Oceanography and Hydrology

Leader:

Alojado, Alieyah Andrea

Members:

Baybay, Jude Anzelmo

Bagasbas, Marianne

Branzuela, Francis Andrew

Galman, Helga Sophia

Medez, Lovely

Patron, James Karl

Redor, Gemini

Sanchez, Yumi Yssei

INTRODUCTION: THE STUDY OF THE OCEAN AND WATER
Oceanography is the scientific study of the world's oceans. It encompasses a wide range
of topics, including the physical, chemical, biological, and geological processes that occur in the
ocean, as well as the ocean's interactions with the atmosphere, the seafloor, and coastal zones.
Hydrology is the scientific study of water and its movement and distribution on Earth. It
encompasses the entire water cycle, including precipitation, evaporation, infiltration,
groundwater flow, stream flow, and more. Hydrologists study these processes to better
understand water availability, water quality, and the impacts of human activities on water
resources.

Oceanography is divided into several branches, each of which focuses on a specific

aspect of ocean science. Physical Oceanography: This branch of oceanography studies the
physical characteristics of the ocean, including its temperature, salinity, and currents, as well as
the processes that drive these patterns. Chemical oceanography involves the study of the
composition of seawater and the biogeochemical cycles that affect it. Biological Oceanography
studies the plants and animals that live in the ocean, as well as their interactions. Geological
oceanography focuses on the structure, features, and evolution of the ocean basins.

Hydrology has Hydrogeology, Hydrochemistry, Water Resources Management,

Groundwater hydrology and Surface Hydrology. Hydrogeology is a branch of hydrology that
combines the principles of geology and hydrology to study the distribution and movement of
groundwater and the geologic structures that control it. Surface Hydrology is a study of the
movement and distribution of water on the Earth's surface, including precipitation, runoff,
evaporation, and transpiration.

Hydrochemistry is a branch of hydrology that deals with the chemical properties of water
on and beneath the Earth's surface. Water Resources Management focuses on the planning,
development, and management of water resources, including the allocation and distribution of
water for various uses, such as agriculture, industry, and domestic consumption. Groundwater
Hydrology: is a branch of hydrology focuses on the study of groundwater, including its
occurrence, movement, and distribution.

Oceanography and hydrology provide a scientific basis for understanding the Earth's
water cycle, including precipitation, evaporation, infiltration, groundwater flow, and stream flow.
This understanding is critical for managing water resources and ensuring a sustainable water
supply for future generations. They are interdisciplinary fields of study that focus on the Earth's
oceans and freshwater systems, respectively. There have been many scientists throughout history
who have made significant contributions to these fields, here are a few of the most notable.
OCEANOLOGY

THE SCIENTISTS

Sir John Murray (1841-1914) The Founder of Oceanography

John Murray was a Scottish oceanographer and marine biologist who contributed
significantly to oceanography. He is best known for his work on ocean currents and deep-sea
trenches, as well as his involvement in the Challenger Expedition, a groundbreaking global
oceanographic study that took place between 1872 and 1876. Murray was born in Scotland in
1841 and studied natural history and geology at the University of Edinburgh. He joined the
Challenger Expedition as a junior scientist after graduation and spent four years studying the
world's oceans and making new discoveries about the ocean's geology, biology, and chemistry.
Murray's work on ocean currents was one of his most important contributions to oceanography.
He used data from the Challenger Expedition to establish the first accurate models of ocean
currents, which helped to explain the distribution of marine life and provided a better
understanding of the ocean's circulation.

Murray made significant discoveries about deep-sea trenches and the organisms that live
in these extreme environments, in addition to his work on ocean currents. He was one of the first
scientists to recognize the importance of these trenches and their distinct biota, and he
contributed significantly to our understanding of the deep sea and the evolution of life in the
ocean. After the Challenger Expedition, Murray continued to work in oceanography, writing
several books and papers on his findings, and serving as a mentor to many young scientists. He
died in 1914, but his legacy continues to influence the field of oceanography to this day.

Here's some of Murray’s notable contributions:

