1 NUTRITION AND DIETETICS | NOTES: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND The characteristic functions of the cell:

BIOCHEMISTRY Cell metabolism and energy
use. The metabolic reactions
Nutrition that occur within a cell is an
o Importance to the physiologic often involve energy transfers,
development and maintenance meaning the energy released
of the human body by one reaction is then used in
another reaction.
o A complex multicellular entity
Synthesis of molecules. The
consisting of organ systems and
different cells of the body
tissues working together to synthesize or produce
support growth, maturation, including proteins, nucleic
defense, and reproduction acids, and lipids.
Communication. Cells
Human body composed of 60 – 100 communicate with each other
trillion cells. by using chemical and
Each cell in the body needs to electrical signals.
be nourished to grow, ingest Reproduction and inheritance
food, excrete wastes, react to
their environment, and
reproduce. CELLULAR COMPONENTS
1. PLASMA MEMBRANE
o Sheet-like structure
THE CELL surrounding and
o Average cells size of human cells enveloping the cell or
is 5 – 10 micrometers. outer boundary of the cell
o Cells are the basic units of all o Controls the entry and exit
living things, including humans of substances
o Basic, living, structural, and o Receptor proteins
functional unit of the human function in intercellular
body. communication
o It has specialized functions, but o Marker molecules enable
has basic similarities in terms of cells to recognize one
their common components. another
o Has a plasma membrane, a o Composed of proteins,
nucleus, an endoplasmic cholesterol, and
reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and phospholipids.
mitochondria.

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2 NUTRITION AND DIETETICS | NOTES: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

2Hydrophilicis a water-loving; capable of

PHOSPOLIPIDS
Have a hydrophobic1 and a interacting with water through hydrogen
hydrophilic2 portion/side, bonding.
enabling them to form lipid
bilayers. 2. CYTOPLASMIC/CYTOSOLIC
It provides barriers in cellular MATRIX
membranes to protect the cell, o The cellular material
and they make barriers for the outside the nucleus but
organelles within those cells. inside the plasma
membrane, is about half
- The fatty acid portion forms the cytosol and half organelles
hydrophobic part which prevents o Consists of a system of
water-soluble compounds from
filaments or fibers
entering the cell, and retains
(cytoskeleton) found
them within the cell
- The glycerol and phosphate- within the cytosol
containing portion are hydrophilic
maintaining the cell’s aqueous CYTOSKELETON
environments both outside the It supports the cell and holds
cell and the cell the nucleus and other
cytosol/cytoplasm. organelles in place
Defining the cell’s shape and
CHOLESTEROL helps maintain its function
It influences the fluidity and A framework for positioning the
permeability of cell various organelles (such as
membranes, affecting microvilli, which are extensions
substances that may pass into of intestinal cells)
and out of the cell A network to direct the
It also helps to restrict the movement of materials and
passage of molecules by organelles within the cells
increasing the packaging of A means of independent
phospholipids. locomotion for specialized cells
(such as sperm, white blood
PROTEINS cells)
Integral and peripheral A pathway for intercellular
proteins are interspersed with communication among
the plasma membrane’s lipid cellular components needed
bilayer and are responsible for for cell activation and survival;
the following functions: and
a. As receptor – mediate Possible transfer of RNA and
information transfer DNA
b. As channels, carriers, gates, It consists of three groups of
and pumps – transport ions proteins: microtubules, actin
and molecules filaments, and intermediate
c. As cell adhesion molecules filaments.
d. As enzymes – speed up
metabolic activities 3. MITOCHONDRION (cell’s power
1Hydrophophic is a property of a substance plants)
that repels water and it is molecules tend to o The primary site of oxygen
be nonpolar molecules and group together. uses in cells, responsible
for metabolic energy
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3 NUTRITION AND DIETETICS | NOTES: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

production in all cells, o Contains substances such

except erythrocyte as minerals needed for
o Are major site of ATP nuclear function and DNA
synthesis when oxygen is molecules
available ▪ DNA encodes the
cell’s genetic
MITOCHONDRION information
Located within cells in areas together with all
near organelles with high the enzymes
energy demands such as the needed for its
nucleus and ribosomes duplication
It contains 2 lipid/protein o Inside the nucleus is the
bilayer membranes (inner and nucleolus4 which contains
outer membranes)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA),
proteins, and DNA
Outer Membrane
Monoamine oxidase
Acyl coenzyme A synthetase Encoded within the nuclear
Glycerophosphate DNA are 3Enabling
acyltransferase thousand of communicatio
Phospholipase A genes that n between the
nucleus and
direct protein
the
Inner Membrane synthesis, with cytoplasmic
Adenylyl kinase each gene matrix; allows a
Creatine kinase coding continuous
Site of oxidative protein while channel
phosphorylation and contains the
between the
cell nucleus and
enzymes and cytochrome
genome5 endoplasmic
complexes of the electron
contains the reticulum
transport chain
entire set of
4Nucleolus is
genetic
the site of rRNA
information transcription
4. THE NUCLEUS
(all the DNA in and processing
o Initiates and regulates
the cell) → as well as
most cellular activities due ribosome
DNA
to its DNA content synthesis.
replication
o Control center of the cell
enables the 5Genome is the
o DNA within the nucleus
DNA to be complete set of
regulates protein (e.g., genetic
copied
enzyme) synthesis and information in
entirely during
therefore the chemical an organism.
mitosis
reactions of the cell
o Largest of the organelles
Processes of protein synthesis:
with in the cell
The cell receives a signal that
o Nuclear envelope3
protein synthesis is needed and
surrounds the nucleus,
protein biosynthesis occurs in 3
composed of inner and
phases:
outer membrane.

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4 NUTRITION AND DIETETICS | NOTES: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

1. Transcription
• Process by which the
genetic information
(base sequence) in a
single strand of DNA is
used to specify a
complementary
sequence of bases in
an mRNA chain
2. Translation
3. Elongation

5. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

AND GOLGI APPARATUS
6. LYSOSOMES AND PEROXISOMES

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