment for high blood pressure
3. Tertiary prevention:
It refers to activities undertaken in order to treat and cure the disease
Reasons for tertiary prevention:
 To slow down progression of disease
 To prevent complications
 To make the patient regain health
 To reduce damage and pain from the disease
 To cure the patient
Examples:
 Treatment of opportunistic infection of HIV/AIDS
 Provision of ARV to people living with HIV/AIDS
 Providing counseling
 Care for the terminally ill patient
 Forming patient support groups
IMPORTANCE OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINES

a. Prevents disease and improves people’s well-being
b. Reduces chances of serious illness
c. It prolongs the life of the patient
d. It help reduce the spread of the disease from one person to another
e. It helps in early detection and diagnosis of a disease
Chapter 5: BASIC FACTS ABOUT HIV/AIDS
THE IMPACT OF HIV/AIDS ON THE INDIVIDUAL, FAMILY, COMMUNITY AND

NATION
Individual:
a. It leads to psychological problems due to the fear of death since the disease has no cure
b. It leads to possible death of the infected individual
c. It may lead to health problems following opportunistic infections
d. The individual becomes unproductive and cannot work due to prolonged illness
Family:
a. Loss of relation as a family member dies of AIDS

b. It may lead to orphan-hood if parents dies and leave the children behind
c. It may lead to food insecurity as family members fail to go to garden due to illness
d. It may lead to loss of family resources as more money is spend caring for the patient
Community:
a. Young people are forced to take up the roles of adult people

b. It leads to loss of productive people due to AIDS related disease
c. It leads to increased number of orphans as parents die of AIDS
d. It leads to loss of resources as more community resources (finances) are directed towards
caring for the people affected or infected with HIV/AIDS
Nation:
a. It leads to loss of human resource skilled and unskilled labor

b. It leads to loss of financial resources due to increased hospital bills, funeral costs and
payment of premature death gratuity on employee
c. It lowers the country’s productivity due to increased absenteeism from work following
long Illness
WAYS OF CARING FOR PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS
a. Providing them with physical care such as washing their clothe, preparing them food,
taking them to the hospital as well as bathing them
b. Providing them with material support such as soap, beddings, clothes and medicines

c. Giving them emotional support by chatting with them and paying attention to their
concerns and feelings
d. Giving them spiritual support such as preaching to them and praying with them, this
would help give them peace of mind and hope for a better life
e. Helping them with household chore such as cooking, looking after their children,
sweeping and gardening
f. Encouraging them to eat a balanced diet in order to boost their immunity and health
status
GROUPS OF PEOPLE VULNERABLE TO HIV INFECTION
1. Young girls and boys due to lack of proper information, peer pressure, as well as lack of
livelihood and economic opportunities
2. Women and widows due to lack of self-economic reliance
3. Sex workers (prostitutes) due to their exposure to many sexual partners
4. Child hawkers, due to their exposure to many different people who sometimes trick them
with gifts and money for sex
5. Health workers who uses injections and razor in providing care to patients often
predisposes themselves to HIV
6. Mobile workers such as drivers and business people who spend most of their time away
from home
RIGHTS OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS
They have rights like any ordinary citizen such as:-
a. Rights not to be discriminated due to their status

b. Right to economic activity as long as they can perform at work
c. Right to privacy or confidentiality of their status
d. Right to life, by accessing health care services and information
e. Right to dignity by treating them with respect and avoid any verbal or physical abuse
f. Right to marry provided they take care of themselves
g. Right to health services by accessing medicine and information on HIV prevention
h. Right to education to any level of education ie college, university etc
RESPONSIBILITIES OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS
1. Not to deliberately infect others with the virus

2. Practicing openness by disclosing their status to their partner
3. Avoid extra-marital or premarital sexual relationship
4. Continue working as long as they can perform on their duties
5. Plan for smooth handover in care of serious illness
6. Take life prolonging drugs regularly
7. Eat nutritious food

STIGMA & SELF-DISCRIMINATION
Stigma:- It means treating somebody negatively because he/she is HIV positive or has
AIDS
EFFECTS OF STIGMA IN RELATION TO HIV/AIDS
a. Being send away from home, work or organization

b. Dropping out of school for fear of insults or teasing
c. Psychological problems such as depression
d. Low self-esteem due to negative comments
e. Self-blaming due to their status
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HIV/AIDS RELATED STIGMA
a. HIV is associated with behaviors that are already stigmatized in society such as
prostitution and drug addicts
b. Inaccurate and misleading information on how HIV is transmitted
c. HIV/AIDS is sometimes thought to be as a result of personal irresponsibility
d. Some religious or moral beliefs that HIV infection is due to immorality (promiscuity) that
deserve punishment
SELF-DISCRIMINATION
It the act of isolating or sidelining oneself from others and treating yourself as a social misfit
HOW STIGMA CONTRIBUTES TO SPREAD OF HIV
1. It makes people to become afraid of undergoing VCT, hence continue practicing

unprotected sex
2. It makes people to continue engaging in unsafe behavior which leads to spread of
HIV/AIDS
3. It makes it difficult for HIV prevention services to be offered in some social settings like
schools, churches, offices and prisons
4. It makes it difficult for one to disclose his status for fear of being discriminated hence
continue spreading the virus
5. It makes people fear of losing their prospective marriage partner, hence hide their status
and continue spreading the disease
WHERE TO ACCESS HIV TESTING & COUNSELING (HTC)
1. Government and private hospitals including mission hospitals in Malawi

2. Non-governmental Organization (NGO) such as MACRO, DAPP and Hope Project
3. Drop in Centre (health post) where people easily access the services
4. Religious organization working directly with HTC services eg Word Alive Church
5. Community based Organizations such as FAST

IMPORTANCE OF ACCESSING HTC
a. It help an individual to make an effort to abstain from sex or practice safe sex
b. It helps an individual to seek prompt treatment whenever he/she gets sick
c. It helps one to make an informed decision regarding sex and sexual relationship
d. It helps one to easily access other services such as ARV treatment, prevention of mother
to child (PMTC) services
e. It helps reduce anxiety associated with HIV infection as one continue practicing
abstinence
Chapter 6: SOCIAL & MORAL RESPONSIBILITY
COMMUNITY; this refers to a group of people who share common purpose, interest and values
TYPES OF RELATIONSHIP IN A COMMUNITY
1. Family relationship; it a group of people related by blood, adoption or marriage

2. Organizational relationship; its’ the relationship that exist between organization that work
in the community in order to achieve a particular goal
3. Peer group relationship; its’ relationship that exist between people of the same sex, age or
socal status
4. Relationship between leaders and their subjects; leaders include chiefs, politicians,
religious leaders and subjects, refers to their followers or supporters
NEEDS OF MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY
a. Nutritious food, that would help them stay healthy

b. Health care, that would help protect them from illness
c. Security, that would help protect them from attack by robbers or enemies
d. Social services, which would help them access their day to day needs
e. Public amenities such as play-ground, community hall, toilets
SOCIAL & MORAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE COMMUNITY
1. Participating in developmental projects such as molding of bricks, building of bridges

etc
2. Obeying leaders such as chiefs, civic leaders, political leaders
3. Providing guidance, to followers or subjects in order for them to behave responsibly
4. Initiating developmental projects, to be carried out in the community
5. Caring for infrastructure, by avoiding vandalism, providing maintenance and as well as
security
6. Accepting responsibilities, so that certain activities can be carries out in the community
7. Attending meeting taking place in the community in order to make informed decisions
8. Caring for the less privileged people such as the sick, orphans, disabled as well as the
elderly

RELATIONSHIP IN A COUNTRY
1. Peer relationship, which would help shape the behavior of members of a group to
conform with accepted standards
2. Family relationship, it refers to interactions that exist among family members such as
children, mother and husband, including members of extended family
3. Sexual relationship, it exist between members of opposite sex, to achieve protection,
love, empathy and support
4. Relationship between leaders and their subjects or followers, such as chiefs and members
of the village
NEEDS OF CITIZENS IN A COUNTRY
a. Health facilities such as clinic and hospitals in order to keep their body healthy
b. Educational facilities, such as schools and colleges in order to reduce illiteracy
c. Potable water supply, for processing of raw materials and domestic purposes
d. Security from external and internal threats by enemies
e. Nutritious food for protection from diseases
SOCIAL & MORAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF A CITIZENS IN A COUNTRY
a. Environmental management and protection, by avoiding pollution and wanton cutting

down of trees
b. Respecting national values, such as patriotism, national unity, rule of law, transparency
and accountability
c. Economic participation, such as working in order to generate wealthy in a country
d. Political participation, such as aspiring for leadership positions in the community and
respecting human rights
e. Social participation, by teaching young citizens norms of the society in order to create a
peaceful country
f. Promoting equality and equity among men and women, in order to achieve gender
equality or fairness
g. Sharing resources, such as finances, material and human in order to achieve a common
goal with others.
h. Caring for the less privileged people, such as orphans, sick, the disabled, widows etc.
Chapter 7 : PEACEFUL CO-EXISTANCE
It means living together in peace rather than in constant conflicts or hostility with others .
FACTORS INFLUENCING PEACEFUL CO-EXISTANCE IN THE COMMUNITY
1. Respecting rights and freedoms of each other, in order to live peacefully

