WMSU Lec3 IH

INDUSTRIAL
HYGIENE
WMSU BS MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
1
 Safety Hazards – something that has potential to cause injury
• Poor housekeeping hazards
• Fire hazards
• Machine hazards
• Material handling hazards
• Electrical hazards
 Health Hazards – Any agent or activity posing potential hazard to health

• Chemical hazards (vapors, mists, fumes, gases, dusts)
• Physical hazards (noise, vibration, illumination, extreme
temperature, extreme pressure, radiation)
• Biological hazards (bacteria, viruses, molds, fungi, protozoa; and
insects, parasites, plants, animals
• Ergonomics (improperly designed tools or work areas, improper
lifting or reaching, poor visual conditions, repeated motion in
awkward position 2
the worst mining disaster in American History"
3
What is Industrial
Hygiene?
is the science and art dedicated to

recognition, evaluation and control of
environmental factors and stresses arising in
or from the workplace, which may cause
sickness, impaired health and well-being, or
significant discomfort among workers or
among citizens of the community.
Environmental Safety
Early History
* 4th century BC– Hippocrates, noted lead toxicity
* 1st century AD – Pliny, the Scholar, perceived risk from Zn and S
* 2nd century AD – Galen, physician,hazardous exposure to Cu

• 1556– Agricola, German scholar,
released book asso. with mining
• 1700– Bernardo Ramazzini “ father of industrial medicine”
published book on industrial medicine
• US Congress– passed legislations on safeguarding
workers’ health
Purpose:
 Industrial Hygiene is primarily

concerned with the control of
occupational hazards that arise as a
result of or during work.
Goal of Industrial Hygiene:

To protect the health of the
employees.
6
Industrial Hygienist
the environmentalists or environmental

professionals or industrial hygienist may
also be exposed to hazardous materials
while performing their job.
7
Contamination of Work
Environment
Vapours
Gases Fumes
Work Dispersion
Dust
Generation
Chemical Substance
Diffusion
Noise
Raw Materials
Heat Mist
Process
Environment
Contamination
Effects to Human . . .
Entrance Injury
to
Human Accumulation
Illness
Body Excretion
Death
Metabolic
Reaction
Environmental Stresses/Hazards
Physical Chemical
Biological Ergonomics
1. PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Recognition
– Noise
– Vibration
– Illumination
– Extreme temperature
– Extreme pressure
– Radiation
– Insufficient Ventilation
Physical hazard: NOISE
 unwanted sound because

it is unpleasant, dBA
Noise Measurements
Use of type II sound level meter

Noise dosimetry
Noise Standards
 Philippine OSHA
90 dB(A)
US OSHA

Most US companies use

85 dB(A)
General Classification of
Noise Exposure
 Continuous Noise
 Intermittent Noise
 Impact – type Noise – a sharp
bust of sound
Elements of the Hearing
Conservation Program
 Noise Measurements
 Identification of Personnel for
Audiometric Monitoring
 Posting of Noise Hazardous Areas and
Labeling of Noisy Equipment
 Use of PPE, such as plugs & muffs
Arm’s Length Rule:
“ If two people with no hearing

impairment have to raise their voices or
shout out to be heard in a distance of
less than an arms length from each
other, the sound level is potentially
hazardous.”
Physical hazard: NOISE
ACTIVITY dBA
Manual Machining 80
Electric Motor 88-90
Spray painting 100-105
Tunnel 105-107
Blasting 138
Grinding 94-97
Whisper in quiet 25
room
Physical hazard: EXTREME TEMPERATURE
Coldness
A condition suffered by workers exposed to
extremely cold temperatures.
Extreme Heat
It is a condition where heat is above normal
heat temperature
Thermal Comfort
 A comfortable environment resulting from

the simultaneous control of temperature,
humidity, and air distribution within the
workers vicinity. This set of factors
includes main radiant temperature as well
as the air temperature
Two Sources of Heat
 Metabolic Heat - is a by – product of the

chemical processes that occur within cells,
tissues and organs.
 Environmental Heat - influences the rate

at which body heat can be exchanged with
the environment and consequently, the ease
with which the body can regulate and
maintain a normal temperature.
Physical hazard: EXTREME TEMPERATURE
Physical hazard: EXTREME PRESSURE
 Below or greater than normal

atmospheric pressure
Physical hazard: ILLUMINATION
…It is a measure of the stream of

light falling on a surface.
Sources: a. Natural – daylight

b. Artificial – bulbs, fluorescent lamps
Physical hazard: ILLUMINATION
Types:
a. General lighting, ambient –intended for general

illumination of an area.
b. Local lighting – illuminates a small area

without illuminating the surroundings.
Physical hazard: VIBRATION
…It is a physical factor that acts on man
by transmission of mechanical energy
from sources of oscillation.
 Sources: - Vibration sources transmitted to worker’s hand

using hand driven power tools like grinder, etc.
– Whole body vibration sources from harvester-

thresher, tractors
Physical hazard: RADIATION
…The transfer of heat from one object
to another through space.
The Radium
Girls
 Types:
a. Ionizing- Any electromagnetic or particulate

radiation capable of producing ion pairs by interaction
with matter (x-rays, alpha/beta particles)
b. Non-Ionizing- the term given to radiation in the part

of the electromagnetic spectrum where there is
insufficient energy to cause ionization (lasers,
microwave, infrared)
Physical hazard: VENTILATION
…The process of supplying or

removing air by natural or mechanical
means to and from any space.
Physical hazard: VENTILATION
Purposes of Industrial Ventilation

