Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE FINE ARTS AND DESIGN
 Golden Country Homes, Brgy. Alangilan, Batangas City, 4200

Future Learning Centre: An Advance and Interactive

Academic Space for Filipino Students

in Year 2050

A Research Paper Presented to

The Faculty Members of

College of Architecture Fine arts and Design

Batangas State University – TNEU

Alangilan Campus

In Partial Fulfilment

For the course

ARCH 513

Architectural Design 3

Magpantay, Daniel D.

November 2022
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………1

Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………………………2

Design Objective…………………………………………………………………………………..3

Review of Related Literature……………………………………………………………………..6

Architectural Programming………………………………………………………………………9

Design Concept………………………………………………………………………………..…13

References………………………………………………………………………………..………15
 I. Introduction

 A growing body of research has found that school facilities can have a profound impact
on both teacher and student outcomes. With respect to teachers, school facilities affect
teacher recruitment, retention, commitment, and effort. With respect to students, school
facilities affect health, behaviour, engagement, learning, and growth in achievement. Thus,
facility quality is an important predictor of teacher retention and student learning. The
physical and emotional health of students and teachers depend on the quality of the physical
location, which makes establishing safe, healthy buildings essential. According to Dewees
(2013), lack of facilities has an adverse effect on the performance of students in the less
endowed schools, he also noted that students of less endowed schools could therefore not
compete with other students in major public examinations, which determined admission to
universities and other tertiary institution. With all these things being said, what does learning
facility will look like in the year 2050?

The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a dramatic disruption in the delivery
of education in the Philippines. With school closures and non-operations, the global
pandemic introduces education with the new mode of learning. Wherein, the teaching and
learning process are happening virtually. With that being said, students and teachers are
taught how to use the power of contemporary technology, that makes the current education
more convenient. Nonetheless, since educational system has already been introduced to the
said mode of learning, by the year 2050, society, community and education will be tech-
based as the technology is progressing as the years passed by.

Learning facilities for kids in 2050, should still be interactive, however, it should also be
advanced. For the reason that, the world we live in changes to embrace tech futures, how
and what we teach in our education system will also be reshaped to keep up to date with
the growing demands of the 21st century. Classrooms will still coexist as physical spaces
and online learning method will be adopted, flipping the current learning model upside down
so that students can learn at home and spend class time collaborating and applying their
knowledge to real-life issues. As Mclaughlin says, education in the future will need to
demonstrate how technology can be used to students’ advantage, as well as teach future
generations how to handle problems that arise from it. Furthermore, technology can change
learning forever and instructors and learners need to embrace it and manipulate it to their
advantage.

In order to build a technologically advance learning facility for the Filipino learners in the
year 2050, the place should be advance and is already sheltered by technology. Here in the
Philippines, numerous cities started to invest on variety of technological advancement to

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make living more comfortable and easier. One of these cities is Baguio City known as the
summer capital of the country. Baguio City aims to be the first Smart City in the Philippines.
According to Baguio City Mayor Benjamin Magalong, the “computer applications are in line
with the plan of his administration to build the first Smart City in the country” wherein
technology will be used for programs on peace and order, anti-criminality, disaster risk
reduction management, and education. Aside from that, the said city is also named as the
Educational Capital of the North. That said, Baguio City is the best place to adopt the
technologically based learning ground for Filipino children 14 years and below.

Thus, the researcher concludes that the learning facility in 2050, will be advanced and is
facilitated more by technology. As future educational initiatives will need to show how
technology may be used to students' advantage and instruct future generations on how to
deal with issues that arise from it. Additionally, educators and students must embrace
technology and use it to their advantage as it has the potential to fundamentally alter how we
learn.

I. Statement of the Problem

1. What will be the educational system look like by the year 2050?
2. How does technology applied in the Learning Centre and to the teaching
and learning process?
3. What are the possible concepts and designs of the Learning Centre
based on the geographical location of the regional area where it is
located?