2. Fair distribution of resources, such as farm inputs and relief items
3. Tolerance among members from diverse cultural and religious background
4. Promoting gender equity among men and women

5. Adherence to rules and laws governing the society
6. Promoting peaceful conflict resolution
FACTORS AFFECTING RELATIONSHIP IN THE COMMUNITY
a. Dishonesty, especially among leaders which make their followers to lose trust in them
and affect their relationship
b. Discrimination among community members, where some are not treated fairly than
others
c. Jealousy among community members, where others may feel that the other group is being
favored
d. Theft of other people’s property, which may deny them the right to own property
FACTORS PROMOTING RELATIONSHIP IN THE COMMUNITY
1. Cooperation among members of the community, which is vital in enhancing development

2. Mutual trust of each other, especially among leaders and their subjects or followers
3. Love towards each other, which encourages members to assist each other in times of need
4. Peaceful conflict resolution, such as negotiation, contact and dialogue, which would
prevent destruction of property and death
5. Effective communication among community members, which would promote
understanding and avoid conflicts
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PEACEFUL CO-EXISTANCE
a. Tolerance, which would help people accommodate the views of each other.
b. Gender equity, where equal opportunities are given to both men and women in the society
c. Equitable distribution of resources, in order to encourage a sense of satisfaction and
contentment among members
d. Promoting mutual respect of each other’s rights and freedom, in order to avoid stress and
anxiety
e. Stable leadership that ensures fair use and distribution of resources, in order to avoid
discontent
f. Economic development that ensures that people have access to provision of their basic
needs in the society
FACTORS AFFECTING RELATIONSHIP IN THE COUNTRY & THE WORLD
a. Gender difference, especially among men and women, where women are marginalized in
leadership and political position may result in conflicts
b. Lack of love among people, where people are divided into regional and ethnic boundary
c. Disrespect of human rights, where people’s rights are violated, may result into stress and
anxiety
d. Cultural difference, where others have high regard about their culture and may wish to
impose it on others

e. Differences in political ideology, where some politicians may wish to impose their
political ideas on others
f. Poverty in a country, which may result in struggle and fighting over limited resources
g. Discrimination based on culture, religion, ethnicity among others may cause conflict.
FACTORS PROMOTING RELATIONSHIP IN THE COUNTRY & THE WORLD
1. Respect of citizen’s rights and freedom by the government, help reduce stress and anxiety
among citizens
2. Promoting gender equality and equity, in order to create peace and harmony among men
and women
3. Equitable distribution of resources, in order to create a sense of satisfaction and
contentment among citizens
4. Tolerance among people in cultural and political diversity, in order to encourage
cooperation.
Chapter 8: MORALS & VALUES
MORALS:
These are principles or ideas and beliefs concerning what is right and what is wrong
VALUES:
These are beliefs and standards which are regarded as being important by the community or
society
PERSONAL, FAMILY & COMMUNITY, MORALS & VALUES
1. Respect of elders and leaders in the society

2. Discipline of members, achieved by abiding by set norms of the society
3. Generosity of members of the society, towards those in need such as the sick, orphans
and age people
4. Responsibility, achieved by acting honestly and reliably towards others
5. Tolerance among members of the community, achieved by accommodating other
people’s view
6. Cooperation and unity, which is achieved by working together in developmental projects
7. Friendliness, which encourages sharing of resources and assisting each other when need
arise.
FACTORS ERODING MORALS & VALUES
a. Negative peer pressure that influences one to indulge in bad behavior such as smoking
b. The media (radio, internet, T/V, newspaper) that exposes the youth to bad behavior such
as pornography

c. Lack of respect of oneself and others, by indulging in criminal activities such as rape,
prostitution, robbery etc
d. Drug and substance abuse, which influences one to indulge in immoral activities such as
theft and fighting
e. Lack of parental guidance, which result in lack of proper information on norms of the
society
f. Poverty, which may result in criminal acts such as theft and prostitution
WAYS OF PROMOTING FAMILY & COMMUNITY VALUES
1. Encouraging children to go to school, where they get educated and become responsible
citizens
2. Sensitizing members of the community on acceptable moral and value in the society. This
can be done by community leaders (chiefs, politicians) during their meetings with
subjects
3. Practicing acceptable moral and values in the society. This would encourage others to
emulate the good behavior.
4. Encouraging right association or wise choice of friends, in order to avoid being misled by
others
5. Positive rewards on those practicing good behavior, by praising them for behaving well
NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL VALUES
a. Respect of freedom of worship, citizens should learn to respect the religions of other
people
b. Unity and cooperation in diversity, which would encourage participation in development
c. Respect for human dignity, by not torturing or exposing others to inhuman treatment
d. Equity and equality among citizens, regardless of one’s race, sex, culture or economic
status
e. Respect for the rule of Law, as enshrined in the constitution of Malawi
f. Sympathy and empathy for those in need (sick, orphans, aged) which encourage
providing help to such people in order to alleviate suffering
g. Loyalty to those in authority and the laws of the country, which help bring peace and
togetherness in the country
MORAL DILEMMA
Its’ when one is forced to choose to do one of two or more competing alternatives before making
a decision
Its’ when one is tempted to choose between two equally important decision
MORAL DILEMMA FACED BY ADULTS & TEENAGERS
a. Indulging in promiscuity in order to please their peers as capable people

b. Unplanned pregnancy, which tempt the youth to decide to abort or maintain the
pregnancy and be chased from school
c. HIV/AIDS infection, where the youth may need to choose between practicing safe sex or
succumb to negative peer pressure
d. Practicing polygamy due to some family or social problems or stick to one wife and
avoid infection with HIV/AIDS
e. Succumbing to negative peer pressure by indulging in drug and substance abuse that
would lead to mental illness or abide by family values against drug abuse
WAYS OF DEALING WITH MORAL DILEMMAS
1. Practicing critical thinking, by thinking carefully before you commit yourself to

something
2. Proper decision making skills, where one considers the consequence of every decision
before he commits himself
3. Acquiring assertiveness skills, by focusing on what you believe is right or valuable
4. Assessing and knowing your value, in order to stick to it and avoid negative peer
pressure
5. Resisting negative peer pressure, against any immoral activity such as abortion
6. Getting guidance and counseling, in order to acquire relevant information on an issue
before you make a decision
Chapter 9: CULTURAL PRACTICES, GENDER, HIV & AIDS
CULTURAL PRACTICES: This term refers to a way of life of a group of people living in a
particular locality, which may help promote development or hinder it.
CULTURAL PRACTICES THAT PUT VULNERABLE PEOPLE AT RISK OF

CONTRACTING HIV
1. Wife inheritance; if the former husband died of HIV/AIDS then the new inheriting
husband is likely to get infected with the virus
2. Kupimbira; where young girls are given off to get married to old men by their parents
without their consent. If the man is positive then the girl will be infected
3. The fisi; if the hired man is infected then the initiates after the ceremony will be infected
too. Similarly if the hired husband for barren women is positive then the virus will be
shared
4. Death cleansing; meant to remove misfortunes of death by hiring a man to have sex with
the deceased husband’s wife in order to fulfill cultural obligation.
5. Mbirigha; where a good son-in-law is normally given a young sister as a gift wife or
bonus
6. Cultural beliefs of the cure of HIV by having sex with newly born babies leads to
transmission of the virus
7. Other practices include; bulangeti la mfumu, kuolotsa bwato, kutsuka nkhali, kutsegula
khomo etc

CULTURAL PRACTICES THAT HELP TO REDUCE THE SPREAD OF HIV/AIDS
a. Practicing abstinence from premarital sex

b. Delaying sexual activities until one completes his/her education
c. Encouraging male circumcision that reduces male infection with HIV
d. Observing chastity, by sticking to one partner and abstaining from sex until one is fully
mature
e. Safeguarding one’s virginity until marriage
WAYS OF DISCOURAGING CULTURAL PRACTICES THAT FACILITATE THE SPREAD