 Discovery of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Murray was the first to identify and map the Mid-
Atlantic Ridge, which is a vast underwater mountain range that runs down the center of
the Atlantic Ocean.
 Study of Ocean currents: Murray conducted extensive studies on ocean currents and
circulation patterns and was one of the first to identify the role of ocean currents in
shaping Earth's climate.
 Development of oceanographic equipment: Murray developed and improved various
oceanographic instruments and techniques, including the first successful deep-sea dredge
and the first successful submersible vessel.
 Exploration of the deep ocean: Murray was part of several expeditions that explored the
deep ocean and made significant discoveries about its geography, geology, and biology.
 Founding of the Challenger Society: Murray was a co-founder of the Challenger Society,
which was established to promote the study of oceanography and marine biology.
Christopher Columbus O'Donnell Iselin (1904–1971)
Columbus O'Donnell Iselin was born on September 25, 1904, in New Rochelle, New
York. He married Eleanor Emmet Lapsley, daughter of John Willard Lapsley and his wife
Eleanor Temple Emmet, on January 19, 1929. They had two sons and three daughters. O'Donnell
served as the Director of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution from 1940 to 1950 and from
1956 to 1960. He was also Professor of Physical Oceanography at Harvard University and the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Iselin did significant research at MIT and Harvard,
expanding the institute tenfold. He specialized in studying the Gulf Stream current and made
important contributions to research on ocean salinity and temperature distributions. He also
investigated underwater acoustics.

The quantitative description of the physical structure and circulation of the North Atlantic
Ocean Gulf Stream that Christopher Columbus and his scientific disciples developed over a
period of more than 20 years, beginning in the early 1930s, was a significant contribution to
scientific understanding of the oceans.

Iselin's main scientific contributions are included in four classic publications published
between 1936 and 1948. The National Academy of Sciences awarded Columbus the Agassiz
Prize in 1943 for his work on the Gulf Stream. He was also honored with the Henry Bryant
Bigelow Medal from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1966. However, Columbus
Iselin, who was a renowned oceanographer, suffered from a severe illness towards the end of his
life and died on January 5th, 1971. Many people attended his funeral, including sailors from the
Oceanographic Institution, employees of Woods Hole, and fishermen and farmers from Martha's
Vineyard.

Christopher Columbus made several contributions to the field of oceanography and navigation,
including

 Discovery of the New World: Columbus' voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to the
discovery of the Americas and the beginning of European exploration and colonization of
the New World.
 Advancements in Navigation: Columbus was an expert navigator who used the stars,
compass, and other tools to chart a course across the ocean. He also made observations
about ocean currents and winds that were valuable for future navigators.
 Expansion of Trade Routes: Columbus' voyages opened up new trade routes between
Europe, Africa, and the Americas, leading to the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures.
 Mapping of the Atlantic Ocean: Columbus helped to map the Atlantic Ocean and
provided new information about its geography, climate, and resources.
 Encouragement of Further Exploration: Columbus' voyages inspired many other
explorers to follow in his footsteps and helped to spur further exploration and discovery
of the ocean and the world.
Albert-Honoré-Charles Grimaldi
Prince Albert-Honoré-Charles Grimaldi was a notable oceanographer who made
important contributions to the development of oceanography, including innovations in
oceanographic equipment and technique and the founding and endowment of institutions to
further basic research. Prince Albert served in the Spanish Navy for several years during the
Franco-Prussian war, and his experience with the ocean led him to become interested in studying
it more closely. He participated in 28 expeditions to the Atlantic and Mediterranean oceans, and
his work helped to further our understanding of these bodies of water.

Prince Albert is also known as an author and publicist. The prince released a book on the
results of his expeditions. It was published under the title “The Navigator’s path” and was very
popular. Under the direction of Albert I, the first maps of the world’s ocean depths were created.
They were so precise and accurate that they served until 1944. Later maps were updated, but
Prince Albert’s version was still used as a basis. Another discovery by the Prince during his sea
expeditions is a small shelf around the Azores archipelago, near Portugal. It was rich in fish and
became a key point for fish production in Portugal, as advised by Prince Albert. The place was
named “Princess Alice’s shelf” after the ship that carried out the expedition. One of Prince
Albert I's most important contributions was the establishment of the Oceanographic Institute in
Monaco in 1906. The Institute quickly became a leading center for oceanographic research,
attracting scientists and students from around the world.

The Institute was equipped with the latest scientific instruments and facilities, providing a
platform for oceanographic research and education. Prince Albert commissioned several
scientific expeditions, including the "Hirondelle" expedition in the Mediterranean and the North
Atlantic. These expeditions gathered valuable data on ocean currents, marine life, and other
aspects of the ocean and helped advance our understanding of the ocean and its processes. Prince
Albert I's scientific expeditions paved the way for new discoveries in oceanography and helped
to establish oceanography as a scientific discipline.