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 II. Design Objective

Educational systems are improving as the year’s progressing. Less than 30 years
from now, though uncertain, people will be living in technologically-advanced community and
society. That said, educational system will of course be caught by the trend and by that time,
the teaching and learning process will be conducted and facilitated mostly by technologies.
In 2050, the designer believes that learning method will be conducted with the combination
of Advanced Augmented Reality and Virtual Learning. Wherein, Advanced AR delivers visual
elements, sound and other sensory information to the user through a device like a
smartphone or glasses. This information is overlaid onto the device to create an interwoven
experience where digital information alters the user's perception of the real world. The
overlaid information can be added to an environment or mask part of the natural
environment. With AR, classroom education can be extraordinary and more interactive, as
AR can enable teachers to show virtual examples of concepts and add gaming elements to
provide textbook material support. This will enable students to learn faster and memorize
information. On the other hand, Virtual or Online Learning is a learning experience that is
enhanced through utilizing computers and/or the internet both outside and inside the
facilities of the educational organization. The instruction most commonly takes place in an
online environment. The teaching activities are carried out online whereby the teacher and
learners are physically separated (in terms of place, time, or both).

Augmented Reality (AR) will be applicable for some activities that will require
physical interaction. This might include Physical Education, Music, Arts, Science, History etc.
Physical interaction are relevant to these subjects for the reason that, students are taught on
how to work in a team environment and prepares them for when they enter the workplace
with other staff members. With classroom learning, students don't only learn from the theory
the teacher is presenting. They learn from other students' questions and past experiences.
However, since by the year 2050, technology are more accessible and can be easily used
on the educational system, adopting Virtual or Online learning can be one of the best
choices to learn effectively. In this method, teachers will adopt different sort of Artificial
Intelligence and exploit it in the teaching and learning process. This might include VR
Training, Gamification Training, Conversational AI etc. The said method can be adopted to
those subjects which is less practical and aren’t needy of physical interaction. Aside from
that, educational system by that year will be Project-Based which basically means,
incorporation of games that help kids code, toys which teach robotics, and various apps for
teachers to efficiently deliver information to students will become common. Technologies will

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facilitate teaching and learning process and learning will come to be more creative and
practical. On the other hand, students will be assessed on critical-thinking and problem-
solving skills and taking tests will be replaced by students’ performance through creative
projects.

Learning centres or spaces will change drastically by the year 2050. The designer is
proposing a learning facility that is mandated by modern technology and is aesthetically
pleasing to the eye of the users. The proposed facility is not just an ordinary angular-shaped
building, but it incorporates vast variety of shapes and colours that will make it not boring as
a place for learning. To make sure the users are comfortable, the designer makes sure to
provide large spaces for flexible movements and good circulation inside the facility. With all
of the things being considered, since the future educational system will be combination of
AR and VR learning, interactive spaces for learning will be limited only for subjects that
requires physical interaction.

The said interactive spaces also considered the necessities of a student up to 14

years. The building itself contains materials that isn’t usually found in the present
learning spaces. This includes automatic doors and biometric security system to
ensure the safety of users. Aside from that, the building also incorporates
sustainable source of energy such as solar powered facilities, solar glass windows
and solar louvers. Solar Glass Window transparent solar panels look like clear glass and
let light through like regular windows. But they’re made with a type of solar glass that
absorbs ultraviolet and infrared light – types of light that aren’t visible to the naked eye – and
turn these into renewable electricity. Solar windows and related transparent solar
technologies could provide around 40% of energy demand in the United States, the
MSU team believes. Combined with rooftop solar units, this could rise to almost
100%. (Masterson, 2022). Additionally, according to Colt International Limited UK,
Solar Louvers/ Colt Shadovoltaic is an external fixed or moveable photovoltaic solar shading
louvre system, designed to reduce heat gains and glare whilst maximising the use of natural
daylight, and generating electricity by means of integrated photovoltaic (PV) cells. PV cells
are integrated into the glass of the shading louvres, either by attaching them to the reverse
side of the glass panels or by laminating them between two sheets of glass.
Like Shadoglass, Shadovoltaic may be installed either vertically or horizontally in front of the
façade or on the roof. It can be either fixed or controllable.

Moreover, the designer also integrated the benefits of rainwater harvesting system
for water conservation and maintenance. Also, to secure the comfortability of the users, heat

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pump system was also incorporated to achieve necessary temperature depending on the
weather. Classrooms in 2050 will also be mandated by technology but physically looks the
same. However, there will be a minimal alteration to the learning and teaching tools. For
example, blackboards and whiteboards will be extinguished and will be replaced by
viewboards and holograms if possible. Faculty rooms will in 2050 won’t be an open space
but it is subdivided by small quadrants for instructor’s privacy when conducting online
learning. In addition, there will also be a space for lounge, in order for them to maintain good
relationship towards each other. Then we have the computer rooms in 2050, that will be very
essential in the future educational system. Since computer is a necessity, computer rooms
will be expanded and will multiplied in numbers. In 2050, computer rooms will be common as
classrooms nowadays or typically will become the classrooms of future generations. Lastly,
science laboratories in 2050 will be adopting holographic technologies for more effective and
efficient visual presentation for the learners.

