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‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬

‫ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﻣــﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺑﻠﻌﺒﺎﺱ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺼﺮﻧﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﺍ ﺣﻀﺎﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺩﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﳑﺎ ﻻ ﺷﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ‬
‫ﰲ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ‪ ..‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﳚﺎﰊ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺯ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻭﺟﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀﻫﺎ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻩ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺭﺩﺍ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﳚﻴﺔ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﰲ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻭﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻓﺎﺩﺡ‬
‫ﰲ ﺳﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺟﻌﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﲏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻬﺪﻩ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺅﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻀﺎﻓﺮ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﲔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻭﺗﺪﺍﺭﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻦ‪..‬‬
‫‪Tourism in our time represents a standard cultural and economic mainstay of the country, and is no doubt‬‬
‫‪that the massive and rapid advances in methods of transportation, communications and technological‬‬
‫‪developments, has had a positive and significant role in the development of the tourism industry.Thus,‬‬
‫‪Algeria gives them special rehabilitation in tourism sector, sustainable development requirements and‬‬
‫‪additional important resource in achieving economic development along with hydrocarbon sector.‬‬
‫‪Besides, the exploitation of hotel organizations for promotional activities, play important role in‬‬
‫‪improving and upgrading the quality of hotel services and provide incomes in hard currency. Especially,‬‬
‫‪with a fatal decline in the price of oil and the critical phase experienced by the Algerian economy,‬‬
‫‪authorities must review the tourism policy and the creation of a private-effective mechanisms with the‬‬
‫‪security and stability witnessed by Algeria unlike other Arab countries. Optimistic outlook to the future of‬‬
‫‪tourism industry in Algeria requires integrated efforts of both domestic and foreign. Especially, the role of‬‬
‫‪tour operator partners to support the sector and to fix the current situation is from foreign efforts. While‬‬
‫‪for domestic, ministry of tourism in Algeria, hotel services, tourism organization and others can‬‬
‫‪collaborate to give best services to potential tourists.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﳕﻮﺍ ﻭﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺣﺘﻠﺖ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺟ ‪‬ﺪ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟ ‪‬ﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﲟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺳﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺛﺮﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﳒﺪ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻮﺍﻃﺊ ﺳﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﲪﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺳـﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌـﺎﱂ ﺍﻷﺛﺮﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﺃﻥ ﳚﺪ ﻣﺒﺘﻐﺎﻩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺯﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷﺮﻋﺖ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻩ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻮﺭﺩﺍ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﺓ ) ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﺠﺰ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻮﻋﺪ‪ (...،‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻨـﺎﺩﻕ ﻭﺍﳌﻄـﺎﻋﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳉﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﲢﻈﻰ ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬

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 ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﻼ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻣﺘﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟـﺪﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻀﺒﻮﻃﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ ﻭﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ %15‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﺘﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ‪ % 25‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴـﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ %8‬ﻛﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ،1‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺣﻀﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺷﻌﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﳌﻠﻞ ﻳﺪﻓﻌﻬﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﺮﻭﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ ﻭﲡﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﻴﺎ‪‬ﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﲝﺜﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﻤﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ " ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ " ﻭﺇﻥ ﺗﻼﻗﺖ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﲢﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺯ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ " -‬ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻔﺮ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺃﺟﻨﱯ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻻ‬
‫‪2 .‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻭﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﱂ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻳﻐﻞ ﺭﲝﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ"‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ‪ ":‬ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻓﻴﻬﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻬـﺔ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺪ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺢ "‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﲔ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺣﺼﺮ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﲔ ﻭ ﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺳﻔﺮ ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﰲ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻏﲑ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﻘﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﲔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺳﺎﺋﺢ – ﺳﺎﺋﺢ – ﻣﻀﻴﻒ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﺋﺢ – ﻣﺆﻃﺮ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﻟـﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﲢﺮﺹ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘـﻞ‬
‫ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺭﺛﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﺪ ﺣﺎﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﲤﻜﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭﺗﺮﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ‪" :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻓﻴﻬﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﻃﺊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ ...‬ﺇﱁ" ‪.‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻧﻮﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﺮﻧﺔ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﲟﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻟﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺖ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲣﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺑﻞ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋـﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻘﺼﲑ ﰲ ﺍﺣﺪﻯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ ﳝﺘﺎﺯ ﲞﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﲔ ﺳﻴﺎﺣﻴﲔ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﲔ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﺣﱴ ﻭﻟﻮ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﳋﺼـﺎﺋﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪.I‬ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﺔ ﻛﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﳐﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﰲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﻮﺍﺀ ) ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ (‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺧﻠﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﺍ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ ﻛﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﰲ ﺗـﻮﻓﲑ‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﻱ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﻔـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻮﻋﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺻﺒﺢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﱪﺯ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﻳﺘﺄﻟﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﳍﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻔﻌﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻔـﻞ‬
‫‪‬ﺎ‪...‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﱐ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﰲ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ )‪ 7‬ﺇﱃ ‪ (10‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺷﻬﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﱂ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺘﺼﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻃﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ‬
‫ﲡﺎﻭﺯﺕ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻌﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺅﻭﺏ ﻹﺭﺿﺎﺀ ﺿﻴﻮﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺩﺕ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﲝﺴـﺐ ﺣﺎﺟـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺭﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺩﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻭ‪‬ﻀﺔ ﻓﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﻣﺜﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺣﺠﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻻ ﺑﺪﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻔﻬـﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪.II‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﻛﻮ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻳﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺟﻮﺩ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻫﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺖ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭ ﻳﻌﺰﻯ ﺫﻟـﻚ ﺍﱃ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻛﺎﺗﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺩﺕ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﺧﺮﻯ ﻭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ " -‬ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﳝﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺇﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺭﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀـﻴﻮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﻴﺲ‬
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‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺒﻴﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ "‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻤﺎﻋ ‪‬ﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ‪" :‬ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳉﻮ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻔﻨﺪﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ "‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﻀﻴﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺷﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳋـﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠـﻲ‪) 10 :‬ﺧﺪﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻃﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼـﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻔﻼﺕ ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪...‬ﺍﱁ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ‪:‬ﲢﺘﻞ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺍ ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﲟﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
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‫ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺭﺅﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺬﻭﻗﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺭ ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻭ ﳌﺴﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻭﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺭﻏﺒﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺷﻲ )ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ(‪ :‬ﻓﻼ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺰﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻕ ﻗﺪ ﳜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﱰﻻﺀ ﺇﱃ ﻏﺮﻑ ﺃﻋﺪﺕ ﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻟﻴﻠﺔ ﻻﺣﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻼﺯﻡ )ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ( ‪ :‬ﻓﻼ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻟﻠﺰﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﻣﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﱰﻝ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‪ :‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺄﺩﺍﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺴﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺃﻓـﺮﺍﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺐ ﻭﺇﺭﻫﺎﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻣﻮﲰﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‪ :‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺤﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﰲ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺳﻢ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺗﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻲ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﲰﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬

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 ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻄﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺓ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺷـﻐﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻲ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﺸـﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﺇﱃ ‪ 90 %‬ﻣﻦ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺸـﻐﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‪ :‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬
‫ﳒﺎﺣﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲡﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺤﺴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺋﺤﲔ ﻭﺗﺄﺩﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﻭﺡ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﻼﺹ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﻕ‪ ...‬ﺇﱃ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟـﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﲜﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﻓﻨﺪﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻲ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺎﺷﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻠﻤﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻤﻮﺳﺔ ﳍـﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺼـﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻲ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﲞﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻟﺒﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻟﻄﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﳝﻪ ﺇﱃ ﲨﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺤﲔ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺟﻴﺪ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺜـﻞ ﰲ ﺑﻌـﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﳝﻬﺎ ﲟﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﺎﻹﻃﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻤﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺗﺘﺼـﻒ ﺑـﺎﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻊ ﰲ‬
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‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻮﺍﺀ ‪ :‬ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﳌﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻹﻳﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﺎﻟﺸﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺗﻴﻼﺕ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﻔﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ) ‪%40‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻃﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺏ‪ :‬ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻛﺎﳌﻄﻌﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺎﱐ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﻄﺎﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻴﲏ‬
‫ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ )‪ ( 29 %‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻒ‪.‬‬

‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻛﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﺟﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺑﺢ‪ ،‬ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻔﻼﺕ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
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‫‪ -4‬ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺯ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﺎﻓﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﲢﺴﲔ ﺭﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻮﻑ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺘـﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺸـﻌﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻏﺮﻑ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﺸﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻋـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﳛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻀﻴﻒ ﻣﺰﻳﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺘﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻮﻑ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻴﻌﻬﻢ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﲤﺪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀـﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻠﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺘﻪ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻮﻑ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻀـﻴﻒ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﲜﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻮﻑ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﻮﻱ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻦ ﻓﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻹﺿـﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﻣﻠﻮﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻗﻔﺎﻝ ﻏﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻮﻑ ﻭﻧﻈﻢ ﺇﻃﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻑ‪ ....‬ﺇﱁ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﺎﻓﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻮﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋـﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻃﻌﺎﻡ‪ ...‬ﺇﱁ ‪ .‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﺧﺪﻣﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴـﺘﻮﻯ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺭﺿﺎ ﺍﻟﻀـﻴﻮﻑ‬
‫ﻭﻭﻻﺋﻬﻢ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻦ ﻳﺘﺄﺗﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺘﺒﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻲ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻲ ﳌﻘﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻬﻤﻬـﻢ ﺍﻟﻘـﻮﻱ‬
‫ﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻮﻑ ﻭﺭﻏﺒﺎ‪‬ﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﲤﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻠﺠﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ‪ /‬ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
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‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻕ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻃﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺃﺟﺮ ﻣﻌﲔ"‪.‬‬
‫" ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻕ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﻢ) ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺢ( ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱰﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﱰﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﻈﲑ ﺃﺟﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ "‬
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‫‪ -2‬ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲞﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲞﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲞﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ‪:‬‬
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‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻓﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻄﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺗﻴﻼﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻮﻡ ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﳒﻮﻡ ﻭﺳﺘﺔ ﻭﲬﺴﺔ ﻭﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻭﳒﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﳒﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﻴﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨـﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻛـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻓﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ )‪ (3-1‬ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﻭﻓﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ )‪ (29-1‬ﻳﻮﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻭﺭﺧﻴﺼﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ )ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ( ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪-‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ )ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ( ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﲝﺜﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪﺩﺕ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﱂ‬

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 ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻠﻔﺖ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻧﺸﺌﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳋﻠﻂ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
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‫ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳒﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫§ ﳒﻮﻡ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 01‬ﳒﻤﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ 07‬ﳒﻮﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻦ‪ A :‬ﺇﱃ ‪E‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ )ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺎﺑﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،(..‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻒ ﺃﻭ ﲢﻴﲔ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
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‫ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ‪ 01‬ﳒﻤﺔ ﺇﱃ‪ 05‬ﳒﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻮﻝ ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺃﻥ ﳚﻤﻊ‬
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‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻓﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺭ)ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﻳﺖ( ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻭﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺸﺎﺑﻚ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺗﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﻚ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﺘﺸـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﶈﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﻧﺊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻘﺎﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺚ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻭﻣﺘﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻛﺴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﺎﺧﺮﺓ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﱰﻳﻞ ﺍﻹﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺿﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻀـﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺑﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻗﻼﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻓﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬ﻓﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﳌﻄـﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺭﺍﻛﱯ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻓﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺇﻳﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﱰﻻﺀ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﳍﻢ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﱰﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻔﻆ)ﺑﻴﺖ ﲨﺎﻋﻲ(ﺃﻭ) ﺑﻴﺖ ﻓﻨﺪﻕ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﺦ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪.‬‬

‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﳌﺆﻗﺘﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺴﻜﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺎﻡ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﲟﺠﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻧﺸﺌﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﲡﻬﺰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻟﻺﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺛﺎﺙ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺿﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﻣﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺻﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺏ ﻭﻟﻼﻏﺘﺴﺎﻝ ‪ ...‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺙ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﲰﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱰﻻﺀ ﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗـﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺘﺎﺯ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷـﻮﺍﻃﺊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﺎﳌﻼﻫﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﱰﻻﺀ ﺑﺎﳌﻠﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻴﻖ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺎﻻﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻼﻋﺐ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺲ‬

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 ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬

‫ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺑﺢ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﻻﺀ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﻻ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭ ﺗﻘﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻼﻋﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻯ ﺍﻷﻭﳌﺒﻴﺔ ﺑـﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ‪.‬ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻋﻰ ﰲ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﲡﻬﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻼﻋﺐ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﻮﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻬﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﻌﲔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱰﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻻ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﲰﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﺼﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺡ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻻ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﲰﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻧﺸﺌﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻪ ﻛﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻕ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﳝﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﺎﻑ ﻭﻗﺮﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﳐﺼﺼﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻜﺜﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺰﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﻔﺎﺻﻞ‪.‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﱰﻻﺀ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺿﻴﻖ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻠﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﳊﺪﺍﺋﻖ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺑﺢ ﻭﲣﺼﻴﺺ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲡﻬﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﻛﺤﺠﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻸﻃﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﻟﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻏﺮﻑ ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﲪﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺥ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﺪﺛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻘﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﻠـﻒ ﺍﻟﺴـﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴـﺎﻓﺮ‬
‫)‪ (Caravanes‬ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻛﻌﺮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﻓﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﲡﻬﺰ ﲟﺨﺘﻠـﻒ‬
‫ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻬﺪ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﰲ ﻋﺼﺮﻧﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺑـﻪ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺳﺔ ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﲤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ ﳕﻮﺍ ﻭﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻗﺘﺤﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﳍﺬﺍ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻪ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻤﻜﲔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻣﻴﺰﺓ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﻭﻟﻦ ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﳚﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﳜﺺ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﲟﻬﺎﻡ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ‪ ،‬ﳊﺪ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﺗﺖ‬
‫ﲢﺪﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍ ﺟﻮﻫﺮﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻫﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻨﺴﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﳚﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺠﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﻔﻘﻮﻥ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﲔ ﳘﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﳋﻠﻖ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺪﻯ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬
‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬

‫ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﻮﻥ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻭﻟﺘﻤﻜﲔ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻳﻔﻮﻕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﲞﻠﻖ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺯﺑﺎﺋﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﻼ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﳝﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﺭﻙ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﻻ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﺒﻴﻌﻮﻥ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻘﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﲤﻴﺰ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ‪‬ﺎ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻮﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻓﻌﺎﻻ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﻠﻤﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻜﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﻣﺶ‪:‬‬

‫‪ 1‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺃﺑﻮ ﻧﺒﻌﺔ‪ ":‬ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ "‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﻕ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪ ،2005 ،‬ﻁ‪ ،1‬ﺹ ﺹ‪.189-188‬‬
‫‪ 2‬ﺃﺑﻮ ﻋﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ‪" ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞ )ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ("‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،03‬ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺣﻮﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ .2002 ،‬ﺹ ‪.23‬‬
‫‪ 3‬ﺃﺑﻮ ﻋﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﺼﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ‪" ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞ )ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ("‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.25‬‬
‫‪ 4‬ﺻﻠﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﺸﻲ ‪ ":‬ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ – ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ " )ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ(‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪ ، 2005 ،‬ﺹ ﺹ ‪.17-12‬‬
‫‪ 5‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪ " ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻌﺔ ‪ ،2008‬ﺹ‪.17‬‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺳﺎﻫﻞ ﺳﻴﺪﻱ ﳏﻤﺪ‪ " ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻭ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ)ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ( " ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺝ ﳋﻀﺮ ﺑﺒﺎﺗﻨﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪ ، 2004 ،10‬ﺹ‪60‬‬
‫‪ 7‬ﺑﻼﻃﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺍﺵ ﺧﺎﻟﺪ‪ " ،‬ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ " ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،2005 ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ ،4‬ﺹ‪.151‬‬
‫‪ 8‬ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺳﺎﻥ " ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ) ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺰﻻﺀ ﻓﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﳋﻤﺲ ﳒﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ " ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ‪ / 8-7‬ﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ،2007/‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ‪20‬ﺃﻭﺕ ‪ 55‬ﺳﻜﻴﻜﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.5‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫‪.-M. huffadine .Project management in hotel a resort development torinto .mcgrowhill .édition .1993.1st ed p‬‬
‫‪207.‬‬
‫‪ 10‬ﻋﻄﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﺷﻢ ﺃﲪﺪ‪ ،‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺭﺑﻪ ﳏﻤﺪ " ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﶈﺎﺳﱯ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﳏﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ( "‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،2000‬ﺹ ‪.21‬‬
‫‪ 11‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻕ ﺑﺸﲑ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺭﺑﺎﻳﻌﻴﺔ‪" ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺃﺳﺲ‪ -‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ – ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ )ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ("‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺯﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ .2007 ،‬ﺹ‪.79 :‬‬
‫‪ 12‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺯﻛﻲ ﺧﻠﻴﻞ ‪ "،‬ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻪ"‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪. 2006 ،‬ﺹ ‪.55 :‬‬
‫‪ 13‬ﺑﻴﺚ ﺷﻼﺟﻞ ﻭﻳﺴﺖ‪ " ،‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﲞﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻴﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ " ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺳﺮﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺦ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪ ،2007‬ﺹ ﺹ ‪.103-101‬‬
‫‪ 14‬ﺯﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﲑ ﻋﺒﻮﻱ‪" ،‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،2008 ،‬ﺹ ‪. 17‬‬
‫‪ 15‬ﺯﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﲑ ﻋﺒﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪. 17‬‬
‫‪ 16‬ﺯﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﲑ ﻋﺒﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.25‬‬
‫‪ 17‬ﺻﱪﻱ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻴﻊ‪" ،‬ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺪﻗﻲ ﻭ ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﻮﺍﻥ‪،2007 ،‬‬
‫ﺹ‪. 274‬‬
‫‪ 18‬ﺻﱪﻱ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪. 275‬‬
‫‪ 19‬ﺻﱪﻱ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪. 278‬‬

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