 Control of toxic air contaminants to acceptable levels
 Control of noxious odors
 Control of heat and humidity for comfort and health
 Prevention of fire and explosions
2. CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Recognition
– Liquid / Mists
– Gases
– Solvent / Vapors
– Particulates / Dust
– Metals / Fumes
2. CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Worst
industry
incident in
the world
Chemical hazard:
The following are some of the hazardous

materials found on campus:
– Asbestos
– Chlorine
– Cleaners
– Freon
– Paint
– Solvents
– Sulfuric Acid
– Water treatment chemicals
“Industrial Toxicity”
is the key to understanding
the effects of chemicals
Toxicity
 A physiological property of matter that
defines the capacity of a chemical to harm
or injure a living organism by other than
mechanical means.
 Toxicity entails a definite dimension:
 Quantity or amount; and
 Degree of exposure.
Toxic
Effect….
Toxicity vs. Hazard
 Toxicity
The ability of a substance to produce an
unwanted effect when the chemical reached
a sufficient concentration at a certain site in
the body.
 Hazard
This is the probability that this concentration
in the body will occur
Contributing factors to determining
the degree of hazard to a chemical
 Route of entry
 Dosage
 Physiological state
 Environmental variables
 Toxicity
 Chemical properties
 Physical properties
 Warning properties
Exposure to Chemicals
An exposure is the amount of a chemical

you come in contact with. This is usually
measured by its concentration in the air.
Skin exposure is more difficult to measure

than exposure through breathing.
See the effects hazardous chemicals have
on you.
 Make you sick (toxic/Irritant)

ie. Silica Gel, glycine
 Catch fire or explode (flammable, combustible, or reactive

chemicals)
ie. Pine oil, gasoline
BOOM!!
Chemicals that enter your body affect
it. Different kinds and doses of
chemicals can have different effects.
The effects can be acute or chronic

and also systematic or localized.
Classification of Toxic Effects
Local
When a certain chemical harms
only the part of the body it
comes in contact with. (Ex:
acid burns on skin)
Systemic
When a certain chemical harms
other related organs
operating as a system. (Ex:
Carbon Monoxide – affects
the blood and the CNS)
This is like an organic
Localized Site of contact coming in contact with
your skin and burning it!
On body
Systematic Widespread This is like inhaling vapors

and causing damage to
Throughout body your lungs
Action of Toxic Substances
 Acute Toxicity
Short-term exposure to a high concentration
with an immediate effect. (Ex: Isocyanates,
H2S, Oxygen deficiency, etc.)
 Chronic Toxicity
Effect manifests over a period of time.
(Ex: Asbestos)
3. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Recognition
– Bacteria
– Virus
– Fungi
– Parasites
– Insects
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Unsanitary conditions of canteen, rest

rooms, lockers etc.
Removal of industrial waste and sewage
Food handling
Contact with workers with communicable
diseases
Contact with animals especially pests,
rats, etc.
4. ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
Recognition
– Repetitive motion
– Forceful motion
– Awkward posture
– Static posture
These include improperly designed tools or work areas.
 Improper lifting or reaching
 poor visual conditions or
 repeated motions in an awkward position
 Forceful motion
that can results in accident or illnesses in the

occupational environment.
“Fit The Task To The Person”

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY
53
What is a Confined Space?
A Confined Space is any enclosure which meets all four of the

following conditions:
• is large enough and so configured that a person can bodily
enter the space and perform assigned work; and
• has limited or restricted means for entry or exit; and
• is not designed for continuous human occupancy; and
• presents known or potential serious hazards.
54
Typical Confined Spaces
• tanks,
• silos,
• sugar bins,
• filters,
• manholes,
• sumps,
• pits,
• service rooms,
• boilers,
• tanker trucks,
• hoppers,
• stormwater drains
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Potential Hazards
Oxygen Hazards Engulfment
– oxygen concentration – shifting liquid or solid
less than 19.5% or substance that traps
greater than 23.5%; employee
Toxic Hazards Configuration
– gases, – Walls or floor which slope
– vapors or fumes downward or taper in can
(examples: hydrogen trap an employee
sulfide, sulfur dioxide, Energy Hazards
carbon monoxide) – Contact with mechanical
Flammable Hazards or electrical equipment,
– vapors or dusts in steam or other sources of
concentrations large heat
enough to ignite
56
Summary
IH Steps
Hazards Identification/
Recognition
Evaluation
Implementation of appropriate
Control Measures

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INDUSTRIAL

 Health Hazards – Any agent or activity posing potential hazard to health

is the science and art dedicated to

* 2nd century AD – Galen, physician,hazardous exposure to Cu

 Industrial Hygiene is primarily

Goal of Industrial Hygiene:

the environmentalists or environmental

 unwanted sound because

Use of type II sound level meter

Most US companies use

“ If two people with no hearing

 A comfortable environment resulting from

 Metabolic Heat - is a by – product of the

 Environmental Heat - influences the rate

 Below or greater than normal

…It is a measure of the stream of

Sources: a. Natural – daylight

a. General lighting, ambient –intended for general

b. Local lighting – illuminates a small area

 Sources: - Vibration sources transmitted to worker’s hand

– Whole body vibration sources from harvester-

a. Ionizing- Any electromagnetic or particulate

b. Non-Ionizing- the term given to radiation in the part

…The process of supplying or

Purposes of Industrial Ventilation

The following are some of the hazardous

An exposure is the amount of a chemical

Skin exposure is more difficult to measure

 Make you sick (toxic/Irritant)

 Catch fire or explode (flammable, combustible, or reactive

The effects can be acute or chronic

Systematic Widespread This is like inhaling vapors

Unsanitary conditions of canteen, rest

 poor visual conditions or

 repeated motions in an awkward position

that can results in accident or illnesses in the

“Fit The Task To The Person”

A Confined Space is any enclosure which meets all four of the

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