The designer came up with the design of learning facility that incorporates what’s the
locality is known for. Baguio is known for its Panagbenga, an annual flower festival
celebrated every February in the City. The physical structure of the learning facility was
partially inspired by the flowers to emphasized the geographical identity of the city. Aside
from that, since Baguio is also known the Summer Capital of the Philippines, the designer
came up with the idea of maximizing the heat energy from the sun to sustain the functionality
by means of using solar panels without disrupting its aesthetics.

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 III. Review of Related Literature

This chapter provides a variety of study-related literature that is also important

for a deeper comprehension of the study. This gives a summary of the data the designer
gathered in relation to the design objectives.

School facilities refer to the entire school plant such as blocks of classrooms,
staff rooms, laboratories, laboratory equipment, workshops, libraries, furniture, audio – visual
aids, electricity, water, stationeries, playground and other material things which a school has
(Alimi, Ehinola and Alabi, 2017). Differences in planning and maintenance of school facilities
in schools could create differences in the level of knowledge delivery and acquisition by
students. This is because the learning facilities students are exposed to can affect their
academic performance. Moreover, school facility consists of not only the physical structure
and the variety of building systems, such as mechanical, plumbing electrical and power,
telecommunications, security, and fire suppression systems. The facility also includes
furnishings, materials and supplies, equipment and information technology, as well as
various aspects of the building grounds, namely, athletic fields, playgrounds, areas for
outdoor learning, and vehicular access and parking (Encyclopedia). Management of school
facilities should be cogitated as well which according International Facilities Management
Association (IFMA, 2016) is the application of scientific methods, in the planning, organizing,
decision making, coordination and controlling of the physical environment of learning for the
actualization of the educational goals and objectives. This means management of school
facilities is a collective and participative decision-making process towards proper facilities
planning, provision, administration and maintenance back up by management policies,
practices and regulations. Thus, school facilities and its proper management is imperative to
successfully achieve the goal of Grace Christian Mission Technical School and it
management to develop the academic performance of their students.

Various studies proved that school facilities may greatly affect the performance
of students academically which was supported by Odigwe F. & Eluwa I. (2019) who
exemplify that a number of school systems, particularly those in urban and high-poverty
areas, are plagued by decaying buildings which threaten the health, safety, and learning
opportunities of students. Good learning facilities are an important precondition for students
learning; provided other conditions are met which support a strong academic program in the
school. A growing body of research has linked student achievement and behavior to the
physical building conditions and resultant overcrowding. More so, with the enormous public

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concern that is placed on high academic achievement, the condition of school facilities is
considered a significant factor that does influence learning.

Integrating technology into teaching and learning is not a new challenge for
educational institutions. Since the 1900s, administrators and faculty have grappled with how
to effectively use technical innovations such as video and audio recordings, email, and
teleconferencing to augment or replace traditional instructional delivery methods (Kaware &
Sain, 2020; Westera, 2020). Within the past two decades, however, this challenge has been
much more difficult due to the sheer volume of new technologies on the market. For
example, in the span of 7 years (from 2008 to 2015), the number of active apps in Apple’s
App Store increased from 5000 to 1.75 million. Over the next 4 years, the number of apps is
projected to rise by 73%, totalling over 5 million (Nelson, 2016). Further compounding this
challenge is the limited shelf life of new devices and software combined with significant
internal organizational barriers that hinder universities from efficiently and effectively
integrating new technologies (Amirault, 2012; Kinchin, 2012; Linder-VanBerschot &
Summers 2015; Westera, 2015).

Educational technology is not restricted to individual computer use. It can

involve other equipment and applications, such as videoconferencing, digital television
(allowing students to interact with programs at their own pace), electronic whiteboards, and
digital cameras (Jackson, 20018; Education Week, 2019; McCampbell, 2021; Marshall,
2021). Educators have struggled with decisions regarding what types of technology to use
and how to use them (Culp et al., 2019). Researchers agree there is not one “right” type of
technology or one “right” way to use it; rather, it should match schools’ learning and teaching
goals and be appropriate for the students who use it (Sivin-Kachala & Bialo, 2020).