OF HIV/AIDS
1. Conducting public awareness campaign on the dangers of practicing some cultural

practices that facilitate the spread of HIV/AIDS eg death cleansing
2. Promoting women economic empowerment to be financially stable even after the death
of their husband in order to discourage wife inheritance
3. Legislation of laws and policies that discourage some harmful cultural practices
4. Promoting gender equity in order to discourage certain cultural practices that make
vulnerable people at risk to HIV infection
5. Developing critical thinking in order to learn to adopt helpful cultural practices
GENDER ROLES
It refers to socially defined roles and responsibility of men and women that are learned from the
society
GENDER ISSUE FACILITATING THE SPREAD OF HIV/AIDS
1. Gender Bias, where men are being favored against women. This puts women at a
disadvantage as they become dependent men for their support
2. Gender based violence, this may include sexual abuse, psychological or emotional abuse
and physical abuse. Sexual abuse such as rape may lead to the spread of HIV/AIDS
3. Gender inequality, where men and women are not treated equally, especially when it
comes to polygamous family where the husband can marry as many wives as he can and
the first wife has no say hence predisposing themselves to HIV/AIDS infection
4. Gender stereotyping, where roles of men and women are prescribed (known), especially
when members of the society believe that women should accept proposal of love from a
man. This puts women at a disadvantage where they fail to say “no”
CHALLENGES FACED WHEN DEALING WITH CULTURAL PRACTICES THAT

PROMOTE THE SPREAD OF HIV/AIDS
1. Resistance by the old generation who are conservative and doesn’t want to see any
change in their culture
2. Lack of resources such as finances, human resources that could be used to reach-out and
sensitize people on the danger of HIV/AIDS

3. Lack of cooperation from the community, that wish to preserve their culture
4. Ignorance on the cause and prevalence of HIV/AIDS among members
WAYS OF DEALING WITH CHALLENGES OF HIV/AIDS
1. Providing civic education on the danger of some cultural practices that facilitate the
spread of HIV/AIDS
2. Teaching people about the consequences and impact of HIV/AIDS on development
3. Providing adequate resources to organizations dealing with HIV/AIDS
4. Involving all stakeholders including community leaders and elders in the fight against
HIV/AIDS in order to gain their cooperation
Chapter 10: SUPPORTING VULNERABLE PEOPLE
Vulnerable people:
These are people who depend on others in order to meet their needs for survival
EXAMPLE OF VULNERABLE PEOPLE;
1. The disabled people

2. Widows
3. Orphans
4. The sick
5. The poor
6. Young children and women
7. Prisoners
8. The elderly
9. Those infected with HIV/AIDS
10. Sex workers
WAYS OF PROVIDING SUPPORT FOR VULNERABLE PEOPLE
1. Setting up organizations such as CBO that help take care of such people
2. Embarking on sensitization campaign in order to sensitize people on the dangers of
engaging in risky behavior
3. Providing spiritual and moral support to those infected and affected by the prevalence of
HIV/AIDS
4. Mobilizing the community to take care of the vulnerable people such as orphans and the
elderly people in their community
5. Embarking on socio-economic empowerment of such people so that they should not fall
victim of their situation by being sexually abused or having their rights violated. This can
be done by setting up income generating activities (IGA) and sensitizing them on their
rights
6. Providing them with education and training so that they can become self-reliant

STEPS TO FOLLOW IN ASSISTING ABUSED INDIVIDUALS
1. Recognize any sign of abuse on the victim which could call for attention eg. Missing
classes, constant tiredness
2. Draw his or her attention to signs you have noticed by asking him/her to comment on
what you have noticed on her
3. Listen to him or her while she or he is telling her story uninterruptedly
4. Inform someone about the abuse, in case you can’t help eg parents, teachers, community
leaders etc
CHALLENGES & ABUSES FACED BY PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS
1. Social isolation, at workplace by being by being discriminated or even denied

employment
2. Poor treatment in health care settings by being denied treatment or lack or confidentiality
on their health status
3. Restrictions on travel and stay abroad on individuals tested HIV positive
4. Community level abuse where individuals suffering from HIV/AIDS may be forced to
leave the community, verbally abused, rejected or even murdered
5. Family abuse by being neglected or avoided
IMPACT OF ABUSES ON THOSE SUFFERING FROM HIV/AIDS
a. Loss of hope
b. Feelings of worthlessness
c. Loss of reputation
d. Loss of income and livelihood
WHERE TO REPORT ABUSE ON THOSE SUFFERING FROM HIV/AIDS
a. Community leaders such as chiefs

b. Religious leaders like pastors
c. Counselors
d. Leaders of CBO
e. Government agencies responsible for fighting HIV/AIDS
WAYS OF SUPPORTING PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS
1. Providing them with physical support such as preparing them nutritious food
2. Providing emotional support such as chatting with them in order to avoid feelings of
loneliness
3. Supporting them materially by doing their washing, sweeping their home, and
fetching them firewood
4. Providing spiritual support such as praying with them and reading comforting
scriptures to them

5. Forming organizations such as the National Association of People Living With
HIV/AIDS (NAPHAM) in order to promote the welfare of such people
6. Providing Civic education on the rights and responsibilities of people living with
HIV/AIDS in order to avoid abuse
IMPORTANCE OF CARE & SUPPORT OF PLWHA
a. It improves their quality of life

b. It gives them a sense of hope
c. It decreases stigma of living with HIV/AIDS
d. It encourages a sense of belongingness
CHALLENGES FACED BETWEEN PLWHA & CARE GIVERS
a. Inadequate knowledge on ways of caring for the patient

b. Health risk of infection of the caregiver in the process of caring for the patient
c. Inadequate financial resources to provide care for the patient such as money to purchase
drugs or nutritious food for the patient
d. Myths and misconception surrounding the way HIV is transmitted from one person to
another such as food and utensils which make the fail to provide effective care
WAYS OF RESOLVING CHALLENGES FACE WHEN CARING FOR PLWHA
1. Providing civic education in order to dispel misconception on transmission of HIV/AIDS

2. Education awareness on the best way of providing care and support of PLWHA
3. Resource provision by the government, well-wisher CBO so that the care giver can
effectively provide help
Chapter 11: SEX, SEXUALITY & HUMAN BEHAVIOR
SEXUALITY:
Sexuality is a central aspect of human development. It does not only encompasses sex and sexual
intercourse. Rather it is about many things including emotions, feelings and attractions you feel
towards other people, desires, self-esteem, values, physical appearance, beliefs, emotions, likes
and dislikes, behaviors, the way one has been socialized and fantasies. It is ultimately linked to
the basic needs of being liked and accepted, displaying and receiving affection, feeling valued
and attractive, sharing thoughts and feelings. Sexuality is therefore linked to sexual health and
well-being. Sexuality develops changes with time and it is acquired from birth to death.
COMPONENTS OF SEXUALITY
1. Sexual identity, which refers to the understanding of your physical make-up and
awareness of your sex. It also encompasses three other sub-components such as:-
a. Sexual orientation, which is the tendency of an individual to be sexually attracted to
another person either of the same sex or different sex. However, those sexually

attracted to the same sex are known as homosexuals while those attracted to opposite
sex (culturally normal) are known as heterosexuals. People who are attracted
sexually to both sex (men or women) are known as bisexual
b. Gender role, which refers to behaviors culturally considered appropriate for males
or female members eg cooking for women while building a house for men
c. Gender identity, which refers to one’s knowledge of being a male or a female
2. Sexual health & reproduction, which refers to the person’s ability to reproduce and the
behavior and attributes that make sexual relationship healthy. Aspects of sexual health
and reproduction include:
 Family planning
 Pregnancy
 Sexual intercourse
 Facts relating to child-birth
 Responsible sexual behaviors
 Fertility and infertility
 Information on STI
 Attitudes and feelings
3. Sexualization, which refers to the use of sex in order to influence or control other people.
Sex can be used as a means of punishing somebody, soliciting favor from somebody or
to control somebody’s behavior .
 Punish somebody, where a former boyfriend hugs out with other girls in order to
punish the former girlfriend
 Soliciting favor, where a female employee decides to have sex with the manager
in order to get a promotion
 Control somebody’s behavior, where a boy-friend decides to impregnate a girl-
friend in order to force her into marriage
WAYS IN WHICH SEXUAL IDENTITY, SEXUAL HEALTH & REPRODUCTION,

SEXUALISATION AFFECTS HUMAN BEHAVIOR
1. Sexual identity:
 influences men and women to perform their duties in-line with their sex
 influences men and women to dress-up in clothe considered appropriate for males
or females
 influences men and women to affiliate (attracted) with other people who could be
of the same sex, opposite sex or both sex
2. Sexual Health & Reproduction:
 Influences individuals to use contraceptives for birth control
 Influences individuals to seek for information regarding their reproductive health
3. Sexualisation:
 Influences seductive behavior, such as putting on miniskirts and make-ups to
seduce boys
 Influences the youth to seek for information about sexual intercourse