Grimaldi has made contributions to the field of oceanography through his support for scientific
research and ocean conservation efforts. Some of his notable contributions include:

 Promoting Ocean Conservation: He has supported initiatives to reduce the impacts of

human activities on the ocean, such as marine pollution, overfishing, and climate change.
 Ocean Exploration: Prince Albert II has taken part in several expeditions to the Arctic
and Antarctica, where he has worked to increase awareness of the impacts of climate
change on these regions.
 Founding the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation which focuses on environmental
conservation and sustainable development, including the protection of oceanic
ecosystems and the promotion of ocean literacy.
HYDROLOGY

THE SCIENTISTS

Robert E. Horton (1875-1945) “The Father of American Hydrology”

Robert E. Horton is most remembered as a scientist of great vision, curiosity, and
originality. He was born in Parma, Michigan in 1875 and received a B.S. from Albion College in
1897. He worked as a hydraulic engineer for various government agencies and then as a private
consultant in the northeastern United States. Horton is remembered for his work in hydrology,
which is the study of water resources. Horton was a hydrologist who specialized in the study of
how water moves through soils and other landscapes. His work helped to pioneer the use of
rigorous quantitative methods in hydrology, and his work on runoff was particularly influential.

He also did research on the development of drainage basins, which is important for
understanding how water moves through landscapes. His work on erosional morphology and
stream order is still being studied today. Horton's work shows a gradual evolution of his ideas,
with some large, new ideas that emerge gradually. He advances his ideas through discussions
with others, and often gets his big ideas from the work of others. He is very active in professional
societies, and this helps him to advance his ideas through collaboration with other experts. His
big ideas often come about through his combined engineering and scientific curiosity.

Horton’s contributions in Hydrology

 Horton's Laws of Streamflow: Horton is best known for his development of Horton's
Laws of Streamflow, which describe the relationships between discharge, channel slope,
and channel shape in rivers. These laws are widely used in the study of hydrology and
water resources management.
 Study of catchment hydrology: Horton conducted extensive research on catchment
hydrology, which is the study of water movement and storage in river basins. He was
particularly interested in understanding the relationships between rainfall, runoff, and
evaporation in catchments.
 Development of the unit hydrograph: Horton is credited with developing the concept of
the unit hydrograph, which is a graphical representation of the relationship between
discharge and time in a river basin.
 Work on water resources management: Horton was involved in various water resources
management projects throughout his career and was a strong advocate for sustainable and
integrated water resources management.
James C.I. Dooge (1922-2010)
Jim Dooge was a brilliant hydrologist who had a huge impact on the world of water and
climate change, as well as the formation of the European Union. Dooge is a civil engineer who
has worked on river improvement projects in Ireland. He has also been interested in hydrology
for a long time, and his work has had a significant impact on the field. He is currently a professor
at two universities. Dooge was a major player in the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
during the early days of studying climate change, and he was also involved in politics at an early
age. He organized the WMO International Conference on Water and Climate, known as the
“Dublin Conference,” in 1992, which was considered one of the most influential international
conferences in shaping water management policy.

In 1981, he became Irish minister for foreign affairs and acting president of Ireland, and
his report to the European Council, to what became known as the Dooge Committee, was a
crucial step on the road toward agreement on the Single European Act and the Treaty of
Maastricht, which led to agreement among the members of the European Economic Community
to form the European Union. Because of his significant contributions, Dooge was honored by the
American Geophysical Union (AGU), the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), and the
American Meteorological Society (AMS). He was elected a Fellow of AGU in 1981, and
received the AGU William Bowie Medal (AGU's highest honor) in 1986. He was the second
Walter B. Langbein Lecturer (1994). He was the recipient of the 1997 ASCE Ven Te Chow
Award.

Some of Dooge’s contributions are:

 Development of hydrological models: Dooge made significant contributions to the

development of hydrological models, which are mathematical representations of the
water cycle and the movement of water in the environment.
 Study of catchment hydrology: Dooge conducted extensive research on catchment
hydrology, which is the study of water movement and storage in river basins. He was
particularly interested in understanding the relationships between rainfall, runoff, and
evaporation in catchments.
 Work on water resources management: Dooge was involved in various water resources
management projects throughout his career and was a strong advocate for sustainable and
integrated water resources management.
 Contributions to environmental science: Dooge's work on hydrology and water resources
management had important implications for environmental science and the management
of natural resources, and he was recognized for his contributions to these fields.
REFERENCES
Oceanography

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/oceanography/

https://ocean.tamu.edu/about/what-is-oceanography/index.html

Oceanography vs Hydrology

https://explainqn.com/oceanography-vs-hydrology/

People known for: Oceanography

https://www.britannica.com/biographies/sciences/oceanography

Hydrology

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/hydrology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology

Influential Hydrologists

https://connect.agu.org/hydrology/vhp-scope

https://honors.agu.org/robert-e-horton-1875%E2%80%931945/

https://connect.agu.org/hydrology/vhp-scope/james-dooge

Chemical Hydrology

https://www.britannica.com/science/chemical-hydrology

Oceanography Scientists

http://scihi.org/john-murray-oceanography/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_O%27Donnell

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/columbus-
odonnell-iselin

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Albert-prince-of-Monaco
https://www.rgo.ru/en/article/albert-i-prince-monaco-scientist-researcher-explorer