Aside from the innovated learning and teaching process, learning facilities can
also be improve by modern technologies. Currently, malls, condominiums or hotels, factories
etc. are investing on solar powered devices and rainwater harvesting system for
sustainability. Therefore, the use of renewable energy to supply electricity has grown in
recent years, especially wind, hydro and solar. Electrical energy has been universally
accepted as one of the most important aspects of electrical energy for human development
and economic growth (Vishnupriyan & Manoharan, 2018). To match the ever-increasing
demand for power, the concept of renewable-based power generation is being implemented
and a lot of research is being done on the same (Balasubrahmanyam & Gupta, 2020). solar
energy is one of the cheapest, pollution free, inexhaustible renewable energy resources. It is
used to provide heating, hot water, electricity, and even cooling to residential, commercial
and industrial centres (Zoghi et al., 2017). Solar energy is considered a reliable, promising

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and profitable energy source. It has various advantages such as pollution free, long life, low
maintenance etc. (Gupta et al., 2016). Solar energy is used in at least 4 different ways in our
daily lives, and these range from heating water to generating electricity (Husain et al., 2018).
Meanwhile, rainwater harvesting, in its broadest sense, is a technology used for collecting,
conveying, and storing rainwater for human use from rooftops, land surfaces or rock
catchments using simple techniques such as jars and pots as well as engineered
techniques. Rainwater harvesting has been practiced for more than 4,000 years, owing to
the temporal and spatial variability of rainfall. It is an important water source in many areas
with significant rainfall but lacking any kind of conventional, centralized supply system. It is
also a good option in areas where good quality fresh surface water or groundwater is
lacking. The application of appropriate rainwater harvesting technology is important for the
utilization of rainwater as a water resource. (Esguerra et al., 2011)

Aside from that, modern facilities are being innovative on their openings such
as their doors and windows. Buildings in the present are maximizing the use of
technological advancement through adopting and applying modernization on their
openings. Automatic doors are dominant and can be seen to almost every facilities in
the country. Automatic doors offer convenience to everyone using them, including
those with baggage in both hands, those with pushchairs or wheelchairs or most
simply in this modern age, those with a mobile phone in one hand and a coffee in the
other. An automatic door allows visitors to pass through the door with ease without
worrying about a heavy door to open, meaning your customers will feel welcomed
from the moment they step foot in your premise. It is important to provide access for
everyone regardless of physical capabilities. Aside from that, being hands-free,
automatic doors offer a great solution to facilities where sanitation is essential such
as hospitals and food factories. An automatic door with an air-tight function can also
prevent the entry of dirt and dust by increasing air pressure in the room. This is a
great solution for operating rooms and other controlled environments such as labs
(Next Doors, Ltd). Apart from, vast variety of facilities are using biometrics mostly on
entrance of the building for its security and identification. Biometrics is the most suitable
means of identifying and authenticating individuals in a reliable and fast way through unique
biological characteristics (Thales, 2022). Moreover, heat pump system has also been
used by establishments to achieve necessary temperature depending on the
weather. Heat pumps come with multiple advantages for your home. Pumping the heat
uses less electricity as compared to when electricity is solely used as means to convert it.

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During the summers, the cycle can be reversed and the unit acts like an air conditioner. Heat
pumps are rising in popularity in the UK, and the government recently started to implement a
number of new schemes, incentivising the transition to green living and alternative energy
usage smoother and more affordable (Vishnubothla, 2022)

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 V. Architectural Programming