 Influences the youth to start using sex in order to satisfy themselves without
regard of the consequences
 Influences other to use sex as an expression of hostility, anger or revenge
LIFE-SKILLS NEEDEDTO OVERCOME CHALLENGES OF SEXUALITY
a. Self-esteem
b. Decision making
c. Problem solving
d. Self-awareness
e. Critical thinking
f. Effective communication
g. Self-control
WAYS LIFE-SKILLS OVERCOMES CHALLENGES OF SEXUALITY
1. They help to develop a sound and strong health body by molding one’s character, value
attitudes and interests.
2. They promote positive social and health behavior, in order to prevent social and health
problems related to sexuality
3. They help one to make the right decision concerning sexuality, in order to reduce stress
and anxiety
4. They help one to perform roles and responsibilities considering one’s strength and
weakness, especially if one has self-awareness
5. They help to develop right relationship with others, especially if one has high self-
esteem or can communicate effectively
SEXUALITY AND HUMAN BEHAVIOUR
a. It arouses desire to have sexual intercourse, especially if a girl you desire is in a miniskirt
b. Influence girls to dress more seductively, in order to achieve their goal or purpose
c. Influences the desire to be emotionally close to another person you love
d. It leads to behaviors such as rudeness to elders and the desire to be independent from
parents
HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
The reproductive system is the only body system in which the structure and their functions are
not identical in males and females. However males and females complement each other in their
function and activities.
Sexual reproduction in humans occurs when male and female gametes from the reproductive
organs fuse
PARTS OF HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

Male:
a. Testes (testicles); responsible for sperm and hormones (testosterone) production

b. Epididymis; a highly coiled organ responsible for storage of sperms
c. Scrotum (scrotal sac); its’ a pouch or sac that holds and controls testicles
d. Vas deferens (sperm duct); these are narrow tubes connecting the testicles to the urethra
in the penis
e. Penis; it’s a spongy erectile tissue which allows semen carrying sperms to travel from
male to female reproductive organs
f. Glans penis; it is the sensitive tip of the penis full of nerves that initiates ejaculation that
produce seminal fluid
g. Foreskin (prepuce); It’s the tissues that covers the glands of the penis
h. Seminal vesicles; these are two pouches located on either side of the bladder and prostate
gland.
i. Prostate gland; it is a gland located near the base of the bladder that produces seminal
fluid
j. Cowper’s gland; these are two glands located on either side of the urethra below the
prostate that produces seminal fluid
k. Urethra; it is the sperm (semen) passage located in the penis
(See below)
1. Vagina; it is a muscular tube leading from the external genital to the cervix of the uterus
in the woman’s body, where the penis is inserted and sperms released for reproduction.
2. Oviduct (fallopian tube); it’s fine tubes leading from the ovaries to the uterus through
which eggs move for fertilization
3. Ovaries; they produce and store female eggs for 28 days, and hormones called estrogens
and progesterone

4. Uterus (womb); it is located between the bladder and the rectum in the pelvic area,
responsible for carrying the fetus (embryo). It’s the place where fertilization and
implantation of fertilized egg takes place.
5. Cervix; it’s a ring muscle at the entrance of the uterus where sperms are deposited
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CHALLENGES
1. Teenage pregnancy, which may lead to premature birth, obstructive fistula, caesarean
birth, or even rupturing of the bladder during birth resulting in uncontrolled urine flow
2. Abortion, which may lead to perforation of the uterus, damage of the cervix and even
death of the mother
3. Sexually transmitted infection (STI), these include, syphilis, herpes (mauka), hepatitis,
candidiasis, chancroid ( mabomu), gonorrhea (chinzonono) such kind of diseases may
cause great damage to the reproductive organs causing infertility, mental illness, and
cervical cancer
4. HIV infection, which may result in prolonged illness and death
5. Obstetric fistula, which may result in uncontrolled urine flow, irritation and pain
surrounding the vaginal area
WAYS OF AVOIDING REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CHALLENGES
1. Abstinence from any form of sexual activity

2. Practicing safe sex to avoid contraction of HIV including STI
3. Seeking for guidance and counseling from reliable sources such as parents, health
workers and teachers in order to make informed decision
4. Obtaining entrepreneurship skills, in order to generate their own income, while keeping
themselves busy
5. Enacting legislation, in order to improve adolescence access to family planning services
and sexual and reproductive health rights.
SKILLS FOR OVERCOMING REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH RELATED CHALLENGES

a. Practicing assertiveness, in order to remain focused and resist negative peer pressure
b. Developing high self-esteem, in order to gain self-confidence and avoid negative
influence
c. Practicing effective communication, in order to spell-out your values, feelings and
experiences about reproductive health and the challenges related to it.
d. Practicing peer pressure resistant, in order to avoid reproductive health challenges
e. Practicing proper decision making, in order to reduce stress and anxiety due to
reproductive health challenges
MEANINGS OF SOME TERMINOLOGY IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CHALLENGES
1. Incest:
It is sexual activities between family members or close relatives eg brother and
sister, father and daughter, son and mother etc,
2. Rape:
It is a form of sexual assault where sexual intercourse is done against one’s will or
consent
3. Sexual harassment:
It’s unwelcome sexual advances towards a girl, such as touching breasts, private
parts, forced kissing, flipping girl’s skirt
4. Intergenerational sex:
Engaging in sex intercourse with a very old person fit to be your mother or father
5. Transactional sex:
It’s engaging in sexual intercourse in exchange for financial support. For instance
having a sugar daddy or mummy in exchange for financial support, where the girl
may still have other boy-friends or girl-friends in his/her favor.
EFFECTS OF INCEST, RAPE, SEXUAL HARASSMENT, INTERGENERATIONAL AND

TRANSCTIONAL SEX
a. They may result into unwanted pregnancy

b. They may result into STI and HIV infection
c. They may result in psychological problems, especially rape and incest
d. They may result in school drop-out due to embarrassment following unwanted pregnancy
e. They may result in withdrawal or absent mindedness during studies
SKILLS REQUIRED TO HELP VICTIMS OF INCEST, RAPE, SEXUAL HARASSMENT,

INTERGENERATIONAL AND TRANSACTIONAL SEX
a. Effective communication, in order to speak-out their values

b. Stress and anxiety management, in order to cope with the situation
c. Guidance and counseling, in order to equip them with relevant information
d. Self-esteem, in order to develop self-confidence and be self-reliant
e. Assertiveness, in order to resist negative peer pressure
f. Self-control, in order to control their emotions on sexual desire

WHERE TO REPORT CASES OF INCEST, RAPE, SEXUAL HARASSMENT,
INTERGENERATIONAL AND TRASACTIONAL SEX.
1. Parents
2. Guardians
3. School authorities
4. Community leaders
5. Religious leaders
6. Teachers
7. Welfare offices
8. Health facilities
9. Police
IMPORTANCE OF REPORTING CASES OF RAPE, INCEST, TRANSACTIONAL SEX,

INTERGENERATIONAL SEX
1. The victim will get the assistance they need, such as protection
2. The perpetrators may get punished
3. The victim may receive treatment
4. The victim may receive counseling
5. The perpetrator may feel embarrassed
Chapter 12 : ENTREPRENEURSHIP & THE WORLD OF WORK
BUSINESS VALUES & ETHICS
Business values:
These are standards that guide the way a person does business and the things that a
business stands for
Business ethics:
These are moral principles that govern the decisions and actions within a business
IDENTIFYING BUSINESS VALUES & ETHICS
Values:
1. Commitment; which is a great a need to continue producing or selling quality products

that meets the needs of the customers
2. Community involvement; which is a need to demonstrate corporate social responsibility
by providing social amenities to the people
3. Empowerment; which involves encouraging employee of a business to take initiative and
give out the best of their skills, while making the right decision
4. Integrity; in this regard the business encourages it’s employee to be honest, sincere and
truthful to it’s customers

5. Innovative; it involves seeking for new ideas that can help to change the business and
bring better results
6. Safety; it involves ensuring a healthy and safety environment for its’ employee and
customers
Ethics:
1. Trustworthiness; aiming at being trusted by customers, investors and stakeholders by

charging fair prices on goods and services an also selling quality products
2. Respecting customers; both potential and existing customers need respect, hence they
should not be cheated or forced to buy a particular product or service with misleading
information
3. Respecting workers; this is normally done by treating employee fairly and respecting
their basic rights
4. Community involvement; it includes taking part in activities taking place in the
community where it is operating
5. Refraining from corrupt practices; it includes, stopping fraud, bribery, kickbacks and all
other forms of corruption that may tarnish the image of the business
6. Refraining from using child labor; stop employing young children below the age of 15
7. Financial probity; being honest in the way one deals with money generated in the
business
8. Creating good business image; if a business has a good image it is likely to attract more
customers, especially where quality goods are produced and sold at fair prices
9. Improving business awareness and recognition; this is normally done through advertising,
but however a business that has good ethics is normally patronized by many customers
10. Building good relationship; this involves being honesty, fairness and justice in the way
one conducts his business, such good gesture would attract more customers
NOTE:
Good ethics leads to a successful business while unethical practices may pull down one’s
business. The main aim of running a business is to make more sales and more money (profits).
However unethical behavior may make one fail to achieve his goal in business. Unethical
behavior such as use of child labor, over-charging, hoarding scare goods, providing poor quality
products and services, dishonest, selling illegal or expired products are bad in business
CORRUPT PRACTICES IN BUSINESS
These are wrong doings committed by a business, its owner, employee and clients or doing
something in business that is immoral or incompatible with ethical standards
COMMON CORRUPT PRACTICES IN BUSINESSS

