PRE-TEST Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Table sugar, a common household substance, is a type of carbohydrate which is

also known as
a. glucose b. fructose c. lactose d. sucrose

2. Which of the following is a synthetic sweetener?

a. maltose b. sucralose c. galactose d. xylose

3. Fats and oils are naturally occurring molecules that are water-insoluble and can be
isolated from living organisms. They are classified as
a. carbohydrates b. lipids c. proteins d. nucleic acids

4. A chemical messenger secreted by a specific gland and carried by the blood to a

target tissue, where it triggers a particular response
a. hormone b. enzyme c. vitamin d. catalyst

5. In the human body, the carriers and processors of a cell’s genetic information are
classified as
a. lipids b. nucleic acids c. polysaccharides d. amino acids

Learning Activities

Answer in paragraph form

Activity 1. Describe the technology in soap making including the starting materials and
processes involved.

Soap is a combination of animal fat or plant oil and caustic soda. When dissolved in

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 water, it breaks dirt away from surfaces. Through the ages soap has been used to cleanse, to
cure skin sores, to dye hair, and as a salve or skin ointment. But today we generally use soap
as a cleanser or perfume. Soap requires two major raw materials: fat and alkali. The alkali
most commonly used today is sodium hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide can also be
used. Potassium-based soap creates a more water-soluble product than sodium-based
soap, and so it is called "soft soap." Soft soap, alone or in combination with sodium-
based soap, is commonly used in shaving products. Modern soapmakers use fat that
has been processed into fatty acids. This eliminates many impurities, and it produces as
a byproduct water instead of glycerin. Many vegetable fats, including olive oil, palm
kernel oil, and coconut oil, are also used in soap making.

Activity 2. . Sucrose is hydrolyzed by bees in making honey and invert sugar is

produced. Explain what is invert sugar and why honey is sweeter than the starting
sucrose.

Inverted sugar or also called an inverted syrup, it is an edible mixture of two

simple sugars – glucose and fructose. It is made by heating sucrose with water, it is
derived from sucrose, a disaccharide made of two monosaccharide sugar units. When a
disaccharide undergoes a process called inversion, it splits into its component
monosaccharides. In the case if sucrose, these are glucose and fructose. Fructose is
much sweeter than sucrose or glucose, making Honey an inverted sugar is sweeter
than sucrose.

Activity 3. Why must the protein insulin be given by injection rather than taken by
mouth?

Insulin cannot be taken by mouth because it is digestible. Oral insulin would be

obliterated in the stomach, long before it reached the bloodstream where it is needed.
Once injected, it starts to work and is used up in a matter of hours.

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 Activity 4. Genetic engineering shows great promise for the future but has been
controversial at times. Explain the benefits and drawbacks of this process.

Genetic engineering’ is the process to alter the structure and nature of genes in
human beings, animals or foods using techniques like molecular cloning and
transformation. In other words, it is the process of adding or modifying DNA in an
organism to bring about a great deal of transformation. Says from Stephen Hawking “
With genetic engineering, we will be able to increase the complexity of our DNA, and
improve the human race. But it will be a slow process, because one will have to wait
about 18 years to see the effect of changes to the genetic code. Few benefits of the
said process are; Tackling and Defeating diseases For instance, Cystic Fibrosis, a
progressive and dangerous disease for which there is no known cure, could be
completely cured with the help of selective genetic engineering. 2nd Getting rid of all
illness in young and unborn children, there are many problems that we can detect even
before children are born. In the womb, doctors can tell whether your baby is going to
suffer from sickle cell anemia, for instance, or from Down’s syndrome. However, with
genetic engineering, we would no longer have to worry. One of the main benefits of
genetic engineering is that it can help cure diseases and illnesses in unborn children. 3rd
You can potentially live longer than normal, Humans are already living longer than ever.
In fact, our lifespan has shot up by a number of years in a very short amount of time.
Because of the advances in modern medical science, genetic engineering could make
our life on Earth even longer. There are specific, common illnesses and diseases that
can take hold later in life and can end up killing us earlier than necessary.
For the cons or drawbacks of genetic engineering there are; actions were to
immediately question whether it was ‘right.’ Many religions believe that genetic
engineering, after all, is tantamount to playing with God, and expressly forbid that it is
performed on their children, for instance. Another real problem with genetic engineering
is the question about the safety of making changes at the cellular level. Scientists do not
yet know absolutely everything about the way that the human body works (although
they do, of course, have a very good idea). How can they possibly understand the
ramifications of slight changes made at the smallest level? Also Viruses and bacteria
adapt to the environment. When these cannot get through the natural repellent of the
genetically altered plant, these can grow stronger and more resistant, negatively
affecting non-genetically engineered plants/animals.

Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Cow’s milk is about 5% lactose. What two products form when the lactose is
hydrolyzed in a child’s digestive system?
a. glucose and glucose c. glucose and fructose
b. galactose and glucose d. sucrose and glucose

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 2. Substances that yield aldehydes or ketones upon undergoing the process of
hydrolysis
a. nucleic acids b. proteins c. lipids d. carbohydrates

3. The general collective term for fats and oils is

a. steroids b. triglycerides c. phospholipids d. enzymes

4. The iron-containing substance in the blood responsible for its red color is
a. hemoglobin b. peptide c. hormone d. oxytocin

5. The nitrogenous base present in DNA but absent in RNA

a. adenine b. guanine c. thymine d. uracil

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