Qualitative Quantitative
Description of Staffing Analysis Users Plus TOTAL
space Requiremen A-Artificially Furniture/Fixtures Approx. No. of Per Total movement AREA/
ts N-Naturally Area/m2 Users m2 Area/ Space m2 m2
M-Mechanically m2
Lobby A&N Lighted; M Sofa set; tables and 4.5 3 and 2.0 6.0 30% 12.3
Ventilated; chairs; centralized above
open Planning; AC
informal
Information Receptionist A&N lighted; M Computer desk; 2.5 3 and 1.0 3.0 30% 6.4
Desk ventilated; open computer above
planning;
informal
Waiting Area A&N lighted; Gang chairs; sofa 5.0 3 and 1.5 4.5 30% 10.9
M&N ventilated; sets; centralized AC above
open planning; charging station
informal
Common A&N lighted; Water closet; 2.0 7 1.0 7.0 30% 9
Restroom M&N ventilated; lavatory; exhaust
close planning; fan
convenient
School Head School Dean, A&N lighted; M Computer table; 5.0 4 1.5 6.0 30% 12.8
Office Department ventilated; close office chairs; split
Heads planning; formal type AC; sofa set
Faculty Rooms Preschool A&N lighted; M Computer tables; 3.0 3 1.5 4.5 30% 8.9
(Preschool) Teachers ventilated; close office chairs; split
planning; formal type AC; lounge
chairs; file cabinet
Faculty Rooms Elementary A&N lighted; M Computer tables; 3.0 10 and 1.5 15 30% 22.5
(Elementary) Teaches ventilated; close office chairs; split above
planning; formal type AC; lounge
chairs; file cabinet
3.0 3 1 3.0 30% 6.9
Faculty
Restrooms A&N lighted; Water closet;
(Male) M&N ventilated; lavatory; exhaust
close planning; fan; cubicle; urinal;
convenient toilet sink 3.0 3 1 3.0 30% 6.9
Faculty
Restrooms
(Female)

Preschool A&N lighted; M Tables and chairs; 3.5 10 and 2.0 20.0 30% 29.5
Classrooms ventilated; close learning tools above
planning; formal storage; file
cabinets; split type
AC
Elementary A&N lighted; M Tables and chairs; 5.2 10 and 2.0 20.0 30% 31.2
Classrooms ventilated; close learning tools above
planning; formal storage; file
cabinets; split type
AC
Students A&N lighted; Water closet; 2.5 7 1.5 10.5 30% 16.15
Restroom (Boy) M&N ventilated; lavatory; exhaust
close planning; fan; cubicle; urinal;
convenient toilet sink
Students A&N lighted; Water closet; 2.5 6 1.5 9.0 30% 14.2
Restroom (Girl) M&N ventilated; lavatory; exhaust

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 close planning; fan; cubicle; urinal;
convenient toilet sink
School Canteen School A&N lighted; M Tables and chairs; 6.0 10 and 2.0 20.0 30% 32.0
canteen staff; ventilated; open kitchen sink; above
cashiers planning; counter tops; sink;
convenient trash bins
School Clinic School A&N lighted; M Computer table; 4.0 5 1.5 7.5 30% 13.8
nurses ventilated; close office chair; medical
planning; beds; medicine
convenient cabinet; file cabinet;
lounge chair
Auditorium with A lighted; M Theatre seat; 10 15 and 1.0 15.0 30% 29.5
Audio-Visual ventilated; close monitors and above
Roon planning; formal speakers; stage
platform
Science A&N lighted; M Adjustable height 8.0 10 and 1.5 15.0 30% 27.5
Laboratories ventilated; close tables; high stools; above
planning; formal teacher’s table;
laboratories tools &
equipment; cabinet
& storage
Computer A&N lighted; M Long tables; chairs; 8.0 10 and 1.5 15.0 30% 27.5
Laboratories ventilated; close teacher’s table; above
planning; formal equipment’s storage
Music Room A&N lighted; M Piano rack; stools; 3.0 3 and 1.0 3.0 30% 6.9
ventilated; close drumset; above
planning; formal instruments storage;
instruments area
Art Room A&N lighted; M Long tables; stools; 6.0 3 and 1.0 3.0 30% 9.9
ventilated; close easels; painting above

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 planning; formal tools storage;
cabinets; armchairs
with drawing tablet
Electrical Room N lighted; M Electrical 2.0 1 1.0 1.0 30% 3.3
ventilated; close Equipments
Water Pump Maintenance planning; Water Pump 2.0 1 1.0 1.0 30% 3.3
System Personnel convenient System
Mechanical Mechanical 2.0 1 1.0 1.0 30% 3.3
Room Equipments

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VI. Design Concepts regarding the geographical location of the regional
area where it is located. 