1. Bribery; this involves giving someone something valuable in order to persuade him or her
to do a favor to the giver. For instance, giving money to a forest guard in order to cut
down trees in a protected area.
2. Kickback; it’s a sum of money that is paid to someone illegally with the intention of
gaining something from that person or company. For instance, a company manager
giving a government official money in order to be given an opportunity to supply goods
to government department without following proper government procedures
3. Embezzlement; it means taking and using money entrusted to you illegally for your own
personal use. For instance, a sells-lady underreporting the day’s sales to the shop owner
in order to use some of the money for personal gain
4. Fraud; it means gaining money or financial benefits by tricks or through lies. For
instance, an employee who accepts payment from a customer but does not record the
sale-book to the owner
5. Extortion; it means charging excess (overcharging) in prices than the recommended
prices in order to make illegal high profits
FACTORS THAT PROMOTE CORRUPTION IN BUSINESS
1. The spirit of being greedy, where one needs more resources than what he deserve
2. Low salaries at work that make one fail to support his/her large family
3. Absence of transparency, in the way transactions are done at a company or business
which gives room for others to take advantage of the situation
4. Desire to get rich quickly without following proper procedures
5. Low moral standards that makes workers fail to recognize the need to work hard in order
to earn a living
CONSEQUENCIES OF CORRUPTION IN BUSINESS
a. It may lead to loss of customers, as they get disappointed in the way they are being
treated
b. Closure of business, due to loss of customer that result in poor sales per day
c. Loss of financial resources, as some money is lost through fraud and embezzlement
d. It leads to inefficiency in company or business performance as most of the resources are
lost through corrupt practices
e. Loss of trust by stakeholders, investors as well as customers, which may result in reduced
investment and possible collapsing of business or company
f. It may lead to imprisonment, if one is caught practicing corruption
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
1. Offering opportunities to low income people such as the aged and poor by constructing
them small houses
2. Donating money or other items to charitable organization such as CBO
3. Serving people who are normally discriminated in the society, such as those suffering
from HIV/AIDS or those poor women who are denied loans opportunities by Banks

4. Sponsoring socio-cultural or sporting activities taking place in the local area
5. Offering educational scholarships to needy students
BENEFITS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
a. It improves customer’s attitude towards the business, and hence attract more people
b. It creates a good image to the general public, hence it is likely to gain support to continue
running the business company
c. It gets assurance of media coverage for the good gesture and hence it is likely to be
known far and wide
d. It may attract highly qualified people from the local area to work for the organization
since it support activities of up-lifting their lives
LIFE-SKILLS TO PREVENT CORRUPTION
1. Being assertive and learning to say NO to things that are no morally right
2. Practicing self-control by resisting any form of temptation to indulge in corrupt practices
3. Developing high self-esteem by placing value on yourself, in order not to practice things
that will devalue oneself such as corruption
4. Practicing critical thinking by weighing the advantages and disadvantages of engaging in
corrupt practices which are imprisonment and destroying one’s self-image
5. Being creative by coming up with new and morally upright ways of making money such
as running your own business than engaging in corrupt practices
6. Practicing proper problem solving and decision making skills, in order to deal with
problems one is facing
7. Practicing interpersonal relationship skills, such as love for one another, respect for
others and effective communication in order to resist and reject corruption
MANAGING A BUSINESS VENTURE
It’s ways of taking care of one’s business investment in order to see it growing
QUALITIES OF A SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS PERSON
a. Being courteous or polite, in order to gain trust and receive more customers
b. Working hard by being dedicated at work and ensuring that work given is completed
timely
c. Being confident and working with determination that the work will be done perfectly
well
d. Being patient and handling difficult customers without showing anger
e. Being honest and sincere in the way he/she runs the business, in order to gain trust from
the general public
f. Ability to plan and organize resources needed, in order to continue running a successful
business
g. Desire to see progress, by expanding his/she business and making more investments

h. Holds social responsibility of selling his products at reasonable prices so that his
customers remains happy and trust him
i. Provides good leadership skills and exemplary to all his subordinates and workmates,
who will later emulate him
j. He has foresightedness about the future, and always plans ahead on how his business
would progress to avoid stiff competition
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Financial management:
It’s the ability to use, save and account for financial resources in order to achieve the objectives
you have set for your business
Business objectives are aimed at:
- generating adequate profits bearing in mind the resources invested,
-making the business self-sustaining
KEY ISSUES IN FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
a. Raising capital or finances, which is the money needed to allow the business to grow.
However the finances may be needed to pay employees, purchase new equipment, pay
off debts or purchase new products. In this case, money may be generated by borrowing
from money lending institutions such as Banks, savings, profits or shares in the company
b. Allocating the capital generated, which is the money budgeted for specific items.
However one needed to bear in mind the reasons for each allocation
FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN MAKING A BUDGET
1. Time; which is the specific period that the budget will cater, in order to see if the finances
will be enough for the activity
2. Income level; which is the money that one has or is planning to have. If you plan without
taking into consideration your income level then you are likely to be frustrated.
3. Prevailing costs of commodities at the market; this would guide you as to how much
money that you would need
IMPORTANCE OF BUDGETING IN BUSINESS
a. It gives authority to use money only on planned items

b. It protect one from overspending or under-spending on specific budgeted items
c. It gives a chance to the business owner to look for additional financial resources from
elsewhere
d. It gives a clear picture on how the business will spend money and other resources
allocated to it
e. It provides a means of measuring performance as to how the business is performing

SAMPLE OF A BUSINESS BUDGET
INCOME:
 Sales revenue:……………………………
 Loan:………………………………………….
 Other income:……………………………
TOTAL INCOME:………………………..
EXPENSES:
 Advertising:………………………………………..
 Deposits for utilities:………………………….
 Estimates for taxes:………………………….
 Loan repayment:…………………………….
 Office supplies:………………………………
 Salaries/wages:………………………………….
Vehicle expenses:……………………………
Other expenses:……………………………….
TOTAL EXPENSES:……………………………
EXAMPLE:
A businesslady Mrs Violet Mhango, age 30, wants to set up a retail business. She gets a loan of
K900,000 from the FDH Bank to be used to rent a shop worth K90,000, second hand clothes
worth K100,000. And a delivery vehicle worthy, K100, 000. Upon buying the above assets, she
needs to buy goods to stock her shop. She decides to use K600, 000 for that purpose
INCOME:
Loan: K900,000
Total income: K900,000
EXPENSES:
 Rent shop K90,000

 Bells of second hand clothes K100,000
 Delivery vehicles K100,000
 Stock-up goods; K600,000

TOTAL EXPENSES: K890,000
Balance (Income –Expenses): K10,000
FINANCIAL LITERACY
It’s the ability to understand how money works and how it can be invested to help others
IMPORTANCE OF FINANCIAL LITERACY
a. It helps one to understand financial concepts such as budgeting, investments, financial

goals among others, in order to understand how best he or she can manage money for a
successful life
b. It helps one to make good financial decisions and choices, such as ways of saving,
spending wisely and managing of debt to avoid stress
c. It helps one to respond wisely to changes that affect his/her financial well-beings, such as
inflation, devaluation of currency, interest rates and collapse of money markets
d. It helps one to understand financial products that one may need throughout his or her life,
such as savings and Bank accounts
STOCKS
Stocks refers to the supply of goods kept by a business person for sale to customers
WAYS OF MANAGING STOCKS
1. Have the right stock of goods to satisfy your customers’ needs, in order to gain trust
2. You should not have too much or too little stock, because both have negative
consequences
3. Look at sales records to find out which goods are selling fast and which ones are not
4. Work out which items of the stock have a high gross margin, in order to concentrate in
purchasing such products
5. Make a list of slow moving, old and excessive stock items, in order to sell them fast by
reducing their prices so that you can raise money for new competitive products
6. Update your stock records, in order to track movement of stocks and identify fraud and
theft if they are occurring
CASH FLOW
This refers to the total amount of money that is moving in and out of a business over a certain
period of time, comprising inflow and outflow.
Inflow refers to incomes while outflow refers to expenses
MANAGING CASH FLOW

a. It is based on increasing inflow, which is the money coming in from customers inform of
sales, loan, selling of an asset or a service
b. Decreasing outflow, which are expenses made in the business
MANAGING PROFITS AND COSTS
It involves:-
a. Distinguishing costs from profits, where costs means the money that is spend on
purchasing and payment of debts, while profits is the balance after all payments have
been done in the business
b. Increasing profits while reducing costs, by increasing the volume of goods on demand by
customers, negotiating with customers for discount where possible and checking on
invoices from suppliers to avoid overcharging on goods supplied
c. Classifying costs as:-
(i) fixed costs eg rentals, salaries, insurance, interests on loan and other items
(ii) Variable costs such as utility bills eg electricity, water telephone and
advertisements
(iii) Total costs, which is the totals of fixed and variable costs
Example;
Monthly Business costs were as follows:-
 Rent (fixed costs) K20,000

 Interests (fixed costs) K5,000
 Wages (fixed costs) K150,000
 Electricity (variable costs) K15,000
 Water ( variable costs) K20,000
 Insurance (fixed costs) K25, 000
4. Calculating profits and loss;
(i) Calculate the total income of the business, by adding up all the sales made over a
specific period
(ii) Calculate the total expenses for your business for the period planned, this refers to
all expenses your business has incurred.
(iii) calculate profits or losses in a business by subtracting expenses from total income
TAXATION ISSUES IN BUSINESS
1. Name application; this is done through the Registrar General by completing a form
2. Application for certificate of incorporation; this is done at the office of Registrar General
in the Ministry of Justice in person or by email
3. Registrar for income tax: this done at the Malawi Revenue Authority (MRA), with a
business income tax number
4. Obtaining a business or company seal; this may take up-to a week to be processed

5. Applying for a license from the city council; however licenses differ depending on the
type of business eg wholesaler’s license, retailer’s license,
6. Inspection of business premises; this is done by the fire, environmental health and
hygiene inspectors
7. Paying the requisite fee and obtaining the license; however upon approval the license is
issued in a couple of days and sent to the business owner
8. Application for registration of the work place; this is done through the Department of
Occupation Safety, Health and Welfare in the Ministry of Labor
9. Inspection by Ministry of Labor; officers from the Department of Occupational Safety,
Health and Welfare inspects the premises and if satisfied issues a certificate of
Registration to the business
10. Registering for PAYE and Fringe benefits tax; this is normally done by mail.
TYPES OF TAXES PAID TO MRA
1. Business profit tax; for those business making a profit of mot less than K108,000
annually
2. Custom duty; made on imports in order to protect domestic industries from competitors
3. Passive income tax; it’s the tax that is paid on property, rents, Bank interest, loyalties,
commission among others
4. Capital income tax; it’s the tax that is charged on sale of an asset that was purchased at a
lower price but later sold at a higher price
5. Employment income tax; it’s the money deducted from PAYE and later remitted to
MRA
6. Provisional tax; it’s the estimated total amount of income tax payable by every business
person charged with income tax. It could be a quarterly submission of tax
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN MALAWI
1. Banks
2. Insurance companies
3. Building societies
4. Stock exchange
5. Credit union
a. Banks;
Function: accepts deposits
Pay interests
Clear cheques
Make loans
Act as an intermediary in financial transaction
Examples:
FDH, FMB, NBS, Standard Bank, NFB,
b. Development Banks:
Inde Bank

c. Central Banks;
Reserve Bank ( regulates the Banking system in Malawi)
d. Building Societies
It a bank that offers banking and mortgage lending (a loan to buy land or
buildings)
Examples:
New Building Societies (NBS)
e. Stock exchange:
Provides traders an opportunity to buy or sell shares
Provides facilities for the payment of dividends
Example :
Malawi Stock Exchanges (MSE)
f. Credit unions:
Save money for members only
Provides loans to members
Offer training to members so that they gain skills in bookkeeping, budgeting and
planning
Example :
Savings & Credit Union Cooperatives (SACCO)
g. Insurance Companies:
Provide cover for business
Promotes investment in business and industries
Examples;
NICO, Old Mutual, Vanguard and others
ROLES OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
a. Provide capital for business

b. Facilitating the buying and selling of companies and other business
c. Promoting investment in business
d. Facilitating business growth by providing loans for business to expand
RISK TAKING IN BUSINESS

1. Taking over a business, which is not profitable
2. Lowering one’s goods in order to beat aggressive competitors in business
3. Deciding not to increase the prices of his or her goods even if other running a similar
business are doing so
4. Expanding into new products that are not familiar in his community
5. Establishing a business enterprise in an unfamiliar community or country
6. Getting a loan in order to invest in business
7. Selling one’s assets in order to raise money for a business investment
IMPORTANCE OF TAKING RISKS IN BUSINESS
1. It leads to business success, since it requires dedication, commitment, hard work and
taking in order to overcome the risks
2. It exposes the business owner to new opportunities and ways of doing things
3. It helps to overcome fear of failure, as one succeeds through hard-work
4. It leads to profitability, as the owner becomes creative, innovative in running a business
in order to succeed
POSSIBLE RISKS IN BUSINESS
1. Organizational and operational risk; these include theft of goods, damage to goods during
transportation, interruption in supply of materials
2. Strategic risks; (all challenges affecting the business’s ability to meet its’ goal and
objectives are known as strategic risks). Reduction in the demand for a business’ goods
or services, fluctuation in the prices of goods and services a business entrepreneur in
involved in, changes in customer preferences and tastes
3. Financial risks; it includes changes in bank rates and over-reliance on a single customer.
Financial risks generally affect the financial structure of the business, the transactions and
the financial system the business uses
4. Employee risks; these include illness, employee strikes, dishonesty of employees and
negligence by employees.
5. Economic and political risks; these include fluctuation in interest rates, devaluation of
currency and economic recessions
6. Environmental risks; these are risks caused by natural disasters such as flooding, drought,
earthquake, famine and prolonged rainfall that can cause great risk to business. Such risks
may cause spoilage of goods and loss of business property among others
IMPACT OF BUSINESS RISKS
1. Loss of money
2. Loss of customers
3. Loss of productivity
SKILLS FOR MITIGATING (reducing) BUSINESS RISKS

1. Risk reduction, by limiting the amount of an activity that produces risks, or putting in
place measures to control the problem eg building a fence around one’s business
premises
2. Risk avoidance; (risk elimination), which is completely avoiding an activity that is likely
to be a threat or risk in business eg selling goods at recommended price in order to
continue gaining customer confidence, or avoid purchasing of smuggled goods
3. Risk transfer; its’ where the entrepreneur transfers the responsibility for a risk to another
person or organization eg insurance company
4. Risk retention; its’ where the business owner accepts the risk by not insuring his property
against fire, theft or robberies
CREATIVITY IN BUSINESS
It means constantly generating or coming up with new and valuable ideas and ways on how to
grow a business in order to meet the demands and expectations of customers
WAYS IN WHICH ONE CAN BE CREATIVE IN BUSINESS
1. Developing own ideas regarding ways one can run a business

2. By improving on one’s existing ideas in order to create a new business or find a better
market
3. By being the 1st person to develop a new product for the market
4. Being able to perceive business opportunities that other business people are not able to
see and then developing them
IMPORTANCE OF CREATIVITY IN BUSINESS
1. It enhances competitiveness of products in business, since products have added value.

2. It leads to business growth, due to increased sales, revenue and profits
3. It leads to customer satisfaction, since customers are always satisfied with products and
services which make them visit the shop frequently
4. It helps one to make rational business decision, which leads to maximum profits in
business
CAREER GOALS
They are in two groups
1. Long term career goals; these are things that one what to do in future eg Nurse, Doctor
etc
2. Short term goal; these are things that you may wish to achieve within the shortest period
eg passing your MSCE
MATCHING SKILLS WITH CAREER GOALS

SKILLS SUITABLE CAREER
Working with people Manager, politicians
Studying mathematics and Biologists, Chemists, Computer Programmer
science
Speaking or performing in front Teacher, reporter, actor/actress
of others
Selling things or ideas, Advertising agent, sales person, businessman, insurance
advertising agent
Helping people feel better Pastor, Nurse, Doctor, healthy worker, pharmacists
Farming Farmer
JOB SEARCHING TOOLS
These includes;
1. An application letter
2. A curriculum Vitae (CV)
3. Certificates in possession
4. Reference from previous Employers
JOB SEEKING STRATEGIES
a. Networking, with others for a possible vacancy or link to a job

b. Volunteering to do some kind of work in order to gain experiences
c. Researching target companies that you are interested in, so that you can gain more
information on available vacancies
d. Undergoing internship, which gives one practical experience that can be used in
searching for jobs
e. Contacting recruitment agencies that help companies find better people for a particular
job vacancy eg Job Centre in Lilongwe, Madison Recruitment Services in Lilongwe,
Forteil Recruitment Agencies in Blantyre, Deloitte and Touche.
f. Job application, ie making an application for a job
g. Searching job advertisements, from newspapers and magazines
ORGANISING A CURRICULM VITAE (CV)
A good CV should contain the following details:-
1. Document title; such as the Curriculum Vitae