The name Baguio conjures, for both the international and domestic traveller, a
highland retreat in the Grand Cordillera in Northern Luzon, with pine trees, crisp cold
breezes and low verdant knolls and hillocks. Through the numerous decades Baguio has
morphed from what was once a grassy marshland into one of the cleanest and greenest,
most highly urbanized cities in the country. It has made its mark as a premiere tourist
destination in the Northern part of the Philippines with its cool climate, foggy hills,
panoramic views and lovely flowers. Being the ideal convergence zone of neighbouring
highland places, Baguio is the melting pot of different peoples and cultures and has
boosted its ability to provide a center for education for its neighbors. Its rich culture and
countless resources have lured numerous investments and business opportunities to the
city. Aside from being called as tourism-centered city of the country, Baguio is also
categorized as one of the advanced city in the Philippines, along with Cebu City, Davao
City, Quezon City etc. In fact, the city leader is aiming to be the first ‘Smart City’ in the
country. With that being said, the designer that Baguio is the perfect location to build a
technology based learning facility for Filipino children in 2050.

The designer proposed a learning facility that incorporates technology that fits the
future educational system in 2050. The structural form of the building is inspired by
strawberries, that is commonly found in Baguio. All-knowing, strawberry is one major
contributor of the income within the city itself. That said, it also contributed to the
maximization of Baguio's way of life and growing economy of the said city. The designer
came up with this strawberry-shaped structural form believing that it will help children
reach their full potential and develop, much like how strawberries improve Baguio locals'
quality of life.

Another concept that the designer incorporates to the building is inspired by

Panagbenga, which is a flower festival celebrated by the city. The designer chose to
incorporate the petals of a flower as the general design of the building, and also as its
foundation. Because the petals are triangular in shape, the architect chose to utilize them
because they are the most secure structural architecture and the best option for
maintaining the building's balance. According to a science website named High touch
High Tech, the triangle is the favorite shape for construction among architects. The site
also stated that the triangle is the strongest shape, capable of holding its shape, having a
strong base, and providing immense support, some of the world’s most famous
architectural marvels like the Eiffel Tower, Great Pyramids of Giza, and the Louvre

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Pyramid use the support of triangles to make beautiful, durable structures. The choice of
flower petals by the designer was made with the intention of giving the learning facility
color in the same way as how it gives color to the city itself. Aside from that, since the
learners are still on their childhood, incorporating colors will motivate them to come and
learn.

Additionally, the designer adopted one of the Baguio’s folk cultures, which is
weaving. Different weaving patterns and colors will be incorporated to the exterior and
interior designs of the facility. This is not just for aesthetic purposes but also to preserve
the culture of weaving that might be overlooked in the year 2050.

Baguio City is also known for its remarkable weather condition. In connection with
the facility, the designer chooses to use solar panels to sustain the building functionality.
Aside from that, the city located in a highland is for sure will be beneficial to the facility.
As it will naturally ventilated that will make the building low in maintenance and will help
for conservation of natural resources. Also, since the facility will be using vast variety of
advance technologies, cool climate in the said city will make the equipment live longer as
it will prevent the equipment overheating.

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VII. References

 Amilia H., Wan Z., Wan Y., Maziah I., and Prima V. (2011). A
framework study of school facilities performance in public primary
school of Batubara district in Indonesia. Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu

 Baker L. and Bernstein H. (2012). The Impact of School Buildings on

Student Health and Performance. Retrieved from http:// www.
ncef.org/ content/ impact- school-buildings-student - health-and-
performance-0

 “Evaluation and Education Policy Analysis”(2015). Retrieved

fromhttps://sites.psu.edu Figueroa L., Lim S., and Lee J. (2016).
Investigating the Relationship Between School Facilities and
Academic Achievements Through Geographically Weighted
Regression. Retrieved from https:// www. tandfonline. com/
doi/abs/10.1080/19475683.2016.1231717

 Takwate K. T. (2018). School Facilities Management and Students’

Academic Performance. Woolner P., ClarkJ., Laing K., Thomas U. and
Tiplady L. (2012). Changing Spaces: Preparing Students and
Teachers for a New Learning Environment. Retrieved from
http://www.ncef.org/content/changing-spacespreparing-students-and-
teachers-new-learning-environment

 Crocco, F., Offenholley, K., & Hernandez, C. (2016). A proof-of-

concept study of game-based learning in higher education. Simulation
& Gaming, 47(4), 403–422. doi:10.1177/1046878116632484.

 Vishnubhotla, V. (n.d.). Heat Pump Advantages & Disadvantages

(2022). GreenMatch. Retrieved November 4, 2022, from
https://www.greenmatch.co.uk/blog/2014/08/heat-pumps-7-
advantages-and-disadvantages

 Triangles: The Strongest Shape. (2020, July 23). High Touch High
Tech. https://sciencemadefun.net/blog/triangles-the-strongest-shape/

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