2. Contact details; such cell phone numbers, e-mail address, postal address, fax number
3. Personal details; your full name as it appears on your certificate, date of birth, nationality
and marital status.
4. Personal profile; a summary of your career achievements, aspiration and skills

5. Work experience; start with the most recent relevant experience. Include titles, position
and company name. detail your responsibilities and achievements with brief description
of various duties in order of importance and relevance to the job you wish to apply for.
6. Qualification; start with your highest education qualification or recent training
7. Additional skills; indicate skills in possession such as computer skills, and language
proficiency
8. Interests; list activities that require team commitments or personal initiative and drive
9. Reference; include two or three reference address of people you have worked with or
your head teacher, college principal
FORMAT OF AN APPLICATION LETTER
a. Contact information, such as your address, and cell numbers

b. Employer contact information, company address and employers title
c. Salutation; such as dear sir or madam
d. Subject; list the job you are applying for
e. Body of application letter;
1. 1st paragraph: mention the job you are applying for and where you got the
advertisement
2. 2nd paragraph: mention how your qualification match the job on offer
3. Final paragraph: say thank you to the potential employer for considering you.
4. Complementary close: end your application letter with your signature followed by
your name
Note : please proof read and edit your letter before sending it.
Sample of an application letter:
Thawilo Village
P.O Box 35
Nyungwe
Karonga
Cell: 0999357824
e-mail: gmhango53@gmail.com
26th December 2017
The Managing Director

Blue Photo Express
P.O. Box 40

Nsanje
Dear Sir,
APPLICATION FOR A JOB AS AN OPERATIONS MANAGER
I write to apply for employment as an Assistant Manager in your Organization as advertised in

the Weekend Nation of 23rd -24th December 2017.
I have worked continuously at a similar position for more than five years from 2012 up to- date. I
possess a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Human Resource Management obtained at Chancellor
Collage, under University of Malawi. My educational background and work experience have
given me an add advantage on how to manage or handle people in an organization. Please find
enclosed my curriculum vitae to support my application.
I am confident that with skills and vast experience that I have gained, I can as well perform
better than your expectations in your organization.
I am available for interviews any time that is convenient to you. I can be contacted anytime via
e-mail or cell numbers above.
Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to hearing from you regarding my
application.
Yours faithfully,
Godfrey Mhango
Chapter 13: SAVING CULTURE
It is the habit of setting aside money or any other resource for future use
WAYS IN WHICH SAVING CULTURE IS IMPORTANT
1. It helps to keep money in case of emergencies, which could otherwise result into high
debts
2. It promotes business activities by raising capital in order to expand a business
3. It help to prepare for retirement, when one will not be able to work due to age limit,
hence he may use the saved money for survival
4. It helps to raise money for other equally important activities such as school fees,
purchasing of machinery, wedding, transport among others
5. It help reduce stress and anxiety due to lack of money for an important activity
WAYS OF SAVING

1. Depositing into a Bank account, through any of these Accounts; Savings, Fixed deposits,
Current Account
2. Pension scheme, where an employee contributes a fixed amount of money regularly
towards his retirement or gratuity
3. Insurance schemes, where one pays a specific amount of money towards the insured
property in case of emergencies
4. Financial cooperatives, such as Village Savings Banks (VSB), Savings and Credit
Cooperative (SACCO)
5. Financial securities, such as shares, stocks, treasury bills can be bought at the Malawi
Stock Exchange (MSE)
TIPS ON HOW TO SAVE
a. Make a decision to start saving regardless of the amount of money you earn
b. Set a saving goal, such as a limited amount of money you may need to save, which you
will see growing slowly into a big savings
c. Keep good records, in order to know how much money is in your savings and keep track
of the money you are saving
d. Create a budget and stick to it, on how much you may need to spend and save, which
would give you a future estimate of how much you will spend next month
e. Prioritize your expenditure, by listing down all your expense and allocating the amount of
money each may need
f. Think before spending, by trying to find-out if your spending truly reflect what you
planned
Chapter 14: BASIC TAX CALCULATION
Taxes :
These are payments done by individuals, institutions and business to the government calculated
as a percentage of their earnings or value of the property.
FUNCTIONS OF TAXES
1. They provide revenue for social services development projects eg school, health centers
etc
2. They protect domestic industries from foreign competition, where heavy taxes are
imposed on imported goods
3. They help discourage consumption of harmful goods such as cigarettes and liquor by
imposing heavy taxes
4. They help reduce inequality by imposing high tax on those who earn more and less tax on
those earning less
5. They help develop among citizens the spirit of patriotism to their country
CALCULATING TAXES

Currently any employer who pays an employee more than K20,000 per month or K240,000 per
annum is liable to conduct PAYE and remit to the tax Malawi Revenue Authority (MRA). Upon
registration MRA supplies the employer with a registration certificate where all the details
concerning the employer are filled. Employers who fall to remit or register their employees who
are eligible for PAYE are penalized by MRA
1. How PAYE is calculated:

 The 1st K20,000 is calculated at 0.0 % tax
 The next K5000 is calculated at 15% tax
 Excess of K25,000 is calculated at 30%
Example: an employee whose gross salary is K160,000 per month, his tax will be calculated as:-
 1st K20,000 @ 0%
 Next K5,000 @ 15% is equal to 15% x K5,000 = K750.00
 Excess K135,000 @ 30% is equal to 30% x K135000 = K40,500
 Tax payable is K0.00 + K750.00 + K40,500 = K41,250
This means that the employee’s net pay is K118, 250.00 (ie gross pay minus taxes)
2. How custom Duty is calculated:

Custom Duty is a tax that is levied on the value of goods or services that have been
imported. The taxes are based on invoices value of goods imported.
Currently Custom Duty is levied at 25% of CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight)
Example:
Assume Mr Mwahenga has imported a minibus which is less than 10 years old with an engine
size of 3000cc. it has a value of $6,000. The exchange rate is $1 to K400. Calculate Custom
Duty.
Solution:
Total customs value = ($6,000 + K400) = K2,400,000
Import duty: =( 25/100 x 2,400,000) = K600,000
IMPORTANCE OF CUSTOMS DUTY
a. To protect domestic industries from strong foreign competitors. This makes foreign
goods more expensive than those sold within the country
b. To raise revenue for government and local authorities that could be used to provide
essential social services
c. It assist in the collection of trade statistics in order to work out balance of trade

d. It also help in the implementation of the provisions of trade agreements with other
countries in so far as they relate to Malawi obligations
3. Fringe benefits tax :
This is defined as any asset, service or other benefit in kind provided to an employee by
the employer eg Bank loan, payment of school fees for children, access to company
vehicle etc
DETERMINATION OF TAXABLE VALUES FOR FRINGE BENEFIT TAX

a. Housing accommodation; this is calculated at 10% of employee’s salary or 12% in case it
is furnished (chairs tables, beds etc present). However if the house is owned by the
company rentals may be reduced by 50%.
b. Motor vehicles; the annual taxable value of motor vehicle provided to an employee
without restrictions to business only is 15% of the original cost of the motor vehicle. For
instance a vehicle costing K3,000,000 would be taxed at 15/100 x3,000,000 = K450,000
therefore the owner would be requested to pay K450,000 + K3,000,000 (K3,450,000)
c. School fees and other related expenses; the taxable value would be 50% of what the
employer is paying to the employee’s dependant’s on education.
d. Loan to employees: taxable value on loans provided to employees will be calculated by
taking the difference between the interest charged by the employer and interest
chargeable if bank rates were used. The following loans will not attract fringe benefits
tax;-
(i) Educational loans
(ii) Emergency advances
(iii) Medical loans
(iv) Funeral expense loans
PAYMENT OF FRINGE BENEFITS TAX
Fringe benefit tax is levied at the rate of 30% of the total taxable values of fringe benefits
provided by the employer and is paid in quarterly installments not later than fourteen
days after each quarter
 1st quarter 1st July -30th September

 2nd Quarter 1st October -31st December
 3rd Quarter 1st January -31st March
 4th Quarter 1st April – 30th June
Penalty for non-compliance with fringe benefits tax regulations:-
An employer who fails to register within the month in which he starts to provide fringe
benefits to an employee of fails to pay fringe benefits tax due, on the prescribed date shall
be liable to a penalty of 20% due. The penalty is payable together with fringe benefit tax
due.

Example:
Miss Tendai works as an accountant with Blue Photo Express Limited. She is provided
with furnished accommodation. Blue Photo Express leases the house for her at the price
of K20, 000.00 a month. Miss Tendai’s salary is K4, 000,000.00 per annum. What
is the taxable value of the benefit? Calculate fringe benefit tax (FBT)
Solution:
 The taxable value is greater of:-

 Rent paid by the employer in one year is K20, 000.00 x 12 = K240,000.00
 12% of employees salary 12/100 x 4,000,000 = K480,000.00
K480, 000.00 is greater than K240, 000.00 therefore FBT will be calculated using the
higher figure which is K480, 000.00
The FBT = 30/100 x K480, 000.00 = K14, 400.00
END OF SAMMARY NOTES
LIFE SKILLS REVIEW QUESTIONS 2019
PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE
1. Explain any two factors influencing relationship in the following areas:

(i) Community
(ii) Country
2. What are the factors that may destroy peaceful co-existence in the following areas:
(i) Community
(ii) Country
3. Describe any two effects of poor relationship among members of the community
SOCIAL& MORAL RESPONSIBILITY
1. Explain any three types of relationship that exist among people in the community
2. Mention any three needs of the following groups of people:
(i) Community members
(ii) Citizens in a country
3. Describe the social and moral responsibility of people in the following areas:
(i) Community;
 social responsibility
 moral responsibility
(ii) country:
 social responsibility
 moral responsibility
STIGMA AND & SELF-DISCRIMINATION:

1. Describe any two effects of stigma to an individual
2. Explain any two factors that may contribute to HIV/AIDS stigma related actions
3. How does stigma contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS in Malawi? Explain any two points
4. Mention any three places where one may access HTC services
5. Why is it important to access HTC services? Explain any two points
BASIC FACTS ABOUT HIV/AIDS:
1. Explain the impact of HIV/AIDS on the following groups of people

 Individuals
 Family members
 Community
 Nation
2. Give any two examples of the following types of care that could be given to a patient suffering
from HIV/AIDS;
 Physical care
 Emotional/psychological care
 Spiritual care
 Material care
 Medical care
3. Why are the following groups of people referred to as vulnerable to HIV/AIDS;
 Young and boys girls
 Widows
 Sex workers
 Child hawkers
 Mobile workers
 Health workers
4. State any five human rights that people infected with HIV are supposed to enjoy
5. Describe any three responsibilities of people living with HIV/AIDS in the society
PREVENTIVE MEDICINE:
1. Give any two examples of each of the following types of preventive medicines in the society
 Primary preventive medicine
 Secondary preventive medicine
 Tertiary preventive medicine
2. Explain any two ways in which preventive medicine is important to an individual
NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES:
1. Give one example of the following non-communicable disease in our society

 Cardiovascular diseases
 Cancer
 Respiratory diseases
 Diabetes
2. What are the causes of diabetes mellitus? Give two points
3. Explain any two ways of preventing non-communicable diseases
USE & ABUSE OF DRUGS

1. State any four types of prescribed drugs in Malawi
2. Mention any four persons suitable to prescribe drugs in Malawi
3. Explain any two ways in which it is important to use drugs according to prescriptions
4. Explain any two ways in which it is dangerous to take drugs from unqualified people
HEALTH PROMOTION:
1. Mention any three qualities of a Blood Donor

2. Why is it important to donate blood to health institutions? Give two points
3. What are the benefits of receiving blood to a patient? Give two points
4. How does the blood donor benefit from donating blood to health institutions? Give two points
INFLUENCES OF PEER PRESSURE
1. Explain any two ways in which peer pressure may have the following influence on the youth
 Negative influences
 Positive influences
2. Describe two ways in which the youth could deal with negative peer pressure
3. Explain any two ways negative peer pressure could affect interpersonal relationship among
people
DECISION MAKING & PROBLEMS SOLVING
1. Describe the problem solving process that could be used in dealing with a challenge
2. Mention skills that may be required in decision making and problem solving process
3. State any three situations among the youth that may require decision making and problem solving
process
PEER PRESSURE:
1. Why negative peer pressure is considered counter-productive in the society? Give two points
2. Explain any two reasons for promoting positive peer pressure
3. Explain any three ways adolescents may cope with negative peer pressure
4. Mention any three sources of information about challenges that the youth face during growth and
development
GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT:
1. How does the media influence the youth in the following ways:
 Positive ways
 Negative ways
CAREER PLANNING:
1. Explain any two factors to consider when planning for a career

2. Why is seeking for vocational guidance & counseling important during career planning? Give
two points
3. State any four sources of information about career and vocation that one may need to undertake
4. Explain two ways one can prepare fully for a job interview
TIME MANAGEMENT:
1. Define time management

2. Explain any two ways in which it is important to manage time
3. Describe any two effects of mismanaging time among students
4. Explain the process of proper time management among adolescents
ENHANCING SELF-ESTEEM:
1. Explain any two ways in which one may build his/her self-esteem
2. Mention any three ways in which citizens can play a role in the society
3. Describe any two ways in which playing one’s role is important in the society
4. Explain any two factors that can affect one’s self-esteem
5. Describe any two way you can rebuild a colleague’s self-esteem
REFERENCES
Aubrey Chirwa (2015) MSCE Life –Skills, Success Criteria, Revision Notes and
Practical Work; Blantyre: Bookmate Publishers
Malawi Institute of Education (2013) MSCE Life-Skills Syllabus; Domasi- Zomba,

Malawi MIE
Financial Literacy Education (2015) Life Skills Resource handbook. Lilongwe Malawi

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MSCE LIFE-SKILLS

G.G.K Mhango cell: 0999357824 or 0882993955 email; gmhango53@gmail.com Page 1

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

LIFE SKILLS SYLLABUS

CORE ELEMENT: Personal Development

 Challenges associated with adolescents

G.G.K Mhango cell: 0999357824 or 0882993955 email; gmhango53@gmail.com Page 2

 Business values and ethics

CORE ELEMENT; Personal development

 Self-esteem & career planning

Growth & development

CORE ELEMENT: Health Promotion

 Social moral responsibility in the country

 Sexual reproductive health and human behavior

 Risk taking in business

G.G.K Mhango cell: 0999357824 or 0882993955 email; gmhango53@gmail.com Page 3

ENHANCING SELF ESTEEM

WAYS OF BUILDING SELF-ESTEEM

 Setting goals, to achieve in your near future in order to remain focused

WAYS IN WHICH ONE CAN PLAY A ROLE IN THE SOCIETY

1. Participating in developmental projects such as building school blocks

IMPORTANCE OF VALUING ONE’S ROLE IN THE SOCIETY

FACTORS AFFECTING SELF-ESTEEM

 Lack of recognition by others

G.G.K Mhango cell: 0999357824 or 0882993955 email; gmhango53@gmail.com Page 4

BUILDING AND REBUILDING PEER’S SELF-ESTEEM

Chapter 2 PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

EFFECTS OF POOR TIME MANAGEMENT

G.G.K Mhango cell: 0999357824 or 0882993955 email; gmhango53@gmail.com Page 5

WAYS OF MANAGING TIME

FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN PLANNING FOR A CAREER

G.G.K Mhango cell: 0999357824 or 0882993955 email; gmhango53@gmail.com Page 6

IMPORATNCE OF SEEKING FOR VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE & COUNSELING

SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT CAREER AND VOCATION

1. Schools, where teachers may provide career education to students

SHORTLISTING DURING INTERVIEWS

This done by checking the applicant’s ;

 Curriculum Vitae (CV)

PREPARING FOR JOB INTERVIEWS

Before the interview day:

G.G.K Mhango cell: 0999357824 or 0882993955 email; gmhango53@gmail.com Page 7

On the day of interviews:

 Do some simple exercise in order to reduce stress eg jogging

Chapter 3 : GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT

EFFECTS OF MEDIA ON ADOLESCENTS BEHAVIOR

G.G.K Mhango cell: 0999357824 or 0882993955 email; gmhango53@gmail.com Page 8

EFFECTS OF NEGATIVE PEER PRESSURE

EFFECTS OF POSITIVE PEER PRESSURE

a. It may make an individual to stop smoking and drinking beer

COPING WITH PEER PRESSURE

G.G.K Mhango cell: 0999357824 or 0882993955 email; gmhango53@gmail.com Page 9

DECISION MAKING & PROBLEM SOLVING

THE PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS

It involves the following process:-

SKILLS REQUIRED IN DECISION MAKING & PROBLEM SOLVING

SITUATIONS REQUIRING DECISION MAKING & PROBLEM SOLVING

G.G.K Mhango cell: 0999357824 or 0882993955 email; gmhango53@gmail.com Page 10

INFLUENCES OF PEER PRESSURE

1. Early sexual activities that may lead to unplanned pregnancy

1. Developing of good habits, such as studying hard in order to pass exams